Conversation “prevention of gastrointestinal diseases. Prevention of infectious diseases

Target: developing students’ knowledge about the main infectious diseases, about the main methods of preventing infectious diseases.

Basic terms and concepts: infection, quarantine, immunity, epidemic, pandemic, disinfection, disinfestation and deratization, vaccine, serum.

Lecture outline:

1. The concept of an infectious disease. Their classification.

2. Main routes of transmission of infection.

3. The main periods that are distinguished during infectious diseases.

4. The emergence of infectious diseases. The concept of an epidemic and a pandemic.

5. Methods and means for controlling disease vectors: disinfection, disinfestation and deratization.

6. The concept of immunity. Vaccines and serums.

7. Prevention of infectious diseases.

1. The concept of an infectious disease. Their classification.

Humanity has been repeatedly exposed to epidemics of various dangerous diseases, which destroyed tens and hundreds of thousands of people.

Diseases that are caused by specific pathogens: pathogens, protozoa, bacteria, viruses, protozoan fungi, that are pathogenic to humans, animals and plants are called infectious.

Infection- introduction and reproduction in the human or animal body of pathogenic microorganisms that cause corresponding biochemical, immunological, morphological and other changes in the body.

Throughout recorded history, the greatest scourge for humanity has been plague, smallpox, cholera and yellow fever, which have taken lives a large number of of people.

However, the battle against infectious agents is still ongoing and the only infectious disease successfully eradicated in the world is smallpox.

Elimination of other diseases, such as tetanus, measles, whooping cough, diphtheria and polio, for which effective immunization is quite feasible on a global scale, has now been achieved by more than 90%.

High immigration from third world countries has led to a sharp increase in the number of people suffering from infectious diseases in industrialized countries.

While humanity has managed to learn to control old epidemics, new ones have emerged. It should be noted that there is an ongoing epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, which is accompanied by devastating consequences not only in Africa and Asia, but also in Europe and North America.

Despite the improvement in living conditions economically developed countries, widespread vaccination practices and the presence effective antibiotics, infectious diseases still occupy a significant place in the structure of human morbidity and mortality and are second only to diseases of cardio-vascular system and malignant oncological diseases. Most deaths among children are infectious diseases of the respiratory system and intestines caused by viruses and bacteria.

Depending on the course of the infection, there are asymptomatic and clinically significant.

Types of infectious diseases, depending on the organ affected, are usually divided into the following classes:

1. Intestinal infections : infections in which the pathogen is excreted in feces and urine. Transmission factors include food, water, soil, flies, dirty hands, household furnishings. Infection occurs through the mouth.

Typhoid fever, paratyphoid fevers A and B;

Dysentery;

Foodborne illnesses etc.

2. Infections respiratory tract, or airborne infections : infections in which transmission is carried out by airborne droplets or airborne dust.

Diphtheria;

Scarlet fever; - smallpox.

3. Blood infections, or vector-borne infectious diseases : infections in which the pathogen is transmitted through the bites of blood-sucking insects (mosquitoes, ticks, flies, mosquitoes, etc.).

Sypnoy and relapsing fever;

Malaria;

Tularemia;

Tick-borne encephalitis.

Fever.

Leshmaniasis.

4. Zoonotic infections : infections that are transmitted through animal bites.

Rabies.

5. Contact and household infections : infections that are transmitted through direct contact healthy person with a patient in which the infectious agent passes into a healthy body.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs);

Syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, etc.;

Viral infections (HIV - acquired immunodeficiency virus and AIDS - acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

6.Infections skin and mucous membranes (venereal diseases, anthrax, erysipelas, scabies, trachoma) enters the body of a healthy person through wounds and other damage to the skin. And also through mucous membranes.

2.Main routes of transmission of infectious diseases :

1. fecal-oral : this is a transmission route in which a pathogenic microorganism enters the body of a healthy person with stool particles, vomit from a sick person through food, water, and dishes;

2. airborne: this is a transmission route in which a pathogen enters the body of a healthy person by sneezing, kissing or talking to a sick person;

3. liquid : this is a transmission route in which a pathogen enters the body of a healthy person through the bites of blood-sucking insects (fleas, lice, insects, etc.);

4.contact or contact-household: this is a transmission route in which a pathogenic microorganism enters the body of a healthy person through close contact with a sick person;

5. through the bites of sick animals .

3. The main periods that are distinguished during infectious diseases:

1. Incubation (latent, hidden) – the period of time from the moment of infection until the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease. Each disease has a certain duration;

2. Initial period(prodromal period general reactions) – accompanied general manifestations illness: malaise, chills, fever, headache, sometimes nausea and vomiting;

3. The period of the main manifestations of the disease (the period of the height of the disease) - characterized by the appearance of the most significant and specific symptoms diseases. For various diseases, it lasts from several hours, days, days and even weeks and months. At this time, the patient’s death may occur or the disease moves into the next stage;

4. Period of extinction of the disease – the main symptoms of the disease disappear;

5. The period of recovery (convalescence) – accompanied by weakness, often increased appetite and weight restoration. In some diseases it can last up to several weeks or months.

Particularly dangerous infections.

Tularemia;

anthrax;

Smallpox;

Yellow fever;

Typhus and typhoid fever;

Botulism;

Hemorrhagic fever Ebola;

Atypical pneumonia.

4. The emergence of infectious diseases. The concept of an epidemic and a pandemic.

Infections have inherent forms of spread. Mass distribution of infectious disease foci among the population in a given area is defined as an epidemic. Pandemic is an epidemic that covers a significant part of the population of a country, and sometimes many countries and continents (influenza, cholera, plague and some other infectious diseases). Epidemic focus They call the main place of distribution of the source of the infectious agent with the adjacent territory, within which the pathogen is available for infecting people located there. He is structural part epidemic process and the location of the main anti-epidemic measures. Epidemic process - the process of spreading an infectious disease among the population with the formation of epidemic foci that arise successively one after another - occurs only with the combined presence of a source of infection, factors ensuring the transmission of pathogens, and people susceptible to this infection.

Modern medicine has a number of methods and means to successfully combat infectious diseases:

1. impact on the pathogen (antimicrobial serums, gamma globulins, bacteriophages, antibiotics, viral and chemotherapy drugs, etc.);

2. impact on toxins associated with the life activity of the pathogen (antitoxic serums, gamma globulins, glucose, crystalloid solutions, adsorbents, etc.);

3. impact on the body’s reactivity (vaccines, regimen, diet, physiotherapy, vitamins, immunomodulators, etc.).

5.Methods and means for controlling disease vectors: disinfection, disinsection and deratization .

In addition to the listed effects on infectious agents, there are methods and means to combat disease vectors: disinfection, disinsection and deratization .

Disinfection or disinfection, - a set of special measures aimed at destroying pathogens of infectious diseases in surrounding a person environment. Private types of disinfection are pest control, which is understood as the destruction of insects and ticks - carriers of infectious diseases, and deratization - extermination of epidemiologically dangerous rodents.

Disinfection is distinguished preventive, current and final .

Preventive disinfection is carried out in order to prevent the possibility of infectious diseases or contamination from objects and things in common use.

Current disinfection is carried out at the patient’s bedside in order to prevent the spread of infection (disinfection of the patient’s secretions and objects contaminated by them).

Final Disinfection is carried out in the source of infection after isolation, hospitalization, recovery or death of the patient in order to completely free the infection site from pathogens. Depending on the indications, biological, mechanical, physical and chemical methods and means of disinfection. The biological method is used for wastewater treatment in irrigation fields. Mechanical methods include wet cleaning of premises and furnishings, beating out clothes and bedding, clearing the premises from dust using vacuum cleaners, whitewashing and painting the premises, washing hands.

Physical means and the methods are the simplest and accessible ways disinfection. These include Sun rays and irradiation with ultraviolet emitters, ironing with a hot iron, burning garbage and objects of no value, treatment with boiling water or heating to a boil. Reliable disinfection and disinsection of contaminated clothing, bedding, etc. can be carried out in special disinfection chambers.

To destroy insects, physical (boiling, ironing with a hot iron, etc.), chemical (use of disinfectants) and combined methods; extermination of rodents in most cases is carried out using mechanical devices (traps) various types) And chemicals. Among the disinfectants, the most wide application can find the drug DDT, hexachlorane, chlorophos; among the drugs intended for the extermination of rodents are ratsid, zinc phosphide, potassium sulfate.

After disinfection, disinfestation and deratization, complete sanitary treatment of persons who took part in the implementation of these activities is carried out. If necessary, sanitary treatment of the rest of the population is organized.

Simultaneously with the considered activities in the zone quarantine (observation) Identification of sick people and even those suspected of the disease is carried out. ( Quarantine is a complex of regime, administrative and sanitary anti-epidemic measures aimed at preventing the spread of infectious diseases and eliminating the source of the lesion).

Signs of the disease are elevated temperature, feeling unwell, headaches, rashes, etc. San. warriors and medical workers find out this data through responsible apartment tenants and house owners and immediately report to the formation commander or medical institution to take measures to isolate and treat patients.

After the patient is referred to a special infectious diseases hospital, the apartment where he lived is disinfected; The patient's belongings and clothes are also disinfected. All those who came into contact with the patient undergo sanitization and are isolated (at home or in special premises).

If it is not possible to hospitalize an infectious patient, he is isolated at home, and one of the family members takes care of him. The patient should use separate utensils, towels, soap, bedpan and urine bag. In the morning and evening at the same time, his temperature is measured, the thermometer readings are recorded on a special temperature sheet indicating the date and time of measurement. Before each meal, the patient is helped to wash his hands and rinse his mouth and throat, and in the morning and before going to bed at night - to wash and brush his teeth.

Seriously ill patients should wipe their face with a damp towel or napkin; eyes and oral cavity are wiped with swabs moistened 1 - 2 % solution boric acid or baking soda. Towels and napkins used to treat the patient are disinfected, paper napkins and tampons are burned. To avoid bedsores, it is necessary to adjust the patient’s bed and help him change position, and, if necessary, use pads.

At least twice a day, the room in which the patient is located should be ventilated and carried out wet cleaning using disinfectant solutions.

The caregiver must use a cotton-gauze bandage, a gown (or appropriate clothing), gloves, emergency and specific prevention; he must carefully monitor the cleanliness of his hands (nails should be cut short) and clothes. After each contact with secretions, linen, dishes and other objects of the patient, you must wash your hands and disinfect them 3 % Lysol solution or 1 % chloramine solution. You should also have a towel with you, one end of which should be soaked in a disinfectant solution.

6. The concept of immunity. Vaccines and serums.

Immunity- the body’s immunity to infectious and non-infectious agents and substances that differ from it in foreign properties. Depending on the method of acquisition, there are two main types of immunity: innate and acquired. Innate immunity (hereditary, species, constitutional) is an evolutionarily developed immunity inherent in one or another biological species(human, animal) and inherited.

Acquired immunity occurs after an infectious disease or the administration of vaccines and is not inherited. Acquired immunity is particularly specific and is developed strictly to specific pathogen(antigen). Distinguish two types of acquired immunity: active and passive . Actively acquired immunity occurs as a result of a previous or latent infection and after the administration of vaccines, it can persist long time, and after suffering from certain diseases (measles, chickenpox) - throughout a person’s life. Passively acquired immunity occurs when the mother transfers antibodies to the fetus through the placenta. Thanks to it, immunity to certain infections is created. To create the body's resistance (acquired immunity) to infectious diseases, specific prevention (immunization) of infectious diseases of humans and animals is used.

Vaccines- preparations prepared from killed or live weakened pathogens, as well as from neutralized toxins. Serums (immune) - medicinal preparations obtained from the blood serum of a person or animal immunized with any antigen and containing ready-made antibodies. Used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes.

Subject: Prevention of infectious diseases.

Target: familiarizing students with types of infectious diseases and methods of prevention.

Tasks:

1. To familiarize students with the types of infectious diseases, the causes of epidemics, the mechanism of transmission, and methods of protection against infectious diseases.

2. Improve the skills of safe behavior and actions in outbreaks of infectious diseases, developing the skill of working in groups.

3. Develop a sense of responsibility, cooperation skills, attentiveness, and forethought.

4. Foster a caring attitude towards your own health.

Equipment: presentation “Infectious diseases”, balls, poster “To be healthy”, pictures for riddles, mask, ball of thread.

Move class hour:

1. Game “Wishes” Slide 1

Let's start today by giving each other wishes for the day, and let's do it like this. The first participant will stand up, go up to anyone else, greet him and express his wishes for today. The one who was approached by the first participant will, in turn, approach the next one, and so on until each of us receives a wish for the day.

2. Conversation on the topic.

Do you think you are in good health?

Look at each other and say what a healthy person looks like.

Game-competition “Who is bigger?”

Children name signs that characterize a healthy person (cheerful, cheerful, energetic, clean skin, shiny hair, good dream and etc.)

Raise your hands those who are for Last year never been sick?

Who has never had a body temperature above 36.6? (Usually there are no such students in the class)

So today we will talk about infectious diseases.Slide 2

Infectious diseases called a group of diseases that are caused by pathogenic agents, their characteristic feature the fact that they can be transmitted from an infected animal and a healthy person, as well as the possibility of their mass distribution. The causative agents of infectious diseases are pathogens: viruses, bacteria, spirochetes, fungi, etc.

The environment is saturated with various microorganisms, many of which cause infectious diseases in humans. These carriers exist in the air, soil, and water.Slide 3

1.Soil

2.Water

3.Plants

4.Wild and domestic animals

5.Air

6.Insects (ticks, lice, fleas, mosquitoes)

There are about 1200 infectious diseases. Of course, we will not consider them all, but will recall only some of them.

Types of infectious diseases:

Intestinal infection - dysentery, typhoid fever, cholera, etc.;

Blood infectious diseases - malaria, yellow fever (carried by mosquitoes); typhus(lice); tick-borne encephalitis(pincers); plague, flea typhus (fleas).

Scabies, fungal diseases skin;

Slide 4 – There are several mechanisms of transmission of infectious diseases:

Food

Water

Airborne

Contact and household

Via transmitters

Slide 5-6 – Signs infectious diseases

External signs infectious diseases are individual for each of them, but most are accompanied

temperature,

chills,

headache,

Sometimes cough, diarrhea, and rash appear.

Slide 7 -8- Prevention of infectious diseases

PHYSMINUTE

Flu

Listen to the poem “Flu” by S. Mikhalkov.

I'm sad view, - Head With it hurts in the morning,

I'm sneezing, I'm hoarse. What is it?...It's the flu!

Not a ruddy flu in the forest, But a nasty flu in the nose!..Slide 9

Flu (from French grippe) is an acute infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by the influenza virus. Currently, more than 2,000 variants of the influenza virus have been identified. Influenza is an extremely contagious infectious disease, dangerous due to its complications: of cardio-vascular system, central nervous system and respiratory organs.

"Flu Symptoms" Slide 10

Heat;

Chills and weakness;

Pain and aches throughout the body;

Cough;

Headache;

Runny or stuffy nose.

Typical for influenza abrupt start: body temperature rises to 39*C and higher, weakness occurs, the person gets chills, suffers from headaches and muscle pain. For influenza, unlike other viral infections, symptoms such as cough and runny nose do not appear immediately, but several days after the onset of the disease.

"Ways of transmission of infection"

Flu is transmitted through the air. The source of infection is a sick person. We become infected by inhaling air containing tiny droplets of saliva and phlegm released by patients when they cough and sneeze. This method of transmission is called airborne transmission.

And also when in contact with patients by shaking hands, exchanging personal hygiene items (handkerchief, towel) and other household items (dishes, telephone, pencils, toys, etc.). This path is called the contact-domestic path.

- Guys, look, they hang in our classroomBalloons. Think of it like flu bacteria. Flu bacteria droplets also look like balls, but they are so small that they can only be seen under a microscope. They fly through the air where there are sick people and can get into the nose and mouth of healthy people. We need to defeat influenza bacteria, and they will disappear if you tell us what to do to avoid getting the flu.

(Children’s answers. After each child’s answer, the teacher pierces one flu bacteria ball.)

"Prevention"

Today it has already been proven that the main method of specific prevention of influenza is a vaccine or, as we call it, vaccination, which stimulates the body to produce protective antibodies that prevent the multiplication of viruses. Thanks to this, the disease is prevented even before it begins.

Personal preventive measures are of no small importance:

Cover your mouth and nose when sneezing and coughing with a handkerchief (napkin);

Avoid touching your mouth, nose, eyes;

Maintain a distance when communicating; the distance between people when talking should be at least 1 meter (arm's length distance).

Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene, namely hand washing, is very important for prevention. Wash your hands thoroughly and often with soap or disinfectant.

During influenza epidemics and colds necessary:

Avoid close contact with sick people;

Limit attendance at cultural events, reduce time spent in crowded places.

Proper Use A medical mask will help protect yourself from contracting viral infections. A disposable mask can be purchased at pharmacies; a cotton-gauze mask can be easily made with your own hands. Unlike a disposable mask, which can be worn for no more than 2 hours, a cotton-gauze bandage can be worn for up to 4 hours, washed and reused. It is important that a sick person wears a mask, as well as a healthy person when communicating with (caring for) a sick person.

Prevention of influenza consists of general health and strengthening the body’s defenses, for this it is necessary to healthy image life: see poster "To be healthy"

Well done, but this is not enough. Vitamin C will also help us fight the disease.

It is found in fruits and vegetables, and you will find out which ones by guessingpuzzles:

1. Kids know this fruit

Monkeys love to eat it.

He comes from hot countries

It grows in the tropics... (Banana)

2. A sundress is not a sundress,

The dress is not a dress,

How are you going to undress?

You'll cry your fill. (Onion)

3. The head looks like a bow.

If you just chew

Even a small slice -

It will smell for a very long time. (Garlic)

4. With orange skin,

Looks like a ball

But the center is not empty,

And juicy and tasty. (Orange)

5. It’s not very easy to guess -

This is the kind of fruit I know -

It's about not about coconut

Not about the pear, not about the plum, -

There is also such a bird,

Also called -... (Kiwi)

6.Far in the south somewhere

It grows in winter and summer.

Will surprise us

Thick-skinned...(Pineapple)

7. I was born to glory,

The head is white and curly.

Who loves cabbage soup -

Look for me in them. (Cabbage)

8. Two sisters are green in summer,

By autumn one turns red, the other turns black. (Red and black currants)

8. Just a fist,

Red, yellow barrel.

You touch it with your finger - it’s smooth,

And if you take a bite, it’s sweet. (Apple)

9. It's almost like an orange

Thick skinned, juicy,

There is only one drawback -

Very, very sour. (Lemon)

- Well done! I hope that you will follow preventive measures and not get sick. You are already adults and must take care of your own health. Try not to let an uninvited guest through the door with foreign name FLU! Wish you good health!

Reflection. Exercise "Tangle" Slide 11

The class teacher suggests forming a circle. Each student names what he liked today, gives short review, says that he learned something new in class, after which he passes the ball to his neighbor, and so on until the circle is closed.

The last participant to whom the ball is passed is classroom teacher, he says words of gratitude to the students for their activity, gives a brief review of their activities, and invites them to the next classes.

Conversation with parents on the topic “Where do frequent colds come from? How to protect your child from misfortune"

Target:

Find out the causes of frequent colds in children;

Runny nose, cough, fever are all symptoms respiratory diseases. Many people don't understand the name certain disease, but combine all the symptoms into one disease called a cold.

Colds are caused by viruses. If a cold occurs in mild form, its duration is three days. It is accompanied by mild nasal discharge and sore throat. However, viruses have the ability to reduce immunity and then pneumococci, streptococci and influenza bacteria begin to act.

Frequent colds in childrenarise in winter time year, as well as during the off-season. During the heating season, when the air temperature in the apartment rises, children's nasopharynx dries out, which leads to a decrease in resistance to infections. Needs to be supported temperature regime within 20-21 degrees. Sudden changes temperatures promote the development of viruses on the nasal mucosa. A child often suffers from colds between the ages of two and six years. The disease lasts longer and occurs with complications. After six years, colds occur less frequently and in a milder form.
Nervous tension can create favorable conditions for the proliferation of bacteria, which leads to the occurrence of colds.

Most often, children who attend kindergartens, schools, and various public places, since the disease is transmitted by airborne droplets. As soon as a child sneezes, bacteria enters the respiratory tract of another person. Children need to be taught about colds and how they can get infected. If a child knows that they need to wash their hands more often, stay away from a sick person. The number of colds will decrease.

In order to increase the body's resistance to infections, it is necessaryprevention of colds in children. The first step in this direction will be to increase the protective properties of the body.

Carrying out the necessary preventive actions during the period of exacerbation of the disease, you can save your child from unwanted colds.

1. In the autumn-winter period, when the likelihood of getting a cold, flu or other viral diseases increases significantly, you need to especially carefully monitor the child’s nutrition. It must be of high quality, fresh and enriched natural vitamins and microelements. Yes, natural ones, not synthetic ones. They are better absorbed by children's bodies and are less likely to cause allergies. The diet should contain cabbage, red pepper, dill, black currants, sea buckthorn, rose hips and other fruits, vegetables and berries.
2. Garlic and onions deserve special attention. Everyone knows their antimicrobial properties, as well as their ability to “kill” free radicals. But it’s not so easy to feed a child with them. You can resort to a little trick: fry regular black bread on olive oil, or make toast and rub it with a clove of garlic. These croutons can be served with lunch soup or just as a crunch.
3. The child should be offered drinks more often: natural juices homemade, fruit drinks and compotes, tea, children's mineral still water. The liquid not only washes away from the mucous membrane of the throat possible bacteria or viruses, but also moisturizes it, due to which it increases protective forces nasopharynx.
4. It is necessary to monitor the child’s breathing and not allow him to breathe through his mouth, especially on the street or outside the home. The structure of the nasal passages is such that their main purpose, along with breathing, is the disinfection of viruses. To help this natural property Oxolinic ointment is suitable.
5. When going shopping, don’t forget to unbutton your and your child’s outerwear. This measure will protect against overheating in the store and further hypothermia on the street. You should also not wrap your throat too tightly. A thin knitted scarf will be enough.
6. At home, you should ventilate the rooms well and often, do wet cleaning, and it is better to walk more. fresh air, accustom the child to physical education, do exercises, visit the pool. This not only strengthens the body, but also brings a lot of positive emotions. In addition, you need to take care full sleep and psychological peace of children.
7. Of course, we must not forget about compliance basic hygiene hands, personal belongings and isolate the patient (if one appears in the family) from close contact with the child.
8. You can use microhardening. For example, in winter, eat ice cream more often (not outside, of course), berries from the freezer (not completely melted), and drink cool drinks. Thanks to such pleasant procedures the throat will be strengthened and hardened.
9. During an epidemic, it would still be a good idea to limit your child’s communication with peers. Kindergarten and, of course, you shouldn’t miss school, but attendance at other public events can be reduced.

If the whole family follows these rules, a calm and painless winter will most likely become commonplace.

CONVERSATION “Prevention gastrointestinal diseases»
Objectives: remind students of the need to observe personal hygiene rules; provide the basics of knowledge about the prevention of infectious diseases. Course of the lesson:
Questioning children on their knowledge of personal hygiene rules.
The story about infectious diseases(“diseases of dirty hands”).
Conversation about prevention methods (together with the children, develop a reminder).
Bottom line: What should you do to protect yourself?
Each student fills out a form. QUESTIONNAIRE
Write down the basic rules of personal hygiene.
How many times a day should you brush your teeth and at what time?
When is it necessary to wash your hands?
When to change clothes.
Remember and write “safe food rules”.
2. Did you know that Korney Chukovsky wrote the famous “Moidodyr” for his little daughter, who did not like to wash her hands. Today this tale is very relevant, because, according to our scientists, 90% of people do not always wash their hands before eating. And it becomes main reason infection with acute intestinal infections.
About three million infants die every year from intestinal infections worldwide. These diseases are among the most common. There is not a single country where people do not suffer from dysentery, salmonellosis, colienteritis and other acute intestinal infections. However, all these diseases can be prevented.
Intestinal infections are a whole group of contagious diseases that primarily damage digestive tract. There are more than 30 such diseases in total. Of these, the most harmless is the so-called food poisoning, and the most dangerous is cholera.
The causative agents of intestinal infections can be: bacteria (salmonellosis, dysentery, cholera), their toxins (botulism), as well as viruses (enterovirus).
What belongs to this group of diseases? First of all, acute intestinal infectious diseases include dysentery, salmonellosis, intestinal infections caused by various conditionally - pathogenic flora. This group of diseases is characterized by the penetration of infectious agents through the mouth and active reproduction in the gastrointestinal tract. Microbes of this group are distinguished by their high survival rate in the external environment. So, for example, pathogens of dysentery can survive in soil for up to 3 months, on food products for several days, in water for up to 2 months, and in milk and dairy products pathogens not only persist, but are also able to multiply; however, when heated to 60 degrees they die after 10 minutes, when boiled - immediately, in disinfectant solutions - within a few minutes.
From patients and carriers of infection, microbes are released into the external environment with feces, vomit, and sometimes urine. Almost all pathogens of intestinal infections are extremely tenacious. They are able to exist for a long time in soil, water and even on various subjects. For example, on spoons, plates, door handles and furniture, computer keyboards. Intestinal microbes are not afraid of the cold, but still prefer to live where it is warm and humid. They multiply especially quickly in dairy products, minced meat, jelly, jelly, and also in water (especially in the summer).
Causative agents of intestinal infections enter the body of a healthy person through the mouth: with food, water or through dirty hands. For example, dysentery can begin if you drink tap water, fresh (unboiled) milk, or eat yogurt, cottage cheese or sour cream made from it. E. coli can be eaten with low-quality kefir or yogurt. Staphylococcal infection feels comfortable in spoiled cream cakes. The causative agents of salmonellosis (and there are about 400 known species) reach humans through any contaminated products: chicken meat and eggs, boiled sausage, sausages that are poorly washed or washed. dirty water vegetables and greens.
From the mouth, microbes enter the stomach, and then into the intestines, where they begin to multiply intensively. The cause of the disease is the poisons that microorganisms secrete and the damage to the digestive tract that they cause.
Symptoms of the disease. Bad feeling, nausea, vomiting, heat body up to 38-39 oC, abdominal pain (cramping), frequent loose stool(can be with mucus, greenery, foam, inclusions undigested food), bloating, dry skin and mucous membranes (with frequent vomiting and diarrhea).
All intestinal infections are dangerous because dehydration occurs due to vomiting or diarrhea. The result may be kidney failure and other complications.
home distinctive feature an infectious patient is that he releases pathogens into the external environment, i.e., he is a source of infection. Different infectious patients release infectious agents into the environment in different ways, depending on where the source of infection is located in the body: with exhaled air, with a cough, runny nose, with urine, with feces, etc., etc.
Intestinal infections have long been called diseases of dirty hands, thereby emphasizing that unscrupulous people get sick more often. During the day a person touches with his hands various items: door handles and handrails in public transport, money, handshakes and so on. To protect yourself from pathogenic bacteria, you just need to wash your hands with soap when you return home, before preparing food, eating it, and after visiting the toilet. You should cut your nails short, as dirt containing germs gets trapped under them. So in a simple way you can protect yourself and your family members from infection.
In order to prevent the occurrence of intestinal infections, the quality of food is also important. In many products, bacteria not only remain viable, but also actively multiply. Especially “unreliable” are products that are not subjected to heat treatment– salads, vegetables and fruits. In summer and autumn, favorable conditions are created for the growth of bacteria in milk and dairy products. That's why bottled milk simply needs to be boiled.
Drinking water from random sources and swimming in polluted waters is also not recommended. To avoid infection, it is better to drink water only when boiled. When hitting gastrointestinal tract Through contaminated water and poor-quality food products, bacteria can cause life-threatening diseases.
Together with your children, create a reminder about the prevention of infectious diseases.
Bottom line: To protect yourself from infectious diseases, you must practice good hygiene.
Intestinal infections are a whole group of contagious diseases that primarily damage the digestive tract. There are more than 30 of them, the most harmless of them is food poisoning, and the most dangerous is cholera.
The causative agents of intestinal infection can be:
- bacteria (salmonellosis, dysentery, cholera)
- their toxins (botulism)
- viruses (rotoviruses, astroviruses, noroviruses and others)
From patients and carriers, microbes are released into the external environment with feces, vomit, and urine. Almost all pathogens of intestinal infections are extremely tenacious. They are able to exist for a long time in soil, water, and even on various objects: spoons, plates, door handles, furniture, toys. Intestinal microbes are not afraid of the cold, but prefer to live where it is warm and humid. They multiply especially quickly in dairy products, minced meat, jelly, jelly, and also in water.
Pathogens of intestinal infections enter the human body through the mouth: with food, water or through dirty hands. For example, dysentery can begin if you drink tap water, unboiled milk, or eat yogurt, cottage cheese or sour cream made from it. E. coli can be eaten with low-quality kefir or yogurt. The causative agents of salmonellosis reach humans through any contaminated products: chicken meat, eggs, boiled sausage, sausages, poorly washed vegetables and herbs.
How does the disease develop?
From the mouth, microbes enter the stomach, and then into the intestines, where they begin to multiply intensively. The cause of the disease is toxins released by microorganisms, which, damaging the digestive tract, cause:
- acute gastritis(with vomiting)
- acute enteritis(with diarrhea)
- acute gastroenteritis(with both)
- acute colitis(with blood in the stool)
- acute enterocolitis(with damage to the entire intestine)
After microbes enter the body, the disease begins within 6-48 hours. People get intestinal infections more often in the summer. This is due to the fact that in the heat we drink more liquid, which means gastric juice killing harmful microbes is diluted. In addition, in the summer we often drink unboiled water. All intestinal infections are dangerous because dehydration occurs due to vomiting or loose stools. The question of hospitalization or treatment at home is decided by the doctor. When treating at home, it is necessary to strictly observe measures to prevent infection of others and strictly follow the rules of patient care. The patient must adhere to bed rest; he is given separate dishes and a towel, which are subsequently disinfected. It is important to remember how important it is to avoid self-medication! Only a doctor can correctly diagnose and prevent adverse consequences, only a doctor can choose the right one medicinal drug and draw up a treatment plan. The fact is that most types of microbes intestinal group, incl. causative agents of dysentery, typhoid fever have become resistant to many medications. IN hospital conditions it is possible to isolate a microbe, disease-causing and choose the most effective remedy and treatment regimen. In addition, hospitalization of the patient helps to stop the dispersion of pathogens in the external environment and prevents infection of other people.
How to recognize intestinal infections?
Intestinal infections, like all other infectious diseases, always happen unexpectedly. At the very beginning of the disease, weakness appears, headache, fever, vomiting. Then comes abdominal pain and loose stools, often mixed with blood and mucus.
To make a correct diagnosis, you must consult a doctor. Do not self-medicate as this may worsen your condition.
Ways to prevent acute intestinal infections.
Measures to prevent acute intestinal infections are very simple. Compliance with basic hygiene rules - reliable protection from diseases. Where should barriers be placed to prevent microbes from entering the body?
Do not eat and do not let your children eat unwashed berries, fruits, and vegetables, because pathogens of acute intestinal infections get on them from the ground, from dirty hands.
Wash your hands with soap after using the restroom and before eating. Soap has a disinfecting effect.
Do not wear with vegetables raw meat in a shopping bag, unwrapped bread, cheese and other foods that are eaten without heat treatment.
Prevent flies from landing on your food: kill them with special aerosols. The body, legs, and intestines of flies contain causative agents of acute intestinal infections.
Store milk, sour cream, cheese, cottage cheese, salads and jellied dishes, boiled and liver sausages, and cream cakes in the refrigerator. In the heat, pathogenic microbes multiply quickly on these products!
Boil water taken from an open reservoir for drinking, washing fruits, berries or dishes. Pathogenic microbes They are capable of living for a month or even more, and will reproduce in water.

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Conversation “Prevention of influenza and ARVI”

date ___________

Flu - acute respiratory viral infection, which has a worldwide distribution, affects everything age groups of people.

Influenza and ARVI account for 95% of all infectious morbidity.

How does infection occur?

Once on the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract, the virus penetrates into them epithelial cells, penetrates the blood and causes intoxication. Conditions are created for the activation of other types of bacteria, as well as for the penetration of new bacteria from outside, causing a secondary infection - pneumonia, bronchitis, otitis media, exacerbation chronic diseases, the heart and joints may be damaged.

Who is the source of infection?

The only source and distributor of infection is a sick person. The main route of spread of influenza viruses from person to person is considered to be airborne infection when talking, coughing, or sneezing. The spread of influenza viruses can also occur through contact and household contact if the sick person and those around him do not comply with the rules of personal hygiene, including the use of common care items (towels, handkerchiefs, dishes, etc.) that are not subject to treatment and disinfection. It must be remembered that the infection is easily transmitted through dirty hands. Special observations have shown that hands come into contact with discharge from the nose and eyes and saliva up to 300 times a day. When shaking hands, through door handles, or other objects, viruses pass to the hands of healthy people, and from there to their nose, eyes, and mouth.

How does the flu manifest?

In typical cases, the disease begins suddenly: the temperature rises to 38 - 40 degrees, chills, severe headache, dizziness, pain in the eyeballs and muscles, lacrimation and pain in the eyes.

What to do if you get sick?

At the first symptoms, you should consult a doctor. Observe bed rest and follow all doctor's recommendations. Self-medication for the flu is unacceptable. After all, it is impossible to predict the course of the flu, and complications can be very different.

How to protect yourself from the flu?

The most effective remedy in the prevention of influenza - vaccination. Every person who cares about their health and the health of others needs vaccination. Timely vaccination reduces the incidence of influenza several times, softens the course of the disease, shortens its duration, and prevents complications. It is best to get a flu shot in October-November, when the epidemic has not yet begun. Immunity develops in approximately 2 weeks. Vaccination during an epidemic is also effective, but in the period before the development of immunity (7-15 days after vaccination), prevention must be carried out by other means.

It must be remembered that any medicine when treating influenza it causes adverse reactions that are not comparable to acceptable reactions to vaccination. In addition, with for preventive purposes antiviral drugs must be used throughout the entire period of the epidemic, which long-term use reduces their effectiveness and promotes the formation of drug-resistant forms of the virus.

• Wash your hands regularly and thoroughly with soap, especially after coughing or sneezing. Alcohol-based hand cleaners are also effective.
• Avoid touching your nose and mouth with your hands. The infection spreads this way.
• Cover your mouth and nose disposable handkerchief when sneezing or coughing. After use, throw the scarf into the trash bin.
• Use individual or disposable towels.
• Try to avoid close contact with people with flu-like symptoms (if possible, stay about 1 meter away from them).
• Regularly ventilate the premises and carry out wet cleaning.
• Avoid both hypothermia and overheating.
• During an epidemic of influenza and ARVI, it is not recommended to actively use the city public transport and go visit.
• If you get the flu or acute respiratory viral infection, stay home and call a doctor. Avoid contact with other family members as much as possible, wear a medical mask, and observe personal hygiene rules. This is necessary to avoid infecting others and spreading the viral infection.

It should be remembered that compliance with all preventive measures will protect against influenza and its adverse consequences.