What is resistance and why is it dangerous? Drug resistance

IN Lately The issue of resistance to drugs is widely covered. In general, this is a collective concept associated with the mechanism of action of the drug.

Resistance of microorganisms to drugs

The concept of resistance has previously been used in evaluating effectiveness antimicrobial agents. Known microbial resistance results from mutations or mechanisms that lead to the destruction of the drug in the target cell. Due to the ability of microorganisms to change rapidly, the issue of acquired resistance to antibiotics and other antimicrobials, and the natural resistance of some classes of microorganisms has been known for a long time.

Insulin resistance

The issue of insulin resistance, which significantly complicates the treatment of diabetes mellitus, is also widely discussed today. It is usually divided into primary and secondary.

Primary insulin resistance or resistance to other hormones, which is associated with genetic mutations, lead to changes in hormonal receptors, transport molecules or enzymes involved in hormone metabolism. Primary resistance to insulin and other hormones is hereditary and causes the actual presence of the corresponding diseases.

Secondary hormonal resistance is caused by external factors, in particular overproduction of counter-insular hormones and autoantibodies, and disappears when these external factors are eliminated, due to which it is exposed to therapeutic effects. Secondary resistance is generally more common than primary resistance and is associated with the action of the drug itself.

Diuretic resistance

The issue of diuretic resistance is relevant today. Thus, a decrease in the effectiveness of diuretics with long-term use is explained by the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which is a compensatory reaction to hyponatremia.

The combined use of diuretics and RAAS inhibitors, which are widely used in everyday life, significantly increases the effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy, since it eliminates this compensatory reaction, that is, it eliminates secondary resistance to diuretics.

What is resistance?

For a correct understanding of the concept of resistance to any medicine The following generalizations are important:

• The body's resistance to a drug is a decrease, to one degree or another, in the well-known pharmacological effect of this drug in a particular patient, which leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of treatment.
• Resistance can be primary (usually hereditary) - the result of genetically determined changes in receptors, enzymes, etc., involved in the metabolism and mechanism of action of the drug, and secondary, that is, caused by external factors.
• In the structure of secondary resistance to a drug, the most common mechanism is the body’s compensatory-adaptive reaction to this drug, through which pharmacological effect decreases.
• Resistance is not understood as a decrease in the effectiveness of the drug as a result of interaction with other drugs, including as a consequence of agonism or antagonism with the system of a particular cytochrome. Clinical failure due to lack of compliance is not resistance. All of this is the result of wrong specific treatment or failure of the patient to comply with prescribed treatment.
• In general, the term “drug resistance” is not clinical concept. Among the causes of clinical failures, some of them may be related to drug resistance, but they must be confirmed laboratory indicators, which is not always available.

With the onset of cold weather, the number of colds and infectious diseases is rapidly increasing. However, some people resist colds much better than others, who start coughing and sneezing with the first breath of cold air. How to boost your immunity? Maybe all you really need to do is drink a bottle of kefir every day? Unfortunately no! Everything in life is more complicated than in advertising.

1. Get fortified. Vitamin most needed for stimulation protective forces body, is . Its deficiency almost inevitably leads to colds. A lot of vitamin C is found in kiwi, sweet pepper and others fresh vegetables and fruits. But it is better to take additional multivitamins or vitamin C tablets. Another vitamin needed for immunity is vitamin B, found in meat, fish, eggs and grains.

It is also advisable to eat following products:
· Brewer's yeast. They are very rich in various vitamins and oligo-elements that increase immune protection.
· Bee pollen (propolis). Bee pollen is what worker bees eat. It has tonic and regenerative properties, and strengthens well. It is rich in vitamins, minerals, nucleic acids and enzymes. Propolis is the same bee pollen, but processed to feed the queen bee. Propolis helps the queen bee lay millions of eggs and live much longer than simple bee. It contains the same active substances, like bee pollen, but to a much greater extent.
· Sea kale. Life on earth emerged from the ocean. Sea kale contains chlorophyll, amino acids, minerals. It strengthens the endocrine, nervous and immune systems, regulates metabolism, purifies the blood, and promotes tissue regeneration.

2. Douche your nose sea ​​water. Typically, ready-made seawater sprays are used to treat a runny nose. But they are no less useful for the prevention of runny nose, colds and viral diseases. It is necessary to syringe your nose twice a day - morning and evening.

3. Wash your hands often. Viruses that cause colds, are extremely contagious. And they are most often transmitted through hands. Viruses are present in abundance in in public places and live on the surface of objects for hours. You just need to bring your contaminated hand to your nose and inhale to get the virus into your body.

4. Dress warmly as soon as the cold weather sets in. If your hands or feet are cold, blood immediately rushes to the extremities to warm them. Other parts of the body at this time receive less blood, which means less protective blood cells, capable of resisting viral infections. In particularly cold weather, it is useful to cover your nose and mouth with a scarf. There are reasons for this: protective bodies function best at a temperature of about 37 degrees. When inhaling icy air, the temperature of the respiratory tract drops down to 30 degrees, which means that the activity immune system decreases sharply.

5. Eat iron. Sometimes frequent colds are directly related to a deficiency in the body. If you don't consume enough iron, your cells begin to lack oxygen, which significantly slows down your body's metabolism. Iron deficiency usually manifests itself as increased fatigue, pallor and weakness. Most multivitamins contain about 18 mg of iron. You can get more if you eat iron-rich foods 3 times a day: dark meat, fish, poultry, eggs. These products are also large quantities contain zinc, an element necessary for the production of white cells, which also protect the body from disease.

6. Get plenty of rest. It is clear that a tired and weakened body resists diseases less successfully. Therefore, rest more, sleep more, go for walks fresh air and avoid stress.

7. Don't eat foods that are too high in calories. The trend is that people eat more calories in the cold season than in the summer. It’s as if they are trying to protect themselves from food with food. Be careful: excess calories and excess weight exhaust and weaken the body. And an excess of sweet and fatty foods reduces immune defense.

8. Don't overheat your home. Dry air dries out the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx and makes them more vulnerable to infections. Maintain the room temperature at 20 degrees and ventilate it often. It's a good idea to buy a humidifier. Smoking, including passive inhalation of smoke, also has a negative effect on the nasopharynx, just like dry air.

9. Take echinacea. Beneficial features This immunostimulating plant has long been scientifically proven and tested. It's safe to say that Echinacea can increase the body's resistance to respiratory infections, including before the flu. Echinacea is non-toxic and has no side effects. When cold weather sets in, it is recommended to take echinacea for 10 days every month. During the winter months or with the onset of a flu epidemic - for 20 days every month. Echinacea in the form of tincture is taken 50 drops three times a day, in the form of tablets or capsules - 325 mg daily.

How to protect yourself from the flu
A normal runny nose and sore throat should not be confused with the “real” flu, which usually manifests itself in a rapid and strong increase fever, aching bones and headache. Flu can be very serious complications, often with fatal. During epidemics, taking antiviral drugs. But the best protection against the flu, along with strengthening the immune system, is vaccination. You should be vaccinated immediately with the onset of cold weather, since the vaccine begins to act only 10-15 days after vaccination, and often a flu epidemic occurs as early as November. It is especially important to vaccinate children: before the age of five, approximately one child in three becomes infected with the flu, while among adults it is one in ten.

During the treatment process, many are faced with the problem of body resistance to antibiotics. For many, such a medical conclusion becomes a real problem in treatment. various kinds diseases.

What is resistance?

Resistance is the resistance of microorganisms to the action of antibiotics. In the human body, in the totality of all microorganisms, there are individuals resistant to the action of antibiotics, but their number is minimal. When the antibiotic begins to act, the entire cell population dies (bactericidal effect) or stops developing altogether (bacteriostatic effect). Antibiotic-resistant cells remain and begin to actively multiply. This predisposition is inherited.

The human body develops a certain sensitivity to the action of a certain kind of antibiotics, and in some cases, a complete replacement of links metabolic processes, which makes it possible for microorganisms not to react to the action of the antibiotic.

Also, in some cases, microorganisms themselves may begin to produce substances that neutralize the effect of the substance. This process is called enzymatic inactivation of antibiotics.

Those microorganisms that are resistant to a particular type of antibiotic may, in turn, be resistant to similar classes of substances with similar mechanisms of action.

Is resistance really that dangerous?

Is resistance good or bad? The problem of resistance in this moment acquires the effect of the “post-antibiotic era”. If previously the problem of resistance or non-acceptance of an antibiotic was solved by creating a stronger substance, then at the moment this is no longer possible. Resistance is an issue that needs to be taken seriously.

The most main danger resistance is the untimely entry of antibiotics into the body. The body simply cannot immediately respond to its action and is left without proper antibiotic therapy.

The main danger levels include:

• disturbing factors;
• global problems.

In the first case there is Great chance problems of resistance development due to the prescription of such groups of antibiotics as cephalosporins, macrolides, quinolones. These are fairly strong broad-spectrum antibiotics that are prescribed for the treatment of dangerous and complex diseases.

The second type - global problems - represents everything negative sides resistance, including:

1. Extended hospitalization periods.
2. Large financial costs for treatment.
3. A large percentage of mortality and morbidity in humans.

Such problems are especially pronounced when traveling to Mediterranean countries, but mainly depend on the type of microorganisms that can come under the influence of the antibiotic.

Antibiotic resistance

The main factors leading to the development of antibiotic resistance include:

• drinking water of low quality;
• unsanitary conditions;
• uncontrolled use of antibiotics, as well as their use on livestock farms for the treatment of animals and the growth of young animals.

Among the main approaches to solving problems in combating infections due to antibiotic resistance, scientists have come to:

1. Development of new types of antibiotics.
2. Change and modification of chemical structures.
3. New developments of drugs that will be aimed at cellular functions.
4. Inhibition of virulence determinants.

How to reduce the possibility of developing antibiotic resistance?

The main condition is the maximum elimination of the selective effect of antibiotics on the bacteriological course.

To overcome antibiotic resistance, certain conditions must be met:

1. Prescribe antibiotics only for a clear clinical picture.
2. The use of simple antibiotics in treatment.
3. Use of short courses of antibiotic therapy.
4. Taking microbiological samples to determine the effectiveness of a specific group of antibiotics.

Nonspecific resistance

This term is commonly understood as the so-called innate immunity. This is a whole complex of factors that determine susceptibility or immunity to the action of a particular drug on the body, as well as antimicrobial systems that do not depend on preliminary contact with the antigen.

Such systems include:

• Phagocyte system.
• Skin and mucous membranes of the body.
• Natural eosinophils and killer cells (extracellular destroyers).
• Compliment systems.
• Humoral factors in the acute phase.

Factors of nonspecific resistance

What is a resistance factor? The main factors of nonspecific resistance include:

• All anatomical barriers (skin, ciliated epitile).
• Physiological barriers (Ph, temperature indicators, soluble factors—interferon, lysozyme, complement).
• Cell barriers (direct lysis of foreign cells, endocytosis).
• Inflammatory processes.

Basic properties nonspecific factors protection:

1. A system of factors that precedes the encounter with an antibiotic.
2. There is no strict specific reaction, since the antigen is not recognized.
3. There is no memory of a foreign antigen upon secondary contact.
4. Effectiveness continues in the first 3-4 days until adaptive immunity comes into play.
5. Rapid response to antigen exposure.
6. Formation of fast inflammatory process and immune response to antigen.

Summing up

This means resistance is not very good. The problem of resistance currently occupies quite a serious place among antibiotic treatment methods. In the process of prescribing a certain type of antibiotics, a doctor must carry out the entire range of laboratory and ultrasound examinations to set an accurate clinical picture. Only after receiving this data can you proceed to prescribing antibiotic therapy. Many experts recommend prescribing mild groups of antibiotics for treatment first, and if they are ineffective, moving on to more wide range antibiotics. This step-by-step approach will help avoid possible development problems such as body resistance. It is also not recommended to self-medicate and uncontrolled use of medications in the treatment of people and animals.

During the cold season and in the off-season, human immunity weakens significantly. This increases the number of infectious diseases. Some people start sneezing after a short stay in a draft, others cope much better with viruses and pathogens. How to increase the body's resistance?

Infectious diseases

This is a wide group of diseases known to mankind since ancient times. Millions of people died from simple flu or smallpox until ways to combat them were developed. Search and development of effective antiviral drugs and today is an important task of pharmaceuticals.

How do infectious diseases manifest themselves?

The most common symptoms are:

Migraine.

Muscle weakness.

Sexual impotence.

Increased fatigue.

Certain symptoms are expressed to a greater or lesser extent depending on the specific disease. Banal pain in occipital region may indicate not only infectious diseases, but may also indicate more serious pathologies: brain tumor, thromboembolism, neuralgia, etc. General symptoms and manifestations for any type infectious lesion - muscle pain, loss of appetite, decreased body resistance, malaise and elevated body temperature. If you take treatment lightly or self-medicate, the disease can develop into chronic form with damage to any target organ.

Prevention and recovery

It is possible to cleanse the blood of pathogenic microorganisms, normalize the intestinal microflora and increase the body’s resistance only through comprehensive measures. Probiotic biologically active additives"Evitalia" will help get rid of viral infections, cleanse the body of toxins and increase resistance to infectious agents. The best results are achieved with a combination of known and clinically tested treatment methods. Suppression of growth and development pathogenic bacteria carried out pathogenetic therapy, which blocks the chain processes of division and growth of pathogenic cells. Improving immunity and normalizing natural microflora intestines, which has been disrupted by the influence of harmful bacteria.

Modern medicine identifies several therapeutic methods prevention. Infectious and viral diseases transmitted by air or by contact Therefore, the primary task in the fight against diseases is isolation of the patient. Good nutrition, walks and physical exercise outdoors can increase the body's resistance. Personal hygiene standards should be observed. The use of medications recommended by the attending physician stops further infection of healthy tissues.

The main ways to increase the body's resistance:

Active and healthy lifestyle.

Good nutrition: the presence of vegetables and fruits.

Health-improving hardening procedures.

There are several groups into which diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms and viruses are classified. These are diseases gastrointestinal tract, blood, dermatological pathologies and respiratory diseases.

Let's consider pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract. The main cause of intestinal diseases is a violation of microflora under the influence of pathogenic bacteria. Sources of these pathogenic microorganisms are often water and food. These infections pose a great danger to both children and adults.

The parenteral area and gastrointestinal tract can be affected by bacterial, fungal and viral infections, as well as their waste products, such as poisons and toxins. Symptoms of this pathology manifest themselves in the form of periodic constipation, diarrhea, pain in the central region abdomen and other signs. Intolerance to easily digestible sugars, lactose often indicates problems digestive tract. The natural dietary supplement Bifidum Evitalia contains a complex of probiotic microorganisms that as soon as possible restore the balance of intestinal microflora.

Apathy and increased fatigue

Fungal infections reduce performance, interfere with concentration and contribute to fatigue. Powerlessness and indifference are observed every day and traditional ways cheering up is no longer effective. Malaise, pain in the muscles, and aching bones can bother you for a long time, reducing the quality of life.

Skin lesions

Dermatological diseases can be caused by hormonal changes in the body during the transition period or during pregnancy. However, in otherwise obvious and almost certain reason skin lesions are pathologies gastrointestinal system. During the initial examination by a dermatologist, obvious reason It cannot be established and a visit to a gastroenterologist is required, who will identify problems with the intestines. Dandruff, dermatitis and psoriasis are the most common types of skin lesions due to fungal infections of the gastrointestinal tract.

Psychological disorders: stress, neurosis

The modern world is overloaded with information flow and it is easy to get out of balance. Many people complain of nervousness at the slightest provocation, sleep disturbances, depression and paranoia. Many pathologies nervous system will help resolve the natural food biocomplex Evitalia. Often the causes of psychological disorders are dysfunctions of the gastrointestinal tract.

Rotavirus infection

Rotaviruses - pathogenic viruses, which are causative agents of intestinal flu in children. In adults this pathology occurs in a mild form and often does not require medical intervention. The disease is transmitted through household contact. Sources of rotaviruses are unwashed vegetables and fruits, dairy products with impaired storage conditions. Stomach flu may present as mild symptoms pain V iliac region, diarrhea and constipation. A clear sign is loose stool yellow color. Possible manifestations of pathology from the upper respiratory tract: sore throat, cough, runny nose. Often the disease goes away on its own with normalization of the diet and inclusion of fermented milk products. Incubation period is 3–5 days, the period of clinical manifestations lasts about a week, recovery period is about 5 days. Symptoms characteristic of adults occur in a similar form in children.

Immunity

A decrease in the body's resistance is the main cause of the vast majority of diseases. Own biological resources are unable to resist viral infections, treatment in such cases becomes significantly more complicated.

Immunity is the natural shield of any living creature that prevents exposure pathogens and other foreign agents that can cause disruption internal environment body (homeostasis).

Immune cells are protein in nature. Each such cell enters into a complex with any foreign agent. If the original “code” of the immunoglobulin is not coplanar with the new particle, a mechanism is launched to destroy the foreign particle by fermentation. Useful material food products (carbohydrates, proteins and fats) are acceptable elements that T-helper immune cells “pass”. During the process of deterioration, organic molecules are modified into new derivatives. These converted substances are foreign to the immune system. As a result of their entry, the destruction mechanism is triggered, however, with a significant concentration of these compounds, the reserves of the immune system cannot cope and outside help is required. The Evitalia health complex, which contains a set of important elements to restore the balance of the body’s internal environment, can help in such a situation.

Signs of decreased resistance are the following: apathy, feeling tired in the morning, depression, increased sensitivity to temperature changes, weather headaches, skin rashes and blisters on the face as well as on the genitals. Decreased immunity leads to frequent colds in the off-season. Typical signs also include loss of appetite and associated weight loss, skin rashes and redness.

Dermatitis

Skin rashes, rashes and other lesions that are caused by internal and external factors are classified as dermatological diseases. Dermatitis is often caused by hereditary diseases, and stressful situations can provoke their manifestation. Dermatitis - complex disease nosological group. There are local and systemic dermatitis (toxidermia).

Factors direct action for dermatitis:

Neuroses and psychoemotional disorders. Could be the reason hereditary type and also wear general character against the background of a weakened immune system.

Violation of a healthy diet. It entails changes in the balance of intestinal microflora, causing dysbiosis, which manifests itself in the form of rashes, dandruff and other skin lesions.

Direct signs of general symptoms dermatitis:

Dryness and itching. The nature of the manifestation directly depends on the location of the source of infection and the concentration nerve endings in the affected area. With contact dermatitis, the itching can be so severe that the patient may be forced to damage the skin. damaged skin, which will lead to deep infection and possible suppuration.

Erythema. With this disease, blood tends to fill the upper skin which causes redness. At severe forms the redness is clearly differentiated from light areas of the skin, and upon palpation there is a sharp pallor, which is quickly replaced by the previous redness. It is necessary to distinguish erythema from intradermal hemorrhages (hemorrhages).

Rashes. The location, intensity and morphology of eczema depend on the type of dermatitis. Rashes often appear on moving soft parts of the body: armpit, on the face, in the scalp, on the genitals.

Inflammation of the mucous membranes. In severe forms, complete dysfunction of the skin with abundant moisture release is possible. Redness, hemorrhages, thickening of the skin and cracks are observed.

Desquamation (detachment of the upper epithelium). Occurs with periodic dehydration, dysfunction sebaceous glands, also affects hereditary predisposition. Desquamation often occurs against the background of general dermatitis.

Allergy

Allergic manifestations are observed with acute sensitivity to a specific substance. The objects of allergies are often various chemical aerosols, fragrances, perfumes, dust, asbestos, and microbes.

Research by microbiologists has shown that allergies can be caused by the body's own compounds formed inside the body. These substances are formed as a result of the transformation of certain proteins and are called endoallergens. The transformation of proteins can be caused by thermal effects, direct Sun rays, chemical agents, as well as viruses and bacteria. As a result, the peptides acquire foreign properties and, when entering the bloodstream, can cause allergic reaction. Increased sensitivity is observed with rheumatism, polyarthritis and hypovitaminosis.

Respiratory allergies occur when inhaled tiny particles dust, asbestos and is ectoallergenic in nature. The causative agents may be aerosols, pollen, chemical perfume compounds. Respiratory allergies manifest themselves as:

Continuous tearfulness;

Sneezing;

Abundant release of moisture from the nasal mucosa;

Extraneous wheezing in the lungs when breathing;

Difficulty breathing and suffocation.

Acute manifestations of allergies are observed when the internal environment of the body is disrupted, overexcitation and poor nutrition. A diet consisting of large quantity refined vegetable fats, preservatives and genetically modified compounds can contribute to the development of endoallergy. Often, an allergic reaction can be triggered by simple stress and mental overstimulation.

Sudden sneezing, coughing, and a runny nose with excessive moisture production are direct signs of increased sensitivity. Allergenic substances, when they enter the body, are regarded by barrier defense mechanisms as foreign agents. As a result, a mechanism to counteract these pathogenic elements is triggered, which manifests itself in the form of tearfulness and sneezing. There are direct allergens and compounds that can trigger its occurrence. For any manifestation of an allergy, the source of its occurrence should be eliminated and respiratory aerosols should be taken.

Stressful situations

Nervousness and stress impulses - general manifestation physical overload and psycho-emotional disorders. Stressful situations and nervous breakdowns arise regardless of human will. This is a protective mechanism inherent in us by nature, which arises as a response mechanism to external stimuli for the purpose of a kind of “detente”. Distinguish negative stress under unpleasant circumstances and positive, resulting from joyful emotions.

Factors of occurrence stressful situations There can be any life circumstances, and the mechanism of manifestation has not yet been fully studied. The following stages of the formation of a stressful state are distinguished: excitation of the peripheral nervous system; impulse endocrine system; the occurrence of aggression, nervousness and uncontrolled emotions.

Manifestations of nervous stress

Psycho-emotional stress, which contributes to the emergence nervous stress, is characterized by the following physiological states:

Hypertension and hypotension.

Headaches and migraines.

Imbalance in intestinal microflora.

Muscle pain and cramps.

Dermatological lesions.

Overweight.

Hyperhidrosis.

Sexual impotence, decreased libido.

Loss of appetite or, conversely, an overwhelming feeling of hunger.

Disruption of sleep-wake cycles.

Most diseases and pathological conditions are caused by a decrease in the body's resistance. If the constancy of the internal environment (homeostasis) is disrupted, the body’s own biological resources are unable to resist infectious agents and external help is required. The Evitalia line of natural probiotic supplements will help increase the body's resistance. Natural ingredients the preparations contain a set of vital elements and vitamins that can restore normal microflora intestines, improve skin condition, relieve stress and restore sexual activity. Components natural supplement contain antioxidant substances that can form protective biofilms on nerve fibers, actively preventing neuropsychological disorders. Vitamins and alimentary fiber contribute to the normalization of healthy intestinal microflora. Phytoline herbal preparations"Evitalia" contains active natural components that promote protection and restoration blood cells, regeneration and rejuvenation of the skin, as well as the removal bad cholesterol from the body. Herbal dietary supplements "Evitalia" do not contain harmful or dangerous components and are recommended for use as a prophylactic during the off-season and cold season. The products were created by domestic microbiologists as affordable import-substituting dietary supplements broad action. The company's products have a health line for pets: a complex of probiotics and prebiotics "Evitalia-Vet". Evitalia bicomplexes promote cleansing and natural restoration of body functions.

Hereditary resistance (in particular immunity) can be absolute and relative. Gonorrhea is a human disease only, and in the experiment it is not possible to infect animals with gonococcus. Anthrax chickens, to which they are resistant under normal conditions, can be induced against the background of cooling.
Secondary resistance is acquired (for example, immunity after infectious diseases, after administration of vaccines and serums). Resistance to non-infectious influences is acquired through training, for example to physical activity, acceleration and overload, hypoxia, low and high temperatures etc.
Passive resistance of the body is ensured by its barrier systems (skin, mucous membranes, blood-brain barrier, etc.), the presence of bactericidal factors ( of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, lysozyme in saliva), hereditary immunity.
Active resistance is ensured by the inclusion of protective adaptive and compensatory mechanisms, which include emigration of leukocytes, phagocytosis, production of antibodies, neutralization and elimination of toxins, release of stress hormones, changes in blood circulation and respiration, fever, synthesis of acute phase proteins by the liver, increased leuko- or erythropoiesis, etc.
Reactivity and resistance are interrelated, but not always unidirectional. For example, in children under 3 months of age who are breastfed, reactivity is reduced, but resistance to certain infections is increased, since they received antibodies from their mother. A newborn animal has low reactivity and high resistance to hypoxia, while an adult animal has the opposite. When conducting surgical interventions with the help of anesthesia they reduce reactivity and at the same time increase the patient’s resistance to injury. During hibernation, animals have reduced reactivity, but increased resistance to many external factors. At the same time, most diseases in old people are hypoergic, but their resistance is low. With agammaglobulinemia, HIV in patients, immunological reactivity is sharply reduced and nonspecific reactivity is increased, but resistance to infection remains very low.