Experience of specific prevention of gumboro disease. Vaccines against infectious bronchitis of chickens and gumboro disease in Russia

If you do not understand religion in its depth (vaphos), if you do not live it, then piety (traskia) turns into a mental illness, and into a terrible illness. But for many, religion is struggle, anxiety and stress. Therefore, many “religious” people are considered unhappy people,

Broilers are one of the most popular crosses. Alas, the rapid growth and precocity of these chickens is associated with some health problems. In particular, it has become not uncommon for an entire population of broilers to be decimated by Gumboro disease. Let’s find out what it is and how to protect your household right now!

What is Gumboro disease?

Gumboro disease, also called infectious bursal disease, was first recorded in the United States in 1962 in the city of Gumboro, which gave the name to the disease. Later, outbreaks of a similar disease were recorded in Mexico, England, and Belgium. Currently, outbreaks have been recorded on all continents. The disease is caused by a virus of the Birnaviridae family.

The main “target” of Gumboro disease is leukocytes, which are actively destroyed in the bursa of Fabricius and other organs of the immune system (thyroid gland, spleen, almond gland); the kidneys are also severely affected.

Bursal disease can affect broilers at any age, but chickens between 2 and 9 weeks of age are particularly at risk.

Its danger is that it is very quickly transmitted from one individual to another, and infection can occur both by contact and through food, water, and equipment. Because of this, in large industrial enterprises there is a risk that the staff themselves may become carriers of the virus. Gumboro disease has very serious consequences and is associated with significant financial losses. Not only does infection among livestock occur quite quickly, the destruction of leukocytes is associated with the onset of immune depression in birds. Sick broilers become very vulnerable and often begin to suffer from colibacillosis, coccidiosis, enteritis, which most often leads to the death of the bird.

The virus that causes this disease is quite stable and persists in the external environment for a long time. For example, in the droppings of infected birds, in water or feed, it persists for up to 56 days. On inventory and equipment of poultry farms even longer - more than 120 days.

Symptoms

There are two types of disease:

1. Clinical type.
2. Hidden (subclinical) type.

The clinical type of Gumboro disease is characterized by an acute course and obvious external manifestations. It is most often recorded in broilers at the age of 3-6 weeks. The incubation period does not last long - a maximum of 1-2 days; infection of the livestock occurs very quickly.

The main symptoms of Gumboro disease are:

• severe diarrhea, mostly white;
• ruffled plumage, weakness and depression of the bird;
• chills, significant loss of appetite, signs of incoordination may be observed;
• dehydration and susceptibility to pathogenic organisms.

Most often, outbreaks of the disease can be short-term in nature - about 2-3 days. After recovery, the birds continue to experience a decrease in immunity for some time. Mortality from bursal disease, as a rule, reaches 5-6%, however, it can be much higher - 40% or more.

The hidden type, although it does not have such obvious external manifestations, is considered more insidious and dangerous. It can manifest itself in a general depressed state in birds. The latent course of Gumboro disease is associated with deterioration in feed conversion, stunted growth of broilers and their immune vulnerability.

Treatment

There is no specific treatment for Gumboro disease. The best way to prevent an unwanted epidemic is vaccination. For these purposes, so-called live and inactivated vaccines are used.

It is very important to detect foci of the disease in time and isolate the sick bird. Particularly affected individuals are recommended to be killed.

Pathological changes that will help confirm the diagnosis are as follows:

• enlarged and edematous bursa of Fabricius, it can be yellowish to brown due to areas of hemorrhage;
• hemorrhages in the kidneys and muscles;
• dehydration and anemia.

Since the virus is very stable, it is recommended to “relocate” sick birds from the chicken coop to another place. And in the room, carry out repeated treatment with formaldehyde and phenol.

Video “Diseases of chickens”

The video below will tell you what ailments befall the feathered inhabitants of farmsteads!

Kira Stoletova

Some people raise broiler chickens not only on an agricultural farm, but also in the city on their own loggia. For many farmers, raising broiler birds at home is not just a hobby; for them it is both a food product and an income. Diseases of small broiler chickens are not uncommon nowadays. In order for chicken diseases to go away without complications, you need to know what symptoms of diseases can attack broilers and how to deal with various infections. Many novice poultry farmers are often lost and don’t know what to do and how to deal with chicken diseases. Diseases in chickens most often occur in very young chickens and this should be prevented.

In chickens, three stages of maturation can be noted during which the bird’s immunity has not yet strengthened: from the 1st to the 5th day after birth, from the 20th to the 25th and from the 35th day for 5 days. At this time, from the first days of life, broiler birds have a dangerous period when they are most vulnerable to infections. Diseases of chickens, their symptoms and treatment are the special concern of the owner. When about 1.5 months have passed after birth, you can relax a little. After this period, the immunity of day-old chicks and future laying hens settles down and the individuals grow a little. No special differences from ordinary adult laying hens and broiler birds were found. What diseases of broiler chickens are there?

Aspergillosis in chickens

Diseases of baby chickens and their treatment. Aspergillosis is a fungal infection that affects the respiratory system of chickens. Birds develop wheezing, coughing, and uneven breathing. The pathogens enter the embryos through the shell. To avoid such a disease, you should avoid the development of fungal diseases in the litter of chickens. You should clean the areas around drinking bowls and feeders as often as possible. Aspergillosis occurs due to a fungus, but it can also be caused by other pathogenic microorganisms.

The infection can be transmitted within a few days through infected individuals and equipment. The young animals become apathetic and have no appetite. To treat this disease, you should contact a veterinarian who will prescribe the necessary medications. At home, aspergillosis should be prevented from the first days of life. The poultry house must be kept clean and stocked regularly.

Salmonella

Everyone has heard about this disease, even those who are completely unfamiliar with chicken breeding. Salmonellosis is an infectious disease that can be transmitted by airborne droplets through contact between healthy birds and infected individuals. Her signs are as follows:

• The eyes are swollen and watery.
• There is no appetite at all.
• Swollen feet.
• Slow growth.

If you find signs of salmonellosis even in one individual, you should feed the entire livestock with chloramphenicol. In some cases, signs of salmonellosis may be completely absent or very vague, which makes it difficult to identify such a disease. Most often, the first manifestations occur a few days after infection. Prevention against salmonellosis should be carried out regularly. To increase immunity, broiler chickens are given mineral supplements. Sometimes a drug such as enroflon is prescribed. More details about diseases of broiler chickens and their treatment can be found in the photo or video.

Gumboro disease

Gumboro disease in broilers at home is not uncommon. Gumboro is also often called infectious bursal disease. Gumboro primarily affects young animals between 2 and 20 weeks of age. Symptoms of this disease are accompanied by damage to the bursa of Fabricius, and to a lesser extent to other lymphoid organs and the kidneys. Gumboro broiler diseases and its treatment regimen should be prescribed by a veterinarian at the first symptoms.

The infected individual should be transplanted to another room, and the chicken coop should be quarantined. Such a disease can be transmitted through one infected individual to another. Gumboro disease makes birds' immune systems vulnerable. There is no cure for this disease, but regular prevention is an effective method. Many farmers are vaccinating. For these purposes, live and inactivated vaccines are used to prevent chicken diseases and symptoms.

Dyspepsia in broiler chickens

The smallest chickens are susceptible to this disease. This disease occurs quite often among young animals. In simple terms, dyspepsia is the most common indigestion in chickens and the signs that they are sick are immediately visible. The reason for this may be an unhealthy diet that does not contain mineral supplements. With this disease, individuals lose all interest in food, they become incredibly lethargic and inactive. The main symptom of this disease is liquid droppings containing particles of undigested food. The cause of this disease can be the abuse of feed, a change in diet, as well as poor quality feed.

To prevent this disease, you should follow several rules.

• The temperature in the chicken coop should be warm at all times. A lot depends on temperature, but many novice poultry farmers forget about this.
• To combat the processes of decay in the bird's body, the most common ascorbic acid will perfectly help. You can also use a solution of manganese and baking soda.

These simple manipulations will help your pets fight the disease.

• Give to chickens every four hours. The food should not contain fats or complex proteins. Only a strict diet, and nothing else. Make sure that there are no grains with rot or mold in the feed. Also, babies always need clean and fresh water.
• Think carefully about the arrangement of the area where your birds eat. Under no circumstances should chickens crowd together, fighting and scattering and soiling their feed, as often happens.

If chickens have indigestion, medicinal herbs will help. The method is simple, but that doesn’t make it any less effective.

Broiler diseases

Why do chickens fall on their feet?

How to treat chickens sneezing and wheezing?

Bronchopneumonia

Bronchopneumonia is really something to be afraid of, as this disease is dangerous for broilers. It entails a huge variety of different diseases, in some cases even fatal. If this disease is not treated in time, then bronchopneumonia can develop into other, more serious diseases, such as pneumonia, sinusitis, rhinitis, tracheitis.

Birds with this disease will have a painfully unkempt appearance, severe weight loss, a complete lack of appetite, and a depressed state. If the bird begins to cough and mucous fluid comes out of the nose, the disease is obvious. Although this is not an infection, mass mortality of birds is possible. Unfortunately, you cannot find a special drug for treatment in pharmacies. Therefore, you should immediately make the medicine yourself.

Here is the recipe for the most common medicine

One and a half glasses of soda ash must be dissolved in three liters of hot water. Next, add a solution of bleach (one glass per seven liters of water). The resulting composition must be allowed to brew, bring to a volume of twenty liters and treat the room. Birds do not go anywhere at this time. Nothing harmful will happen to them from this. To treat chickens, you can use penicillin, norfloxacin, and terramycin is also suitable. You can also use an infusion of mumiyo with honey, tinctures of ginseng and nettle. After a month, the chickens will begin to feel much better.

Hypovitaminosis

Chickens, like people, also need vitamins, and serious diseases can also occur due to a lack of microelements. These diseases are represented in large numbers. Like vitamins, hypovitaminosis is named after the letters of the Latin alphabet. If there is not enough vitamin A in the body of birds, pathology is formed in the embryo. Such birds have no appetite, growth stops, growth and development do not occur, the chicks are characterized by weakness and inactivity.

If the disease develops, there may be a lack of digestion, as well as damage to the nervous system.

Poultry farmers often notice a lack of vitamin A when night blindness occurs. To compensate for the lack of vitamin A, you can use herbal flour, carrots and greens. If there are not enough vitamins of group D in the bird's body, calcium-phosphorus metabolism is disrupted. This affects the health of their bones. The birds are weak, have diarrhea, their legs are shaking, and the birds may limp severely. At home, you need to follow proper feeding, rearing and maintenance of birds. If there is a deficiency of the vitamin, veterinarians advise adding it to the main food. In addition, walking will be very useful. Fresh air, grass, warm sun.

A lack of B vitamins causes the following problems in birds:

• Various apathies
• Gastrointestinal upset may occur
• Conjunctivitis
• Developmental delay

Green food, sprouted grains, meat, fish, and grass meal are full of this vitamin. It is a good idea to give birds complex vitamins.

Newcastle disease

Russian scientists more often call this disease “whirlwind”. Birds develop a cough, apathy, strange coordination movements, drooping wings, a sickly appearance, ruffled feathers, and weight loss. There is something else that is characteristic of this disease. Sick individuals can stagnate in the same place. Newcastle disease is considered infectious and infected individuals must be isolated from healthy chickens.

If measures are not taken, the entire population may be affected by this disease. There are currently no special medications for Newcastle disease. Sick birds should be immediately placed in a separate room to avoid spreading the infection. You can study Newcastle disease in more detail in the video.

Mycoplasmosis

Mycoplasmosis manifests itself in broilers with cough, runny nose and lacrimation. If the disease continues for a long time, pus accumulates in the eyelid area and tumors may appear. Even after treatment, recovered birds continue to be considered a source of infection and can infect healthy birds simply by being nearby. It is necessary to treat sick birds with an antibiotic called Tylosin and, in addition, it is worth using medications of the tetracycline group.

It is worth considering that your birds will not be completely cured, because mycoplasmosis still remains in the body for life. The best way out is timely vaccination of all birds and isolation of sick ones. To avoid problems with young animals in the future, you should carry out proper care and regularly clean the chicken coop. How to treat broiler chickens with mycoplasmosis can be studied in detail in the photo or video.

Marek's disease

Marek's disease affects individuals from birth to 5-6 months. At an early stage, this disease does not manifest itself in any way, but later the birds develop uncoordination, curling of the fingers, and damage to the joints of the legs. A month after the disease, the birds die. Treatment for this disease is impossible, but the carcasses of these birds after heat treatment can be used for food.

To prevent Marek's disease, it is necessary to vaccinate in a timely manner, improve the maintenance, feeding and care of broilers. Joints can be affected due to calcium deficiency in the body. Review the diet of broiler chickens.

Chicken pox

Distinctive symptoms of chicken pox

• Strange red spots appear, which then turn into scabs.
• Individuals may experience an unpleasant odor.
• Apathy in chickens.
• Chicks have difficulty breathing and swallowing.

This disease can be treated only at the initial stage, when the symptoms have just appeared, so there is no need to waste time. For treatment, you can use galazolin, boric acid and furatsilin solution. But there are farmers who prefer not to bother with treatment, slaughtering sick birds so that the disease does not spread to the rest of the birds.

Constipation in broilers

Constipation in young animals is quite common if the feeding regime is not followed and prohibited foods are used. The causes of constipation in young animals can be the consumption of flour feed and the lack of gravel in the feeder. Constipation can be caused by factors such as: overheating or, conversely, hypothermia of the chicks. Failure to comply with the conditions of detention can cause a lot of problems for young animals. It is very important to monitor the temperature of newborn chicks to prevent constipation.

To keep day-old chicks, they use either a special box, which is covered with a cloth to retain heat, leaving only a small hole for air to pass through. The first days after birth, the young are illuminated around the clock to maintain daylight and warmth. If chickens are sick and rearing becomes difficult, then their diet needs to be reconsidered; it may be deficient in potassium or other microelements.

Disease Prevention

It is easier to prevent a disease than to treat it later. Follow a few rules for caring for and keeping birds at home, then raising young animals will become an easy process.

• Cleanliness of your broilers. Birds must be clean, well-groomed, and well-fed. Food mixtures should not stick to the paws. Feeding should be done with high-quality and fresh food. If the feed is moldy, it should not be given to broilers. For active growth, special additives can be added to feeding.
• Disinfection of the chicken coop. Don't forget that your broilers need a clear area for eating and drinking and a clean sleeping area. The feeder is changed as needed. Perches are cleaned at least once a week. It is necessary to treat the walls and floor against mold so that the individuals do not get sick, then the cultivation will be carried out according to all the rules.
• Timely quarantine of all sick chickens. This way the infection will not spread to other healthy individuals. Caring for a sick broiler chicken should be regular.
• Vaccination of all individuals. Many vaccines are given on the first and second days after the appearance of young animals.
• Newborn chickens should be placed on a heated bedding in a room where the air contains at least 17% oxygen and the temperature is about 30-32 degrees.
• If individuals are cramped in a small room, then in such conditions there is a greater likelihood of contracting infectious diseases.
• You can feed young animals with saturated drinking water with vitamin C and glucose (ascorbic acid - 2 g/l, glucose - 50 g/l), this measure helps chickens well against diarrhea.
• To make newborn chicks feel great, you can use special feeding, about 6 times a day. The diet contains low-fat cottage cheese, yogurt and whey. At the same time, all these products should not mix with each other.

If you follow all these measures, raising chickens will not seem difficult to you and you will avoid many problems.

Infectious bursal disease of chickens

Infectiosis Bursitis gallinarum (Gumboro disease) An acute viral disease of chickens and turkeys, mainly 2-15 weeks of age, characterized by inflammation of the bursa of Fabricius, joints, intestines and internal hemorrhages.

HISTORICAL REFERENCE- the disease was first recorded in 1956 in Gumboro County (USA). In 1962, Kostrov described Gumboro disease as a disease. Winterfeld and Hitchner (1962) isolated a virus from sick chickens that caused nephroso-nephritis in sick broilers. Therefore, this disease is sometimes called nephroso-nephritis. Later, Karnayup (1965) proved that the symptoms of nephroso-nephritis are concomitant, the main and permanent changes are found in the bursa of Fabricius, which is why the disease began to be called infectious bursitis.

The disease is widespread in many countries of America, Europe, and Asia, where industrial poultry farming is developed. Data from serological studies show that the infection rate of herds ranges from 2 to 100%. And the reason for this is considered to be the constant import of poultry.

PATIENT- RNA virus from the genus Aviovirus of the Reoviredae (reovirus) family. The virion size is 70-75 nm. When 9-day-old embryos are infected in the yolk sac, the virus causes their death after 6 days. In addition to growth retardation, it causes

the appearance of edema, necrotizing lesions in the liver, which are typical for all viruses of this group. 3 days after the introduction of virus-containing material into the fibricium bursa, changes characteristic of a natural infection occur. In chicken embryo fibroblast culture, the virus causes a cytopathic effect. Virus-neutralizing and precipitating antibodies are formed in recovered birds.

RESISTANCE - the virus is resistant to ether, chloramine and pH 2.0, sensitive to trypsin. Indoors, the virus persists in droppings for 52 days. At 56°C it does not die within an hour. A solution of chloramine (0.5%) inactivates the virus in 10 minutes, formaldehyde (0.5%) in 6 hours.

EPISOOTOLOGICAL DATA- chickens of all ages are susceptible to the pathogen, but especially broilers aged 2-15 weeks. The most sensitive are 3-6 week old White Leghorn chickens. In adult chickens the disease is asymptomatic.

The source of the infectious agent is sick chickens that shed the virus in their droppings.

Infectious bursitis is an extremely contagious disease that is easily transmitted when birds are housed in close quarters. Chickens become infected through contaminated feed and water. A vertical route of transmission of the virus through infected eggs cannot be ruled out. Infected care items, equipment, clothing, and personnel play a certain role in the transmission of the pathogen.

The possibility of spreading the virus through the air has been proven. The reservoir of the pathogen can be flour beetles.

In fresh epizootic foci, the disease is acute and subacute, and in stationary outbreaks it is chronic and asymptomatic. In a number of farms, an immunizing subinfection is mainly recorded among birds.

PATHOGENESIS- consists of damage to lymphoid tissues, and first of all, lymphocytes of the bursa of Fabricius, spleen, and caecal glands of the blind processes are destroyed. The virus penetrates the digestive tract and after 24-48 hours is localized in the bursa of Fabricius, infecting B lymphocytes.

CLINICAL SIGNS- incubation period 1-2 days. Occurs in chickens under 3 weeks of age in the form of immunosuppression, which is manifested by increased sensitivity to bacterial infections.

It can occur in an acute form in the first 5-7 days after the disease in chickens aged 3 to 6 weeks. In case of low poultry resistance, mortality can reach 90%.

One of the first signs is diarrhea, with the release of yellow, liquefied droppings, or mucous-watery, white droppings, and feathering is impaired.

Then there is sudden apathy, trembling, signs of damage to the nervous system. The bird soon loses the ability to move and dies in a state of prostration.

Maximum mortality for 3-4 days from the beginning of the disease outbreak,

then the mortality rate decreases.

When the disease lasts 6-8 days, morbidity is 10-20% of birds, mortality is 1-15%.

Hematological changes are characterized by lymphopenia and erythrocytosis. Over 2 days of illness, the total number of leukocytes decreases, on the 5th day it increases and reaches a maximum on the 7th day after infection.

PATHOLOGANATOMICALCHANGES- the corpses are well-fed, but the muscles are dehydrated and pale, the goiter is empty, multiple pinpoint and striped hemorrhages are revealed, especially often under the skin of the thigh; the muscles are dark purple.

The bursa of Fabricius is greatly increased in volume, more than 2 times, and contains gelatin-like transudate; there are fibrinous deposits in the folds of the bursa, and in severe cases there is bloody fluid.

Swelling of the liver, necrotic foci, and atrophy of the spleen are noted. The pancreas is changed, nephrosis. In the final stage of the disease, swelling of the kidneys and atrophy of the bursa of Fabricius appear. Partial banded hemorrhages in the degenerated skeletal muscles of the myocardium, serous membranes, glandular stomach and intestines.

The most typical histological changes are necrosis

lymphoid elements of the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen, renal degeneration.

DIAGNOSIS- infectious bursitis is a difficult-to-detect infection that spreads unnoticed, is masked by other diseases and physiological disorders, and only with a typical course is it relatively easily diagnosed based on clinical and pathological signs. They take into account the high percentage of morbidity, rapid spread and relapse within 5-7 days. The diagnosis can be confirmed by the detection of characteristic changes in the bursa of Fabricius.

For the final diagnosis, histological studies are carried out and a bioassay is performed by infecting 9-day-old chicken embryos on the chorioallantoic membrane. Embryos die within 3-5 days after infection.

The virus is identified in RN, RDP and ELISA.

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS- exclude coccidiosis, poisoning, infectious bronchitis, hemorrhagic syndrome, mycoses, Newcastle disease.

TREATMENT- not developed.

IMMUNITY- use live and inactivated vaccines of the BG strain (Gumboro disease), IBD (infectious bursal disease), Winterfield-2512.

The first vaccine is administered twice at the age of 7-21 days with an interval of 10-14 days using the drinking method. Second time at the age of 110-120 days

once intramuscularly into the pectoral muscle area or into the thigh in a volume of 0.5 ml. Immunity occurs 14-21 days after vaccination and lasts up to a year.

In foreign practice, a vaccine made from a weakened strain of the infectious bursitis virus is used with drinking water and aerosolized. Among foreign vaccines, you can use Nobilis Gumboro D78 and 228E. An inactivated vaccine, Nobilis Gumboro inc., has also been developed.

PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES- carry out general veterinary and sanitary measures to prevent the introduction of the pathogen into the farm.

The young animals of each technological batch are raised in isolation. The state of poultry resistance is controlled through targeted feeding and maintenance.

The air entering the poultry house is cleaned with filters and disinfected with ultraviolet rays.

When infectious bursitis appears, restrictions are introduced. Sick and suspicious birds are destroyed. Healthy people are vaccinated.

The premises are thoroughly disinfected with solutions of caustic soda, bleach (2-3%), and an aerosol of iodide preparations.

If the disease cannot be controlled by general veterinary and sanitary measures, the farm stops incubating eggs and carries out additional health measures.

There are no deadlines for lifting the restrictions; they are set by veterinarians, since it is difficult to get rid of this disease due to the rapid development of this disease as a permanent one.

(IBD, Gumboro disease, infectious bursitis, infectious nephrosis)

An infectious contagious disease of viral origin, affecting mainly chickens 2-15 weeks of age and characterized by damage to the bursa of Fabricius, nephrosis, intramuscular hemorrhages and diarrhea. Characterized by suppression of the immunocompetent system. The pathogen belongs to the Viridae family. Infectious bursitis is a very contagious disease and affects the entire population in a short time. The duration of the disease is 5-6 days.

Gumboro disease, inflammation of the bursa of Fabricius

Infectious bursal disease in chickens

The source of infection is sick chickens that excrete the virus in their droppings, contaminating feed, water, and bedding. The main reason for maintaining infection on a farm is the long-term (up to 120 days) persistence of the virus on the premises.

Clinical picture

The first symptoms of the disease are diarrhea, accompanied by the release of watery whitish-yellow droppings, sudden loss of appetite, trembling of the legs and head, and sudden death. Morbidity and mortality increase rapidly and reach a maximum on the 3-4th day of illness. Once the virulence of the virus decreases, the number of deaths also decreases, usually after 8-9 days.

Unlike the clinical form of the disease, the subclinical form is observed in chickens less than 4 weeks of age, when the immune system is most sensitive to damage. Early manifestations of IBD are characterized by the absence of clinical signs and damage to the bursa of Fabricius, where the number of B lymphocytes sharply decreases and immunosuppression develops. It should be noted that a bird that has recovered from the disease becomes very sensitive to other diseases.

Hemorrhage in the bursa of Fabricius

Muscle hemorrhages in Gumboro disease

Pathomorphology

At the onset of the disease, inflammation of the bursa of Fabricius, its enlargement, swelling, hyperemia and hemorrhage are noted. 5 days after the onset of the disease, a rapid decrease in the bursa and its atrophy are observed. Histological examination reveals the death of lymphoid elements and necrobiosis of lymphocytes.

Hemorrhages are observed in various muscle groups (usually the pectoral and femoral muscles), on the mucous membrane of the glandular stomach and in the tonsils of the cecum. The kidneys are enlarged, from light gray to dark brown, with a clear pattern of filling the tubules and ureters with urate.

Diagnostics

In its typical form, infectious bursitis is easily diagnosed by clinical and pathological signs. Early stages of the disease or an atypical course can be established by laboratory testing, which is based on virus isolation, its identification, detection of antibodies in blood serum, and bioassay on susceptible chickens.

In differential diagnosis, it is first necessary to exclude infectious bronchitis, sulfonamide poisoning, mycotoxicosis, as well as Newcastle disease, nephrosonephritis, lymphoid leukemia, Marek's disease, and fatty toxicosis.

Treatment and prevention

For specific prevention of IBD, vaccines are used, which can be divided into 4 types based on antigenic activity:

1. Mild - from an attenuated virus that does not cause significant changes in the bursa. Effective in chickens that do not have maternal antibodies. Such vaccines are also used when the pathogenicity of the field virus is reduced, when the disease is asymptomatic.
2. Intermediate type vaccines from a moderately virulent virus. They are effective in conditions of an acute outbreak of infection and in permanently disadvantaged farms, since such vaccines are able to form immunity in chickens with maternal antibodies and create the necessary protection at an earlier date. Interim vaccines include a virus vaccine against IBD from the Winterfield 2512 strain.
3. Virulent vaccines are made from a weakly attenuated virus that causes acute changes in the bursa of Fabricius. These are “hot vaccines” that cause clinical illness in birds, but with less waste up to 2%. They are able to form immunity in chickens that have maternal antibodies. The disadvantage of such vaccines is their pronounced residual virulence, the ability of vaccine viruses to persist in the external environment and cause an immunosuppressive effect.
4. Inactivated vaccines provide more intense immunity in replacement young animals and chickens of the parent flock, which, thanks to maternal immunity in chickens, helps protect young birds from IBD disease in the early period of their life.