Pathology of diseases of the cardiovascular system. According to the phase of predominant disturbance of the cardiac cycle. Cardiovascular diseases and hereditary predisposition

Cardiovascular diseases are common name a whole group of diseases of the heart and circulatory system. Around the world, about 17.5 million people die from heart disease every year. At risk are older people with bad habits, diabetes, high blood pressure and overweight.

Show all

Common symptoms of heart disease

The first symptoms of the disease appear an unpleasant feeling V chest and diaphragm. A person experiences high sweating, coughing, fatigue, and swollen limbs. Signs cardiovascular diseases(CVD) vary depending on the type of disease and individual characteristics of the person. All this makes it difficult to timely diagnose such diseases and initiate treatment. Appearance severe cough may be a sign of a cold or viral infections, but in the case of CVD, the use of expectorants does not have any effect. An important signal is sudden appearance cough when horizontal position bodies, frequent attacks at night. Appearing weakness is a sign of a functional malfunction in the nervous system. The patient experiences high fatigue, sleep disturbances, absent-mindedness, memory problems, causeless anxiety and trembling of the limbs. All these problems are caused by impaired blood circulation and appear in the early stages of the disease.

Increased body temperature, spasms, and pallor appear in severe forms of CVD and the presence of concomitant inflammatory processes in the body (myo-, peri-, endocarditis). Such violations cause sharp increase temperatures up to forty degrees and above. With this development of the disease, there is a threat of hemorrhage in the brain. Increasing pressure at 140/90 is a good reason for immediately taking blood pressure medications and further maintaining normal level blood pressure. If the opposite situation is observed, a pulse of less than 50 beats per minute is a sure sign of coronary heart disease and cardiac dysfunction.

The appearance of swelling of the extremities at the end of the day can occur due to either kidney problems, large quantity salt in the body and heart problems. This happens because the disruption of the heart does not allow it to fully pump blood fluid; as a result, it accumulates in the limbs, which causes swelling. Frequent and sudden dizziness may be signs of an impending stroke. A person feels a pulsating headache, weakness and nausea. Shortness of breath and acute lack of air occur, which also occurs with some types of myocardial infarction. Similar symptoms can also manifest themselves in diseases of the lungs and kidneys, which makes it difficult to determine the true cause.

During physical activity, a person may feel pain in the back, between the shoulder blades and lumbar region. Such symptoms often occur during severe emotional shocks and even during rest. The use of heart medications does not give the desired result, which indicates an impending heart attack. Symptoms may include chest pain, squeezing and burning. A strong dull pain occurs, which becomes stronger and weaker. Also, similar signs are observed with the appearance of vascular spasm and angina.

Sharp, prolonged chest pain radiating to the left arm, obvious symptom myocardial infarction. If the attack develops quickly, the patient may lose consciousness. With all this sharp pain in the chest can be a sign of other diseases, such as radiculitis, neuralgia, shingles, etc. All this makes it difficult to accept correct measures to provide first aid to a patient. The main symptom of all cardiac disorders is rapid heartbeat, not caused by physical exertion or emotional shock. Such an attack is accompanied by weakness, nausea, and loss of consciousness. These are symptoms of developing angina and tachycardia, heart failure.

Types of Cardiovascular Diseases

Distinguish the following diseases heart and blood vessels:

Cardiac ischemia.
Vascular atherosclerosis.
Peripheral circulation disorders.
Rheumatic carditis.
Heart disease.
Thromboembolism.

Cardiac ischemia

The essence of the disease is damage to the myocardium, which causes a decrease or complete cessation of blood supply to the heart muscle. The main reason violation is a narrowing coronary arteries. Symptoms of the disease are manifested by pain in the chest, radiating to the left side of the body, occurring during physical activity, rest, and eating. The pain intensifies over several months, appearing more and more often. This is due to an increase in atherosclerotic spots, which gradually closes the lumen of the artery. Narrowing of the lumen by 90% causes an exacerbation of the disease and is critical.

The disease has mental manifestations, expressed in causeless anxiety, fear of death, apathy, and a feeling of lack of air. As the disease progresses, the appearance similar conditions becomes more frequent, which only worsens the disease. Feelings of anxiety and fear provoke stress on the heart, increased blood pressure and temperature, which is already a dangerous condition in the presence of CVD.

Conservative treatment of the disease is aimed at improving blood supply to the myocardium, maintaining permissible level blood pressure and improvement of the general condition of the patient. However, such methods do not always give the desired result. In this case, surgical interventions are used, such as coronary artery bypass grafting, deep artery stenting and myocardial revascularization.

Way coronary bypass surgery is to connect damaged vessel with the coronary artery, thereby creating a bypass path for the affected area. After this, blood begins to flow into the myocardium in full, which eliminates ischemia and angina. This method recommended in the presence of concomitant diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, congenital heart disease, damage to a large number of blood vessels, etc.

Atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels

The disease affects the walls of blood vessels with focal inflammation, there is an increasing compaction of the walls of the arteries with cholesterol stains, which leads to a narrowing of the lumen and oxygen starvation brain Symptoms of the disease are expressed in changes in gait, noise in the ears, and flashing dots before the eyes. Impairments of perception and memory are the most characteristic symptoms illness, and memory problems extend only to recent events, without affecting deeper memory. In severe cases, the patient may experience decreased vision and hearing, severe migraines and facial flushing.

Treatment in most cases is prescribed medication, with a strict diet. A number of drugs are prescribed to dilate blood vessels, as well as a complex of vitamins and antioxidants. It is necessary to limit the consumption of fatty, fried, salty foods, chocolate, cocoa, and fatty dairy products.

Peripheral circulation disorder

IN in good condition The peripheral circulatory system provides organs with sufficient blood flow for proper functioning. Functional changes blood circulation occurs as a result of changes heart rate. When the resistance to blood flow by the vessels begins to weaken, the walls of the vessels dilate, which leads to arterial hyperemia. In another case, with increasing resistance circulatory system, there is a difficult flow of blood to the organs and thrombosis, which threatens the development of ischemia. Such disorders occur when there is a decrease in the volume of blood passing from the heart to the veins and back, with heart defects, dysfunction of the heart valves, and enlargement of the heart muscle. All this leads to obstruction of blood flow and blood stagnation.

Symptoms of the disorder appear in more than 80% of patients; in other cases, an atypical course of the disease without severe symptoms may be observed. Typical symptoms are lameness, pain in the calf muscles, which manifests itself when walking, weakened sensitivity of the limbs. In more severe stages, pain appears in the buttocks and thighs, and the development of a trophic ulcer and, as a result, gangrene are possible.

Drug treatment involves the use of a whole range of drugs aimed at lowering blood pressure, dilating blood vessels and strengthening their walls. Antiplatelet agents are prescribed, drugs that reduce the risk of myocardial infarction, eliminate muscle pain and prevent blood clots.

Surgical intervention is permissible in the following cases:

severe intermittent claudication that cannot be eliminated medications;
critical damage to arteries and vessels lower limbs as a result of ischemia and the development of trophic ulcers;
acute ischemia, threatening the formation of blood clots and the development of gangrene;
development of gangrene (the focal nature of the disorder involves the removal of the affected areas of the vessels and their subsequent replacement with borrowed or artificial arteries (shunts); with extensive development of inflammation, amputation of the limb is performed).

In the first three cases, surgical revascularization is used, allowing blood flow to bypass the affected areas by applying a vascular bypass. If gangrene develops, general surgical methods are used to remove limbs.

A highly effective way to prevent circulatory disorders is physical therapy, which increases blood pressure, improves heart function and relieves symptoms of intermittent claudication in 70% of cases.

Rheumatic carditis

The disease affects the walls of the heart, resulting in the development of inflammatory process. Pathological changes They begin with the myocardium and end with the outer lining of the heart - the pericardium. Violation is not independent disease, develops as one of the complications of rheumatism in the form of allergic and inflammatory reactions to the presence of streptococcus in the blood. Most often, the primary source of the disease is located in the upper respiratory tract.

Mild forms of the disease do not have severe symptoms and can occur without any noticeable manifestations. When the disease is acute in humans, heat up to 40 degrees, pain appears in the joints, especially the knees. This condition lasts up to two months; in the absence of timely relief of the disease, more than severe symptoms: fever, hemoptysis, pressing pain in the chest, fainting, the face becomes pale with a blue tint.

Treatment methods are determined by the degree, form and severity of the disease. Pharmacological treatment carried out at any stage of the disease and consists of three components:

1. Antimicrobial treatment. Antibiotics of the penicillin group and drugs combined with them are used to suppress streptococcal infections.
2. Anti-inflammatory therapy. At acute course diseases, glucocorticosteroids (Prednisolone, Dexamethasone) are prescribed if the disease is light form, use anti-inflammatory drugs based on salicylic acid.
3. Maintenance therapy. These are diuretics, sedatives and a course of vitamins.

Prescribed dietary food which will provide required amount useful elements for the patient, excluded from the diet unhealthy food. The menu should include products with high content animals and vegetable proteins. Boiled meat and fish, fresh vegetables and fruits. Side dishes should consist of buckwheat, oatmeal and rice porridge. It is undesirable to eat sweet, starchy and spicy foods. Coffee, alcohol and tobacco are strictly prohibited. It is not recommended to consume products containing soy, food dyes, and cholesterol.

Heart disease

Heart disease is a pathology of the heart valves in which the heart ceases to function properly. The disease can be congenital or acquired. Congenital heart disease occurs in only 1-2% of newborns. In this case, anomalies in the development of the organ are observed, which lead to its malfunction. In adulthood, the disorder can develop under the influence of other diseases, such as rheumatism, ischemia, and stroke.

To treat heart defects, both congenital and acquired, a set of measures is required, including surgery and drug treatment. During surgery to restore the functionality of the heart valves, a valvuloplasty procedure is performed, using animal heart valves, mechanical or biological prostheses for replacement. The operation is performed with artificial circulation and lasts from 4 to 8 hours. The rehabilitation period takes from 6 to 12 months depending on the severity of the disease and complexity recovery period. Further treatment carried out conservatively. A daily routine, a course of physical therapy, and diet are established.

Thromboembolism

The disease is a blockage of a blood vessel by a blood clot that has broken off from the walls of the vessel or the heart. As a result, blood stops flowing to the heart, and a rupture of blood vessels occurs, leading to an ischemic heart attack. Most often, thromboembolism occurs during surgical operations, especially if the patient has malignant neoplasms. A blood clot forms in the veins great circle blood circulation, which provokes blockage in the left heart chamber and adjacent arteries.

Symptoms of the disease include rapid heartbeat, bluish facial skin, chest pain, hypertension, and abnormal pulsation of the veins. The severity of these symptoms depends on the degree and form of the disease. The acute form may be accompanied by severe pain, muscle spasms, respiratory failure, which most often leads to death. Milder forms are characterized by an increase in the above symptoms.

Thromboembolism - dangerous condition threatening death in the absence of immediate help. During a critically acute attack, the patient loses consciousness and can only be saved by using indoor massage heart, defibrillation, artificial ventilation lungs. After cupping acute attack An embolectomy procedure is performed, which involves manually removing the blood clot. The operation is associated with high risk and is carried out only in critical cases. Next, a set of drugs is prescribed to relieve pain syndrome, normalize blood pressure, prevent recurrent thrombosis of veins or arteries. Individual treatment is used for each stage of the disease.

In 85% of cases with acute thromboembolism, the patient dies before they can provide first aid.

Conclusion

Cardiovascular diseases are a broad group of diseases that may have common symptoms but different reasons. Most CVD can be prevented by eliminating risk factors such as Not proper nutrition, bad habits, lack of physical activity. According to the Ministry of Health, 76% of diagnoses of serious heart disease occur in overweight people. Of these, 20% are acute and in the vast majority of cases end in death. Heart problems caused by bad habits account for about 40%. Such cases have severe clinical picture, albeit with low mortality. Other cases acute manifestations diseases occur among older people and patients with congenital pathologies heart and circulatory system.

Diseases of the cardiovascular system are among the most dangerous for humans. Every year, 17.5 million people worldwide die from heart problems. Such a sad result is predictable: stress, poor nutrition, bad habits - all this negatively affects the functioning of our body.

What exactly can lead to heart disease? How do they develop? And what types of cardiovascular diseases are especially common?

Types of cardiovascular diseases

Cardiovascular diseases are divided into seven types:

Rhythm and conduction disorders. They are associated with diseases such as cardiac arrhythmia, bundle branch block, cardiac fibrillation, etc.
Inflammatory heart diseases: endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis. All of these diseases are associated with inflammation different parts heart: the inner lining - the endocardium, the cardiac muscle - the myocardium and the connecting lining of the heart - the pericardium.
Valve defects. This type of heart disease is divided into two subtypes: congenital and acquired defects. Congenital defects arise due to genetic disorders or fetal lesions acquired are most often associated with infectious lesions body or autoimmune reactions.
Arterial hypertension. This subgroup of diseases is associated with a persistent increase blood pressure.
Ischemic lesions. Such diseases are associated with a complete or partial decrease in blood flow to the heart muscle. In the first case, the patient will have a myocardial infarction, in the second, coronary heart disease will develop.
Damage to the blood vessels of the heart: cardiosclerosis, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis.
Pathological changes– these are diseases associated with irreversible changes in the functioning of the heart. For example, cardiac asthma and failure, hypertrophy of different parts of the heart.

The most common diseases of the cardiovascular system

The extensive list of diseases in this group includes those that we encounter. Thus, according to statistics, out of 17.5 million deaths from CVD, about 7 million people die annually from coronary heart disease, and 6.5 million people die from stroke.

In addition to ischemic heart disease and stroke, the list of the most common diseases includes:

peripheral artery disease
rheumatic carditis
heart disease
hypertension
deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism

We'll tell you about them today.

Diseases of the cardiovascular system: types and features

1. Peripheral artery disease

Peripheral artery disease is a disease blood vessels, supplying blood to the legs and arms. In the early stages, the patient may complain of increased sensitivity to low temperatures, chilly extremities, a feeling of numbness or tingling, and fatigue or pain in the arms and legs.

For more later stages disease appears intermittent claudication - quite severe muscle pain certain group, forcing you to stop moving.

Pain occurs due to insufficient blood flow to the muscles. Up to the third stage of the disease, the pain goes away after a short rest, when the load disappears and the blood supply becomes sufficient. In the third and fourth stages of the disease, pain may occur at rest, and ulcers and necrosis may also open.

What to do? Stop smoking, control your weight, reduce your intake of easily digestible carbohydrates, animal fats and cholesterol, and regularly walk for at least one hour a day.

2. Rheumatic carditis

Rheumatism of the heart or rheumatic carditis is a connective tissue disease that affects all layers of the heart. Rheumatic carditis begins with a typical sore throat caused by group A streptococcus. Scarlet fever, pneumonia and other diseases of the respiratory system may also occur. Rheumatism attacks approximately 2 - 3 weeks after the infection.

Rheumatic carditis is manifested by “volatile” (moving and intermittent) pain in the joints, tachycardia and arrhythmia, pain in the heart, as well as signs of heart failure: swelling of the legs, shortness of breath at rest, a blue tint to the skin, and a wet cough.

What to do? Treatment and prevention of rheumatic carditis is carried out mainly with medications and is aimed at combating streptococcal infection. For prophylaxis, more gentle antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed. Traditional methods for the treatment of rheumatic carditis are not recommended.

3. Heart defect

Congenital heart disease is a fairly common disease. Modern kids They are often born with this disease and sometimes spend their entire lives fighting it. But heart disease does not always occur in infancy; many adults experience it due to other untreated CVDs.

Acquired heart disease is a disease associated with a violation of the structure and functions valve apparatus heart and leading to changes in intracardiac circulation.

Acquired heart defects develop as a result of acute or chronic diseases(rheumatism, sepsis, atherosclerosis, syphilis) and injuries that disrupt the activity of valves and change the movement of blood through the vessels.

Most often, acquired heart disease affects the mitral valve: between the left atrium and the left ventricle. Less commonly, the aortic valve. It separates the left ventricle and the aorta.

What to do? To prevent heart disease, it is necessary to treat emerging heart diseases and monitor your condition: get rid of bad habits, lose weight, play sports or exercise the body using various types of breathing exercises.

If a defect occurs, drug treatment is prescribed to relieve symptoms, as well as surgery to correct valve defects.

4. Hypertension

High blood pressure worries most of the world's population. This comprehensive problem, although not as dangerous as a stroke or heart attack, can easily cause them, which is why it is so important to monitor your blood pressure and find out why it is rising.

Hypertension can manifest itself as headaches, dizziness, sweating, redness of the face, spots before the eyes, irritability, etc.

What to do? In the early stages, hypertension can be controlled without medications. It is enough to give up bad habits, moderate your consumption of fatty foods, and move more.

If you feel that the condition is worsening, consult a doctor. He will write out necessary medications and will tell you what to do to prevent the development of the disease.

Don't forget that no treatment will be effective without you working on yourself. Be sure to watch your lifestyle and do not avoid small physical activities. If it’s already hard for you to make friends with sports, do breathing exercises or buy a breathing simulator.

5. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism

Deep vein thrombosis is a disease in which blood clots form in the deep veins ( blood clots). Most often they appear in the lower leg, pelvis and thighs. Thrombosis can cause chronic venous insufficiency, swelling of the legs, trophic ulcers and eczema.

The most dangerous manifestation thrombosis - thromboembolism pulmonary artery, when pieces of a blood clot break off and travel to the lungs, causing a blockage. This disrupts blood flow and leads to cardiac and acute respiratory failure, which can lead to instant death patient or pulmonary infarction.

What to do? If you are at risk of thrombosis (age, pregnancy, smoking habit, long-term bed rest, overweight), then you should see a doctor and follow the specialist’s recommendations.

They may concern both medications (anticoagulants are prescribed) and non-drug prevention. For example, wearing compression garments, drinking plenty of fluids, stretching during long trips.

Cardiovascular diseases are difficult to control, but not impossible. The main thing is to control yourself and remember that health is more important than a smoked cigarette or another cake. A healthy lifestyle is the key healthy heart. Don't forget about this and subscribe to our blog to read interesting articles every week.

We offer our method of treating diseases of the cardiovascular system using breathing exercises on a simulator. You can find out more about it by going to.

Heart and vascular diseases are considered one of the most common causes of premature mortality. Main symptom, which points to possible development pathological processes, manifests itself in the form of pain in the thoracic region, radiating to the left. The patient may also experience swelling or shortness of breath. If you experience the slightest signs indicating possible dysfunction of the system, you should consult a doctor. The doctor will conduct appropriate studies, the results of which will either confirm or exclude pathology. Read more about the list of common heart diseases, their symptoms, treatment and causes of development later in this article.

Coronary heart disease is a common disease characterized by myocardial damage. It occurs as a result of impaired blood supply to the heart muscle and ranks first in the list of dangerous pathologies. Manifests itself in both acute and chronic form. The progression of the disease often leads to the development of atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis.

Among the main causes and risk factors for the occurrence of coronary artery disease are thromboembolism, atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, hyperlipedemia, problems with excess weight (obesity), bad habits (smoking, alcohol), and hypertension. It should also be taken into account that the disease is more common in males. Hereditary predisposition also contributes to its development.

TO common features ischemia includes painful sensations of a paroxysmal nature in the chest area, rapid heartbeat, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, fainting, swelling.

One form of ischemia is unstable angina. According to the Braunwald classification table, the risk of developing a heart attack depends on the classes of the disease:

First grade. Characterized by normal angina. Pain occurs due to stress. At rest, there are no seizures for two months.
Second class. Stable angina at rest. It can also occur from two to sixty days.
Third class. Acute form, occurring within the last 48 hours.

Treatment depends on the clinical form of ischemia, but is always aimed at preventing complications and consequences. Applicable drug therapy, as well as lifestyle correction measures: proper nutrition, elimination of bad habits. During treatment, surgery may be necessary - coronary artery bypass grafting or coronary angioplasty.

Chronic heart failure

Heart failure is a common heart disease caused by poor blood supply vital organs. Violations occur regardless of human activity (both at rest and during exercise). As the pathology progresses, the heart gradually loses its ability to fill and empty. Main symptoms of heart disease:

Peripheral swelling. Initially it occurs in the feet and legs, and then spreads to the hips and lower back.
General weakness fast fatiguability.
Dry cough. As the disease progresses, the patient begins to produce sputum, and then blood.

The pathology forces the patient to take a lying position with his head raised. IN otherwise The cough and shortness of breath only get worse. The list of main factors contributing to the development of the disease is quite large:

Ischemia.
Heart attack.
Hypertension.
Diseases in which damage occurs endocrine system(presence of diabetes, problems with the thyroid gland, adrenal glands).
Poor nutrition, which leads to the development of cachexia or obesity.

Other factors that cause the development of cardiovascular failure include congenital and acquired heart defects, sarcoidosis, pericarditis, and HIV infections. To minimize the likelihood of illness, the patient is advised to eliminate the use of alcohol from his life. alcoholic drinks, caffeine in high doses, smoking, follow a healthy diet.

Treatment must be comprehensive and timely, otherwise the development of pathology can lead to irreversible consequences - this fatal outcome, enlarged heart, rhythm disturbance, blood clots. To avoid possible complications, doctors prescribe patients a special therapeutic diet and optimal physical activity. Drug therapy is based on the use of inhibitors, adenoblockers, diuretics, and anticoagulants. Implantation of artificial pacemakers may also be necessary.

Heart valve defects

A group of serious diseases that affect the heart valves. They lead to disruption of the main functions of the organ - blood circulation and sealing of chambers. The most common pathologies include stenosis. It is caused by a narrowing of the aortic opening, which creates serious obstacles to blood outflow from the left ventricle.

The acquired form most often occurs due to rheumatic valve damage. As the disease progresses, the valves are subject to severe deformation, which leads to their fusion and, accordingly, a decrease in the ring. The occurrence of the disease is also facilitated by the development of infective endocarditis, renal failure and rheumatoid arthritis.

Often congenital form It can be diagnosed at a young age (up to thirty years) and even in adolescence. Therefore, one should take into account the fact that the rapid development of pathology is facilitated by the consumption of alcoholic beverages, nicotine, and a systematic increase in blood pressure.

For a long time (with compensation for stenosis), a person may experience virtually no symptoms. There is no external clinical picture of the disease. The first signs appear in the form of shortness of breath with physical activity, rapid heartbeat, feeling unwell, general weakness, loss of strength.

Fainting, dizziness, angina and swelling respiratory tract often manifest themselves in the stage of coronary insufficiency. Shortness of breath can bother the patient even at night, when the body is not subject to any stress and is at rest.

Patients with heart disease (including those who are asymptomatic) should be seen by a cardiologist and undergo testing. Thus, in particular, patients undergo echocardiography every six months. Medicines are prescribed to relieve the disease and prevent possible complications. For preventive purposes, it is necessary to take antibiotics.

At the same time, the main method of treatment is to replace the affected area of the aortic valve with an artificial one. After surgery, patients must take anticoagulants for the rest of their lives.

Congenital defects

The pathology is often diagnosed at early stages in infants (immediately after birth, the child is subject to thorough examination). Formed at the stage of intrauterine development. Main signs of heart disease:

Change in skin color. They become pale and often acquire a bluish tint.
Respiratory and heart failure are observed.
There are heart murmurs.
The child may be delayed in physical development.

In most cases, the main treatment method is surgery. Often it is not possible or not possible to completely eliminate the defect. In such circumstances, a heart transplant should be performed. Drug therapy is aimed at eliminating symptoms and preventing the development of chronic failure and arrhythmia.

According to statistics, in 70% of cases the first year of life ends fatally for the child. The prognosis improves significantly if the disease is detected early. The main prevention lies in careful planning of pregnancy, which means maintaining a correct lifestyle, eliminating risk factors, regular monitoring and following all recommendations of the attending physician.

Arrhythmia and cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy is a myocardial disease that is not associated with ischemic or inflammatory origin. Clinical manifestations depend on the form of the pathological process. Common symptoms include shortness of breath that occurs during physical exertion, pain in the chest area, dizziness, fatigue, and pronounced swelling. The use of diuretics, anticoagulants, medicines antiarrhythmic nature. Surgeon intervention may be required.

Arrhythmia is characterized by any rhythm disturbance. This type of pathology includes tachycardia, bradycardia, atrial fibrillation. Extrasystole is also considered one of the forms. In most cases, it is asymptomatic, but as the disease progresses, a rapid or slow heartbeat and periodic freezing can be observed. Accompanied by headache, dizziness, pain in the chest area. The treatment process uses both drug therapy and surgical methods.

Inflammatory diseases

Clinical manifestations of heart inflammation depend on which tissue structure was involved during the progression of the pathology:

TO general symptoms include pain, heart rhythm disturbances, shortness of breath. If you were involved infectious process, patients experience elevated temperature bodies.

Not all heart diseases are listed. The list of names goes on. For example, often mental (against the background of the prevalence vagus nerve) or physical overstrain can lead to neurosis, vegetative-vascular dystonia, prolapse mitral valve(primary and secondary form) or a disorder of another nature.

Modern diagnostic methods make it possible to quickly determine the presence of pathology and take all necessary measures. Most heart diseases cannot be completely cured, but they can be stopped, alleviate the patient’s general condition, minimize risks or prevent possible disability.

The risk group includes both men and women, but most ailments can only be diagnosed at an older, often elderly age. The main problem in treatment is untimely access to qualified help, which in the future can greatly bind and limit the capabilities of modern medicine.

It is important to follow all doctor’s recommendations, take prescribed medications and lead an appropriate lifestyle. If we are talking about traditional methods and means of treatment, then before using them you need to consult a specialist.

Cardiovascular diseases are among the most dangerous pathologies, which kill tens of thousands of people around the world every year. Despite the great variety of heart diseases, many of their symptoms are similar to each other, which is why it often becomes quite difficult to diagnose accurate diagnosis when the patient first contacts a therapist or cardiologist.

IN last years CVS pathologies are increasingly affecting individuals young, for which there are reasons. In order to promptly identify deviations, you need to know about the risk factors for developing heart disease and be able to recognize their symptoms.

The causes of the development of cardiovascular diseases can be associated both with pathologies occurring in the human body and with the influence of certain factors. Thus, patients who are most susceptible to such diseases are:

suffer from hypercholesterolemia;
have genetic predisposition to cardiovascular diseases;
abuse alcohol;
suffer from CFS.

In addition, the risk group includes:

diabetics;
patients suffering from obesity;
people leading a sedentary lifestyle;
persons with a family history.

The development of cardiovascular pathologies is directly influenced by stress and overwork. Smoking people are also susceptible to failures in the operation of the cardiovascular system.

Types of diseases

Among all existing heart diseases, the leading ones are occupied by:

IHD, accompanied coronary insufficiency. It often develops against the background of vascular atherosclerosis, spasm or thrombosis.
Inflammatory pathologies.
Non-inflammatory diseases.
Congenital and acquired heart defects.
Cardiac arrhythmias.

The list of the most common CVD diseases includes:

angina pectoris;
myocardial infarction;
rheumatic heart disease;
myocardiostrophy;
myocarditis;
atherosclerosis;
strokes;
Raynaud's syndrome;
arteritis;
embolism of cerebral vessels;
phlebeurysm;
thrombosis;
thrombophlebitis;
mitral valve prolapse;
endocarditis;
aneurysm;
arterial hypertension;
hypotension.

Diseases of the heart and blood vessels often occur against each other. This combination of pathologies significantly aggravates the patient’s condition, reducing his quality of life.

Important! Cardiovascular diseases must be treated. With absence the right help the risk of target organ damage increases, which is fraught with serious complications, including disability and even death!

Heart damage due to kidney disease

Pathologies of the cardiovascular system and kidneys have the same risk factors that contribute to their development. Obesity, diabetes, genetics - all this may well cause disruption of the functioning of these organs.

CVD can be a consequence of kidney disease, and vice versa. That is, there is a so-called “feedback” between them. This means that for people with heart disease, the risk of kidney damage increases significantly. This combination of pathological processes leads to extremely severe consequences, until the death of the patient.

In addition, when the functioning of the cardiovascular system and kidneys is impaired, non-traditional renal factors come into force.

These include:

overhydration;
anemia;
failure in the exchange of calcium and phosphorus;
systemic inflammatory diseases;
hypercoagulability.

According to numerous studies, even minor violations functioning paired organ may cause damage to the cardiovascular system. This condition is called cardiorenal syndrome, and can have serious consequences.

In many cases, heart pathologies affect patients who have been diagnosed with chronic renal failure. This is a disease that is accompanied by a violation of the filtration function of the renal glomeruli.

In most cases, this disease leads to the development of secondary arterial hypertension. It, in turn, causes damage to target organs, and, above all, the heart suffers.

Important! Heart attack and stroke are the most common consequences of this pathological process. The progression of CKD leads to a rapid transition of arterial hypertension to the next stage of development with all the complications associated with this pathological process.

Symptoms of CVD

Impaired functions of the heart muscle or blood vessels cause the development of circulatory failure. This deviation is accompanied by both cardiac and vascular insufficiency(SN).

Chronic manifestations of HF are accompanied by:

decreased blood pressure;
constant weakness;
attacks of dizziness;
cephalgia of varying intensity;
chest pain;
pre-fainting states.

Heart pathologies accompanied by such symptoms manifest themselves less clearly than vascular diseases. Thus, acute vascular insufficiency leads to the development of:

collapse;
state of shock;
syncope.

The pathological conditions described above are extremely difficult for patients to tolerate. Therefore, you should not underestimate the danger of CVD, and when the first signs of their development appear, you should contact a specialist and undergo a comprehensive examination.

In fact, the symptoms of CVD are quite diverse, so it is extremely problematic to consider them comprehensively. However, there are a number of signs that are the most common in pathological lesions of the heart muscle and blood vessels.

To non-specific clinical manifestations Cardiovascular pathologies include:

Important! If such pain makes itself felt even when the person is at rest, you should immediately consult a doctor. Such a deviation may be evidence of an impending heart attack!

In addition to the above symptoms, many CVDs are characterized by the occurrence of:

rapid heartbeat;
shortness of breath, which can sometimes develop into poisoning - attacks of suffocation;
stabbing pain in the heart;
motion sickness in transport;
fainting in a stuffy room or in hot weather.

Many of the symptoms described above are characteristic of overwork - mental or physical. Based on this, most patients decide to “wait it out” and do not seek help from a doctor. But in in this case Time is not the best medicine, since delaying a visit to a specialist threatens not only the health, but also the life of the patient!

CVD in children and adolescents

Damage to the heart and blood vessels is not exclusively an “adult” problem. Often such diseases are diagnosed in children, and they include:

Congenital. This group of cardiovascular pathologies includes malformations of large blood vessels and heart muscle. As a rule, such pathologies are diagnosed during the period of intrauterine development of the fetus, or during the first few months of a newborn’s life. Often these diseases can only be cured by surgery.
Acquired. Such diseases can develop at any period of a child’s life. Their occurrence can be provoked by childhood infectious diseases, or by pathologies suffered by a woman during pregnancy.

The most common diseases of the cardiovascular system, occurring in children of primary and school age, include arrhythmia, heart disease and vascular disease.

Adolescents require special attention from parents because, due to changes in their hormonal levels, the risk of developing heart and vascular diseases is especially high.

Thus, most often children in puberty suffer from mitral valve prolapse and neurocirculatory dystonia (VSD). Each of these pathological conditions requires mandatory seeking medical help.

Often such deviations are not separate pathologies, but indicate the development of other, more serious and dangerous diseases in the body. In this case, the period of puberty, which already exposes the body of adolescents to severe stress, can cause the development of severe cardiovascular diseases.

Cardiovascular diseases are one of the most common groups of pathological processes, accompanied by a high percentage of population mortality. Prevent them dangerous consequences This is possible only if a person pays close attention to his health.

People who have a genetic predisposition to CVD or are at risk should be extremely careful. The best option for them is passing preventive examinations see a cardiologist and therapist every 6-12 months with all necessary diagnostic procedures performed (ECG, Holter blood pressure, Holter CG, etc.).

Diseases of the cardiovascular system are widespread among the adult population of many countries around the world and occupy a leading place in overall mortality statistics. Mostly this problem affects countries with middle and low level income - 4 out of 5 deaths from cardiovascular pathology were residents of these regions. To the reader who does not have medical education, costs at least general outline understand what this or that heart or vascular disease is, so that if you suspect its development, do not waste precious time, but immediately seek help medical care. To learn the signs of the most common diseases of the cardiovascular system, read this article.

Atherosclerosis

According to WHO definition ( World Organization health care), is constantly elevated blood pressure: systolic - above 140 mm Hg. Art., diastolic – above 90 mm Hg. Art. The blood pressure level at diagnosis should be determined as the average of two or more measurements during at least two examinations by a specialist on different days.

Essential hypertension, or essential hypertension, is increased blood pressure in the absence of an obvious reason for its increase. Accounts for about 95% of all cases of arterial hypertension.

Main risk factors of this disease are the same factors that contribute development of ischemic heart disease and, aggravate the course hypertension the following accompanying pathology:

diabetes;
cerebrovascular diseases - ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes (TIA);
heart diseases – myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, heart failure;
kidney diseases - diabetic nephropathy;
peripheral arterial disease;
retinal pathology – papilledema, hemorrhages, exudates.

If a patient suffering from hypertension does not receive therapy that helps lower blood pressure, the disease progresses, hypertensive crises occur more and more often, which sooner or later can cause all sorts of complications:

acute hypertensive;
pulmonary edema;
myocardial infarction or unstable angina;
stroke or transient ischemic attack;
aortic dissection;
eclampsia - in pregnant women.

Secondary, or symptomatic, hypertension is a persistent increase in blood pressure, the cause of which can be determined. It accounts for only 5% of cases of arterial hypertension.

Of the diseases that lead to high blood pressure, the most commonly diagnosed are:

damage to kidney tissue;
adrenal tumors;
diseases of the renal arteries and aorta (coarctation);
pathology of the central nervous system (brain tumors, polyneuritis);
(polycythemia);
pathology thyroid gland(-, -, hyperparathyroidism) and other diseases.

Complications of this type arterial hypertension the same as for hypertension, plus complications of the underlying disease that caused hypertension.

Heart failure

A common pathological condition that is not independent disease, but there is a consequence, an outcome of other acute and chronic heart diseases. In this condition, due to changes in the heart, its pumping function is disrupted - the heart is unable to supply all organs and tissues with blood.

Complications of heart failure are:

arrhythmias;
congestive;
thromboembolism;
chronic renal failure (the so-called “stagnant kidney”);
cardiac cachexia (exhaustion);
cerebrovascular accidents.

Acquired heart defects

Acquired heart defects occur in approximately 1-10 people per 1000 population, depending on the region of residence, and account for about 20% of all heart lesions of an organic nature.

The main reason for the development of acquired heart defects is rheumatic lesion valves: 70-80% of all defects are pathology of the mitral valve, the second place in the frequency of damage belongs to the aortic valve, stenosis and/or insufficiency of the tricuspid valve and pulmonary artery valve are relatively rarely diagnosed.

This pathology affects people of different age groups. Every 2nd patient with heart disease requires surgical treatment.

The essence of the disease is that, under the influence of etiological factors, the heart valves lose their ability to function normally:

stenosis is a narrowing of the valve, as a result of which it does not allow enough blood to pass through, and the organs experience a lack of oxygen, or hypoxia;
insufficiency - the valve leaflets do not close completely, as a result of which blood is thrown from the part of the heart located below to the part located above; the result is the same - the organs and tissues of the body do not receive the vital oxygen they need, and their function is impaired.

Complications of heart defects include many conditions, among which the most common are acute, infectious bronchopulmonary complications, chronic failure blood circulation, atrial fibrillation, thromboembolism and others.

Clinically, myocarditis is manifested by attacks of chest pain, signs of valve pathology, symptoms of arrhythmias, and circulatory disorders. May be asymptomatic.

The prognosis for this disease depends on the severity of its course: mild and moderate forms, as a rule, end full recovery patient within 12 months after the onset of the disease, severe ones can lead to sudden death, refractory circulatory failure and thromboembolic complications.

Cardiomyopathies

Cardiomyopathies are independent, steadily progressing forms of damage to the heart muscle of unclear or controversial etiology. Within 2 years, about 15% of patients die from some forms of this disease in the absence of symptoms, and up to 50% in the presence of symptoms corresponding to the disease. They are the cause of death in 2-4% of adults, and are also the leading cause of sudden death in young athletes.

The probable causes of cardiomyopathies are:

heredity;
infection;
metabolic diseases, in particular glycogenosis;
lack of certain substances in the diet, in particular selenium, thiamine;
pathology of the endocrine system (diabetes mellitus, acromegaly);
neuromuscular pathology (muscular dystrophy);
exposure to toxic substances - alcohol, drugs (cocaine), certain medications (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin);
diseases of the blood system (some types of anemia, thrombocytopenia).

Clinically, cardiomyopathies are manifested by all sorts of symptoms of cardiac dysfunction: angina attacks, fainting, palpitations, shortness of breath, cardiac arrhythmias.

Cardiomyopathy is especially dangerous increased risk sudden death.

Pericarditis

– this is an inflammation of the layers of the lining of the heart - the pericardium - of infectious or non-infectious etiology. Areas of the pericardium are replaced fibrous tissue, exudate accumulates in its cavity. Pericarditis is divided into dry and exudative, acute and chronic.

Clinically manifested by chest pain, shortness of breath, fever, muscle pain, combined with signs of the underlying disease.

The most serious complication of pericarditis is cardiac tamponade - the accumulation of fluid (inflammatory or blood) between the layers of the pericardium, preventing normal contractions of the heart.

Infective endocarditis

It is an inflammatory lesion of valve structures with subsequent spread to other organs and systems, resulting from the introduction of bacterial infection into the structures of the heart. This disease is the 4th leading cause of death in patients from infectious pathology.

In recent years, the incidence rate infective endocarditis has increased significantly, which is associated with the wider spread surgical interventions on the heart. It can occur at any age, but it most often affects people between 20 and 50 years of age. The ratio of incidence between men and women is approximately 2:1.

Infective endocarditis is a potentially life-threatening disease, therefore timely diagnosis it, adequate, effective treatment and rapid identification of complications are extremely important to improve prognosis.

Arrhythmias

As a rule, arrhythmia is not an independent pathology, but a consequence of other cardiac or non-cardiac diseases.

Heart rhythm disturbances are not certain diseases, but represent manifestations or complications of any pathological conditions associated with heart disease or non-cardiac pathology. They can long time may be asymptomatic, but may pose a danger to the patient’s life. There are many types of arrhythmias, but 80% of them are due to extrasystole and atrial fibrillation.

Clinically, arrhythmias are manifested by a feeling of interruptions in the work of the heart, dizziness, shortness of breath, weakness, a feeling of fear, and others. unpleasant symptoms. Their severe forms can provoke the development of cardiac asthma, pulmonary edema, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy or arrhythmic shock, and also cause sudden death of the patient.

Which doctor should I contact?

Diseases of the cardiovascular system are treated by a cardiologist. They are often combined with pathology of the endocrine glands, so consultation with an endocrinologist and nutritionist will be useful. A cardiac and vascular surgeon is often involved in the treatment of patients. Patients must be examined by a neurologist and an ophthalmologist.

1, average: 5,00 out of 5)