Conversation on the topic: "Prevention of colds and viral diseases." Conversation “prevention of gastrointestinal diseases”
Class hour“Rules of hygiene. Infectious diseases and their prevention"
Form of conduct: conference in the form of information messages.
Target:
Protect students from a careless attitude towards hygiene rules (focus their attention on personal items);
Warn children about the dangers of hepatitis C;
Talk about the flu and its prevention.
Preparation
Find interesting material about infectious diseases.
Make a stand “Health is in your hands.”
Copy the leaflets “Drugs and hepatitis are death.”
Invite specialists to discuss these issues: a biology teacher, a school doctor, a district epidemiologist.
Health is more valuable than anything else. Health comes out in pounds and comes in in ounces.
Russian proverb
Teacher: Guys, in their youth, many people take lightly the most precious thing they have received from nature - their health. Unfortunately, at present we can say that due to chronic diseases parents, their unhealthy lifestyle and deteriorating environmental conditions, many children are already born sick or with a weakened immune system and are exposed to various diseases in the first days of their existence. Therefore, in order not to follow the expression: “what we have we don’t keep, when we lose it we cry,” it is necessary to be armed with special knowledge about the most dangerous infectious diseases that await us at every step. And to know means not to be afraid, it means to be able to actively resist them!
Conversation one - “Tender” killer
This is the name given to hepatitis C, which was discovered only in 1989, because of its “silent” course. In some patients, clinical symptoms appear only after liver cancer has already developed. The number of patients with hepatitis C in Russia increases every year by an average of 100%, and many doctors are already talking about an epidemic of this virus. How can infection be prevented, who is most susceptible to it, what treatment methods exist? We will try to answer these and some other questions today.
What to do to avoid getting infected with the virus? Avoid contact with blood and other infectious materials; Avoid using common hygiene products (toothbrushes, razors), as well as items such as earrings, etc. Always follow safe rules sexual contacts, including the use of condoms.
How do you know if you are infected with the hepatitis C virus?
As a rule, on initial stage The disease is very mild, so it can only be detected using a biochemical analysis of blood serum. Then carry out virological study. If necessary, liver tissue obtained through biopsy may be examined.
How is the hepatitis C virus transmitted?
Since the virus is contained in the blood of infected people, the main route of transmission of the virus is contact with blood and its products (this is possible not only through blood transfusions, but also through the use of unsterile injection needles and other medical instruments). The virus can also be transmitted sexually, in utero, or during childbirth from an infected mother to her child (rarely). Transmission of the virus is possible through the use of shared personal toilet items - toothbrush, razor, scissors.
How quickly can liver cirrhosis develop due to hepatitis C virus infection?
In 25-30% of patients, cirrhosis develops within 15-20 years, which entails a high risk of developing liver cancer. In 65-75% of patients, acute hepatitis C progresses to the chronic stage.
How is the hepatitis C virus different from other viruses?
Unlike viruses B and D, acute hepatitis C can occur with less severe liver damage, and often without any symptoms at all. Some patients have a fever and may experience nausea and abdominal discomfort. Some people develop jaundice. The disappearance of the virus from the blood within 6 months occurs only in 20% of cases. Next we need to talk about chronic stage disease, which in most cases is also asymptomatic until late stages when liver cirrhosis and its complications develop.
Is there a vaccine for hepatitis C virus?
No, there is no vaccine today, but there are modern and effective methods of control and they consist of antiviral therapy, which must be carried out under the strict supervision of a doctor.
Conversation two “About ear hygiene”
Those who use a telephone, player, headphones, or stethoscope for a long time need to remember that these devices must be personal use.
You can get an infection in your ear by talking from a pay phone, especially if you have abrasions or irritations in your ear. You can expect trouble with a weakened immune system, anemia, gout, but most often with diabetes.
In addition, people for whom headphones and a telephone receiver are a working tool can also suffer from ear dermatitis. These are telephone operators and secretaries. Even doctors can suffer due to frequent use of a stethoscope, and those who wear it for a long time hearing aid or player.
Symptoms of the disease are discharge from the ear canal and pain when pressing on the auricle.
For itching and mild pain, when the purulent process has not yet developed, the ear canal is lubricated with brilliant green. It dries the skin and reduces itching. This should be done with cotton wool, wound in a thin layer on a match, barely touching the walls of the ear. Do not rub in under any circumstances. Improper lubrication may cause increased itching and watery discharge. Then things will get worse. You should not lubricate the sore spot with “ear” sticks, which are now sold everywhere. Their thickness is not suitable for this procedure. Unfortunately, they can move the decomposed skin closer to eardrum.
For ear dermatitis, you can instill 1% into the ear with a pipette or teaspoon menthol oil 4-5 drops 2-3 times a day. At the same time, tilt your ear so that the instilled solution does not flow out of it.
The disease is treatable and boric alcohol. Soak a loose cotton wick in it and gently insert it into your ear. You need to keep it for 1 or 2 days and not touch it. The cotton wool itself will spread throughout the skin of the ear canal. To prevent the cotton wool from being dry, you can additionally drip boric alcohol onto it. Then you need to introduce a new wick. The first 2-3 times the procedure is best done under medical supervision.
Treatment with boric alcohol is that it destroys the surface layer of the skin, which dries out and comes off in scales. This is how diseased cells disappear.
If you suffer from allergies, it is best to lubricate the ear canal hormonal ointments, for example, prednisolone or hydrocortisone. It must be administered using a cotton filter. Under the influence of heat, the ointment in the ear will spread on its own. In severe cases, the disease is treated with antibiotics.
During illness, you need to take multivitamins and B vitamins. Patients with diabetes during an exacerbation of dermatitis need to consult an endocrinologist and strictly adhere to the diet.
Ear dermatitis can be prevented if you follow basic hygiene rules. To avoid damaging the skin of the ear canal, never remove wax with a needle or pin. Ear rinsing can also lead to the development of the disease. dirty water. This should only be done by a doctor, who will prescribe special drops to soften the wax and remove it under sterile conditions.
Those who use a telephone, headphones, or stethoscope for a long time need to remember that these devices should be for individual use. If someone was talking on your phone stranger, then wipe the tube with alcohol or cologne.
Conversation three “What is chlamydiasis?”
The disease is caused by bacteria of the chlamydia genus. In nature, there are two types of chlamydia: the first type affects animals and birds and can cause an infectious disease in humans - psittacosis; the second type of chlamydia is called Chlamydia trachomatis. About 15 of its varieties are known, some of them cause trachoma and lymphogranulomatosis venereum. Two of the 15 varieties of chlamydia affect genitourinary system humans, causing urogenital chlamydia.
In terms of their properties, chlamydia occupy an intermediate position between viruses and bacteria. Therefore, chlamydia is still more difficult to diagnose and treat than ordinary bacterial infections. Urogenital chlamydia is a sexually transmitted disease. There is often a combination of chlamydia with other genitourinary infections- trichomoniasis, gardnellosis, ureaplasmosis.
How does chlamydia manifest?
Incubation period for chlamydia is
approximately 1-3 weeks. A person with chlamydia notices a characteristic glassy discharge from the urethra in the morning. There may be itching or discomfort when urinating, sticking of the sponges of the external opening of the urethra. Sometimes the general condition worsens - weakness is noted, body temperature rises slightly. It should be noted that chlamydia often occurs without obvious symptoms or without them at all.
Even without treatment, after some time (about 2 weeks), the symptoms of the disease disappear. In this case, chlamydia becomes chronic; the chlamydial infection is, as it were, “preserved” in the body, waiting for an opportunity to remind itself again.
What complications can chlamydia cause?
The main danger of chlamydia lies precisely in the complications it can cause. After some time, chlamydia “gets” to the prostate gland, to the seminal vesicles, causing chronic prostatitis and vesiculitis. Further chronic process spreads to the epididymis, which can lead to an obstructive form of male infertility.
Chlamydia can also get on the wall Bladder and cause hemorrhagic cystitis. Chronic inflammation of the urethra, caused by chlamydia, leads to the development of its narrowing (stricture). In women, chlamydia infection often causes obstruction fallopian tubes, ectopic pregnancy, postpartum or post-abortion endometritis. Pregnancy in a patient with chlamydia often occurs with complications.
Besides various complications Regarding the genitals, chlamadia can cause damage to other organs. Then this disease will already be called Reiter's disease or syndrome. With Reiter's syndrome, the eyes (chlamydial conjunctivitis), joints (usually ankles, knees and spine), skin, and internal organs (usually hepatitis, but almost any organs can be affected) can be affected.
What is the diagnosis of chlamydia?
Diagnosing chlamydia is more difficult than diagnosing a bacterial infection. The most simple methods have an accuracy of no more than 40%. The most accurate and accessible method Today, the detection of chlamydia in urethral discharge is an immunofluorescence reaction (RIF) using antibodies labeled with a special substance - FITC.
How difficult is it to treat chlamydia?
Due to the characteristics of chlamydia, antibacterial drugs against them are not as effective as against ordinary bacteria, therefore the treatment of chlamydia is more complex and time-consuming. Besides the course antibacterial therapy, it necessarily includes immunomodulatory therapy, multivitamin therapy, normalization of lifestyle, diet, and abstinence from sexual activity for the duration of treatment. Treatment must be carried out by both partners. At the end of the course, control tests are carried out. If chlamydia is not detected, then tests are carried out 2 more times after 1 month (in women - before menstruation). Only after this will it be possible to talk about the effectiveness of the therapy.
What are the preventive measures for chlamydia?
Chlamydia is easier to avoid than to cure. Therefore, we will once again present the rules of sexual hygiene that will protect you from various venereal diseases:
A permanent partner whom you trust;
Avoid casual sex or use a condom. However, remember that a condom is an effective, but not 100% means of protection against sexually transmitted infections;
If you have the slightest suspicion of infection, consult a urologist;
Remember: an old disease is more difficult to treat.
Conversation four: “Let’s talk about the flu”
Influenza is an acute infectious disease with an airborne transmission mechanism, with epidemic and pandemic (global) spread. Belongs to the group of acute respiratory viral infections infectious diseases(ARVI), is caused by an RNA-containing virus and is manifested by high but short-term fever, severe intoxication, and damage to the respiratory system.
Influenza has been known since the time of Hippocrates. The disease received the name “influenza” in the 14th century. The first description of influenza dates back to the beginning of the 17th century.
Virus is the causative agent of the disease
Viral nature influenza was established in 1918. Influenza viruses belong to the orthomyxovirus family. The genetic information is located in the core of the virus and consists of eight chains of ribonucleic acid (RNA), which encodes the composition of eight structural proteins.
Currently, there are three genera of orthomyxoviruses that cause influenza: A, which was first cultivated in 1939; B - in 1940 and C - in 1947. Cells of the immune system form antibodies to the virus proteins (antigens), which inactivate the virus and protect against recurrence of the disease. The surface antigens most important for antibody production are two: hemagglutinin, designated H, and neuraminidase-N. The structure of virus antigens is variable: depending on their composition, serotypes or strains are distinguished within type A.
Epidemics and pandemics
Approximately every 20-70 years, due to mutation of virus A, a new pandemic strain (i.e., a strain causing a global epidemic) appears, characterized by its own set of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Virus A also affects some animals, such as waterfowl and pigs, which are believed to be the source of the new pandemic strain, which usually appears in rural areas of China. Influenza epizootics (epidemics in animals) have not been described in the specialized literature.
Within 2-3 years, an epidemic serotype arises within this strain, which is a variant of the virus with minor deviations in the structure of surface proteins. It causes major epidemics that engulf entire countries. The first recorded influenza epidemic in history occurred in 1889, followed by the devastating Spanish influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in 1918, which killed more than 20 million people. The next pandemic A (H2N2) was noted in 1957-1958. and claimed the lives of 70 thousand people in the United States.
The last influenza A (H3N2) pandemic took place in 1968-1969, during which 34 thousand people died in the United States. The birthplace of the strain is Hong Kong. Another subtype of the A virus, common in our time, A (H1N1), periodically caused large epidemics, but not on the same scale as in 1918-1919. When Asian influenza A (H2N2) appeared in 1957, the A (H1N1) virus disappeared. The A(H2N2) virus also disappeared when the Hong Kong virus was identified in 1968. In 1977, the A (H1N1) virus reappeared and has since spread along with the A (H3N2) virus.
Every year, between 5 and 15% of people worldwide fall ill with influenza. During epidemics, up to 20-40% of the population is affected.
Source of infection. A patient with influenza, especially before the 4-5th day of illness, a recovering person (up to 2-3 weeks), a healthy virus carrier (the virus is in a defective form) contains seven RNA fragments.
The transmission mechanism is airborne. Droplets of mucus when coughing and sneezing spread over a distance of up to 3-3.5 m. The virus can be transmitted through household items (dishes, towels, door handle, etc.). However, it is unstable in external environment and collapses at room temperature in a few hours, quickly dies when exposed to ultraviolet rays and when dry.
The affected population is persons lacking immunity to this option virus. The incidence among children and adolescents is 4.6 times higher than among adults.
Mechanisms of disease development. The virus penetrates the epithelial cells of the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract: the nose, then the larynx, trachea and bronchi. Toxic substances (components of the virus, cell decay products, complexes of bacteria with viruses, biologically active substances - kinins and biogenic amines) enter the blood. Severe intoxication and fever develop; the virus penetrates the central nervous system, lungs, heart and skeletal muscles, where it sharply disrupts blood circulation in microvessels: capillaries expand, the permeability and fragility of their walls increases, blood flow slows down, hemorrhages and swelling occur. These changes cause the appearance of muscle pain, and sometimes the development of inflammation of the heart muscle. May escalate ischemic disease heart disease, peptic ulcer and other chronic diseases. With the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation (hyperactivation of the blood coagulation system with subsequent depletion and development of bleeding), the danger of damage to the adrenal glands with symptoms of infectious-toxic shock increases. Recovery from uncomplicated influenza, regardless of treatment, occurs on average within 7-12 days.
Immunity, i.e. immunity to infection, appears after past illness. The production of antiviral antibodies (mainly to hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) ensures the creation of specific immunity to a given type and strain of the virus. In some cases, two waves of the disease are observed: first, a person suffers from influenza in mild form(due to the presence of antibodies from a previous disease), then more severe (due to the lack of immunity to the new strain). In people who have had influenza A, immunity lasts on average for about 2-3 years, influenza B - 3-5 years, influenza C - for life. Immunity can be transmitted from mother to fetus and persist in the newborn until the age of six months.
Post-vaccination immunity is developed after 7-15 days and lasts about 4 months. (maximum up to 2 years).
Clinical picture of the disease. The incubation period lasts from 3-4 hours to 3 days. Clinical manifestations when different types influenza are the same, with the exception of those for influenza C, which is characterized by a predominantly mild course:
1st day: acute onset in 90-92% - chills, general weakness, fever, redness of the face, temperature rises rapidly and reaches high numbers in 6-12 hours (38.5-40°C), muscle pain and joints, headache (behind the eyes, in the temples and parietal region), patients note rawness and dryness in the nasopharynx, sneezing. In the lungs of 60% of patients, scattered dry rales are heard, dullness of percussion sound and tympanitis are detected due to local plethora and edema, swelling of the interstitial tissue of the lungs, and the development of emphysema. The x-ray may show increased pulmonary pattern and thickening of the bronchi. Heart sounds may be muffled, and the heart rate may not correspond to the height of the fever (relative bradycardia);
2-3 days: high fever persists (possibly decreasing to normal levels by the end of the second day), severe intoxication remains, in 70-80%, catarrhal syndrome develops: serous or serous-mucous, slight nasal discharge, cough appears, accompanied by chest pain. Often associated with: hoarseness, feeling of tightness in the chest, slight shortness of breath. In most patients, by the end of 2-3 days the cough becomes wet and less frequent. In 20-30% of cases, the flu occurs without a runny nose (“dry catarrh”);
Days 4-7: recovery period. The temperature normalizes (usually by the end of 4 days), intoxication gradually decreases (by the 5th-6th day), catarrhal symptoms persist until the 10th-12th day, post-influenza asthenia, general weakness, increased fatigue.
"Intestinal" flu. With influenza, the gastrointestinal tract is not affected, although there may be complaints from the digestive organs. This is usually incorrectly referred to as gastritis or enteritis, possibly associated with an enterovirus infection or food intoxication accompanied by high fever.
Differential diagnosis of influenza. It is carried out by a doctor with an unclear diagnosis - with acute respiratory diseases of a different etiology (parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial infection, rhinovirus infection, adenoviral infections, acute respiratory infections of mycoplasma etiology), tonsillitis, ornithosis; measles, enterovirus infections, typhoid fever, pneumonia. For this purpose, they may be appointed special examinations.
Early criteria for influenza severity. Be sure to consult a doctor if you experience the following symptoms, indicating O severe course flu:
Unusual color faces (pallor at high temperatures, cyanosis, purple coloration of the skin);
Sharp immobility, lethargy, rarely - agitation;
Severe diffuse headache, severe dizziness, fainting states, insomnia;
Severe tachycardia, irregular pulse, decreased systolic (“upper”) blood pressure (below 90 mm Hg);
Shortness of breath, respiratory arrhythmia, suffocation;
Vomiting in combination with any of the above symptoms;
Nosebleeds;
Body temperature is above 40°C.
Complications of influenza. In most cases, the disease self-destructs within 7-12 days, but sometimes complications develop that can pose a threat to the patient’s life. Complications are divided into two groups: those associated directly with the course of influenza and with the addition of a second bacterial infection.
Group I (1-2 days of illness): hemorrhagic pulmonary edema, meningoencephalitis (serous), infectious-toxic shock. Children with high fever may experience febrile seizures;
Group II complications: pneumonia (most often), otitis media, glomerulonephritis, purulent meningitis and septic conditions. Bacterial complications after the patient feels better: may rise again heat, cough with sputum, chest pain, etc. may appear. They can be delayed up to 1-2 weeks.
Bed rest for at least 5 days.
Plenty of hot drinks, light dairy and vegetable foods.
Antihistamines(diphenhydramine 0.05 g 2-3 times a day).
Ascorbic acid up to 1.5-3 g/day.
In children with influenza, aspirin is not prescribed, since it is possible to develop a rare specific lesion of the central nervous system - Reye's syndrome, which initially manifests itself as uncontrollable vomiting and deterioration of the general condition, with mortality in 20-40% of cases. In 1984, 204 cases of this disease were described in the United States in influenza and chickenpox.
For the treatment of children, the average single dose of paracetamol (regardless of dosage form- tablets or rectal suppositories) is 5-10 mg/kg of weight (daily - approximately 65 mg/kg) every 4-6 hours. Children under 12 years of age should not take paracetamol more than 5 times a day. Paracetamol is generally a safer drug than aspirin, but when used in high doses, drug damage to the liver and kidneys is possible.
Conclusion
Teacher: From our conversation about various infectious diseases, you received qualified answers to many questions. Discussion of these problems showed that any disease is accompanied by suffering, painful stress, general physiological ailments and poses a great danger, especially for children. The main conclusion you should make for yourself is not to get sick! And this means being attentive to preventive measures, supporting protective functions of your body, i.e. your immunity.
Remember: “A healthy person doesn’t need a doctor!”
Great attention is paid to the prevention of intestinal infectious diseases. Some progress has been made along this path, but intestinal infections remain one of the most serious health problems today.
In the structure of infectious pathology, intestinal infections account for about 20%, causing significant economic damage.
Acute intestinal infections include: dysentery, salmonellosis, gastroenteritis, viral hepatitis A, foodborne diseases, typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever. IN last years The role of viruses in the occurrence of acute intestinal infections has increased: rotavirus gastroenteritis, Norwalk virus infection (epidemic viral gastroenteritis) popularly known as “ stomach flu, ARVI with intestinal syndrome" Acute intestinal infections can occur at any time of the year: viral, more often in cold weather, with an increase in the incidence of influenza and ARVI, peak incidence bacterial infections falls during the summer season. Most pathogens of intestinal infections are highly resistant. For example: the causative agents of typhoid and paratyphoid remain viable in milk for more than 70 days, in water for several months. Dysentery microbes live and multiply in milk for about 6 days, in river water they persist for up to 35 days, viruses remain viable on various environmental objects from 10-15 days to 1 month, in feces - up to 7 months.
How do intestinal infections manifest themselves?
As a rule, they begin acutely, with fever, loose stools, abdominal pain, and possibly nausea and vomiting.
The main distributors of intestinal infections are sick people. Not only those who have intestinal disorder clearly expressed, but people are sick so easily that they don’t even seek treatment medical care. It is among them that carriers of infectious microbes are especially often found. Practically healthy bacteria carriers are no less dangerous, because they are not isolated, they communicate widely and freely with other people and, not considering themselves capable of infecting, do not follow precautions.
With all intestinal infections, the patient's discharge is most contagious. The disease develops only when the microbe enters the body through the mouth. In most cases, our own hands are to blame for this. First, germs get on them - all you need to do is grab the door handle or toilet flush, touch objects that the patient has used, and forget about the need to wash your hands! Contaminated hands can transfer germs to food products. In minced meat, meat, cold appetizers, milk, dairy products, cream products, salads, the conditions for life and reproduction of intestinal microbes are the most favorable. At the same time, these contaminated products themselves seem quite fresh and suitable for eating. This is why everyone who prepares food needs to be very careful. Following food preparation and storage rules is an important protective measure. Every home should have separate boards for cutting raw and cooked meat, fish, and vegetables. If you use the same board or the same knife, dangerous microbes can be introduced into already cooked products. Within two to three hours they multiply at room temperature and reach such a quantity that can cause disease.
In this regard, it should be recalled: products, especially boiled ones, must be stored in the cold, protected from flies in every possible way and subjected to exposure before eating. heat treatment.
Another important route of pathogen transmission is contaminated water. During the hot months, everyone who goes on holiday outside the city should exercise great caution - you should always take a supply of boiled water with you so that you do not have to use unverified sources. Vegetables and fruits purchased at markets must be washed boiled water. You can also become infected by swimming in a river, pond, or lake, because people often swallow water during this process.
The most reliable way to prevent the spread of intestinal diseases is to neutralize the source of infection in advance. That's why timely appeal V medical institution for any disorder of the gastrointestinal tract acquires exceptional importance. The doctor can, if necessary, isolate the patient, carry out disinfection, and begin treatment.
The spread of intestinal infections can be prevented.
Experts World Organization Healthcare has developed ten “golden” commandments to prevent intestinal infections:
1. Selecting safe foods.
2. Cook food thoroughly.
3. Consume food immediately after preparation if possible.
4. Store food products carefully.
5. Carefully reheat food prepared in advance.
6. Avoid contact between raw and prepared foods.
7. Wash your hands often.
9. Protect food from insects, rodents and other animals.
10. Use high-quality, clean water.
More about the golden rules:
10 RULES FOR PREVENTION OF OCI (ACUTE INTESTINAL INFECTIONS)
To effectively educate the population of the entire planet on the prevention of acute intestinal infections (acute intestinal infections), experts from the World Health Organization have developed ten “golden” rules for the prevention of food poisoning (infections).
1. Selecting safe foods. Many foods, such as fruits and vegetables, are eaten raw, while others are risky to eat without. pre-treatment. For example, always buy pasteurized rather than raw milk. When purchasing food, keep in mind that the purpose of post-processing is to make the food safe and extend its shelf life. Certain foods that are eaten raw require careful washing, such as lettuce.
2. Prepare food thoroughly. Many raw foods, mainly poultry, meat and raw milk, are often contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. The cooking (frying) process kills bacteria, but remember that the temperature in all parts of the food must reach 70°C. If the chicken is still raw at the bone, place it back in the oven until fully cooked. Frozen meat, fish and poultry must be thoroughly thawed before cooking.
3. Eat cooked food without delay. When cooked food is cooled to room temperature, microbes begin to multiply in it. The longer it remains in this state, the greater the risk of getting food poisoning. To protect yourself, eat food immediately after cooking.
4. Store food carefully. If you have prepared food for future use or want to store the rest of it after consumption, keep in mind that it should be stored either hot (at or above 60°C) or cold (at or below 10°C). This is exceptional important rule, especially if you intend to store food for more than 4-5 hours.
It is better not to store food for children at all. A common mistake that leads to countless cases of food poisoning is storing large amounts of warm food in the refrigerator. This food cannot cool completely quickly in an overloaded refrigerator. When the center of a food product is kept warm for too long (temperatures above 10°C), microbes survive and rapidly multiply to levels that are dangerous to human health.
5. Reheat pre-cooked food thoroughly. This is the best measure of protection against microorganisms that could multiply in food during storage ( proper storage inhibits the growth of microbes, but does not destroy them). Once again, before eating, thoroughly warm the food (the temperature in its thickness should be at least 70 ° C).
6. Avoid contact between raw and prepared foods.
Properly prepared food can be contaminated by contact with raw food. This cross-contamination can be obvious when, for example, raw poultry comes into contact with prepared food, or it can be hidden. For example, you cannot use the same cutting board and knife to prepare raw and cooked (fried) poultry. This practice can lead to a potential risk of food contamination and the growth of microorganisms in them, with subsequent human poisoning.
7. Wash your hands often. Wash your hands thoroughly before preparing food and after every break in the cooking process - especially if you changed your baby or were in the toilet. After cutting raw foods such as fish, meat or poultry, wash your hands again before handling other foods. And if you have infected scratch(wound) on your hand, be sure to bandage it or apply a bandage before you start cooking. Also remember that pets - dogs, birds and especially turtles - are often carriers dangerous microorganisms, which can get into food through your hands.
8. Keep the kitchen perfectly clean. Since food is easily contaminated, any surface used to prepare it must be absolutely clean. Consider every food scrap, crumb, or dirty spot as a potential reservoir of germs. Towels for wiping dishes should be changed every day. Mopping cloths also require frequent washing.
9. Keep food protected from insects, rodents and other animals. Animals are often carriers pathogenic microorganisms that cause food poisoning. For reliable protection Store products in tightly closed jars (containers).
10. Use clean water. Pure water extremely important for both drinking and cooking. If you are in doubt about the quality of water, boil it before adding it to food or before using it.
Prevention of acute intestinal infections (AI)
In everyday life, we are surrounded by more than 100 types (!) of microscopic agents that can cause an acute infectious process of intestinal disease in humans. These are, for example, bacteria that cause dysentery, salmonellosis, yersiniosis, clostridiosis, campylobacteriosis, staphylococcal poisoning and viruses that cause rotavirus and enterovirus infection and etc.
The main source of infection for viral and bacterial intestinal infections are patients and bacteria carriers (persons with an erased form of acute intestinal infection). In addition to a sick person, in case of salmonellosis, sources of the infectious agent are domestic animals (cattle, pigs, poultry), the meat of which is contaminated. Salmonella can be found in eggs poultry- ducks (especially), chickens. In case of staphylococcal poisoning, the source of the infectious agent is also a person who has pustular skin lesions (felon, festering wound of the hand, etc.) or chronic inflammatory processes in the nasopharynx. It is especially dangerous if confectioners and cooks have these diseases. Staphylococcus grows well and quickly on sweet products (cream, jelly, compote, fudge, etc.). When multiplying, it secretes poison (toxin). If a person eats food that contains staphylococcal toxin, then within a few hours he will experience acute poisoning.
By releasing pathogens into the external environment with feces, sick people or carriers of infection through dirty hands bring it into food or onto surrounding surfaces of objects.
Of course, the most epidemically dangerous way of spreading infection is through food. Pathogenic bacteria, having come into contact with perishable food products that are not heat-treated through dirty hands, multiply there very quickly. Within 20-30 minutes the number of microbes reaches a level that is sufficient for infection. Moreover, the organoleptic properties of the product do not change in any way. The same thing happens when heat-treated and cooled ready-made dishes become contaminated. But there are foods, for example, vegetables and fruits, on which pathogenic microorganisms (yersinia) are always present. Therefore, before preparing vegetable salads or giving whole fruits to children, it is necessary to neutralize them by scalding or blanching after washing.
WHEN TRANSFERING Infections through household transmission are spread in a chain manner. The development of an epidemic situation, if the administration of the institution does not take measures to localize and eliminate it, is carried out according to a single scheme. A child who becomes infected in the family from his parents introduces the infection into the group. Sometimes it is infected in a group from sick children or personnel caring for them. Subsequently, pathogenic microorganisms are transmitted from a sick child to healthy children through unwashed hands. The transmission of bacteria or viruses occurs through sanitary fixtures contaminated by a source of infection - washbasin taps, toilet flush valves, tableware, door handles, stair railings, furniture, linen and other surfaces. The incidence, as a rule, limits one social circle (group, family), but neglect of the requirements of sanitary rules, as well as non-compliance by staff and children with personal hygiene rules, can lead to an outbreak throughout the entire institution.
Unlike bacteria, viruses do not multiply on the surfaces of objects, in water and food, but if they enter the human body, even a few viral particles can cause acute intestinal disease.
In almost all acute intestinal infections caused by various pathogens, leading clinical manifestation is a bowel disorder. In this case, vomiting is often observed, which is preceded by nausea. After vomiting there comes a feeling of relief. With intestinal infections, stool disorder is combined with signs of intoxication and is accompanied by an increase in body temperature. With significant loss of fluid through vomiting and loose stools, dehydration develops, which, especially in children, can cause disturbances in the functioning of the cardiovascular system of the body. Early application Qualified medical care and timely treatment will reduce the risk of these complications in children.
As a rule, the disease begins acutely with the appearance of the above symptoms, however, especially with viral intestinal infections, it can begin and proceed for several days with a slight increase in body temperature and catarrhal phenomena in the nasopharynx (redness of the mucous membrane of the arches in the oral cavity, runny nose and cough) . Stool upset and vomiting may occur later - after 2-3 days, but the patient becomes infectious from the first hours of the disease.
After suffering an acute intestinal disease, recovery occurs and the disease does not leave any consequences. But sometimes, this is especially typical for dysentery and salmonellosis, pathogenic microorganisms are in no hurry to part with the patient, periodically causing relapses of the disease. As a rule, this occurs in cases of improper treatment of the patient (self-medication) or late seeking medical help. A person can be a carrier of the pathogen for years, which contributes to the occurrence of chronic forms of the disease.
WITH THE AIM OF effective prevention of acute intestinal infections, an atmosphere in which each employee will feel that he is not the last link in this work should be created in the institution’s team and every day responsibly fulfill the requirements stipulated by sanitary rules (SanPiN No. 14-31-95 “ Sanitary rules and standards for the design and maintenance of preschool institutions
An effective barrier against the introduction of infections into the institution is the morning reception of children in groups.
Particular attention should be paid to children who various reasons did not attend the group for a long time (more than 2 months), and to the “newbies”. At the slightest suspicion that a child has health problems, the teacher should send him to a medical professional, for a more qualified examination, or to a pediatrician’s clinic. The teacher must remember that he is personally responsible for all mistakes made at the morning reception.
COMPULSORY is for children to drink only boiled water, which should be changed in groups at least every 6 hours. Before each water change, it is recommended to thoroughly wash the storage container using detergents. In addition, it is necessary to constantly remind parents about the need for their child to drink boiled or bottled water at home.
It would be helpful to have conversations with parents about the rules of feeding the child and to involve them in teaching their children the rules of personal hygiene.
In order for children and staff of a preschool institution to comply with the rules of personal hygiene, as well as to maintain a reliable sanitary and epidemiological regime in the institution, it is necessary to have a sufficient supply of soap, detergents and disinfectants(with a quality certificate and instructions for their use), toilet paper. It is advisable to use disposable household napkins for washing dishes.
Of course, special responsibilities are assigned to the kindergarten catering staff. In addition to the fact that food must be tasty, it must also be epidemically safe.
Therefore, in no case should the following situations be allowed in your work:
- failure to comply with the requirements established by the recipe (temperature and time conditions, blanching, secondary heat treatment, etc.) when cooking products;
- participation in the preparation of food by catering staff with signs of an acute infectious disease (ARI, AII) or pustular diseases of the hands;
- start work in dirty clothes or with unwashed hands after visiting the toilet;
- acceptance into the institution of food products in violation of the conditions of their transportation or in the absence of documents certifying their quality, as well as products with signs of rot;
- violation of the conditions and terms of storage of food products and non-compliance with flow during their technological processing;
- failure to comply with terms and conditions for the sale of prepared food.
Acute intestinal infections
Beware rotavirus infection
Despite the cold season, cases of acute intestinal diseases continue to be recorded in the region. As a rule, small children under the age of three are involved in the epidemiological process. The dominant syndrome in children is gastroenterocolitis, and the causative agent in some cases is rotavirus.
Rotavirus infection (RVI) is widespread throughout the world, but the proportion of rotavirus infection is higher in more developed countries, in which significant progress has already been made in the control of acute intestinal diseases bacterial etiology. An epidemiological feature of RVI is the clearly expressed seasonality of the epidemiological process, which occurs during the cold season with high humidity, the peak seasonal rise is February-March.
The causative agent - rotaviruses - is stable in the external environment, resistant to many chemical agents and heat. They are characterized by increased resistance to a number of chemical disinfectants, while others are more effective in higher than usual concentrations. At low temperatures (about minus 20 degrees), rotaviruses remain infective for several years.
The main source of infection are infected human patients, as well as virus carriers.
RVI has a fecal-oral mechanism of infection typical for acute intestinal infections. The main routes of spread are household contact, water, food, and the factors of infection transmission are numerous - water, since it is not subjected to special purification from viruses, contaminated vegetables and fruits, milk and dairy products contaminated with the virus during processing, storage, and sales.
But since RVI is an intestinal infection, its prevention is similar to the prevention of acute intestinal infections caused by bacterial flora. Namely, observing the rules of personal hygiene, thoroughly washing your hands, especially before eating and preparing food. It is necessary to wash vegetables and fruits thoroughly, and do not drink water from open reservoirs. It is strongly recommended not to purchase food products from unauthorized retail outlets, without documents certifying their quality and safety.
Following these simple preventive measures will protect your child from rotavirus infection.
on the prevention of intestinal infections in children
Infection with intestinal infections can occur through food, water or personal contact. That is, it is very easy for a child to get sick by eating low-quality contaminated food, drinking bad water or another drink, as well as playing or simply having contact with sick children and adults, using other people’s “contaminated” things and toys.
Based on this, we can draw a number of conclusions and try in every possible way to prevent pathogens of intestinal infections from entering the child’s body.
From infancy, teach your child to wash his hands every time before eating, after using the toilet and upon returning.
1. Make sure that the child does not suck fingers and various objects, cut his nails on time.
2. Food should always be fresh - do not cook for children in advance, especially in summer.
3. Meat, fish and dairy products must certainly be subject to prolonged heat treatment.
4.Wash vegetables and fruits very carefully.
5. Try not to store ready-made dishes, but if necessary, maintain the appropriate temperature conditions.
6.If a child goes to kindergarten, teach him to use only his personal belongings (towel, comb, etc.).
7.If there is a sick person in the house, he must be isolated from the child. All common items must be disinfected, as well as the patient’s clothing.
8.Door handles and outdoor toys also need to be regularly treated with antiseptics.
9. Indoor toys should be washed and washed, even if you do not take them outside.
10. Keep the house clean, do not walk around the living rooms with shoes on (not indoor shoes), and ventilate the room several times a day.
Of course, it is impossible to insure against everything, but with a responsible approach it is quite possible to protect yourself from many troubles, significantly reducing the child’s chances of catching an intestinal infection.
Patients with ARVI (acute respiratory viral diseases) are registered throughout the year. ARVI is a group of acute infectious diseases characterized by damage to various parts of the upper respiratory tract (mucous membrane of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi).
With the onset of cold weather, these infections increase. The seasonal increase in ARVI patients is associated not so much with hypothermia, but with the fact that people spend more time indoors during the cold season, increasing the risk of infection. Nobody wants to get sick, so it would be a good idea to remind you of the main points that prevent infection with these diseases.
Main principles of ARVI prevention remain unchanged and are carried out in two directions: avoiding encounters with viruses (prevention of infection) and increasing the body’s resistance to viruses.
The source of ARVI is people, so living in society is a constant and real risk of infection. If infection cannot be avoided, then the likelihood of illness can be reduced. To do this, it is not necessary to have special medical knowledge, and sometimes ordinary logic and common sense. Let’s take, for example, the implementation of such a prevention method as limiting contact with people in general and with sick people in particular. Whether we like it or not, we have to constantly be in contact with many people: public transport, store, at work, at school, kindergarten, etc. Every day we make a choice. For example, drive two stops or walk, take your child to the supermarket or not, visit a sick colleague with all the employees, or abstain. What to choose is the right of the individual. The main thing is to understand that the risk of infection can be significantly reduced by your actions.
The likelihood of getting sick when exposed to the virus is largely related to parameters such as activity of viruses and their concentration in the air. And this is due to the characteristics of the air we breathe. Viral particles remain active for hours and days in dusty, dry, warm and still air and die almost instantly in clean, cool, humid and moving air. A high concentration of the virus in the air can only be created indoors. Why do more children get sick with ARVI in bad weather? Not at all because it’s windy, rainy and cold! It’s just that in bad weather, children walk less and communicate with each other indoors more! Therefore, frequent and regular ventilation of premises as a method of prevention is more effective than all masks and all medications combined. It is advisable to ventilate when everyone is healthy, and it is obligatory when at least someone in the house is sick.
Now a little about the behavior of a patient with ARVI. Ideally, he should be sick at home. He must also cover his mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing, sneezing and blowing his nose, do not hug or kiss, and wear a mask. These recommendations would seem to be so well known, accessible and obvious that they do not require detailed justification.
In droplets of mucus that have settled on household objects and dried droplets of mucus, viral particles can remain active for several days. Prevent the spread of viruses by contact The following actions will help: frequent wet cleaning of premises, regular wiping with disinfectant solutions of common items - door handles, etc., hygienic treatment of toys, frequent and thorough hand washing.
If a meeting with the virus does take place, what will happen? Further developments are determined the state of the immune system, the body’s ability to withstand and not get sick. Increasing the body's resistance to viruses is possible through actions in the following areas: maintaining performance and activating general and local immunity, creating specific immunity (vaccination), and using immunotropic agents.
Strengthens very well protective forces body any hardening procedures; classes physical culture and sports; eating fruits and vegetables; rational mode work and rest. Liquid mucus of the nose and respiratory tract is the main weapon of local immunity. If your mouth or nose is dry, your immunity has “turned off”: this means that all the conditions have been created for you to get sick. For maintaining performance and activating local immunity requires: maintain optimal parameters of temperature, air humidity and cleanliness in living quarters, walk in the fresh air more often and at any time of the year, drink enough liquid, limit feeding (especially children) between meals.
Currently, the most effective protection is vaccination. But, since ARVI consists of several hundred different viruses, vaccination is impossible. You cannot protect against everyone, but you can create a vaccine against one specific virus, for example, the flu. Modern influenza vaccines in the vast majority of cases, they are well tolerated and have high preventive effectiveness. There are categories of people for whom the flu vaccine is clearly indicated - indicated at any cost. These are people for whom the disease is not just dangerous, but deadly - we are talking about those who already have diseases that can be aggravated by the flu: chronic respiratory and of cardio-vascular system, renal failure, diabetes, immunodeficiencies... Vaccination is very necessary for everyone over 65 years of age, regardless of health status. It is very important to get vaccinated in advance - in the fall, to develop immunity.
Use of immunotropic agents. There are many drugs that act on immune system. Conventionally, they are divided into immunomodulators, immunostimulants, and immunocorrectors.
Immunomodulators, as a rule, they are substances that can restore impaired functions of the defense system; immunostimulants- drugs that enhance the immune response; immunocorrectors- drugs that can affect not the immune system “in general”, but some strictly defined mechanism. Immunotropic agents that affect the body’s defense system (especially in children) must be used very carefully and as prescribed by a doctor.
In conclusion, I would like to remind you that in order not to get sick, you need to take care of your health not only when there is a threat of infection, but daily and constantly.
All parents know that it is necessary to prevent childhood infectious diseases, especially if the child attends a preschool, school, or if there are other children in the family who have already fallen ill with any infectious disease.
General rules of prevention
The general rules for the prevention of infectious diseases are, first of all, compliance with the rules of child hygiene. It is necessary to thoroughly wash food before preparing food, be sure to wash your hands before eating and after visiting the toilet, after walking outside, after playing. It is absolutely necessary to ventilate living spaces, wipe off dust, wash floors, do not allow people to carry other people’s things, and use only personal hygiene products. Children need to be taught to eat properly, eat physical exercise, and also harden to increase immunity.
Prevention of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) in a child must begin with early childhood. First of all, hardening is important for a child, as it increases the body’s ability to resist viral infections. If you have a family member who is sick with OGRI, be it an adult or a child, he must be isolated so that healthy child avoided infection. Constantly ventilating the room will help reduce the number of pathogenic viruses in the room, which will reduce the likelihood of infection. You can irradiate with a mercury-quartz lamp, as well as carry out wet cleaning. It is recommended to wear a cotton-gauze protective bandage, which must be changed every 4 hours. The patient should use individual utensils, towels, and soap. The child's contact with the patient should be limited during the period of possible infection.
Prevention of gastrointestinal infections
When preventing gastrointestinal infections, special attention should be paid to the quality and proper preparation food. Avoid using raw water, and store boiled water in a clean, sealed container. Raw vegetables and fruits must be thoroughly washed and doused with boiling water. The trash can must be kept closed. From early childhood, it is necessary to teach a child to regularly wash his hands, not only before eating, but after each visit to the toilet, after contact with the ground, and after traveling in public transport.
Prevention of tuberculosis
Prevention of tuberculosis is carried out practically from the birth of a child; for this purpose, vaccination of almost all newborn children is carried out. The Calmette–Guerin vaccine (BCG) is given first to a newborn, then at 1 year of age, then at 3 and 7 years, with subsequent vaccinations administered in adolescence and adults up to 30 years of age. Repeated vaccinations for children are given only after mandatory testing for the Mantoux reaction. And again, in order to avoid infection, it is necessary to teach the child to observe the rules of personal hygiene, which includes mandatory constant hand washing. In addition, the child must be protected from communicating with persons without a fixed place of residence, since they are most often carriers of tuberculosis.
Anastasia Grigorenko
"Prevention of childhood infectious diseases." Consultation for parents
During consultations the teacher offers (reads out) information for parents on the topic, and then answers questions if any arise. Exchange of views should also be encouraged between parents.
Diphtheria, polio, whooping cough, measles, mumps (mumps, rubella, chicken pox, scarlet fever. There are many childhood infectious diseases. They are also simply called « children's» diseases. Indeed, they mainly affect children, and they are mainly transmitted by airborne droplets, i.e. when coughing and sneezing. However, there are exceptions, for example, the causative agent of scarlet fever is very stable and can for a long time exist outside human body, so a child can become infected even through a person who has had close contact with a person with scarlet fever, or through objects.
Perhaps the most severe in its consequences the disease is polio. The virus is also quite resistant to environment, infection transmitted either from person to person or through food. The disease causes complications(muscle atrophy, movement disorders).
Prevention of childhood infectious diseases includes a number of measures of both medical and hygienic nature. About them and we'll talk in our consultations.
The surest remedy prevention of childhood infectious diseases - vaccination. Against which ones? There are vaccinations for diseases? Against measles, whooping cough, tetanus, diphtheria, mumps, rubella and polio. What's happened preventive vaccinations ? And should a child do them?
Introduction of active immunization means, i.e. one when the body responds to the introduction of a vaccine by producing its own protective antibodies against a certain infections, significantly reduces children's diseases infectious diseases . Vaccinations are necessary. But it should be remembered that each vaccination is a serious procedure. Therefore, before it is performed on a child, he must be examined by a doctor. Be sure to measure your temperature. If the vaccine is given in kindergarten, parents must be notified on the same day. In order to monitor the child’s health, determine the nature of the reaction to vaccination and early detection possible complications, the nurse should monitor the child at home for several days. Children in children's preschool institutions after vaccination they examine medical workers these institutions.
Remember: if pronounced redness, swelling appears at the vaccination site, or the child has a fever, then you should consult a doctor. Heavy post-vaccination complications are extremely rare when existing vaccination rules are violated or the child reacts to the vaccine in a special way. Children should not be vaccinated after suffering acute illnesses within a month, and after some infectious diseases this period is increasing. In these cases, you should consult with the pediatrician who is monitoring your child.
Question about vaccinations for children with chronic diseases diseases who have had allergic reactions to food products, medications, as well as previous vaccinations, is decided by the attending physician and, if necessary, the immunologist. Parents You should not make such a decision on your own.
According to indications, a child can be vaccinated with the so-called "gentle" method - a weakened vaccine or hospitalized for a short time in a hospital, where he will be vaccinated after preliminary preparation.
Of course, you will be invited to nursery clinic for vaccination, but you yourself must follow the vaccination calendar.
Vaccinations are being carried out against:
tuberculosis - on the 5-7th day of life, at 7 years;
polio - at 3 months, from 1 year to 2 years;
whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus - at 3 months, 1.5-2 years after completed vaccination;
measles - at 12 months, at 6-7 years (before school);
infectious mumps(pigs)- at 15-18 months.
Primary vaccinations (vaccinations) against polio, as well as against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus are carried out three times with an interval of 1.5 months.
Our task is to convince you that many of children's diseases can be avoided if you vaccinate your child in a timely manner and strictly follow certain rules hygiene:
First: Never take your child to visit if someone in the family where you were invited is sick. Remember: typical signs childhood infectious diseases almost never appear clearly in the first days. However, during this period, carriers of the disease are most contagious.
Second: When you come home from work or from the store, before approaching your child, wash your hands thoroughly and change clothes.
Third: Wash fruits and vegetables in running water and pour boiling water over them. Carry foods that are not heat-treated in a special bag. Replace it often.
These simple rules will help you avoid many troubles, including pediatric infectious diseases.
Publications on the topic:
Consultation for teachers and parents “Prevention of road accidents” Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution of the municipality "Kindergarten No. 224" Consultation for teachers.
Consultation for parents “Runny nose as a symptom of childhood infectious diseases” Runny nose as a symptom of childhood infectious diseases. Runny nose as a symptom of measles Etiology. The causative agent of measles belongs to the group of macroviruses.
Consultation for parents “Prevention of influenza” Many parents are interested in the prevention of influenza and acute respiratory infections. Flu is an acute respiratory illness.
Consultation for parents “Flu Prevention” Many parents are interested in preventing influenza and acute respiratory infections. Flu is acute respiratory disease viral etiology, occurring with the phenomenon.
Consultation for parents “Prevention of influenza in children” Acute respiratory viral infection (ARVI, formerly ARI) is the most common group of infectious diseases of children and adults in our country.
Consultation for parents “Prevention and help for an anxious child” All children are different. Some are quiet, others are bullies, others are bullies and naughty people. They all need love, affection, care. They are all worthy of praise.
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