Symptoms and methods of treatment of superficial gastitis. Gastritis - causes, signs, symptoms in adults and treatment of gastritis of the stomach

Gastritis of the stomach is one of the most common diseases among other pathologies of the digestive system. It is observed in 80-90% of people, predominantly middle-aged and elderly. About 70-90% of older people suffer from various forms of gastritis. Chronic gastritis is dangerous because it can develop into peptic ulcers and then into stomach cancer.

Do not underestimate gastritis, as it affects the general condition of the body. Food is poorly digested, which causes loss of strength and poor health. This condition leads to serious illnesses gastrointestinal tract and stomach tumors. Depending on the form of manifestation, gastritis can be acute or chronic. Acute gastritis occurs suddenly against the background of various irritants. Chronic gastritis is acquired over time due to poor diet and lifestyle. Gastritis can occur with low, normal and high acidity of the stomach. There are several types of gastritis:

• Atrophic - a severe form of gastritis, in which the gastric mucosa is so affected that it can lead to the formation of tumors.
• Erosive - this type of disease is observed in acute and chronic forms of gastritis. It is characterized by the formation of small erosions on the surface of the gastric mucosa.
• Hypertrophic - the form is observed in patients with chronic gastritis, characterized by extensive changes in the gastric mucosa, which leads to the formation of adenomas and cysts in the stomach.
• Biliary is a pathological reflex of the body, in which bile acid constantly enters the stomach cavity and causes negative changes in the mucous membrane.

Causes of gastritis

The causes of gastritis can be bacterial and non-microbial factors:

• The main cause of the disease is the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, less commonly other bacteria and fungi. Helicobacter pylori is detected in 80% of cases of gastritis. Bacteria enter the gastric mucosa, releasing special substances that irritate the mucosa and cause a change in the pH of the walls, which leads to inflammation. Scientists have not yet established why some people are susceptible to these bacteria and others are not.
• Not proper nutrition. Among the main causes of gastritis is poor nutrition. This could be overeating or undereating, or improper eating patterns. Lack of plant foods rich in vegetable fiber, which promotes good digestion, leads to gastritis. Frequent consumption of refined and processed foods, fatty and hot sauces also leads to inflammation of the stomach.
• Excessive alcohol consumption often leads to the development of gastritis. Ethanol has destructive effect on the gastric mucosa, disrupts acid-base metabolism in the body. Alcohol molecules are quickly absorbed in the small intestine and stomach; with constant consumption of alcoholic beverages, gradual destruction of the stomach, liver and pancreas occurs.
• According to research, some drugs that are used to prevent blood clotting, painkillers, and anti-inflammatory drugs can negatively affect the condition of the gastric mucosa, as they irritate it. Most often, gastritis can be caused by non-hormonal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin, and glucocorticoid hormones.
• The cause of gastritis can be various helminthic infections, constant stress, some potent chemicals, and allergies to certain foods.

Symptoms of gastritis

Gastritis can manifest itself with various symptoms depending on the form and degree of the disease and can proceed unnoticed. The main symptom of gastritis is a sharp pain in the solar plexus, which manifests itself more acutely when consuming certain types of foods, drinks, drugs, especially foods with increased irritability to the gastric mucosa. Pain may occur between meals. There is a constant or periodic pain solar plexus area immediately after eating or during fasting.

Symptoms of gastritis also include heartburn, vomiting, and belching. May appear morning sickness, vomiting with bile, sometimes with bloody discharge. There is bloating, frequent release of gases, and a taste of bile and metal. Painful sensations may be accompanied by headache, dizziness, and rapid heartbeat. The color of stool changes, the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes turn pale. Sometimes you may feel very thirsty and increased salivation.

The symptoms of chronic gastritis are more difficult to determine. For a long time, a person may not notice any special signs. You may experience irregular bowel movements, a coating on the tongue, fatigue, rumbling and noise in the stomach between meals, bloating, and occasional diarrhea or constipation. Chronic gastritis affects the quality of life, but does not greatly affect the patient’s health. At the initial stage, it may manifest itself as a disorder of the digestive system. In a more advanced stage, chronic gastritis causes constant release of gases, anemia, drowsiness, temperature changes and increased sweating, increased rumbling in the stomach, bad breath, heaviness after eating.

Symptoms of exacerbation of gastritis

During an exacerbation of gastritis, pronounced symptoms are observed that can be immediately noticed:

• acute abdominal pain that occurs periodically or constantly, intensifies after meals or in between meals;
• belching, nausea, heartburn that occurs after eating;
• increased salivation;
• vomiting after eating with a sour odor and greenish or yellowish mucus;
• dry mouth due to dehydration;
• intestinal disorder: constipation or diarrhea;
• headache, weakness, fever, rapid heartbeat and breathing, dizziness.

Exacerbation of gastritis is accompanied by severe pain after eating and vomiting. The pain can be so severe that it is difficult for a person to straighten up. Vomiting may be mixed with mucus and dark blood clots if there is bleeding in the stomach. The stool becomes dark, almost black. During an acute attack, a person may lose consciousness, the skin turns pale, the pulse is barely palpable, breathing becomes shallow, and a lot of sweat is released. In this case, urgent hospitalization is necessary.

Forms of gastritis

Since gastritis is one of the most common gastrointestinal problems in the 21st century, more than one type of disease has been studied.

Hypoacid gastritis

Hypoacid gastritis is a form of gastritis characterized by inflammation of the gastric mucosa with reduced secretory function of the glands. Reduced secretion of hydrochloric acid leads to gradual atrophy of the stomach cavity, inability to absorb nutrients and vitamins. Growths and formations may appear on the mucous membrane, which then transform into a cancerous tumor.

The manifestation of symptoms of hypoacid gastritis depends on the stage of the pathological process. At the beginning of the development of the disease, heaviness may be felt in the stomach and upper abdomen. Over time, pain occurs, which is located in the epigastric region. The pain may occur periodically, after drinking alcohol or irritating spicy, fatty foods.

Other symptoms of hypoacid gastritis include indigestion, constipation or diarrhea, air belching and bad breath. As the disease progresses, vomiting occurs periodically, sometimes severely.

The most important consequence of this type of gastritis is poor digestion and absorption of food. Against this background, signs of vitamin deficiency may appear:

• weight loss;
• development of anemia;
• peeling of the skin,
• severe hair loss,
• dryness and cracks on the skin, in the corners of the mouth, ulcerative lesions on the mucous membranes of the mouth;
• severe weakness and dizziness;
• pale skin, increased sweating and rapid heartbeat.

Diffuse gastritis

Diffuse gastritis is a form of gastritis characterized by uniform inflammation of the entire gastric mucosa. Inflammation of the mucous membrane leads to decreased gastric motility and poor digestion of food, as a result of which the glands lose their ability to normally break down foods.

At the initial stage of the disease, the gastric mucosa becomes inflamed, then the inflammation becomes chronic. After some time, if gastritis is not treated, atrophy of the gastric glands occurs. First they die glandular cells, then epithelial, they are replaced by fibrous tissue. Danger diffuse gastritis is that after it the risk of developing stomach cancer increases. Decay products and proteins remain in the stomach, which poison the body and reduce vital activity. A person develops vitamin deficiency, Iron-deficiency anemia, weakness and apathy. Diffuse gastritis can be acute or chronic.

Depending on the nature of the lesion, diffuse gastritis is usually divided into several types:

• diffuse subatrophic gastritis is a progressive inflammation in the gastric mucosa, which gradually leads to the loss of gastric glands;
• diffuse obstructive gastritis - this is the name of the form of chronic gastritis that spreads to all parts of the stomach;
• diffuse superficial gastritis is the mildest form of the disease, which is characterized by inflammation of only the upper part of the gastric mucosa.

The development of diffuse gastritis may depend on many causes and negative factors. These include poor nutrition, fasting, unhealthy foods, frequent use alcohol and cigarettes, infectious and viral diseases. The occurrence of gastritis can be associated with various diseases of the nervous system, endocrine system, metabolic and digestive disorders.

Antral gastritis

Antral or antrum gastritis is inflammatory process in the antrum, which leads to atrophy of the areas and impaired motility of this section. Over time, antrum gastritis progresses and becomes chronic focal atrophic.

Depending on the manifestation, there are several types of antral gastritis:

• Superficial antrum gastritis - it is characterized by damage to the uppermost layer of the stomach. This is the simplest form of gastritis, which does not form scars and does not affect the glands. Superficial antrum gastritis can be focal and occur in individual areas.
• Erosive antrum gastritis - this type is characterized by more significant damage to the gastric mucosa. The inflammatory process leads to the development of erosions, affects the gastric glands, forms many scars, and may be accompanied by bleeding.
• Hyperplastic - the gastric mucosa thickens, epithelial cells are replaced, which leads to the formation of many cysts or polyps.
• Focal antrum gastritis - with this type of gastritis, many lesions of the gastric cavity and areas of atrophy occur.
• Antrum gastritis with atrophy - develops against the background of mucosal atrophy, i.e. the function of the gastric glands decreases, the cells are no longer able to secrete gastric juice and digest food normally. The chronic form of atrophic antrum gastritis can lead to the formation of malignant tumors in the stomach.

The development of antral gastritis occurs due to the development of microorganisms in the stomach cavity. Main role plays the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, which enters the stomach, causing inflammation and atrophy of mucosal cells. The proliferation of the bacterium leads to a decrease in the production of bicarbonates by the antral glands. For this reason, the acidity of gastric juice increases.

Acid enters the intestines and irritates it, disrupting the digestive process, which leads to diseases small intestine. Oxidation of the pyloric region and atrophic changes occur, as a result of which the gastric glands die. The glands are replaced by scar tissue.

Antral gastritis can develop against the background autoimmune processes in organism. There is a disruption in the functioning of the glands, severe inflammation and damage to mucosal cells. This can cause the development of chronic dysfunction of the secretory function of the mucous membrane. In most cases, antrum gastritis causes the development of erosions and ulcers at the exit from the stomach or in the cavity duodenum.

At the first stage, antral gastritis can occur without pronounced symptoms, since the excretory function of the glands is not yet impaired. The acidity level in gastric juice is normal or slightly increased. Over time, the disease progresses and discomfort occurs. In the area of ​​the solar plexus it is felt strong pain. It occurs 1.5 hours after eating, and can occur between meals on an empty stomach. The pain symptoms are sharp, in the form of contractions. Increased acidity leads to the formation of erosions in the stomach cavity, which is why sharp pain is felt.

The pain may be accompanied by heartburn and belching with a sour taste, heaviness and discomfort in the stomach, digestive system disorder: increased gas formation, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation. In acute erosive antrum gastritis, periodic gastric bleeding may occur. They are characterized by severe vomiting mixed with blood and dark-colored stools.

The intensity of symptoms appears after consuming spicy, fried, smoked, carbonated and alcoholic drinks, sour fruits and vegetables, and coarse fiber. May occur severe attacks with dizziness, weakness, rapid heartbeat and breathing.

Anacidic gastritis

Anacidic gastritis is a disease in which gastritis with low acidity develops. With this type of disease, gastric juice is poorly produced, as the stomach cells atrophy. At low acidity Protein absorption does not occur completely, so decay products remain in the stomach, which poison the body. Accumulating with other metabolic wastes, they reduce the body's resistance to diseases and lead to the development of malignant tumors.

Chronic anacid gastritis can occur after acute form diseases, against the background of typhoid fever or dysentery, if the treatment process is advanced. Stomach acidity may decrease due to regular use alcohol, smoking, overeating, unhealthy foods, fasting and dieting, poor diet. The risk group includes young people, most often office workers and representatives of other sedentary professions.

The onset of the disease may be asymptomatic. As anacid gastritis develops, the patient may experience the following symptoms:

• pain in the stomach and heaviness in the abdomen after eating;
• intestinal upset or constipation;
• lethargy and apathy;
• rapid weight loss, as reduced secretion of hydrochloric acid leads to impaired absorption nutrients and vitamins;
• nausea and vomiting mixed with bile or mucus;
• bad taste in the mouth, belching and putrid breath;
• increased gas formation and bloating;
• low blood pressure and anemia;
• girdling pain, which may intensify from time to time;
• aversion to common foods, such as milk;
• complications in the form of dysbacteriosis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis and other gastric diseases.

A characteristic sign of anacid gastritis is bad breath with a hint of rot, since food in the stomach is not completely digested and ferments in it. The patient constantly suffers from heaviness in the stomach even after small portions of food.

Superficial gastritis

Superficial gastritis is one of the types of gastritis, which is characterized by inflammation of the mucous membrane and damage to the inner lining of the stomach. It is the safest form of gastritis. The inflammatory process can affect the area at the exit from the stomach into the duodenum, then antral gastritis occurs.

The development of superficial gastritis can be caused by the use of irregular and junk food, hot and cold dishes, seasonings and spices, passion for alcoholic drinks, sweets, smoking. Negative factors also include regular intake acid-based drugs, chemical poisoning, the presence of Helicobacter pylori bacteria in the stomach.

Among the main symptoms of superficial gastritis is pain that occurs in the solar plexus. It manifests itself more acutely when consuming spicy and heavy foods, carbonated and alcoholic drinks, as irritation of the gastric mucosa occurs. After eating, the feeling of discomfort in the stomach increases. The pain may be point-like, which means that the patient has a focal form of superficial gastritis.

Erosive gastritis

Erosive gastritis is one of the forms of gastritis, in which inflammatory processes in the lining of the stomach are accompanied by the formation of small erosions on the surface of the mucosa. Unlike simple gastritis, with this type of disease many damaged areas of the mucous membrane are formed, inflammation and redness occur. Erosions can occur in all parts of the stomach.

Erosive gastritis can occur acutely when harmful foods or chemicals enter the stomach, or in a chronic form when the stomach and digestive system do not function properly.

The development of this type of gastritis can be triggered by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. It can last for a long time and takes longer to treat compared to other forms of gastritis. The danger of erosive gastritis is that it is often accompanied by gastric bleeding. At heavy bleeding there is a risk of losing a large amount of blood and falling into critical condition.

Erosive gastritis cannot always be accurately diagnosed, since its symptoms are similar to other forms of gastritis. Only with bleeding in the stomach can a diagnosis be made with certainty. In other cases, the following signs of the disease appear:

• Pain in the upper abdomen. It can be mild, but with extensive lesions of the stomach, the pain becomes severe and can only be eliminated with the help of analgesics.
• The occurrence of pain after eating or on an empty stomach, as gastric juice irritates the ulcerated gastric mucosa.
• Heartburn, which occurs most often with chronic erosive gastritis with reduced work stomach and reflux of acidic contents from the stomach into the duodenum.
• Digestive system disorders: heaviness after eating, sour and rotten burp, unpleasant taste and dry mouth, intestinal upset in the form of diarrhea or constipation.

During an acute attack, the patient experiences severe vomiting with blood or epithelial particles, headache, rapid breathing and heartbeat, loose stool, dizziness and weakness.

Reflux gastritis

Reflux gastritis is a condition caused by the regular entry of acidic contents into the stomach and destruction of the mucous membrane by bile acids. The digestive system is equipped with a special muscular sphincter - the pylorus, which opens from time to time so that semi-digested food from the stomach enters the duodenum.

With reflux gastritis, the pylorus begins to work incorrectly, which leads to the backflow of food masses containing enzymes and bile into the stomach from the duodenum.

During this process, the gastric mucosa is exposed to the aggressive influence of acid and enzymes, which leads to the destruction of its cells. Bile acid from the stomach ends up in the intestines and causes inflammation. This phenomenon is called reflux, which causes reflux gastritis. This is a chronic disease that is dangerous because it can lead to the development of a malignant tumor of the stomach.

There are two types of reflux gastritis:

• Duodenogastric reflux, which occurs against the background of poor pyloric closure, high blood pressure, inflammatory and destructive processes of the mucous membrane in the duodenum.
• Biliary reflux, which occurs due to changes in the bile-excretory system, impaired motility and sphincter function. This leads to disruption of the functioning of organs and the pressure force inside the intestines and bile ducts, which disrupts compression of the ducts of the stomach and pancreas.

During the development of reflux gastritis, symptoms such as heaviness in the stomach after or during meals occur. The patient experiences an unpleasant taste in the mouth and nausea. Vomiting with bile, diarrhea or constipation occurs, increased accumulation of gases in the intestines, and bloating. This type of gastritis is characterized by pain that is dull and aching in nature. They can occur during and after eating.

Frequent vomiting leads to poor absorption of food, the patient quickly loses weight, becomes weak, and becomes dizzy. Nutrients and vitamins do not enter the blood, so vitamin deficiency develops. The skin becomes dry, seals form on the lips, hair becomes dull, and nails become brittle. Low blood pressure may develop from a lack of vitamins.

The chronic form of reflux gastritis occurs due to the reflux of bile into the stomach over many years. It is characterized by multifocal or diffuse atrophic damage to the mucosa, accompanied by intestinal damage and reduced secretion of gastric juice. In the future, this can lead to the development of cancer.

Hypertrophic gastritis

Hypertrophic gastritis is one of the forms of chronic gastritis, which is characterized by the growth of the gastric mucosa, the appearance of polyps and cysts in it. The disease is diagnosed most often in males aged 30-50 years.

The development of hypertrophic gastritis can be associated with various pathogenic factors such as smoking, alcohol abuse, junk and rough food, chemical poisoning with gases or metals in hazardous industries. The presence of viral and infectious diseases: dysentery, hepatitis, typhoid fever- can cause the development of this form of gastritis.

Hypertrophic gastritis is usually divided into several types depending on the type of changes in the gastric mucosa:

• Menetrier's disease - with this type, large folds form on the gastric mucosa. It can manifest itself in three forms: dyspeptic, pseudo-tumor-like and asymptomatic.
• Warty - this type of gastritis is characterized by the formation of warts on the gastric mucosa.
• Granular - a cyst forms in the gastric mucosa.
• Polypous - this type is characterized by the formation of polyps in the gastric mucosa

Hypertrophic gastritis is characterized by severe changes in the mucous membrane, and therefore causes pronounced symptoms:

• aching and paroxysmal pain that occurs during or after eating;
• with increased acidity of gastric juice or reflux gastritis, heartburn occurs;
• formation of gases and feeling of bloating;
• increased salivation, nausea and vomiting;
• poor appetite or lack thereof;
• sudden weight loss, weakness and low blood pressure;
• in some cases it is observed stomach bleeding, vomiting mixed with blood and epithelial particles;
• intestinal upset such as diarrhea or constipation;
• feeling of heaviness in the stomach after eating.

Hyperplastic gastritis

Hyperplastic gastritis is a pathological condition of the gastric mucosa, in which cell proliferation occurs in the cavity. The formations are benign and may not bother a person for several years. Hyperplastic gastritis occurs in a specific part of the stomach or can spread to the entire organ.

With hyperplastic gastritis, the walls of the stomach thicken and polyps form. As a result, the functioning of the digestive system deteriorates, the secretion of gastric juice and the digestion of food are disrupted. With a prolonged illness, polyps can transform into a malignant tumor.

For a long time, hyperplastic gastritis may not manifest itself or be similar to others stomach diseases. As the disease progresses, symptoms become more severe. The patient may be bothered by the following symptoms:

• heaviness in the stomach after eating;
• aching pain in the solar plexus area;
• belching, heartburn with a rotten taste in the mouth;
• vomiting and nausea;
• gas formation, bloating.

Stomach pain can be constant and aching or occur periodically. Gastritis attacks often occur after a person has consumed irritating foods or alcohol. Symptoms may vary depending on the level of gastric acidity. With increased acidity, the patient often experiences heartburn and belching with a sour taste. With reduced secretion of gastric juice, the patient is constantly bothered by heaviness in the stomach, regardless of how much he has eaten.

In some cases, a polyp can form at the outlet of the stomach, block it and cause food obstruction. If the polyp has fallen from the stomach into the duodenum, the patient experiences severe cramping or cutting pain. Similar symptoms found in acute appendicitis, cholecystitis, exacerbation of ulcers and other diseases of the digestive system. Therefore, it is important to immediately undergo a comprehensive diagnosis.

Hyperacid gastritis

Hyperacid gastritis is an inflammatory process in the gastric mucosa, which is characterized by a high concentration of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice, that is, increased stomach acidity.

The development of hyperacid gastritis begins due to improper and irregular nutrition. Frequent consumption of carbonated water and alcoholic drinks, strong tea and coffee, especially on an empty stomach, can cause gastritis. Increased acidity develops due to the abuse of spicy, smoked, salty and fried foods. Acidic sauces and drinks also negatively affect the condition of the mucous walls of the stomach.

Another factor in hyperacid gastritis is the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. It multiplies in the stomach and negatively affects the condition of the mucous wall. Constant emotional stress, worries, low immunity, smoking and drinking alcohol can provoke its reproduction. This bacterium causes rapid damage to the soft walls of the stomach and can later cause stomach ulcers if not treated.

In some cases, hyperacid gastritis can be caused by frequent use of chemicals such as acid or alkali. Constant use of aspirin, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antimicrobial drugs also leads to increased acidity of gastric juice and the development of gastritis. Some ointments, Indomethacin, injections, Diclofenac have a negative effect. Long-term use Such drugs lead to damage to the gastric mucosa.

First of all, hyperacid gastritis is characterized by pain symptoms that occur on an empty stomach, at night, or immediately after eating or some time after eating. With hunger pain, the discomfort disappears after the person eats. The pain can be nagging or sharp, radiating to the hypochondrium area. There is bloating after eating and sour belching. Since during illness, foods are poorly absorbed by the body, the patient lacks vitamins and essential nutrients. The person loses a lot of weight, the skin becomes dry and flabby, and the condition of the hair and nails deteriorates.

The development of hyperacid gastritis causes a symptom such as heartburn after eating. It occurs after consuming heavy, acute and sour food. The patient may experience nausea and vomiting. You can see the formation of a white coating on the tongue. Many people with hyperacid gastritis feel a burning sensation in the stomach after spicy and hot sauces and marinades.

Gastritis with high acidity

Gastritis with high acidity is an inflammatory process in the gastric mucosa caused by a violation of the excretory function of the stomach. With this disease, the secretion of gastric juice increases, which leads to inflammation and destruction of the walls of the stomach.

Depending on the causes of gastritis, gastritis with high acidity of type “A”, “B” and “C” is distinguished. Fundal gastritis occurs due to the innate formation of antibodies to the cells of the gastric mucosa. Antral gastritis or type “B” develops against the background of infections in the mucous membrane - the presence of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, which destroys the gastric mucosa.

Type “C” gastritis can be caused by chemical factors: damage to the gastric mucosa by chemicals, alcoholic beverages, and long-term use of certain medications, for example aspirin. Gastritis with high acidity can occur due to reflux, in which undigested food moves from the duodenum and bile acid, damaging the stomach cavity. Gastritis is dangerous because it can lead to gastric ulcers, and subsequently to stomach and duodenal cancer.

Among the main symptoms of gastritis of the stomach with high acidity is heartburn after eating food. As the level of hydrochloric acid rises, there is severe irritation mucous membrane and the patient feels acute symptoms. Severe pain occurs before eating, during sleep and after eating. Eating is often accompanied by belching and sour heartburn.

Gastritis with low acidity

Gastritis with low acidity is an inflammatory process in the gastric mucosa that occurs against the background of a decrease in the acidity of gastric juice, its production and ability to digest food.

The occurrence of gastritis with low acidity is associated with many factors. External causes include regular intake of excessively hot, fibrous foods that are not sufficiently digested, the Helicobacter pylori bacterium, and frequent drinking of alcohol. TO internal factors include autoimmune disorders, inflammatory processes in digestive system, endocrine and metabolic diseases.

The main property of hydrochloric acid is to neutralize food from various bacteria, therefore, with reduced acidity, this process is disrupted. This leads to the proliferation of bacteria and increased inflammation of the gastric mucosa. The result is indigestion, bloating and increased gas production.

Most often, the symptoms of gastritis of the stomach with low acidity are difficult to miss, as they are pronounced:

• belching that smells like a rotten egg or has a putrid odor because the food is not fully digested;
• feeling of fullness or heaviness in the stomach after eating;
• unpleasant taste in the mouth, most often the taste of metal;
• constipation or intestinal upset, diarrhea;
• heartburn after eating;
• dull pain in the epigastric area immediately after eating or after 15-20 minutes;
• bloating and gases in the intestines;
• signs of vitamin deficiency: brittle nails, dry and brittle hair, dry skin;
• rumbling in the stomach;
• decreased hemoglobin and anemia.

In a more advanced form, low acidity is accompanied by severe weight loss, general weakness, lethargy, low blood pressure and apathy. Low acidity leads to impaired protein digestion, which leads to a lack of this substance in the body. If a person experiences gastritis with low acidity, he constantly wants to eat something sour or foods that increase the secretion of hydrochloric acid: black bread, cabbage, hot herbs and spices, pickles and pickled foods.

Acute gastritis

Acute gastritis is a progressive inflammation of the gastric mucosa that occurs when exposed to a strong irritant. The disease occurs quickly and occurs with complications such as the formation of erosions of the gastric mucosa and bleeding.

It is necessary to distinguish between acute and exacerbation of chronic gastritis. At acute gastritis severe pain and other severe symptoms occur.

The course of acute gastritis is characterized by changes in the gastric mucosa, depending on which it can manifest itself in various forms:

• catarrhal;
• fibrinous;
• necrotic;
• purulent.

The most dangerous form is purulent gastritis, in which all layers of the stomach cavity are affected: mucous, submucosal, muscular and serous. It occurs during peptic ulcers, tumors, and damage to the stomach. With purulent gastritis, the walls of the stomach begin to thicken due to the mucous and submucosal layer, and extensive fibrinous deposits develop. Along with acute phlegmonous gastritis, perigastritis and peritonitis, which are life-threatening, can occur.

Acute gastritis occurs due to a number of negative factors:

• Alcohol abuse.
• Poisoning with acids, alkalis and other toxic substances.
• Allergy to certain foods, reaction to junk food.
• Regular intake of drugs containing acid, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin and others.
• Consequence of severe heart disease, liver or kidney failure, burns, injuries, operations, critical conditions.
• In rare cases, the negative factor is the bacterium Helicobacter pylori.
• Viral infections, especially in patients with HIV, staphylococcal infection and others.
• Exposure to radiation in large doses.

Attacks of chronic gastritis

Chronic gastritis is a condition in which repeated inflammation of the gastric mucosa occurs due to negative factors. Inflammation of the mucous membrane can be primary and secondary. With low acidity, atrophic chronic gastritis can occur. It is characterized by disruption of the gastric glands, decreased production of gastric juice and the formation of benign tumors on the walls of the mucosa.

Chronic gastritis can appear at any time, especially after eating the wrong food, alcohol, nervous tension and other loads. When an attack of gastritis occurs as a result of eating a large amount of food, strong feeling pressure and heaviness in the stomach. The pulse becomes frequent, blood pressure drops, and breathing quickens. Swelling can be seen in the epigastric region. When palpating the stomach area and turning the patient on his side, a loud splashing sound is heard in the stomach.

Symptoms of an attack are:

• weakness;
• loss of appetite, especially for those foods that caused gastritis;
• severe attack of vomiting.

After pain in the stomach, nausea and vomiting, heaviness in the stomach and acute pain occur. Vomiting becomes frequent and painful, with pain and even cramps if the vomiting is severe and leads to dehydration. Vomit may be mixed with bile and blood clots if bleeding has started in the stomach. In this case, urgent hospitalization is necessary.

Frequent secretion of gastric juice, which occurs due to the consumption of alcoholic beverages, leads to significant excretion of sodium chloride along with vomiting, which can cause severe malaise and convulsions. Severe headaches and dizziness are observed.

Atrophic gastritis

Atrophic gastritis is a severe form of chronic gastritis, which often leads to stomach cancer. This disease is characterized by the occurrence of atrophic changes in the gastric mucosa and a decrease in the secretion of gastric juice, as well as a reduction in the number of glands.

The cause of atrophic gastritis has not yet been established by doctors. The gastric mucosa can be destroyed due to mechanical and chemical damage, from poor nutrition, with the abuse of spicy, salty and sour, fibrous foods, as well as in the presence of the Helicobacter pylori bacteria. Both men and women are susceptible to this disease.

Atrophic gastritis can have varying degrees and locations of gastric damage and is divided into several types:

• diffuse atrophic gastritis;
• atrophic antaral gastritis;
• diffuse gastritis;
• hyperplastic atrophic gastritis;
• atopic focal atrophic gastritis.

At the initial stage of the disease, the symptoms of atrophic gastritis are similar to those of gastritis with low acidity. The process of cell destruction begins in the body and at the bottom of the stomach, which contains cells that produce hydrochloric acid and enzymes involved in digestion, as well as the protein necessary for the stomach to absorb vitamin B12. Therefore, the first symptoms may appear as B12 deficiency anemia, which often causes misdiagnosis. Painful sensations are practically not manifested; the patient is bothered by heaviness in the stomach after eating, a feeling of fullness in the stomach.

During the development of atrophic gastritis, symptoms such as belching with air after eating, which over time acquires a bitter taste, may appear; heartburn, dry mouth, rumbling stomach, intestinal upset, constipation and diarrhea. General state The patient's condition worsens: appetite decreases, the person quickly loses weight, weakness and dizziness often occur after eating. You may experience shortness of breath and stabbing pain in the chest area.

Gastritis during pregnancy

Gastritis during pregnancy is a fairly common phenomenon due to the specific course of fetal development. Women with chronic gastritis often experience vomiting during pregnancy - early toxicosis, which lasts up to 14-17 weeks. This disease is not a contraindication to pregnancy and does not affect the development of the child. The pregnancy proceeds without complications and childbirth proceeds normally.

Exacerbation of gastritis during pregnancy occurs due to a number of reasons: chronic infectious diseases, endocrine changes in the body, hormonal changes, lack of iron and other vitamins in the body of the expectant mother.

Symptoms of gastritis during pregnancy

There are no special symptoms of gastritis during pregnancy, since the disease progresses differently. In most cases, the following symptoms may occur:

• pain in the solar plexus area;
• nausea, belching;
• vomiting and unpleasant taste in the mouth;
• intestinal disorder;
• at reduced level hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice, frequent stool disorders in the form of diarrhea or constipation.

With increased secretion of gastric juice, gastritis during pregnancy manifests itself in the form of pain in the upper abdomen, which recurs. They can occur in the epigastric region, in the right hypochondrium or near the navel. Pain occurs after eating or after eating spicy, fatty or smoked foods. Pain may occur between meals, on an empty stomach, or at night. It can be aching, strong or barely noticeable. If the acidity of gastric juice is increased, the pain is more severe than if it is low.

Gastritis in children

Gastritis in children occurs at the age of 3-6 years, when the child is often susceptible to infections and viral diseases, and at the age of 10-13 years, when the body enters a state of puberty and is often exposed to stress and emotional experiences.

The development of acute gastritis in children can be caused by various drugs containing acid, antibiotics. This disease is also transmitted genetically. In many cases, gastritis can be caused by the bacteria Helicobacter pylori. Nutrition plays an equally important role. Improper diet and unhealthy foods containing large amounts of sugar, salt, and fat can cause gastritis in children. This includes sugary carbonated drinks and juices, chips, sweets, cookies containing large amounts of unhealthy fats and food additives.

As a rule, the signs of gastritis in children appear clearly and are easy to notice. Very often, the symptoms of gastritis in children are similar to food poisoning:

• fever and increased temperature;
• nervous condition, insomnia, crying for no reason;
• pale skin, blue circles under the eyes;
• loss of appetite, abdominal pain;
• the formation of plaque on the tongue of different colors;
• dry mouth or increased salivation;
• belching;
• nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.

A severe form is corrosive gastritis in children due to chemical poisoning, which is characterized by severe burning pain in the stomach and when swallowing, constant vomiting mixed with mucus, blood and tissue fragments. It is dangerous because it can be fatal. With chronic gastritis, the child develops general weakness, apathy, loss of appetite, intestinal upset, belching after eating, severe weight loss.

Treatment of gastritis

Treatment of gastritis depends on the form of the disease. In case of acute gastritis, you need to rinse the stomach with a solution until it is completely clear of food. During the day, fasting is necessary; you can drink warm tea, a decoction of rose hips, chamomile, mint, plantain, yarrow, oats, and still mineral water. The diet should be light and gentle, you can eat soups in the form of puree, omelettes, soft cereals, soufflés from dietary meat and fish, jelly. After a while, you can introduce some dry bread, boiled vegetables, and dairy products into your diet, and after a week return to your normal diet. During gastritis, cerucal tablets or motilium help with nausea and vomiting.

How to treat gastritis? For each type of disease, special medications are prescribed. To relieve severe pain, the patient takes platyphylline and papaverine. Antibacterial drugs are prescribed only when severe infections who are treated under supervision, so you cannot prescribe medications yourself. If Helicobacter is identified as the cause of gastritis, special treatment, aimed at destroying this bacterium.

Gastritis that occurs after taking acids or chemical substance, need to be treated only in hospital conditions, since it can cause complications in other organs. Gastritis associated with food allergies requires careful attention to nutrition and the exclusion of allergenic foods. In case of low or high acidity, the patient is prescribed drugs to normalize acid balance in the stomach. It is possible to take solutions and gels to relieve inflammation and coat the walls of the stomach.

Treatment of gastritis with drugs

Today, there are many drugs that can eliminate pain symptoms, reduce inflammation and restore mucous membranes. Medicines for gastritis can reduce or increase the acidity of gastric juice. The following drugs are used to reduce acidity:

• Almagel;
• phosphalugel;
• famotidine;
• ranitidine;
• platiphylline;
• astrin;
• gastropine;
• atropine;
• pyrene;
• rabeprazole;
• omeprazole

Their action is aimed at neutralizing gastric juice, which destroys the mucous membrane. Thanks to their properties, the secretion of hydrochloric acid is reduced and inflammation is relieved. In the treatment of gastritis, other drugs are also used that neutralize acid and do not produce carbon dioxide. Magnesium oxide is widely used - powder, which is taken 0.5-1 grams. It has a long-lasting effect and is often prescribed along with calcium carbonate, which is rarely used on its own.

Antacids should not be taken on an empty stomach, as their effect is short-lived. It is better to drink them after meals, as the effect of the medicine will increase to 3-4 hours. For gastritis, the patient is prescribed enveloping agents that protect the gastric walls from physical and chemical damage from food.

Most effective medicine for heartburn and gastritis is Almagel. This is a complex of antacid and enveloping agents, as well as painkillers. The drug should not be taken with water; after taking it, you should not drink water for an hour. You should lie on your side and turn every 1-2 minutes to distribute the medicine throughout the gastric mucosa. Almagel should be taken for 3-4 weeks. It should be taken into account that with long-term treatment with almagel, phosphorus is removed from the body in large quantities. Therefore, it is additionally necessary to take a mineral complex.

To restore the microflora of the stomach, enveloping agents are used, such as a decoction of flax seeds, White clay with water, smecta. They create an additional protective film and soothe inflammation. To normalize digestive processes in the stomach, enzyme-containing drugs are used:

• pancreatin;
• festal;
• mezim-forte;
• panzinorm;
• digestal.

To treat gastritis with low acidity, wormwood tincture, plantain juice, Swedish bitters, drug Apilak. They help increase appetite and secretion of gastric juice. To improve appetite, apilak is used, which is extracted from bees. royal jelly, taken an hour before meals. For better digestion of food, the patient is prescribed pepsin, pakkurmen and natural gastric juice. They help quickly break down foods, due to which the gastric mucosa is quickly restored and pain is eliminated.

If gastritis is caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, medications containing an antibiotic are used:

• omeprazole;
• pylorid;
• esomeprazole;
• tindazole;
• clarithromycin;
• amoxicillin.

The list of tablets for gastritis and stomach ulcers caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori includes Pilobact NEO and Clatinol. They include Omeprazole (Lanzoprazole), which promotes the release of hydrochloric acid and creates an optimal environment for the interaction of antimicrobial drugs. Clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that quickly fights Helicobacter pylori.

First aid for an attack of gastritis

During an attack of gastritis, it is necessary to immediately rinse the stomach to avoid complications. You need to prepare a saline solution: 2 tablespoons are diluted in 7-8 liters of warm water. Drink and induce vomiting. Then lie down and put a warm heating pad on your stomach. During the day, fasting is necessary; you can only drink water. On the second day you can have mashed potatoes in water, pureed porridge in water, white bread croutons. Drinks allowed are mineral water, weak tea, decoctions of chamomile, lemon balm, and yarrow.

If food poisoning occurs:

1) it is necessary to induce vomiting and rinse the stomach with alkaline or saline solution or regular warm water.

2) Then accept Activated carbon. depending on body weight, magnesium sulfate 15-30 g, diluted in a glass of warm water or castor oil.

3) Bed rest and rest are indicated.

4) It is necessary to exclude everything irritating factors and follow a strict diet.

First aid for gastritis, eliminate stomach pain using Baralgin 5 ml intramuscularly or intravenously, Analgin 50% 4-6 ml with Drotaverine or Papaverine 2-4 ml 2% solution, or with halidor (bencyclane) 2 ml 25% solution intramuscularly . You can administer Novocaine 0.25% up to 15 ml intravenously. Atropine is also used in a dose of s/c 1 mg (1 mg/amp) or 2-4 mg (2 mg/ampule) of Platiphylline.

Together with vomit, a large amount of fluid and gastric juice is lost. If severe weakness and rapid pulse occur, it is necessary to inject 1 ml of Cordiamine under the patient’s skin. Significant loss of fluid through vomiting leads to weakening of the body, so it is necessary to restore water balance injection of 500-1000 ml of saline solution under the skin.

If the patient is not taken to the hospital, after gastric lavage it is necessary to take:

• enveloping drugs: almagel, almag;
• astringent medications - vikalin, vikair.

You need to stay in bed, do not eat anything for 1-2 days, you are allowed to drink purified water and weak tea. If there is a suspicion of poisoning, take Nifuroxazide 1 measuring spoon every 6 hours or Intetrix 6-8 capsules up to 3-4 times a day, or Lidaprim 2 tablets 2 times a day, Chlorquinaldol 0.25 g 3 times a day day.

Treatment of gastritis during pregnancy

During pregnancy, the question of how to treat gastritis is acute, since you need to be extremely careful when choosing medications. Many drugs are prohibited as they can harm the development of the fetus. The main cause of the disease is the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, so the treatment of gastritis during pregnancy uses various antibacterial agents in complex.

Treatment of gastritis involves the use of special agents - inhibitors proton pump, but they are prescribed to pregnant women only in critical cases. Gastritis medications such as ranitidine bismuth citrate, a H2-hstaminergic receptor blocker that reduces the secretion of hydrochloric acid, are contraindicated during pregnancy and breastfeeding, as they have a negative effect on the child. To destroy the bacteria Helicobacter pylori, the antibiotics Amoxicillin and Clarithromycin are prescribed. Amoxicillin should be taken with caution; Clarithromycin is used in rare critical cases.

The antibiotic Metronidazole is contraindicated during pregnancy in the first trimester; it can be used in the last stages of fetal development if gastritis causes great harm for the mother. In most cases, antimicrobial drugs are not prescribed to pregnant women.

In the treatment of exacerbation of gastritis during pregnancy, agents are used to protect the gastric mucosa. These include antacids, which reduce the increased production of gastric juice and the content of hydrochloric acid. Pregnant women are allowed to take medications based on magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate. However, it is not recommended to use them often and only with a doctor’s prescription. May be assigned vitamin complexes, since iron deficiency anemia and other types of vitamin deficiency often occur.

Many women do not know what to do during gastritis during pregnancy if severe pain occurs. In this case, you need to take medications - antispasmodics. These include Drotaverine, which should not be taken in the first trimester, but should be taken with caution the rest of the time. To improve gastric motility, the drug Metoclopramide is used, which is prohibited from being taken in the first trimester, but can be used in the remaining trimesters if the condition is critical.

Traditional methods of treating gastritis

Among the folk remedies for gastritis, fresh juices from vegetables, decoctions of herbs, oats and flax, tinctures of honey and propolis are primarily distinguished. They have an anti-inflammatory and healing effect on the walls of the stomach, soothe pain and increase appetite.

How to treat gastritis using traditional methods

The treatment of gastritis with the help of oats has proven itself well. Take one glass of oats and fill it with a liter of water. You need to leave for 12 hours, then cook for half an hour. Cooked oats should be wrapped in a blanket and left for 12 hours, then strain. Take half a glass of the resulting decoction on an empty stomach.

Another effective folk method treatment for gastritis is aloe, which has a wound-healing and soothing effect on the stomach. This plant is an excellent antiseptic. You need to squeeze the juice out of aloe leaves and take 2 tablespoons twice a day on an empty stomach. Aloe juice can be mixed with red wine or honey. To do this, take 200 grams of aloe juice and honey and two glasses of wine, mix and place in a dark place for two weeks. The resulting mixture should be consumed one spoon three times a day before meals.

In the treatment of gastritis, sea buckthorn oil is used, which has a healing and enveloping effect. It is good to use for gastritis with high acidity, to reduce stomach acidity and relieve inflammation. Sea buckthorn oil should be consumed one teaspoon half an hour before meals, three times a day.

Propolis has a positive effect due to its beneficial properties. It is used in the form of medicines and in in kind. For gastritis, it is recommended to take propolis tincture. You need to take 10 grams of propolis powder and 100 grams of alcohol, mix and shake for half an hour. Leave for three days, then shake again, refrigerate for two hours and clean with a paper filter before use.

Many recipes for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract contain plantain. An infusion and fresh juice from the leaves are prepared from it. To prepare the infusion, you need to take one tablespoon of dry leaves, chop them and steam with a glass hot water. Leave for 10 minutes, strain and consume within an hour in small sips. To make juice, you need to wash the leaves well, chop, mash and squeeze out the juice. Then mix it with the same amount of honey and cook for 20 minutes. You need to drink the mixture 2-3 tablespoons per day. The mixture should be stored in a glass container in a cool place.

Folk remedies for gastritis include the use of clay externally and internally. To use, you need to dilute 1 teaspoon of white clay in one glass of water. The mixture should be drunk twice a day before meals, 1 glass, for 3 weeks. Then you need to take a break for ten days and repeat the course of treatment again. You can make lotions from white clay and apply them to the area of ​​pain. The lotion should be applied in a thin layer and wait until it dries. Then gradually increase the thickness of the lotion and the heating time.

Potato juice for gastritis

For gastritis, potato juice alleviates unpleasant symptoms, as it has laxative, antimicrobial, regenerating, analgesic, antispasmodic, wound healing and anti-inflammatory properties. With its help, constipation is eliminated, gastric motility improves, appetite increases, heartburn and pain symptoms in the stomach and intestines go away.

To make potato juice, you need to take fresh tubers, in summer or autumn. The tubers need to be peeled and the juice extracted using a juicer or a grater and gauze. The juice should be drunk immediately as it spoils within 10 minutes. You need to drink potato juice for gastritis immediately after cooking; you cannot store it, as it spoils and loses everything beneficial features. Most useful varieties pink ones are considered: “American”, “morning rose” and others.

Flax for gastritis

How to brew flax seeds

For gastritis, flax seeds can be consumed fresh or boiled.

To prepare a decoction of flax seeds for gastritis you need:

1) Take 3 tablespoons of the seed and brew with a glass of boiling water;

2) Cover with a lid, wrap well and leave to infuse overnight;

3) Take the decoction on an empty stomach 20 minutes before meals;

4) First, drink half a glass of the broth, drink the rest throughout the day;

5) The course of treatment with the decoction is a month, even if you do not feel pain in the stomach.

The decoction must be prepared fresh every day. Flax decoction consists of viscous mucus that envelops the walls of the stomach and eliminates the inflammatory process.

An effective remedy in the fight against gastritis is flax seed porridge. To do this, you need to cook flax porridge, boil it well so that there is more mucus. Eat porridge every morning for a month. The seeds can be sprinkled on other dishes, or crushed in a blender and added to yoghurts, cottage cheese, and drinks.

Flax helps well with heartburn and bitterness in the mouth, which often accompany gastritis. Grind the seeds to get one tablespoon. Brew them in boiling water and consume them before meals twice a day.

When treating gastritis, flax seeds can be mixed with other medicinal plants. IN equal parts take flax seed, chamomile flowers, volodushka, tansy flowers, bearberry leaves, thyme herb, coriander. Grind and mix. Take two tablespoons of the resulting mixture and pour two glasses of boiling water, brew overnight. You need to drink the infusion one third of a glass a day before meals for 2 months. Jelly made from flax seeds will be useful for the stomach, which can be consumed before meals or on its own between meals. It creates a thin film in the stomach cavity, protects it from mechanical damage, and also contains a large amount of mucopolysaccharides.

Prevention of gastritis

Measures to prevent gastritis include adherence to the diet and quality of nutrition, limitation of physical and emotional stress. Avoid the consumption of alcohol, carbonated and sweet artificial drinks, and any food irritants. Smoking is prohibited during treatment and smoking should be limited afterwards so as not to cause a relapse.

Diet for gastritis

Meals for gastritis should be divided into 5 small portions. For gastritis with low or normal acidity, a diet consisting of vegetable and cereal soups in low-fat broth is suitable, low-fat varieties lightly fried or boiled meat, low-fat fish, fermented milk products, not fresh bread white or black, homemade crackers, boiled and raw fruits and vegetables, milk, boiled eggs, omelettes, boiled and soft cereals, vegetable and fruit juices, a little butter, coffee, tea, cocoa and sugar.

For gastritis, honey can be included in the diet in combination with other drugs as a therapeutic component. Honey can be consumed 3-4 times, but not more than 150 grams per day. It is used in its natural form, as well as in the form of a solution in warm water. One tablespoon of honey is diluted in a glass of warm water. The course of treatment can be two months, depending on the patient's condition. Honey is used in combination with medicinal plants, nuts and propolis.

Menu for gastritis with increased function gastric secretion should be such that the secretion of hydrochloric acid is normalized. It is prohibited to fry foods; boiling or baking is permitted. The diet can include milk, yogurt, kefir, low-fat cheese, low-fat cottage cheese, yogurt, boiled or steamed eggs, lean boiled meat and fish. Vegetables must be boiled and mashed before they can be eaten fresh salad, onion, dill. The bread should be dry, you can use crackers. You can include dietary sausages, low-fat hams and hams in your diet. You can eat smoked, but lean fish. It is better to cook soups with vegetables, with the addition of cereals and pasta; heavy broths are not recommended.

For gastritis with high stomach acidity, it is recommended to include in the diet various cereals that need to be cooked for a long time. You can use butter, ghee and any vegetable oil. Hot sauces should be excluded; you can prepare sauces based on milk or cream. Spices should be limited, except cinnamon and bay leaf. You are allowed to drink weak tea, cocoa and coffee.

What should you not eat if you have gastritis? You should exclude from your diet fresh pastries and fresh bread, rich rolls and cakes, hard cheeses, sour bread like Borodino, legumes, thick noodles, fatty fish and meats, fried and refined foods, canned foods, spices, cabbage, turnips, radishes. , onions, thick-skinned fruits, especially grapes, lard, full-fat dairy products, sweets and chocolate.

The size of emerging benign neoplasms can range from a few millimeters to 3 cm in diameter. In the hypertrophic form of gastritis of the stomach, the level of secretion of digestive juice is reduced, but mucus, on the contrary, is sharply increased. This disease does not belong to the list of rare ones. Its symptoms can occur in people from various segments of the population, regardless of age.

Types of hypertrophic disease

Gastritis in this form is classified by specialists according to the nature of deformation changes in the mucous membrane. The following types are distinguished:

1. Hypertrophic granular. Characterized by cystic growths of various sizes.

2. Giant gastritis or Menetrier's disease - the formation of large folds in the gastric mucosa. It can also be divided into several forms, depending on the manifestation and symptoms: pseudo-tumor, asymptomatic and dyspeptic.

3. Warty - neoplasms appear on the surface of the stomach, resembling skin warts in appearance.

4. Polypous – formation of polyps on the wall.

Neoplasms can be localized either one at a time or grow in groups. Despite the differences in forms and symptoms, treatment for each type of gastritis will be almost the same.

In order to decide on a treatment method, a specialist doctor needs to at least approximately determine the culprits of gastritis. Various factors can contribute to the formation of inflammation of the gastric mucosa:

• Activity of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori.
• Reverse release of bile (reflux). Causes chemical burns to the stomach and provokes inflammatory and tumor-forming processes.
• Hypertrophic gastritis, like any other, can form due to poor nutrition, lack of a routine and a balanced menu.
• A sharp increase in the level of stomach acidity, which occurs as a result of long-term treatment with certain groups of medications, abuse of alcohol or spices.
• Emotional stress, stress.

Symptoms and signs

Hypertrophic gastritis can occur in both adults and children. The earlier the disease is noticed and diagnosed, the easier it will be to treat. Doctors urge you to pay attention to the following signs and symptoms:

1. pain, discomfort, coming with periodicity, “cutting” attacks;

2. for hypertrophic gastritis with increased level the formation of hydrochloric acid is characteristic of heartburn;

3. heaviness in the stomach, feeling of fullness;

4. reduced acidity can cause increased gas formation;

5. hypersalivation (uncontrolled salivation), nausea, vomiting;

6. loss of appetite;

7. significant weight loss of the patient;

8. the patient assumes a forced body position to reduce discomfort and pain syndrome;

9. diarrhea or, conversely, constipation;

10. Eating causes an exacerbation discomfort, the patient complains of heaviness after eating.

Before starting treatment, a gastroenterologist determines the presence of inflammation in the stomach using several examination methods:

1. Initial examination of the patient, which consists of collecting information about the signs of the disease and symptoms that the patient complains about. The doctor asks to inform him about the presence of chronic diseases.

• Examination of the mucous membranes and assessment of the condition of the skin.
• Feeling (palpation) of the abdomen. Pain from pressure occurs in the epigastric region.

2. Determination of acidity level. The study is carried out using a special probe inserted into the stomach through the mouth, collecting bile.

3. Biopsy - taking a small piece of tissue from the mucous membrane of the stomach to analyze its condition on cellular level.

4. Acid test – carried out if probing is impossible for some reason. The patient is given 2 tablets of a special pharmaceutical to drink, after which several urine samples are taken throughout the day to study the acidity level in a hospital laboratory.

5. Determination of the presence of the bacterium Helicobacter - is carried out by several methods: laboratory analysis of stool, a respiratory test showing the presence of the microorganism through the remains of its activity in the exhaled diseased air and fibrogastroscopy - examination of the stomach using a camera located on the inserted probe.

Therapy methods

It is well treated in the initial stages, but not every patient turns to a specialist on time. It is important to remember that in no case should you try to eliminate gastritis in the hypertrophic form on your own, as this is fraught with aggravation of the disease and the appearance of complications, the most dangerous of which is oncology.

Treatment of gastritis consists of taking medications and following a diet. In especially severe cases, it will be prescribed surgery, which consists in removing the affected area of ​​the internal organ.

To eliminate symptoms and restore the activity of the gastrointestinal tract, the patient is prescribed:

• Antibacterial therapy (Clarithromycin, Klacid) - if the disease was caused by the activity of the Helicobacter bacterium.
• Enzyme preparations (Mezim, Festal). They help cure disruptions in the enzymatic functioning of the stomach and restore digestion processes.
• Animal or chemical substitutes for stomach contents (Abomin, Pepsin) in case of pathological absence of gastric juice.
• Enveloping agents (Almagel, Phosphalugel). They cover the surface of the stomach with a special mucous substance, reducing the traumatic effect of the external environment and accelerating the healing process.
• Astringents (Vicair, De-nol), which promote regeneration and reduce the severity of inflammation.

1. bitterness in the mouth, putrid odor;

2. frequent gastrointestinal disorders, alternating constipation with diarrhea;

3. fatigue, general lethargy;

In order to successfully cure hypertrophic disease, you need not only to take medications prescribed by your doctor on time, but also to follow a special gentle diet. The diet and nutritional standards will be as follows:

• Meals should be fractional, small (no more than 400 g) portions and very often. It is necessary to eliminate the possibility of hunger pain.
• For the first six months, food is taken only in boiled, liquid and pureed form. Afterwards you can switch to more solid products.
• The temperature of cooked foods should be medium; hot and cold foods are not allowed.
• Large amounts of salt and sugar are contraindicated. Spices, vinegar, sauces, preservatives, sweets, alcohol, fried food, fatty meat and fish, butter dough.
• Allowed are cereals boiled first in water, then in a mixture of milk and water, non-acidic vegetables and fruits without skin, white lean meat, lean beef, dried fruit compotes, weak teas, soft-boiled eggs, curdled milk, pureed omelettes, low-fat cottage cheese.
• It is obligatory to take mineral water (Essentuki, Borjomi). You need to take strictly one glass half an hour before meals.

• Balanced nutrition, preparation of a rational menu.
• Rejection of bad habits.
• Timely consultation with a doctor and treatment of chronic pathologies. For any symptoms of gastrointestinal dysfunction, it is recommended to consult a doctor.

One of the most common ailments is hypertrophic gastritis, as a result of which the gastric mucosa increases. This type of inflammation occurs in patients who suffered from catarrhal gastritis. Hypertrophic pathology can affect the bodies of both men and women, but representatives of the stronger sex are more often affected.

Description of the disease

Hypertrophic gastritis is a type of chronic inflammation that develops in the mucous membrane.

The incidence is increasing in medical practice, and patients of different age categories. Symptoms of the disease differ from those of other types of gastritis. Hypertrophy is understood as a gross deformation of the gastric mucosa, which is considered a kind of benign tumor. To prevent it from developing into a malignant formation, it is important to follow the doctor’s recommendations and remember to follow a diet. In addition, there are 3 main types of illness, on which the approach to treatment depends: granular gastritis, warty, polypous and Menetrier gastritis.

Features of hypertrophic gastritis of the stomach

With the development of hypertrophic gastritis, internal integumentary tissues, and this extends to the mucous membrane and muscle layer. The walls of the stomach are covered with folds, adenomas and cysts, the diameter of which sometimes reaches 30 mm. At the same time, a lot of mucus is produced in the organ, and hydrochloric acid is released less than normal. As a result, the patient's acidity level is greatly reduced. When the disease occurs, the patient develops pain in the upper abdomen, often accompanied by nausea or diarrhea. In this case, the exacerbation goes into remission, and vice versa.

Classification

There are several types of hypertrophic gastritis. The types are distributed according to characteristic forms: focal and diffuse (covering the entire membrane) type of distribution. Foci of pathology appear singly or numerously. IN in some cases group distribution of growths is possible. The acute phase of hypertrophic gastritis often appears even with a single exposure to irritants from the environment. According to the form they are distinguished:

1. Granular gastritis. This type is common among patients. Either one or several cysts appear. The mucous membrane of the stomach becomes granular.
2. Warty appearance. It differs in that the folds of the mucous membrane are covered with warty growths.
3. Polypous gastritis. The form is characterized by the formation of polyps on the inner layer of the stomach.
4. Gastritis Menetrier. This species is distinguished by the fact that the mucous membrane is covered with large folds. In this case, this type manifests itself: asymptomatic, pseudo-tumor-like, dyspeptic.

What are the reasons?

This disease develops due to several reasons, such as:

• hormonal imbalances leading to changes in the body;
• frequent abuse of alcoholic beverages, turning into permanent;
• incorrectly formulated diet;
• excess vitamins in the patient’s body;
• smoking, which damages organs and systems at the cellular level;
• genetic predisposition;
• permanent poisoning chemical compounds by swallowing liquids or inhaling harmful fumes;
• eating foods with preservatives, stale and low-quality food.

In addition to these reasons, the disease develops due to exposure to the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. In this case, this microorganism enters the stomach along with food. Moving through the gastric environment with the help of flagella, the bacterium attaches to the upper cells. A specific substance secreted by a microorganism can lead to irritation of the mucous membrane.

Symptoms and manifestations

This disease can develop at any age, but more often in patients 30-50 years old. At the same time, the following symptoms are characteristic of hypertrophic gastritis:

• pain in the upper abdomen with aching manifestations or in the form of exacerbations and cutting attacks;
• a feeling of heartburn, which is typical for patients with high acidity;
• nausea, vomiting and increased salivation;
• flatulence, which is accompanied by a feeling that the stomach is bursting;
• deterioration or complete loss of appetite;
• sudden weight loss, exhaustion of the body;
• broken stool.

Diagnostics

This disease cannot be seen during a general examination, so careful diagnosis is required to select treatment. An anamnesis of the disease is collected, the skin and visible areas of the mucous membrane are examined, the abdomen is palpated, during which pain begins in the upper part - the epigastrium. The acid level in the stomach is then determined. For this purpose, esophagofibrogastroduodenoscopy (EFGDS) is used, in which probing is performed digestive tract accompanied by the collection of bile. At the same time, a biopsy can be done, as a result of which the resulting material will be studied.

Sometimes there is a need for an acid test, in which a person takes a certain drug, after which urine is collected. The level of acidity in the urine is equal to that in the stomach. There are ways to identify the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, which include:

• analysis of stool, which determines the antigen of the microorganism in humans;
• a respiratory test allows you to determine what percentage of bacterial waste products is in the patient’s body;
• fibrogastroscopy, in which the mucous membrane is examined using a device that visualizes its condition.

Treatment of pathology

Mild focal form is treated on an outpatient basis. Acute stage the disease requires symptomatic therapy. Treatment of hypertrophic gastritis is possible as folk remedies, strict diet therapy, and medication (antibiotics, antacids). In particular difficult situations resort to surgical intervention (abdominal, laparoscopy).

Drug treatment

To reduce pain and neutralize inflammation in the stomach, medications are used - antacids, which can reduce the production of hydrochloric acid, while providing a protective effect on the inflamed areas of the mucous membrane. Antacids are available in the form of gel, syrup or tablets. They contain aluminum, calcium, bismuth salt and magnesium. Such a remedy can neutralize acidity in the stomach with tissue restoration at the cellular level. Antacids can reduce the activity of Helicobacter pylori. Additionally, antibiotics are used to combat bacteria.

Folk remedies

To treat the hypertrophic form of gastritis, folk remedies are used. But you need to be careful because misuse provokes changes in other organs. Treatment with such methods should begin only after consultation with a doctor, who will take into account the individual characteristics of the person. If the patient has an increased level of acidity, then decoctions of St. John's wort, yarrow and chamomile will help him. If desired, nettle herb can be added instead of yarrow. With low acidity, fresh cabbage juice, which should be at room temperature, helps perfectly.

Pathology surgery

Surgery is a last resort option for treating hypertrophic gastritis and is used when conventional remedies do not help. During surgery, growths on the mucous membrane are removed or partial resection is performed in the gastric area. Various techniques and instruments for abdominal surgery and laparoscopy are used.

Nutrition

Important in medical complex the patient's food remains. After surgery, the patient should eat only pureed foods for six months. The food should be at room temperature - warm, but not hot or cold. The patient is prohibited from consuming chocolate, sausages, alcohol, sausages, canned food, spicy, flour, salty foods, lard, and mushrooms. The food consumed by the patient must be boiled, without adding spices or fat.

Prognosis and prevention

The disease varies in duration, so a person needs to be patient. In addition, it is important to follow the prescribed diet and take medications. If the patient does not adhere to the recommendations, complications may develop, for example, gastric bleeding. If a person wants to prevent the development of the disease, he should remember about prevention - quitting smoking and alcoholic beverages, complete diet nutrition. It is important to treat diseases associated with the gastrointestinal tract in a timely manner.

Conclusion

Hypertrophic gastritis is a serious disease that requires a long and complex treatment.

Pathology has specific symptoms, which makes it different from other ailments. In addition, there are a number of factors that cause the development of the disease. We are talking about poor diet, bad habits, and genetic predisposition.

There are several types of the disease: granular gastritis, warty, polypous or Menetrier gastritis. The disease has focal character or may spread to the entire stomach.

Hypertrophic gastritis

Hypertrophic gastritis is one of the forms of chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa, characterized by pathological growth of the mucosa, the formation of cysts and polyps on it. This form of gastritis has become very common in recent years, and is increasingly being diagnosed in people of different ages.

Types of hypertrophic gastritis

Depending on the type of deformation of the gastric mucosa, the following types of hypertrophic gastritis are distinguished:

• Ménétrier's disease is characterized by the identification of huge folds in the gastric mucosa. It is divided into 3 forms: dyspeptic, pseudo-tumor and asymptomatic.
• Granular form - when diagnosing a cyst on the mucous membrane.
• Warty hypertrophic gastritis - characterized by the identification of warts on the surface of the gastric mucosa.
• Polypous gastritis - when polyps are detected on the mucous membrane.

Growths on the mucous membrane can be single or multiple. Sometimes hypertrophies are located in groups.

Reasons for the development of gastritis

To help a sick person and prescribe adequate treatment, the doctor must first of all determine the cause of gastritis. Let's consider the most common causes of the development of the inflammatory process in the stomach.

Bacteria Helicobacter pylori

Today, doctors consider the bacterium Helicobacter pylori to be one of the main causes of the development of the inflammatory process in the stomach. This statement is only half true. According to statistics, 90% of the population has this bacterium in their gastric juice, but not all of these people suffer from gastritis. From this we can conclude that Helicobacter pylori itself does not cause an inflammatory process in the stomach, but is only a predisposing factor to the development of pathology.

The bacterium enters the body with poor-quality food and, thanks to its flagella, moves freely throughout the stomach. Having reached the mucous membrane, Helicobacter pylori attaches to the surface of the cells. During its life, the bacterium begins to actively secrete a substance that increases the acidity of the stomach, which in turn greatly irritates the mucous membrane. The mucous membrane, in response to the irritant, begins to actively produce gastrin, a substance that stimulates the production of hydrochloric acid. Gastric juice becomes more aggressive for the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, and the Helicobacter bacterium, on the contrary, thrives in this environment and further stimulates the cells of the organ to produce hydrochloric acid and pepsin.

Reflux

This reason for the development of the inflammatory process in the stomach is associated with a violation of the movement of stomach contents through the digestive canal. With reflux, a person experiences reflux of the contents of the duodenum back into the stomach. The main danger to the gastric mucosa is bile, which has the ability to dissolve the protective layer of mucus on the inner surface of the stomach, thereby allowing hydrochloric acid to cause severe chemical burns in the stomach. With this pathology, gastritis begins to develop rapidly.

One of common reasons the development of gastritis is increased nervousness and emotional instability of a person. Due to constant mental stress, a person’s autonomic nervous system is disrupted, which can provoke the development of diseases of many organs and systems, including the digestive canal.

No power mode

Today, dietary disturbances play a major and leading role in the development of diseases of the digestive tract. Both malnutrition and overeating have a negative effect on the body. Great value has the composition daily ration and adherence to diet. People who skip full meals in favor of snacking are much more likely to develop gastritis.

Increased stomach acidity

On an empty stomach, the acidity of the stomach is approximately 1.5-3.0 pH. This is a fairly acidic environment that does not allow pathogenic microflora to multiply and release their waste products. Frequent stress, neglect of full meals, abuse of spices, spicy foods, herbs and strong coffee, as well as taking certain medications can cause pathological increase the level of acidity in the stomach, which is a direct path to the development of gastritis.

Hypertrophic gastritis most often occurs in people between 30 and 50 years old, but there have been cases where this disease was detected in young children. The main symptoms of this disease are:

• aching pain in the epigastric region, sometimes with periods of exacerbation and cutting attacks;
• heartburn ( this symptom characteristic of hypertrophic gastritis with high acidity or reflux gastritis);
• nausea, increased salivation and vomiting;
• flatulence and feeling of fullness in the stomach;
• loss of appetite, sometimes to its complete absence;
• weight loss of the patient;
• stool disorders;
• heaviness and discomfort associated with meals.

Diagnosis of hypertrophic gastritis

A general examination of the patient does not reveal visible signs of inflammation of the gastric mucosa and the presence of hypertrophic areas in it. However, sometimes the clinical signs of gastritis can manifest themselves so intensely that the patient is forced to take a certain position in order to minimize pain. The initial examination of the patient includes:

• collection of medical history,
• visual examination of the skin and visible mucous membranes,
• palpation of the abdomen.

As a rule, with gastritis, pain when pressing on the abdomen is localized in the epigastric region.

A mandatory test when diagnosing gastritis in a patient is to determine the level of stomach acidity. This can be done in several ways, but most often gastroenterologists use endoscopy (esophagofibrogastroduodenoscopy). This study is characterized by probing the stomach and duodenum, followed by bile sampling. If necessary, during EGD the patient can undergo a parallel biopsy (pinch off a particle of mucosal growth) for the purpose of histological examination of the resulting material.

If for some reason it is impossible to carry out probing, then the patient is prescribed an acidotest. This test is as follows: the patient is recommended to take 2 tablets special drug and after a certain time, conduct several urine samples. Urine acidity, which is determined in a laboratory setting, can roughly indicate the level of stomach acidity.

Detection of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori

In modern gastroenterology, there are several ways to identify the Helicobacter bacteria:

• Stool analysis - using special laboratory research determines the antigen of the Helicobacter bacterium in the body.
• Respiratory test - the patient is given a drug with labeled carbon atoms. After a certain time, the patient is asked to breathe into a special apparatus that detects increased content in the exhaled air the waste products of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori.
• Fibrogastroscopy – characterized by examination of the gastric mucosa using special apparatus with an optical system at the end. When a fiber gastroscope is inserted into the stomach, an image of the mucous membrane is displayed on the monitor screen. In addition to the possibility of visually assessing the condition of the gastric mucosa, gastric juice can be collected for further examination in the laboratory.

Treatment of hypertrophic gastritis

With a mild form of the disease, treatment in an outpatient clinic is possible. In the acute period of gastritis, the patient is prescribed symptomatic therapy. To reduce pain and neutralize the inflammatory process in the stomach, drugs are prescribed that help reduce the production of hydrochloric acid and have a protective effect on the affected mucous membrane. These drugs include antacids and proton pump blockers (medicines that block receptors responsible for the production of enzymes and hydrochloric acid).

Antacids are available in the form of gels, tablets or syrups that contain large amounts of aluminum, calcium, bismuth salts and magnesium. Once on the gastric mucosa, such drugs neutralize the increased acidity in the stomach, enveloping the entire surface, so that the cells of the organ can recover. In addition, antacids help reduce the pathological activity of the Helicobacter pylori bacterium. If Helicobacter bacteria are detected, the patient must be prescribed a course of antibiotic therapy.

If conservative treatment methods are ineffective and gastritis progresses, the question arises of surgical removal of growths from the mucous membrane or partial resection of the stomach.

A prerequisite for the treatment of hypertrophic gastritis is the patient's compliance with a special gentle diet.

With hypertrophic gastritis, the principle of fractional and frequent meals(5-6 times a day in small portions). On average, the weight of a portion taken at a time should not exceed 400 grams. Patients with this form of gastritis need food rich in proteins. Many patients after surgery completely refuse to eat, since most of them have a fear of pain.

During the first 6 months after gastric surgery, the patient should eat only pureed food. Special attention The temperature of the food consumed is also paid to – the dishes should not be too hot or cold so that the body does not spend additional resources on cooling or heating it.

The following products are contraindicated: chocolate, coffee and strong black tea, alcoholic beverages, sausage, sausages, grapes, fish and canned meat, hot seasonings and spices, sour cream, black bread, lard, pork, mushrooms, fatty fish, pastry products, fresh bread.

Recommended: ground cereal soups, non-acidic cottage cheese, curdled milk, low-fat and mild cheese, boiled turkey, rabbit, chicken without skin and fat, lean beef (in the form of cutlets), low-fat fish, day-old white bread, dried fruit compotes, jelly, oatmeal, soft-boiled eggs (no more than 1 piece per day), steamed egg white omelette.

Despite the fact that gastroenterologists recommend that patients consume fermented milk products, during periods of exacerbation of gastritis you should not drink kefir. This drink is quite acidic and can further irritate the injured gastric mucosa. It is better to replace kefir with fermented baked milk or cream.

An apple is a very useful product for gastritis. This fruit is rich in pectin, which improves the functioning of the entire digestive tract. During an exacerbation, it is better to eat an apple baked.

Also, for gastritis, gastroenterologists recommend drinking milk with a spoonful of honey added to it. This remedy is great for gastritis with high acidity levels. An important condition is to drink the drink warm, preferably before bed. Milk reduces the acidity of the stomach and coats the mucous membrane, and honey, thanks to its microelements and vitamins, has an anti-inflammatory effect on the body as a whole.

Forecast

The course of hypertrophic gastritis can be long-term and will require a lot of endurance from the patient and compliance with all medical recommendations. During the treatment period, periods of stable remission and exacerbations of the inflammatory process are possible. Very often, doctors observe the transition of hypertrophic gastritis to an atrophic form. Also, in some cases, complications in the form of gastric bleeding are possible.

Prevention of hypertrophic gastritis

Prevention of gastritis is as follows:

• nutritious and balanced nutrition;
• rejection of bad habits;
• timely treatment of pathologies of the digestive tract.

Remember that it is better to prevent any disease than to treat it. If you suspect a stomach disease, do not hesitate to contact a gastroenterologist.

Hypertrophic gastritis

Gastritis is a stomach disease characterized by inflammation of the organ lining. The disease exhibits a number of varieties, including hypertrophic gastritis. This type of disease develops mainly in chronic gastritis and is characterized by pathological growth of the gastric mucosa, with the appearance of cysts and neoplasms. Recently, a growing number of people, regardless of age, suffer from this form of the disease.

Hypertrophic gastritis is divided into types depending on the nature of the deformation of the gastric tissue.

1. Menetrier's disease - large folds appear on the epithelium of the stomach. The species is conventionally divided into dyspeptic, asymptomatic, and pseudotumor forms of the disease. The species is also called giant.
2. The hypertrophic granular type is considered common and is characterized by the presence of cysts on the walls of the stomach.
3. The polypous form occurs with polyps on the mucous membrane.
4. The hypertrophic wart type is distinguished by the presence of warts in the stomach.

Neoplasms that arise on the gastric mucosa can be single or multiple.

Separately, it is worth mentioning the diffuse type of gastritis, the development of which gradually leads to cancer of such an important organ in digestion. Initially, inflammation of the gastric epithelium occurs, quickly developing into chronic inflammation. With absence prescribed treatment glandular atrophy is observed. Gradual cell death occurs digestive organ. The diffuse type of gastritis, like other varieties, occurs in acute or chronic form.

A classification of diffuse gastritis has been developed: subatrophic, obstructive gastritis, superficial. With the obstructive diffuse variant, an inflammatory process is observed that spreads throughout the stomach as a whole.

Causes of hypertrophic gastritis

If a person becomes ill, the causes of the illness are determined. Gastritis is no exception. Establishing the cause is required to prescribe correct and effective treatment.

1. The bacterium Helicobacter pylori is recognized the main reason the appearance of inflammation on the walls of the stomach. The type of bacterium was found even in healthy people who do not suffer from gastritis. Consequently, Helicobacter provokes an inflammatory process only in the presence of disease-promoting factors. The microbe penetrates the human body, reaching the stomach, attaches to the surface of the mucous membrane and begins to take root and multiply. As a result, a substance is released that increases the acidic environment of the stomach. The mucous membrane suffers and becomes irritated, releasing another substance called gastrin in response. As a result, the digestive fluid becomes the main source of irritation and inflammation of the epithelial tissue of the stomach due to too much high level of hydrochloric acid.

Reasons for increased acidity:

• Stressful situations.
• Poor nutrition, including abuse of foods harmful to the stomach, alcohol, smoking, and spices.
• Taking medications that can cause acidity pathology in the hollow organ.
• Frequent consumption of strong coffee.

Symptoms of hypertrophic gastritis

Chronic hypertrophic gastritis most often affects the adult population. Unfortunately, sometimes signs of the disease appear in young children. The symptoms of this type are similar to the symptoms of other varieties. A distinctive quality is asymptomaticity at the first stages of the disease. Concealed in secrecy main danger hypertrophic gastritis. The pathology is often mistaken for poisoning. The acute stage of the disease is detected already in the first hours.

1. Severe pain, sometimes cutting in nature, occurring in the stomach area.
2. Heartburn is always observed with a hypertrophic type of inflammation with high acidity, with gastritis caused by reflux.
3. Attacks of nausea with increased salivation, sometimes vomiting.
4. Sharp and obvious loss of body weight of the patient.
5. Lack of appetite.
6. Constant heaviness in the stomach, especially after eating.
7. Disruptions in intestinal activity, manifested in problems with stool.
8. Weakness and lethargy are often observed in gastroenterology patients.
9. Flatulence and bloating.
10. Stomach bleeding.
11. Facial swelling is often characteristic of hypertrophic gastritis.

Diagnostics

To make a correct diagnosis, measures are taken, the first is an initial examination with palpation. During palpation, in the presence of gastritis, characteristic pain appears in the stomach area. The doctor examines the condition of the skin and mucous membranes.

Gastric juice must be examined to determine the level of acidity. A common and effective way to detect the disease is the procedure of esophagofibrogastroduodenoscopy, when the stomach and duodenum are probed. A biopsy may be performed if necessary.

After undergoing the necessary procedures and tests that reveal the overall picture of the ailment, the doctor will determine correct diagnosis. Antral gastritis is often detected, characterized by inflammation of the antrum - the part of the stomach located at the border of the transition to the duodenum.

A type of antral gastritis is erosive; during the development of the disease, ulcers and erosions form on a large part of the gastric mucosa, affecting deep tissue stomach. The erosive type requires careful, complex and long-term treatment.

Treatment of hypertrophic gastritis

The treatment of gastritis is taken seriously; if you suspect the disease, you will need to visit a gastroenterologist. The doctor will examine the patient and prescribe appropriate treatment.

Unfortunately, no remedy has been found that can completely relieve hypertrophic gastritis. They provide only a list of rules and recommendations, compliance with which is considered vital for the patient. It is possible to prevent further progression of the disease, which can lead to serious consequences.

Therapy for hypertrophic inflammation of the gastric mucosa is lengthy and requires a lot of patience.

Drug therapy involves taking medications: festal, mezim, pepsin, de-nol and other astringent and enveloping drugs, plus agents that replace the composition of gastric juice.

In the absence of a positive result, a gastric resection procedure is often performed, excising the affected area.

It is important to combine drug treatment with special diet which involves avoiding harmful foods. It is necessary to cross out the consumption of alcoholic beverages and smoking cigarettes. Habits have a detrimental effect on internal organs, including the human digestive system.

The patient needs to be provided with the opportunity to get proper rest, without causing stressful situations. It is important to eat food correctly and according to the schedule.

Traditional methods

Traditional medicine and herbal medicine will help in the treatment of hypertrophic gastritis. Recipes should vary and correspond to increased or decreased acidity in the stomach environment. The following herbs are considered effective: dandelion, calamus, plantain, chamomile, wormwood. Flax seed, which has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, enveloping and other effects, is widely used in the treatment of various types of diseases of the indicated hollow organ of the gastrointestinal tract.

Diet

When the first signs of hypertrophic gastritis occur, the first thing you need to do is adjust the menu and switch to proper nutrition, excluding fried, spicy, and over-salted foods. Fatty, smoked, sweet and foods that can irritate the inflamed gastric mucosa should be avoided. This includes drinking strong coffee, highly carbonated and alcoholic drinks. Neglect of diet therapy leads to serious complications, leading to stomach cancer.

Dishes for the sick must be prepared from fresh ingredients and served in pureed form to make it easier for the stomach to digest food. Better to comply exact time for food, the diet has a beneficial effect on the restoration of epithelial tissue of the affected organ.

Gastritis, like any disease, is easier and faster to treat with initial stages development. Neglect is unacceptable own health if warning signs and symptoms are observed.

Gastric hypertension is a disease in which the tone of the organ is increased, and cramps occur in the stomach, which makes it difficult for food to pass from it into the duodenum.

General concept

With hypertension, the stomach does not stretch well and cannot do this completely. Most often this is a secondary symptom, but primary hypertension can also occur. How secondary disease A hypertensive attack can occur in the following cases:

• the onset of vitamin B1 deficiency due to gastric or renal colic;
• heavy metal poisoning (zinc, lead);
• gastritis that arose due to nervousness;
• peptic ulcer;
• long-term advanced inflammation in the pelvic organ in a woman;
• formation of adhesions in the pelvic cavity;
• hysteria.

Hypertension is characterized by the fact that gas bubble shortens and becomes wide, the wave during peristalsis is deeper than usual. The stomach takes on a horn-like shape (the upper and lower parts are disproportionate).

Causes

A hypertensive attack of the stomach occurs against the background of increased tone in the muscles of the organ. Causes of hypertension:

• stressful situations;
• swallowing air;
• disturbance of gastric motility;
• diseases of the digestive system;
• organ neuroses;
• hypocalcemia;
• insufficient number of parathyroid glands;
• general human neurosis;
• smoking (nicotine negatively affects the muscle tone of the organ);
• excessive physical activity;
• overwork.

Local hypertension can be triggered by a peptic ulcer of the stomach, pyloric spasms due to peptic ulcer of the pylorus or duodenum.

Symptoms of hypertension in the stomach

Symptoms of gastric hypertension occur against the background of defects in peristalsis. Symptoms of the disease are most often mild. Mostly they are similar to the signs of a peptic ulcer:

• pain in the abdominal cavity;
• pain may periodically worsen, especially during times of stress or strong emotions;
• nausea;
• gagging.

Since a hypertensive attack is most often secondary, its symptoms are justified by the underlying disease.

Diagnostics

When conducting x-ray examination hypertonic fluid lingers inside for a long time in the upper part. It can be seen that a spasm occurs in the pylorus, the festoon frequency is symmetrical, the folds are thickened, the size of the stomach is larger than usual. Smooth muscle tone is reduced. If a disease occurs against the background of impaired peristalsis, a comprehensive diagnosis is carried out, which can determine the primary problem. Possible diagnostic procedures for hypertension:

• general blood and urine analysis;
• ultrasound diagnostics;
• biochemical laboratory tests;
• endoscopic examinations (gastroscopy, colonoscopy, etc.);
• MRI and others.

Treatment

Therapy of hypertension requires special therapeutic and preventive nutrition. It could be the only treatment if hypertension is caused by a psycho-emotional state. If during the examination it was found that a hypertensive attack develops against the background of another disease of the gastrointestinal tract, complex therapy for the underlying disease is prescribed.

Gastritis is a stomach disease characterized by inflammation of the organ lining. The disease exhibits a number of varieties, including hypertrophic gastritis. This type of disease develops predominantly with and is characterized by pathological growth of the gastric mucosa, with the appearance of cysts and neoplasms. Recently, a growing number of people, regardless of age, suffer from this form of the disease.

Hypertrophic gastritis is divided into types depending on the nature of the deformation of the gastric tissue.

1. Menetrier's disease - large folds appear on the epithelium of the stomach. The species is conventionally divided into dyspeptic, asymptomatic, and pseudotumor forms of the disease. The species is also called giant.
2. The hypertrophic granular type is considered common and is characterized by the presence of cysts on the walls of the stomach.
3. The polypous form occurs with polyps on the mucous membrane.
4. The hypertrophic wart type is distinguished by the presence of warts in the stomach.

Neoplasms that arise on the gastric mucosa can be single or multiple.

Separately, it is worth mentioning the diffuse type of gastritis, the development of which gradually leads to cancer of such an important organ in digestion. Initially, inflammation of the gastric epithelium occurs, quickly developing into chronic inflammation. In the absence of proper treatment, glandular atrophy occurs. There is a gradual death of cells of the digestive organ. , like other varieties, occurs in acute or chronic form.

Symptoms of hypertrophic gastritis

Chronic hypertrophic gastritis most often affects the adult population. Unfortunately, sometimes signs of the disease appear in young children. The symptoms of this type are similar to the symptoms of other varieties. A distinctive quality is asymptomaticity at the first stages of the disease. The main danger of hypertrophic gastritis lies in secrecy. The pathology is often mistaken for poisoning. The acute stage of the disease is detected already in the first hours.

1. Severe pain, sometimes cutting in nature, occurring in the stomach area.
2. Heartburn is always observed with a hypertrophic type of inflammation with high acidity, with gastritis caused by reflux.
3. Attacks of nausea with increased salivation, sometimes vomiting.
4. Sharp and obvious loss of body weight of the patient.
5. Lack of appetite.
6. Constant heaviness in the stomach, especially after eating.
7. Disruptions in intestinal activity, manifested in problems with stool.
8. Weakness and lethargy are often observed in gastroenterology patients.
9. Flatulence and bloating.
10. Stomach bleeding.
11. Facial swelling is often characteristic of hypertrophic gastritis.

Diagnostics

To make a correct diagnosis, measures are taken, the first is an initial examination with palpation. During palpation, in the presence of gastritis, characteristic pain appears in the stomach area. The doctor examines the condition of the skin and mucous membranes.

Gastric juice must be examined to determine the level of acidity. A common and effective way to detect the disease is the procedure of esophagofibrogastroduodenoscopy, when the stomach and duodenum are probed. A biopsy may be performed if necessary.

After undergoing the necessary procedures and tests that reveal the overall picture of the ailment, the doctor will establish the correct diagnosis. It is often detected, characterized by inflammation of the antrum - the part of the stomach located at the border of the transition to the duodenum.

A type of antral gastritis is erosive; during the development of the disease, ulcers and erosions form on a large part of the gastric mucosa, affecting the deep tissues of the stomach. The erosive type requires careful, complex and long-term treatment.

Treatment of hypertrophic gastritis

The treatment of gastritis is taken seriously; if you suspect the disease, you will need to visit a gastroenterologist. The doctor will examine the patient and prescribe appropriate treatment.

Unfortunately, no remedy has been found that can completely relieve hypertrophic gastritis. They provide only a list of rules and recommendations, compliance with which is considered vital for the patient. It is possible to prevent further progression of the disease, which can lead to serious consequences.

Therapy for hypertrophic inflammation of the gastric mucosa is lengthy and requires a lot of patience.

Drug therapy involves taking medications: festal, mezim, pepsin, de-nol and other astringent and enveloping drugs, plus agents that replace the composition of gastric juice.

In the absence of a positive result, a gastric resection procedure is often performed, excising the affected area.

It is important to combine drug treatment with a special diet that involves avoiding harmful foods. It is necessary to cross out the consumption of alcoholic beverages and smoking cigarettes. Habits have a detrimental effect on internal organs, including the human digestive system.

The patient needs to be provided with the opportunity to have proper rest, without stressful situations. It is important to eat food correctly and according to the schedule.

Traditional methods

Traditional medicine and herbal medicine will help in the treatment of hypertrophic gastritis. Recipes should vary and correspond to increased or decreased acidity in the stomach environment. The following herbs are considered effective: dandelion, calamus, plantain, chamomile, wormwood. Flax seed, which has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, enveloping and other effects, is widely used in the treatment of various types of diseases of the indicated hollow organ of the gastrointestinal tract.

Diet

When the first signs of hypertrophic gastritis occur, the first thing you need to do is adjust the menu and switch to proper nutrition, excluding fried, spicy, and over-salted foods. Fatty, smoked, sweet and foods that can irritate the inflamed gastric mucosa should be avoided. This includes drinking strong coffee, highly carbonated and alcoholic drinks. Neglect of diet therapy leads to serious complications, leading to stomach cancer.

Dishes for the sick must be prepared from fresh ingredients and served in pureed form to make it easier for the stomach to digest food. It is better to observe a specific time for eating; the diet has a beneficial effect on the restoration of epithelial tissue of the affected organ.

Gastritis, like any disease, is easier and faster to treat in the initial stages of development. It is unacceptable to neglect your own health if warning signs and symptoms are observed.

The inner surface of the stomach is lined with tissue, which is characterized by constant cell renewal. Any disruption of the surface layer of the mucous membrane activates cell reproduction and accelerates their movement to the site of damage. Original cellular composition is being restored.

Atrophic gastritis is a long-term, recurrent chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa. During illness, the physiological renewal of cells on the mucosal surface is disrupted, and a restructuring of its constituent parts occurs. Due to the long course of structural disorders, the gastric glands lose the ability to fully function. The process of producing secretions (pepsin, acid), gastric motility, and digestive processes in the intestines are disrupted. Intestinal metaplasia of the mucous environment is formed - replacement of the gastric glands with intestinal epithelial tissue.

Atrophic gastritis is the leading background precursor oncological diseases stomach. A high risk of cancer formation is noted in those who suffer from pathology from youth.

Reasons for the development of atrophic gastritis

Gastritis of the atrophic type is formed by internal and external factors. The leading causes of the development of the disease are as follows:

• disorders of the mucous surface of an autoimmune nature – 10% of pathologies, type of gastritis – A;
• infection of the gastric mucosa with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori – 85% of cases, type of gastritis – B;
• duodenogastric reflux - reflux of the contents of the duodenum into the stomach cavity and the damaging effects of bile acids, lysolecithin on the mucous surface - 5% of cases, type of gastritis - C.

Helicobacter pylori (Helicobacter pylori) is an unusual bacterium. It survives in the acidic environment of the stomach and actively progresses in it. The microorganism produces urease, a medium that reduces the aggressiveness of hydrochloric acid produced by gastric juice. A neutral environment is formed around each bacterial cell, preserving the infectious agent. Colonization of microorganisms on the mucous membrane damages epithelial tissue and develops inflammation in the submucosal layer. Internal superficial gastritis recurs and becomes a chronic process.

A good acid background for the active activity of Helicobacter pylori is a value from 3.0 to 6.0. Therefore, the pathogen resides in the antrum (lower) part of the stomach, which passes into the duodenum. If acidity increases, the pathogen moves to the duodenum. If the acidity decreases, the bacterium migrates to the body and fundus of the stomach.

Atrophy of the mucous surface is also developed by autoimmune disorders: to the parietal cells of the glands that produce gastric secretions, the immune system produces antibodies. This destroys the cells of the mucous surface, and atrophic gastritis of the autoimmune type is formed.

The formation of duodenogastric reflux is associated with incomplete closure of the sphincter at the pyloric opening, chronic inflammation duodenum, increased pressure in it. Reflux gastritis leads to damage to the inner surface of the stomach by bile acids, their salts, pancreatic enzymes, lysolecithin and others. constituent components contents of the small intestine.

Reflux gastritis is also called “chemical-toxic gastritis.” The pathology develops with the constant use of certain medications (mainly non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and chemicals.
There are other circumstances that provoke the formation of atrophic gastritis:

• mental disorders;
• violations of the principles of healthy eating - irregular rhythm, oversaturation, swallowing large pieces, increased consumption of hot, spicy foods, coffee, monotonous diet;
• smoking, alcohol abuse;
• long-term treatment with drugs that provide harmful effects on the inner lining of the stomach - acetylsalicylic acid and its derivatives, glucocorticosteroid prednisolone, drugs based on digitalis and others;
• chemical agents;
• radiation;
• infectious diseases of a chronic nature - tuberculosis, cholecystitis, infections of the oral cavity, nasopharynx and others;
• chronic obstructive, pulmonary emphysema, bronchial;
• diseases associated with work impairment endocrine glands– bronze disease, decreased thyroid function, Itsenko-Cushing’s disease, Basedow’s disease;
• metabolic disorders - excess weight, gout, ;
• diseases leading to oxygen starvation gastric mucosa, pulmonary failure, heart failure;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• self-poisoning – retention of toxic products due to kidney failure – uremia;
• heredity.

The occurrence and development of atrophic gastritis is associated with the multiple influence of various unfavorable circumstances.

Diagnosis of the disease

The diagnosis of “atrophic gastritis” is made based on the results of the examination:

1. symptoms of illness;
2. study of secretion production;
3. X-ray examination of the organ;
4. information obtained during examination with an endoscope;
5. checking for the presence of Helicobacter pylori infection;
6. histological analysis of biological tissue.

The main method for establishing a diagnosis is EGDS (esophagogastroduodenoscopy). Examination with a probe makes it possible to see the condition of the mucous surface, take biological tissue to detect Helicobacter pylori, and confirm the diagnosis. With atrophic gastritis, the mucous membrane becomes thinner, has a pale grayish color, the size of the folds decreases, and with the strong development of the atrophic process, the folds almost disappear completely.

Symptoms and treatment in women

Atrophic gastritis is manifested by local and systemic disorders body work.
Local disorders are manifested by signs of indigestion (dyspepsia):

• a feeling of heaviness, pressure, fullness in the stomach area (under the chest), which arises and increases during meals and some time later;
• nausea, belching;
• unpleasant taste in the mouth;
• burning in the stomach;
• burning in the esophageal tube, confirming the reflux of stomach contents into the tube, disruption of the passage of the food bolus.

The named symptoms appear in some forms of gastritis of the antrum of the stomach, developing disorders of food movement, increased pressure inside the stomach, increased reflux of its contents into the lumen of the esophageal tube and a corresponding exacerbation of the named clinical signs pathology.

Atrophic gastritis of the middle part of the stomach is notified by a feeling of heaviness under the chest, under the ribs, which appears when eating, and soon after it.
In patients with infectious Helicobacter-associated gastritis, which has been ongoing for a long time with an increase in the production of gastric secretions, it is possible clinical symptoms intestinal dysfunction. This is a violation of the emptying process: lack of stool, diarrhea, unstable rhythm of bowel movements, flatulence, rumbling.
Allergic gastritis occurs with the following symptoms:

• constant ;
• intolerance to certain foods, medications;
• pain in the abdominal area;
• feeling of nausea, vomiting;
• weight loss;
• increased number of eosinophils (eosinophilia).

Systemic disorders occur with the following symptom complexes:

1. Asthenic (neurotic) syndrome – general weakness, unstable mental condition, disorders of the cardiovascular system (feeling of compression in the heart, irregular heart rate, instability blood pressure with a predominance of its decrease).
2. Gastritis in the stage of insufficient secretion production forms a complex of symptoms similar to dumping syndrome (accelerated movement of stomach contents into the intestines without proper digestion): severe weakness, disturbance of the rhythm of bowel movements, sweating occurring after eating, hiccups, pallor, drowsiness, quick feeling of fullness.
3. Gastritis of the middle part of the stomach with the simultaneous formation of B12-deficiency anemia is characterized by a constant feeling of fatigue and lethargy. The patient loses interest in life, his vitality decreases. It hurts and burns in the mouth, on the tongue, there are sensitivity disorders that occur simultaneously in the arms and legs and are expressed in burning, tingling, and a crawling sensation.
4. Antral infectious (Helicobacter) gastritis, which occurs with excessive secretion production, is manifested by a complex of symptoms similar to peptic ulcer disease, since the patient develops this pathology: vomiting, pain characteristic of an ulcer.

There are also signs such as weight loss, symptoms of vitamin deficiency - seizures, excessive thickening of the stratum corneum of the epidermis, brittle hair and nails.

Therapy of atrophic gastritis

An exacerbation of the disease requires adherence to a diet with restrictions that apply only during this period. After the onset of remission, it is necessary to eat nutritiously. Patients with suppressed, low secretion production of the gastric glands adhere to a regimen of their stimulation in the diet.
For any gastritis, the following foods are prohibited:

• alcoholic drinks, coffee, carbonated drinks;
• canning, spices, smoked foods;
• fried, fatty, spiced foods;
• surrogates, concentrates of any products;
• chocolate;
• fast food - fast food;
• baked goods;
• products that stimulate fermentation - black bread, dairy products, grapes.

You need to eat a little, but often - 5 - 6 times a day. The diet is balanced, varied, and not limited exclusively to cereals and broths. It is important to have enough protein in your diet.

Treatment of atrophic gastritis type A (autoimmune)

At the initial stage of the disease, as it progresses, if the stomach produces secretions, but the immune processes are deeply disturbed, the patient is prescribed glucocorticosteroids hormonal drugs. If painful symptoms do not bother you (in remission), there is no need for treatment.

If the production of glandular secretions decreases, the patient is prescribed diet No. 2 according to Pevzner (see Table 1), a combination of natural gastric juice preparations with drugs that improve the motor activity of the lower part of the stomach, accelerating its emptying - Motilium, Motilak.
Table 1

When anemia associated with vitamin B12 deficiency develops, this vitamin is prescribed for treatment. With reduced production of pancreatic juice, patients take Creon, Pancreatin, Panzinorm.

Treatment of atrophic gastritis type B (Helicobacter) with high acidity

Treatment of type B gastritis is aimed at eliminating the causative agent of the infection. Clinical recommendations from World Health Organization specialists call first-line anti-Helicobacter drugs metronidazole (tinidazole), clarithromycin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, de-nol.
The types of main antisecretory drugs are listed in Table 2.
table 2

A month and a half after completion of the course of therapy, a follow-up examination is carried out. If the treatment did not completely eliminate the infection, the sensitivity of Helicobacter pylori to antimicrobial drugs is determined to prescribe a second course.

Treatment of atrophic gastritis type C (reflux gastritis)

The diagnostic conclusion “reflux gastritis” is given to several groups of patients:

• those who have had part of their stomach removed;
• treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs;
• patients with chronic alcoholism who have developed reflux gastritis.

Treatment is focused on eliminating the main causes of the disease: restoring the motor activity of the digestive tract, removing excess bile acids. Proton pump inhibitors, dopamine receptor blockers (Domperidone), and ursodeoxycholic acid are prescribed.
When treating symptoms of the disease, the following is prescribed:

• diet;
• drugs that activate intestinal motility - prokinetics;
• drugs that restore the movement of contents through the intestines;
• silicon-containing drugs that prevent the accumulation of gases;
• medications that normalize stool if there is a tendency to delay bowel movements.

When prescribing medications for the treatment of atrophic gastritis, the phase of the disease, its type, and the characteristics of the stomach - secretion, motility, evacuation of contents - are taken into account.

In severe cases of exacerbation of the pathology - severe pain, profound disruption of the stomach, weight loss - the patient is hospitalized. Staying under medical supervision is also necessary if there is a risk of bleeding from erosions or if it is difficult to make a diagnosis.