Hypertensive crisis: concept, clinical picture, treatment. Chris - sacred dagger

Hypertensive crisis: concept, clinical picture, treatment in Rostov-on-Don: doctors of medical sciences, candidates of medical sciences, academicians, professors, corresponding members of the academy. Make an appointment, consultation, reviews, prices, addresses, detailed information. Make an appointment with a leading cardiac surgeon. Rostov-on-Don without a queue at a time convenient for you.
We also recommend:

Terentyev Vladimir Petrovich

Professor Terentyev Vladimir Petrovich, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation, Head of the Department of Internal Medicine No. 1 Rostov State Medical University, Member of the International Society for Cardiac Rehabilitation, Member of the Board of the All-Russian Scientific Society of Cardiologists

Bagmet Alexander Danilovich

Professor Bagmet Alexander Danilovich, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Head of the Department of Polyclinic Therapy, Rostov State Medical University

Kastanayan Alexander Alexandrovich

Professor Kastanayan Alexander Alexandrovich, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Head of the Department of Internal Diseases of Rostov State Medical University, Head of the Rheumatology Department of Rostov State Medical University

Shlyk Sergey Vladimirovich

Professor Shlyk Sergey Vladimirovich

Safonov Dmitry Vladimirovich

Safonov Dmitry Vladimirovich Candidate of Medical Sciences, Cardiologist

Chesnikova Anna Ivanovna

Professor Chesnikova Anna Ivanovna Doctor of Medical Sciences, Cardiologist

London Evgeniy Mikhailovich

London Evgeniy Mikhailovich Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation

Zudbinov Yuri Ivanovich

Zudbinov Yuri Ivanovich Candidate of Medical Sciences, Leading specialist in cardiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, author of national guidelines on cardiology

Bakhmatskaya Victoria Leonidovna

Bakhmatskaya Victoria Leonidovna Candidate of Medical Sciences, Cardiologist of the highest qualification category

Levitskaya Ekaterina Sergeevna

Levitskaya Ekaterina Sergeevna Candidate of Medical Sciences, Assistant at the Department of General medical practice (family medicine) with courses of geriatrics and physiotherapy FPK and PPS

Nedoruba Elena Alexandrovna

Nedoruba Elena Alexandrovna Candidate of Medical Sciences, assistant at the Department of Polyclinic Therapy of Rostov State Medical University, cardiologist

What is a hypertensive crisis?

— emergency, which occurs due to an excessive jump in blood pressure (diastolic and systolic). This condition develops in approximately 1-2% of patients with pathology of cardio-vascular system(arterial hypertension). A hypertensive crisis usually lasts from several hours to several days (the latter less often) leads to transient neurovegetative disorders and disturbances of coronary, cerebral, and renal blood flow.

What are the causes of hypertensive crisis?

Often, a hypertensive crisis occurs against the background of diseases associated with arterial hypertension, but it can also occur without a persistent increase in blood pressure before the attack.

Such conditions occur in approximately 30% of patients with hypertension. They are often found in women who are experiencing menopause. Often, a hypertensive crisis complicates the course of atherosclerotic disease of the aorta (or its branches), renal pathologies(pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, nephroptosis), systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetic nephropathy, periarteritis nodosa, nephropathy in pregnant women. Also crises during arterial hypertension appear in following cases: for pheochromocytoma, Itsenko-Cushing's disease, primary hyperaldosteronism. Often the cause of a hypertensive crisis is “withdrawal syndrome” - stopping taking antihypertensive drugs.

Pathogenesis of hypertensive crises during various diseases not the same. The basis of a hypertensive crisis in hypertension (or arterial hypertension) is a violation of neurohumoral control, activation of the sympathetic influence on the circulatory system, and changes in vascular tone. A sudden increase in arterial tone contributes to a pathological increase in blood pressure and creates additional stress on the peripheral blood flow regulation systems.

Symptoms of hypertensive crisis.

A hypertensive crisis (with a predominance of neuro-vegetative syndrome) is often associated with a sharp and significant release of adrenaline and usually develops as a result of an acute stressful situation. A neurovegetative crisis is characterized by nervous, excited, restless behavior of patients. There is increased hyperemia of the skin of the face and neck, sweating, hand tremors, and dry mouth. The course of this form of hypertensive crisis is accompanied by cerebral symptoms: very severe headaches (spread out or localized in the temporal or occipital region), dizziness, blurred vision (“flickering spots” before the eyes), nausea and vomiting, a feeling of noise in the head. With this form of hypertensive crisis, an increase in pulse pressure and tachycardia, a predominant increase in systolic blood pressure. During the period of resolution of the condition, frequent urination is noted, and an increased volume of urine is released. The duration of a hypertensive crisis averages from 1 to 5 hours.

Treatment of hypertensive crisis.

In case of a critical rise in blood pressure, the patient is provided with rest and bed rest. The main place in stopping the crisis belongs to urgent drug therapy, which is aimed at reducing blood pressure and stabilizing the vascular system.

To lower blood pressure values ​​during an uncomplicated hypertensive crisis, the following are used:

Calcium channel blockers (nifedipine)

ACE inhibitors (captopril, enalapril)

Vasodilators (sodium nitroprusside, diazoxide)

Imidazoline receptor agonists (clonidine)

-ß-blockers (labetalol)

It is extremely important to ensure a gradual reduction in pressure: approximately 20-25% of

Symptomatic treatment of this condition consists of oxygen therapy, the administration of diuretics, cardiac glycosides, antianginal, antiemetics, antiarrhythmics, sedatives, anticonvulsants and analgesics. Hirudotherapy sessions and distraction procedures (hot foot baths and a heating pad on the feet) are also indicated.

Make an appointment with a cardiac surgeon

Dear patients, We provide the opportunity to register directly to see the doctor you want to see for a consultation. Call the number listed at the top of the site, you will get answers to all your questions. First, we recommend that you study the section.

How to make an appointment with a doctor?

1) Call the number 8-863-322-03-16 .

1.1) Or use the call from the site:

Request a call

Call the doctor

1.2) Or use the contact form.

Photoradar complex "KRIS" for the traffic police is a special device, the main purpose of which is to automatically record violations of the rules traffic. Besides, stationary photoradar complex KRIS-S (as well as its modified model - the photoradar mobile complex "KRIS-P") can also recognize vehicle license plates, run them through both federal and regional databases and transmit the received information to traffic police posts.

Operating principle of the traffic police radar KRIS-P (S)

Radar KRIS-P(pictured) is usually installed near the edge of the road on a special tripod. The complex is oriented relative to the road surface in such a way as to cover all traffic lanes at once. Camera KRIS-a records the offender with all the data about him (this is facilitated by the built-in speed meter). The received information is transmitted to a central receiving point (often a mobile traffic police station) or an external computer intended for this purpose, on which special program processes data and creates a database of traffic violators. In addition to actually processing the received data, using a computer you can configure the radar and control its main operating parameters, in particular, set a threshold speed and receive some selective data about intruders.

It would not be amiss to note that, unlike similar devices of other models, the "KRIS" sensor selects targets according to the direction of their movement at a fairly large distance. In turn, this significantly expands its capabilities and increases operational efficiency.

Data transmission to mobile posts and to external computers is carried out both through a regular telephone line and GSM cellular communications. Also, the KRIS-P device (photo below) is capable, thanks to the built-in module, of transmitting information about the intruder via a radio channel. All data transmitted by the sensor is reliably protected by the built-in security system.

KRIS-P (S) radar technical characteristics, instructions

The technical characteristics of KRIS-P are as follows. Speed ​​measurement range - 150 m, range of measured speeds from 20 to 250 km/h, measurement error KRIS-P ± 1 km/h. The maximum range of visual identification of a vehicle's fire protection zone from a photograph with illumination of at least 50 lux in the control zone up to 100 m, less than 50 lux with infrared illumination is 50 m. The maximum range of data transmission via radio channel is 1.5 km, the maximum range of infrared illumination is 50 m. Maximum amount frames saved on the sensor’s flash drive (2 GB) - at least 9000 frames. The permissible operating time from a battery with a capacity of 55A*h is at least 8 hours. The error of non-volatile clocks is no more than 2 seconds per day. Operating conditions of use: ambient temperature from -30 to +50 °C, relative humidity up to 90% at +30 °C, atmospheric pressure from 60 to 107.6 kPa. The average service life before decommissioning is at least 6 years. Interverification interval is 2 years.

Defense and appeal CRIS: the impossible is possible!

No matter how high-quality and accurate the mobile photo radar complex "KRIS-S", many special devices have already been released that allow you to warn the owner vehicle about approaching the recording device. Radar detector for CRIS, regardless of the model and manufacturer, is capable of recording the location of a post with an installed speed meter and warning the driver when approaching it. As a rule, warning occurs using sound signal and after it sounds, the driver has the opportunity to slow down or go around the post on another road, since the radar detector’s operating range is quite large.

It should be noted that today not every anti-CDIS radar detector on the domestic market is able to effectively cope with its intended purpose. Some, as car owners complain, cannot register the presence of a radar on the road in time, while others, although they warn the driver, are too late when the registration device takes a picture and records the speed of movement. How to fool CHRIS P? Today, the radar detectors of the following models have proven themselves well in the fight against the KRIS-P speed meter - Saver 425, Star 2015 and Star 2015. According to reviews of car owners who have installed these devices, they cope quite effectively with their intended purpose and warn in time about the presence on the roadway "KRIS" systems.

Well, for those motorists who did not have time to acquire a radar detector and were caught in the camera lens, there is only one way out - appealing photo recording Chris-P. It would not be amiss to note the fact that appealing a “chain letter” from the traffic police, made with the help of the CRIS, in court is quite simple, especially if you understand a little about the laws. So, for example, one of the arguments in favor of the car owner may be the fact that the technical documentation for the radar does not contain data on the complete automaticity of its operation. It follows from this that changes can be made by the traffic police officer himself in his own favor and are not reliable.

Price of the KRIS radar complex

The price for the KRIS-P radar is not strictly established within any specific framework. The thing is that the cost, as a rule, depends on the configuration of the crime registration system, as well as on the model of the radar itself. You can determine the actual cost of the KRIS speed meter and buy it on the manufacturer’s website.

Steel

Blacksmith skill ( empu) was so high that they could create blades with arbitrary patterns. For example, there were patterns called “rice grains”, “coconut fibers”, “rooster feathers”. Later, when Malaysia came under the influence of Muslims, they began to make patterns on blades that repeated sayings from the Koran. However, from the point of view of magic, blades with “random” patterns were considered the most valuable, when the blacksmith did not know exactly what pattern he would get and relied entirely on chance and the will of the gods. Special value a blade was acquired if, during the work process, the silhouette of an animal or star was visible in the patterns on the blade, but blades with the silhouette of a person were most valued.

Blade

A characteristic feature of the kris blade is an asymmetrical heel, sharply widening near the handle. A strip of metal called “ganja” is attached to the heel of the blade. It was made separately from the same piece of metal as the blade on early stage hardening, and then was placed on the shank of the blade and welded so tightly that it very often appears to be one piece with the blade. Two small recesses were made in the blade for the large and index finger, and small spikes were made on one side of the heel.

The blade can be straight or curved. If the blade is wavy, then the number of bends was always made odd. The most common blades are those with 7 and 13 bends.

Handle and scabbard

The technique of making the hilt and sheath differs in different regions.

The handle was most often wooden, but metal handles are also found. As a rule, the handle has a “pistol” shape, thanks to which the dagger was very comfortable to hold. In different regions, the design of the handle was done in its own way: in some regions it was simple wooden, decorated with carved floral patterns or longitudinal grooves, in others the handle was made in the form of figurines of animals, birds, and gods. At the base of the handle, a cup-shaped nut was screwed onto the tang, decorated with either a geometric design or an ornament in the form of a lotus flower, which was considered sacred.

They tried not to take the kris out of its sheath without a reason and not to point the naked tip at anyone. While performing ritual dances with drawn daggers, the performers had to touch the ground with the tip to remove Negative influence. The dagger was also hung at the entrance to the house - as a guard. There were legends in which the chris flew, protecting the house and owner from uninvited guests.

Among the legendary kris is kris jeongdong champur, made from iron obtained from various areas of Indonesia, with the participation of one hundred empu in the 14th century. during the heyday of the Majapahit state. Chris turned out to be powerful, but "willful." On moonless nights, he himself left the scabbard and flew in search of prey. The ruler of Majapahit ordered the empa who made the kris to be collected and destroyed. When the empu caught the kris and placed it in a stone mortar to break it, it turned into a meteorite and ascended into the sky. According to legend, this meteorite will return to Earth every four hundred years, bringing untold disasters.

Usage

According to the structure of the blade, the kris is a piercing weapon. Thanks to the shape of the handle and special recesses in the blade, the kris became an extension of the index finger. Men carried one kris with them, women could also carry them, but their daggers were smaller. In war, a man could carry three daggers: his own, the ancestral dagger (from his family) and the dagger of his father-in-law's family. If the battle was fought with two kris, then the second one was used as a weapon to parry blows. The daggers broke very often, but the assembly technology was such that it was not difficult to assemble a new one from the existing parts. Often, one dagger could contain details characteristic of different regions. In many regions, a special type of kris was used for executions. These daggers had a long, thin, straight blade.

Crisology

There is a special science - Crisology(ilmu kekerisan), which studies the genesis and evolution of kris, manufacturing technology, as well as beliefs in them mystical properties, their social role and place in culture. Famous cryologists include Bambang Harsrinuksmo, Hamzuri, Mubirman, Kusni, Hardy from Indonesia; Komeya Yoshimithi from Japan; G.B. Gardner, A.H. Hill, E. Frey of England; B. Solyum from Australia; D.F. Draeger from the USA; Shahrum bin Yub from Malaysia; V. G. Rezanov from Russia. In 2005, the kris was declared by UNESCO as a masterpiece of the world heritage of humanity.

It is increasing rapidly. And that's just official statistics. And a third of them have already experienced a hypertensive crisis. Not only patients, but also people who do not suffer from hypertension need to know what it is in order to help their loved ones and friends overcome this difficult period.

Everyone knows that the clinical picture of this disease characterized by increased blood pressure due to a violation of the mechanisms of regulation of this process. And the crisis itself is a severe manifestation of the disease, which can lead to irreversible consequences.

Causes of hypertension

In most cases, the prerequisite for the development of hypertension is neuropsychic stress and stressful situations that continue a long period time. Therefore if work activity a person is carried out in constant emotional stress, the risk of developing a disease is very high.

Hypertension often results from a concussion. Moreover, the disease may not appear immediately after the injury, but after several weeks or even months. Therefore, many patients do not even associate a concussion with the occurrence of hypertension.

Hereditary predisposition also occupies one of the first places in the list of causes of this disease. So, if someone in the family had hypertension, the disease can manifest itself in the heirs, regardless of age and lifestyle. Therefore, people in this risk group should think about preventing the disease even before the first symptoms appear.

Another cause of hypertension is age-related physical inactivity, in which in the human body, due to the aging process, a violation of vital functions occurs. important functions body, one of which is blood circulation. Against the background of this natural process, atherosclerosis may appear, which can be aggravated by hypertension. The danger of the disease lies in the fact that blood flow to vital organs is significantly reduced. And if there are atherosclerotic deposits in the vessels, so-called plaques, then a stroke and even myocardial infarction are possible.

For representatives of the fair sex, the dangerous period when hypertension can occur is the time of restructuring female body during menopause. In addition, the risk increases several times with excessive salt intake and smoking.

Symptoms of hypertension

One of the first symptoms by which the disease can be recognized is, of course, increased arterial pressure. U healthy person these indicators should not exceed the limit norm at rest 130/85. During emotional stress or physical exertion, these values ​​can increase by 10-15 units, but after a few minutes of rest they should return to normal. In patients with hypertension, blood pressure exceeds acceptable levels even in calm state, and in stressful situations indicators increase significantly.

In addition to elevated blood pressure, the disease is characterized by headache. This occurs due to spasm and constriction of blood vessels in the brain. Patients often also complain of tinnitus, general weakness, a veil before my eyes, frequent dizziness and a feeling of heaviness in the head. And all these signs appear already at the first initial stage hypertension. If you experience even one of these symptoms in combination with high blood pressure, you should immediately seek qualified medical attention. medical care in order to prevent further development diseases. Neglect of treatment at the initial stage of development of hypertension can lead to a hypertensive crisis. What it is and what the consequences may be needs to be understood in more detail.

So what is it?

By this frightening concept of “hypertensive crisis”, the causes of which we have examined, doctors mean a sudden deterioration in the condition of a patient with hypertension, in which blood pressure levels are at the level of 220/120 and above. If a person in such a condition is not provided with the necessary first aid, the disease can lead to irreversible consequences, such as stroke, heart attack, etc. However, given the level of modern medical equipment, such complications occur very rarely today.

Even if the crisis was managed at home, it is imperative to see a doctor on the same or the next day. The specialist will carry out everything necessary measures to examine the condition and prescribe systematic therapy, which will avoid the occurrence of such situations.

The mechanism of occurrence of hypertensive crisis

Just like hypertension, a hypertensive crisis occurs because the balance between vascular tone and minute volume blood, which is in vascular bed pushed out by the heart. In a state of crisis, a patient with sufficiently powerful heart contractions experiences a spasm of small arterioles (vessels). The consequence is an increase in blood pressure to very high performance and disruption of the delivery of the required volume of oxygen to tissues and organs. It is the latter factor that explains frequent development ischemic complications such as strokes and heart attacks.

Exogenous causes of hypertensive crises

Even a slight increase in blood pressure may indicate that hypertension is beginning to develop. The risk with this disease is mainly associated not even with the occurrence of crises, but with their consequences. Therefore, in order to prevent deterioration of the patient’s condition, it is worth excluding its main exogenous causes if possible.

The impetus for the development of a hypertensive crisis is often psycho-emotional stress and severe physical fatigue. Therefore, patients with hypertension should be more attentive to the rhythm of their lives, and sometimes even give up their favorite sport or responsible work.

To reduce the risk of a hypertensive crisis, you need to reconsider not only your life priorities, but also your own diet. You should exclude trusted salt from it or reduce its consumption to a minimum. After all, it is this component of all dishes that prevents the removal of fluid from the body, the amount of which also needs to be reduced. Even at the initial stage of hypertension, the volume of drinks and water should be reduced, especially coffee.

Not so often, a hypertensive crisis can become a consequence of irrational therapy. Most often, patients who neglect the recommendations of doctors and independently stop taking antihypertensive medications become hostages of this situation. A crisis can also arise when, against the background long-term use sympatholytics are administered by adrenergic drugs. Therefore, when contacting a specialist, it is important to inform about the medications that were used during the previous period.

Endogenous factors in the occurrence of crises in hypertension

If we exclude the causes of hypertensive crisis, which depend on external factors, it is possible that endogenous effects cannot be prevented. For example, the risk group includes patients with coronary artery disease, especially during periods of its exacerbation. This list is supplemented by those who suffer from cerebrovascular disorders, pain syndromes of various origins, etc.

If we consider the age criterion of the risk group, then it includes people in the second half of life, from about 35 years old. Exacerbations focal infections can also provoke a hypertensive crisis, which is understandable. Indeed, at the moment of development inflammatory process all the body’s forces are aimed at stopping the outbreak, which makes the activities of other vital important organs and systems.

This disease is especially dangerous for women. Hypertension may progress slightly long years, but appear during age-related hormonal changes.

Classification of hypertensive crises

Today in medical practice The division of crises in hypertension into two main types is used. The first is caused by an excessive release of adrenaline and occurs when arterial hypertension is just beginning to develop. This type of crisis is characterized by an increase in systolic blood pressure. The duration of this state can be calculated in minutes or hours. It is characterized by such clinical manifestations, such as trembling in the body, hyperemia and local hyperhidrosis of the skin, rapid pulse and high systolic pressure. The crisis resolves quickly enough and does not lead to particularly serious consequences.

The second type most often develops in people suffering from late and it is caused by big amount norepinephrine in the blood. The clinical picture of this condition is characterized sharp increase diastolic pressure, in in rare cases also systolic. Patients complain of severe headaches, blurred vision, lethargy, vomiting and nausea. This condition can continue even for several days. And if measures are not taken to stop the crisis, it is simply impossible to predict how difficult the consequences will be. Indeed, at this time, when arterial hypertension is in the acute phase, not only cerebral circulatory disorders with characteristic symptoms or true stroke, but also kidney damage, left ventricular failure, myocardial infarction.

Clinical picture

Characteristic symptoms for this dangerous condition is sharp pain in the occipital region of the head. The condition is aggravated by the sensation strong pulsation in the temple area, as well as nausea and vomiting, which does not bring relief. Most patients experience unreasonable feeling fear and anxiety even for the slightest reason, hyperemia and swelling of the face may also appear, and vision may deteriorate. In addition, during a hypertensive crisis, various neurological disorders which are accompanied by dissociation of reflexes.

Depending on the type of hemodynamic disorder, the type of increase in blood pressure and the pathophysiological mechanism of development of acute manifestations of hypertension, the symptoms may be more extensive. Therefore, it is so important to seek qualified help at the first symptoms listed above and prevent all possible consequences.

Complications

If hypertension is diagnosed, treatment should begin immediately, as this disease can cause many serious illnesses. Due to a hypertensive crisis, the patient may experience acute acute heart attack myocardium, hemodynamic angina, renal failure and many others serious illnesses. All these complications can not only significantly undermine human health, but also cause death.

Treatment of hypertensive crises

Often, when a person experiences a hypertensive crisis, he simply does not know what it is and what measures should be taken. And he perceives his condition as a natural manifestation of hypertension. And then he regrets his carelessness. To avoid finding yourself in such a situation, the patient and his family members should find out what assistance should be provided during a hypertensive crisis and what drugs should be constantly available. home medicine cabinet. Such precautions can not only alleviate the condition and prevent complications, but sometimes even save lives.

Of course, a hypertensive crisis of any severity, type and origin requires a differentiated treatment algorithm, so you must immediately seek qualified medical help. And until the emergency team arrives, the patient’s condition should be alleviated as much as possible, providing him with complete rest. If blood pressure readings are in the critical zone, you need to try to stabilize it yourself with the help of medications. vascular system. But it is worth remembering that blood pressure should be reduced gradually to avoid acute vascular accidents. During the first 60 minutes, the readings should be reduced by 15-20%, and over the next 2-6 hours the blood pressure should be increased to 160/100 mm Hg. Art. Only such an algorithm in case of a hypertensive crisis will stabilize the patient’s condition without harm to his health.

For an uncomplicated crisis, the drug Nifedipine is used, which blocks calcium channels, relieves spasms and dilates blood vessels. Vasodilators are also used to reduce the load on the heart, such as Diazoxide and Sodium Nitroprusside. As ACE inhibitors use the drugs Captopril and Enalapril. Of course, other groups of drugs can be used to stop a crisis, but they, like drugs for treating hypertension, must be prescribed directly by a doctor.

Concerning symptomatic treatment hypertensive crises, it includes the administration of antiarrhythmic, analgesic, antianginal, sedatives, as well as diuretics and cardiac glycosides. Doctors recommend using oxygen therapy and distraction procedures, such as mustard plasters and hot foot baths.

Treatment of hypertension

Since a hypertensive crisis is nothing more than an exacerbation of hypertension, everyone should know how to treat it. And the first thing you should start with is contacting a cardiologist, because it is this specialist who will be able to tell at what stage of development in this moment the disease persists. Hypertension is treated not only medications, this process consists of a set of measures aimed at stabilizing blood pressure and preventing crises.

After receiving the results of the examination, the doctor will prescribe a course of treatment that will be able to maintain normal blood pressure. For this, b-blockers that reduce heart rate and vascular resistance, such as Metoprodol, Visken, Atenolol and others, can be used. Another group of drugs for lowering blood pressure are ACEIs - inhibitors that block the production of renin. It includes the products “Methiopril”, “Moex”, “Spirapril”, “Capoten”. Often a patient with hypertension is prescribed diuretics that remove excess liquid from the body. However, these medications should be used with extreme caution, as many of them can leach away beneficial potassium.

It is completely impossible to get rid of hypertension, because the walls of blood vessels have been adapting to high blood pressure, and therefore it will no longer be possible to return them to their previous form. Therefore, in addition to systematic therapy, it is necessary to constantly monitor blood pressure and right moment respond quickly to acute manifestations diseases.

Prevention of hypertension and hypertensive crises

If we consider that a hypertensive crisis is the “brainchild” of hypertension, then preventive actions they are almost identical. And the first place on this list, of course, is occupied by a rational regime of rest and work. If possible, you should avoid exhausting physical activity and compensate for the expended energy with full sound sleep. This is especially important for those who already suffer from hypertension and want to prevent a possible hypertensive crisis. What it is, you can find out at own experience, if you abuse alcohol and nicotine, therefore from these bad habits must be abandoned immediately. It's worth reconsidering daily diet nutrition, excluding from it table salt, as well as fatty and spicy foods.

In addition, if hypertension has already appeared, treatment should be carried out strictly in accordance with the doctor’s instructions and do not stop taking antihypertensive drugs on your own. Last action may provoke the body to respond to drug withdrawal with a hypertensive crisis.

Hello! There was a short break in the release of new materials on the site due to a lack of time and energy - the beginning of the year, especially March, is rich in holidays and other events, but now it seems to be easier, my blog is working and it’s time to continue writing...

...and today I will touch on a very interesting type of piercing edged weapon - dagger "kris". This is a very interesting one, with a rich history, considered a sacred object. By his appearance

The kris dagger owes its origin to the island of Java in Indonesia. It was from the ancient Javanese word “ngeris” - “to stab” that the name of this weapon came. But first things first…

So, the first thing that catches your eye when looking at Chris- it is his unusual shape. To be more precise, the shape of its blade is asymmetrical, and the blade itself often has a wave-like shape. The asymmetry of the blade was expressed in the presence of the so-called "heel of the blade" — characteristic only of a kris, asymmetrical and very sharp expansion at the base of the blade. A strip was additionally welded to the “heel” itself, called - "ganja". The metal of this strip was the same as that of the blade, and the weld seam itself was almost invisible. Ganja was made separately, then special indentations-rests were made in it - for the thumb and index finger, and on the other side, small spikes were made, or a schematic image of an animal. Thus, the lack of a guard in this type of bladed weapon was fully compensated for by a voluminous blade of a special shape.

An example of the “heel of the blade”

Kris acquired its sacred status in Indonesia, and in the period from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries it spread throughout the Philippines and Malaysia. Of course, myths and legends about the miraculous and even mystical abilities of this dagger surrounded the entire history of its life and development, but ultimately, it was the invested sacred meaning allowed the kris to become the national Malay dagger. According to all beliefs, it was the kris who chose his owner, because even a blade he liked at first sight could bring failure and grief to its owner. By the way the blade itself, the hilt and the scabbard were decorated, a conclusion was made about whether the dagger would bring success, wealth or have protective properties for its owner. In addition, the number of bends on the blade also spoke volumes. For example, the number of so-called “waves” had to be odd - otherwise there would be trouble. Below is a brief description:

• Three protrusions on the blade -symbol of fire.
• Five ledges -symbol of primary elements by their number.
• Seven -symbol of the underworld.
• Nine -caves.

Pattern on the kris blade

In addition, the kris could have a straight blade, without bends. This symbolized the Sun and wealth. Chris was often a murder weapon, and even more often it was specifically made to kill one specific person. At the same time, in view of all the above reasons, this one could not be sold - it could only be given as a gift or exchanged kris as a sign eternal friendship. According to tradition in Indonesia, it is customary to have three kris - from your father, from your father-in-law and your own. But only a successful and wealthy person can afford this weapon, since having a kris is

Classic Malaysian kris

privilege, and ordinary people and peasants are prohibited from wearing and using it.

In addition to its shape, the kris blade attracts the eye due to the very beautiful and varied patterns on the blade itself. This was achieved by manufacturing features. The blade was made of multilayer steel of varying hardness. When forging, nickel was often added to the steel composition and the resulting heterogeneous structure of the blade when etched gave a unique pattern. A mixture of lime and arsenic was used for etching. The skill of making these daggers reached such a level that blacksmiths could give the blade any design, and much later, when Malaysia came under the influence of Muslims, even excerpts from the Koran were made on the blade. But traditionally, it was believed that a random pattern would be the best.

The handle was usually made of wood, very rarely of metal. The handle of the kris has an unusual curved shape, but this is how ease of use was achieved. The handles were decorated in different ways, depending on the region, and were made both ordinary and in the form of various figures. At the top of the handle there was an ornamented tang. The scabbard was also made of wood and had a cup-shaped base at the base for the volumetric “heel” of the blade. The scabbard itself was engraved with designs or decorated with metal plates.

Chris handle

Also interesting is the fact that kris could be worn by both men and women, with only one difference - the women's version was smaller. Straight kris were used for execution. The curved ones were perfect for combat operations. When a piercing blow was applied, the wave-shaped blade left a deep, penetrating wound over a large area and left no chance of survival, especially in hot climate conditions. The backhand strike also caused a lot of trouble. The blade cut the victim at different angles and to different depths, leaving a ragged cut.

Thus we see that Chris- This is truly a sacred and traditional dagger of the Malaysian people. His appearance memorable, and its fighting qualities as a piercing edged weapon are excellent. There is a whole special science that studies the change and genesis of kris, beliefs and methods of production - called "crisology".