List the groups in the plant kingdom. Biology at the Lyceum. Department of Plauno prominent

Bryophytes- These are mainly perennial plants, usually undersized, their sizes range from a millimeter to several centimeters.
Mosses are distinguished by the comparative simplicity of their internal organization. Assimilation tissue can be found in their body, as well as conductive, mechanical, storage and integumentary tissues that are weakly expressed compared to other higher plants. There are no real roots, mosses are attached to the soil with thin filamentous outgrowths (unicellular or multicellular) - rhizoids. Representatives: cuckoo flax (green mosses), sphagnum (peat mosses).
Bryophyte dioecious and monoecious are known. In dioecious female and male gametophytes are located on different plants, for example, cuckoo flax, in monoecious - on one.

Department of Plauno prominent

The appearance of club mosses is attributed to the Silurian period of the Paleozoic era. These plants, like mosses, are descended from psilophytes.
These are perennial herbaceous plants. The roots are adventitious, moving away from the stem creeping along the ground. The leaves are small, of various shapes (subulate, oval, subulate, etc.), arranged alternately, oppositely or whorled.
Vegetative propagation in club mosses occurs due to the death of old sections of shoots and rhizomes. Asexual reproduction is also carried out by spores that germinate and give rise to bisexual gametophytes, which bear antheridia - male genital organs and archegonia - female genital organs.

Department of Horsetails

Horsetails are also descended from psilophytes. These are perennial herbaceous plants with a well-developed underground stem - a rhizome from which adventitious roots extend. Unlike other higher spores, horsetails are characterized by segmented shoots.
On the stem are whorls of leaves. The leaves are of stem origin - these are highly modified lateral branches.
In the spring, shoots grow on the rhizomes, which end in spore-bearing spikelets. Here, spores are formed in sporangia - asexual generation. Mature spores spill out of the sporangia and, germinating in favorable conditions, form heterosexual gametophytes - the sexual generation. Fertilization occurs in the presence of drip-liquid moisture. From the fertilized egg, the asexual generation of horsetail, the sporophyte, develops again.

Division Ferns

Ferns, or ferns, are descended from psilophytes. In the life cycle, as in all higher plants, except for bryophytes, the diploid sporophyte phase predominates. The sporophyte is usually perennial. In common ferns in temperate forests, the stem is short, located in the soil and is a rhizome.
The stem has a well-developed conductive tissue, between the bundles of which there are cells of the parenchymal tissue. Leaves grow from rhizome buds and spread out above the soil surface. They have apical growth and reach large sizes. In most cases, leaves combine two functions - photosynthesis and sporulation.
On the lower surface of the leaf, sporangia develop, in which haploid spores are formed. Under favorable conditions, the spore germinates, and a small plate is formed from it - the outgrowth (gametophyte). The gametophyte of ferns is bisexual; female (archegonia) and male (antheridia) reproductive organs are formed on it, where eggs and spermatozoa are formed, respectively. Fertilization occurs in drop-liquid moisture. The embryo develops from the zygote, after its rooting, the outgrowth dies. The embryo develops into a sporophyte. Ferns are also characterized by vegetative propagation through special buds.

Department Gymnosperms

Gymnosperms include about 700 species of trees and shrubs that reproduce by seed. Gymnosperms arose in the Devonian period of the Paleozoic era from primary heterosporous ferns.
The Gymnosperms department includes several classes, of which the Coniferous class is the most common. Almost all types of conifers are represented by tree forms (pine, spruce, fir, larch, etc.).
In the stem, in a transverse section, thin bark, well-developed wood and a poorly expressed core are distinguished. In old trunks, the core is barely visible. The wood of gymnosperms is simpler than that of flowering plants, it consists mainly of vessels - tracheids. There is very little or no parenchyma in the wood. Many species in the bark and wood have resin channels filled with resin, essential oils and other substances.
The leaves of most conifers are hard, needle-like (needles) and do not fall off during the unfavorable season. They are covered with thick-walled skin, the stomata are immersed in the leaf tissue, which reduces the evaporation of water. Coniferous leaves produce special substances - phytoncides, which have bactericidal properties.
Reproduction of conifers, for example, pines, occurs as follows. Pine is a bisexual wind-pollinated plant. Two types of cones are formed on the tops of young stems - male and female. The male cones have an axis to which the scales are attached. There are two anthers on the scales, where pollen grains develop. The female cone also consists of an axis on which the seed flakes are located. On the surface of the scales of female cones are two ovules. In each ovule, the megaspore divides into four cells; one develops into a female gametophyte. Each gametophyte contains one egg. A pollen grain containing four microspores falls on the ovule, one of the microspores germinates and forms a pollen tube, and two sperm are formed from the other. One of the sperm enters the ovule through the pollen tube and fertilizes the egg. The embryo develops from the zygote. The seed with a supply of nutrients (endosperm) is covered with protective shells.

Department Angiosperms (Flowering) plants

Angiosperms are the most perfect and most numerous group of the modern plant world.
Flowering plants originated from a group of extinct algae, which gave rise to seed ferns. Thus, gymnosperms and angiosperms are parallel branches of evolution, having a common ancestor, but then evolving independently of each other. Remains of the first flowering plants are found in early spruce deposits.
The morphological diversity of flowering plants is very high. The structure of vegetative and generative organs in them reaches the greatest complexity, tissues are characterized by a high degree of specialization.
Flowering - the only group of plants capable of forming complex multi-tiered communities.
The angiosperm division is divided into two classes - Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous.
Class Monocots. The name of the class "monocots" is due to the fact that in the embryo of the seed there is one cotyledon. Monocots differ significantly from dicots in the following ways: 1) fibrous root system, the root has a primary structure (there is no cambium in it); 2) the leaves are mostly simple, entire, with arcuate or parallel venation; 3) conducting bundles in the stem are closed, scattered throughout the thickness of the stem.
Family Cereals (over 6 thousand species). Biology of the family: herbaceous plants (with the exception of bamboo). Stems simple, sometimes branched, cylindrical or flattened, separated by nodes. Most plants are hollow at the internodes, filled with tissue only at the nodes. Such a stem is called a culm. The leaves are linear or lanceolate, with a sheath at the base. At the point of transition of the vagina into the plate there is an outgrowth - a tongue, the shape of which is a sign in the determination of cereals. The flowers are yellowish-green, small, collected in spikelets, which form an ear, brush, panicle. At the base of each spikelet, two spikelet scales are attached to cover the spikelet. There are 2-5 flowers in a spikelet. Perianth consists of two floral scales, two films. The bisexual flower contains three stamens and a pistil with two feathery stigmas. In some cases, there are 1-6 spikelet and flower scales, 2-6, rarely 40 stamens. The fruit is a caryopsis (nut or berry). Economic importance: 1. Wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn, rice, sorghum, mogar, sugar cane - grain, industrial crops (sugar, alcohol, beer are obtained from them). 2. Fescue, bluegrass, timothy - forage grasses.
3. Reed, bamboo. The stems are used in construction, to obtain paper, as fuel. Cereals are widely used for fixing sands, slopes, in decorative floriculture.
4. Creeping wheatgrass, wild oats, bristles, barnyard - weeds.
Liliaceae family(about 2800 species). Biology of the family: one-, two- and perennial herbs, shrubs, shrubs and trees. Perennial grasses are characterized by the presence of bulbs or rhizomes. Flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual. Perianth mostly corolla-shaped, sometimes calyx-shaped, of free or incompletely fused leaves. The number of stamens corresponds to the number of tepals. One pestle. The fruit is a three-celled capsule or berry. Economic importance: 1. Onion, garlic, asparagus - vegetables. 2. Lily of the valley, aloe, hellebore - raw materials for medicines. 3. Lily, lily of the valley, tulip, hyacinth - ornamental crops.
Class Dicotyledonous. A systematic sign of dicots is the presence of two cotyledons in the embryo. Distinctive features of dicots are as follows: 1) the root system is pivotal, with developed lateral roots; 2) the root and stem have a secondary structure, there is a cambium; 3) vascular-fibrous bundles of the stem of an open type, located concentrically; 4) leaves, both simple and compound; 5) flowers of five- and four-membered type; 6) the endosperm in mature seeds is well expressed in a number of species: nightshade, umbrella, etc. But in legumes, composites and others (for example, peas, beans, sunflowers) it is poorly developed or completely absent, and reserve nutrients are located directly in the cotyledons of the embryo.
Rosaceae family(about 3 thousand species). Biology of the family: common in countries with subtropical and temperate climates. Very diverse in the structure of the flower, inflorescences, fruits and leaves. A characteristic feature is the peculiar structure of the gynoecium and receptacle. The latter tends to grow. In some plant species, the parts of the flower that surround the pistil grow together at the base and form a fleshy cup, the hypanthium, with the fused receptacle. Flowers with a double five-membered perianth, many stamens, they are arranged in a circle (their number is a multiple of 5), one or more pistils. Ovary superior, inferior or middle. The fruits are drupes, nuts, often false or prefabricated. Insect pollinated plants. Economic importance: 1. Rosehip. Fruits contain a lot of vitamin C, 1-8% sugar, up to 2% starch, 1-5% nitrogenous substances. The roots are rich in tannins. They are used in the food (drugs) and perfume industries. 2. Roses (polyanthus, tea), raspberry, strawberry, apple tree, pear, mountain ash, plum, cherry, apricot, peach, almond - ornamental crops, used in food, perfumery, pharmacological industries.
Legume family(about 12 thousand species). Biology of the family: stems erect, curly, creeping. The leaves are compound, with stipules. The structure of the flower is typical: a calyx of 5 sepals (3 + 2), a corolla of 5 petals (rear - sail, two side - oars, two lower, fused in the upper part - boat). Stamens 10 (of which 9 grow together and form an open tube). One pestle. Ovary superior, unilocular. The fruit is a bean. Pollinated by insects. The economic importance of the representatives of the family (astragalus, camel's thorn - shrub, vetch, peas, clover, alfalfa, beans, soybeans, lupins): food, fodder, melliferous, ornamental plants. Thanks to nodule bacteria - green manure. Food and feed qualities are reduced due to the high concentration of glycosides (glycyrrhizin, coumarin, ononin) and alkaloids (cytisine, spartein). They play a significant role in the formation of vegetation cover.
Solanaceae family(about 2200 species). Biology of the family: herbs, less often shrubs, shrubs. The leaves are alternate, without stipules, simple, with a whole or dissected plate. Flowers regular or irregular. Corolla sympetalous, tubular. 5 stamens are attached to the corolla tube. Pistil one with an upper two-celled ovary, which contains numerous seed rudiments. Flowers are bisexual. Insect pollinated plants. The fruit is a berry or capsule (rarely drupe-shaped). Most nightshades contain poisonous alkaloids, which are used in small doses to obtain medicines. Economic importance: 1. Nightshade (black nightshade). Citric acid, drugs are obtained from the leaves, tobacco oil is obtained from tobacco seeds. 2. Potatoes, eggplants, tomatoes, peppers. Used in the food industry. 3. Belladonna (beauty), scopolia, dope, black henbane - medicinal plants.
Cruciferous family(about 2 thousand species). Biology of the family: one-, two-, perennial herbs, shrubs with regular leaves, sometimes collected in a rosette. The flowers are bisexual, collected in racemose inflorescences. Perianth double, four-membered. The sepals and petals are arranged crosswise. Stamens 6, 4 long, 2 short. One pestle. The fruit is a pod or pod. The seeds contain 15-49.5% oil. Economic importance: 1. Wild radish, colza, shepherd's purse, field mustard, jaundice - weeds. 2. Cabbage, radish, turnip, swede - garden crops. 3. Mustard, rapeseed
- oil crops. 4. Levkoy, night beauty, mattiola - ornamental plants.
Family Compositae(about 15 thousand species). Biology of the family: annual and perennial herbaceous plants, shrubs, shrubs, small trees. Leaves alternate or opposite, without stipules. A typical feature is the basket inflorescence. Individual flowers are located on the flat or convex bottom of the basket. The basket has a common wrapper consisting of modified apical leaves. Typical flowers are bisexual, with a lower ovary to which a modified calyx is attached; corolla reed, tubular, funnel-shaped; the color is white, blue, yellow, blue, etc. There are same-sex flowers (male or female), the outer flowers are often barren. There are 5 stamens, they grow together with dust particles into a tube, through which the style carrying the stigma passes. The fruit is an ordinary achene with a hairy tuft or membranous crown.
Cross-pollination or self-pollination. Economic value: 1. Lettuce, chicory, artichoke
-food crops. 2. Sunflower - oilseed. 3. Jerusalem artichoke - fodder crop. 4. Dandelion, wormwood, succession, yarrow, chamomile - medicinal plants. 5. Dahlias, marigolds, chrysanthemums - decorative plants. 6. Sow thistle, euphorbia, blue cornflower, creeping mustard
-weeds.

Combines living organisms with characteristic features. All of them are autotrophs, that is, they can carry out photosynthesis. Also, all representatives of the plant kingdom have dense cell walls, the basis of which is such organic matter as cellulose. Starch in plants is a reserve substance. Despite the fact that saprophytic plants and parasites are characterized by heterotrophic nutrition, they belong to the plant kingdom, since this type of nutrition is secondary. There are other characteristic features of representatives of the plant kingdom. These are certain life cycles, ways of laying organs, an immobile lifestyle, etc. Although the above features are not common to all groups of plants, their combination makes it possible to distinguish plants, especially highly organized ones, from all living organisms of other kingdoms. At the lowest level of development, plants can easily be confused with the simplest animals. The main distinguishing feature of plants at this level is the presence of chloroplasts and features of the cell structure.

Scheme. plant classification

The higher the level of organization of plants, the more clearly the differences between them and other living organisms are noticeable. The majority of highly organized plants have a too dissected body, which causes an increase in its surface for better absorption of gases and liquids from the surrounding space in order to further convert them into nutrients during photosynthesis. The presence of a large number of specialized body parts in higher plants became possible precisely due to the division and differentiation of the body. Most of the significant features of the structure of plants are due to the characteristics of their reproduction, development and type of settlement.

The classification and systematic categories of the plant kingdom have undergone changes since the middle of the 20th century. Until that time, all plants were divided into lower and higher. The lower ones included bacteria, fungi, algae, lichens and slime molds, and the higher ones included bryophytes, rhinium, lycopods, psilots, horsetails, gymnosperms, ferns and angiosperms. To date, in the systematics of plants, there are bacterial kingdom And mushroom kingdom separately from each other. Therefore, the group "lower plants" has sunk into oblivion. In modern taxonomy, the plant kingdom is divided into three sub-kingdoms: real algae , scarlet(red algae) and higher plants (embryonic). These three sub-kingdoms include all the 350,000 plant species that grow on Earth. They vary in size - from very small to huge plants. All representatives of the plant kingdom differ from each other in life forms (herbs, trees, shrubs), the duration of the period of life (perennial, annual, biennial), requirements for environmental conditions, and types of reproduction.

Departments of the plant kingdom

All plants are classified into major divisions of the plant kingdom. These are mosses, club mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, horsetails and angiosperms (flowering) plants. Representatives of the department of angiosperms (flowering) plants, in turn, are divided into two classes - dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous. Different types of plant reproduction determine their division into seed plants and spore-reproducing plants. Taking into account the requirements of plants for growing conditions, heat-loving plants and cold-resistant, shade-tolerant and light-loving, drought-resistant and moisture-loving plants are distinguished. Those plants whose habitat is water are called aquatic.

The importance of plants on Earth is enormous. It is the representatives of the plant kingdom that are the primary producers of organic substances. It has been proven that all the oxygen available in the atmosphere appeared due to the vital activity of plants, or rather, photosynthesis. Plant communities are the natural habitat of animals and humans, while providing them with food, including indirectly, participating in the formation of soil. Plants serve as raw materials for the production of various technological materials, fuels, building materials, and medicines. Some plant species have become cultivated and valuable foodstuffs are obtained from them.

1. What kingdoms of the organic world do you know?

Bacteria, fungi, plants, animals.

2. What main groups of plants do you know?

Algae, mosses, ferns, horsetails and club mosses, gymnosperms, flowering plants.

Questions

1. Why is plant classification necessary?

To make it easier to understand the whole variety of plants, they were divided into groups.

2. What units of taxonomy do you know and what do they serve?

Related species are combined into genera, genera - into families, families - into orders, orders - into classes, classes - into departments, departments - into kingdoms. These groups combine plants with similar characteristics.

3. What are the features of the species?

Plants belonging to the same species are not only similar in structure and life activity, but during sexual reproduction they can produce fertile offspring and occupy a certain territory.

4. What is a grade? What is its difference from the species?

A variety is a group of plants of the same species, created by man and possessing certain economic characteristics and properties. Unlike plants of different species, plants of different varieties can interbreed.

5. By what signs can monocots be distinguished from dicots?

Plants belonging to one or another class differ in the number of cotyledons of the embryo, in leaf venation, in the nature of the root system of young plants grown from seeds, in the structure of stems and flowers.

6. What are the main features in the allocation of plants into families?

Families of angiosperms. Families are also distinguished on the basis of a set of features. The most important of them are the structural features of the flower and fruit.

Think

Why, when determining which class a plant belongs to, it is impossible to take into account only one trait?

However, it is not always possible to determine to which class a plant should be assigned using only one external sign.

For example, the raven eye has leaves with reticulate venation, but the embryo has one cotyledon, so it is considered a monocot plant. Plantain has an arcuate venation of leaves, a fibrous root system, but it is classified as a dicotyledonous plant, since the embryo has two cotyledons.

Thus, to determine whether a flowering plant belongs to one of the classes, it is necessary to know all the features of this plant.

Tasks

Using figure 114, highlight the features characteristic of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants.

If a plant has an embryo with two cotyledons, reticulate leaf venation, a tap root system, vascular bundles in the stem are located in the center or in a circle, and the number of flower parts is a multiple of four or five, it is classified as dicotyledonous. The vascular bundles of dicots tend to have cambium, and the bark and pith are usually well differentiated.

If the embryo of a plant has one cotyledon, leaves with parallel or arcuate venation and a fibrous root system, vascular bundles in the stem are arranged “randomly”, and the number of flower parts is a multiple of three (3 sepals, 3 petals, 6 stamens), it belongs to the class of monocots. In monocots, vascular bundles are usually devoid of cambium. They do not have a clearly differentiated cortex and pith.

The plant kingdom is striking in its greatness and diversity. Wherever we go, in whatever corner of the planet we find ourselves, everywhere you can meet representatives of the plant world. Even the ice of the Arctic is no exception for their habitat. What is the plant kingdom? Its species are varied and numerous. What is the general characteristic of the plant kingdom? How can they be classified? Let's try to figure it out.

General characteristics of the plant kingdom

All living organisms can be divided into four kingdoms: plants, animals, fungi and bacteria.

The signs of the plant kingdom are as follows:

• are eukaryotes, that is, plant cells contain nuclei;
• they are autotrophs, that is, they form organic substances from inorganic organic substances in the process of photosynthesis due to the energy of sunlight;
• lead a relatively sedentary lifestyle;
• unlimited in growth throughout life;
• contain plastids and cell walls made of cellulose;
• starch is used as a reserve nutrient;
• the presence of chlorophyll.

Botanical classification of plants

The plant kingdom is divided into two sub-kingdoms:

• lower plants;
• higher plants.

Sub-kingdom "lower plants"

This sub-kingdom includes algae - the simplest in structure and the most ancient plants. However, the world of algae is very diverse and numerous.

Most of them live in or on water. But there are algae that grow in the soil, on trees, on rocks and even in ice.

The body of algae is a thallus or thallus, which has neither root nor shoots. Algae do not have organs and various tissues; they absorb substances (water and mineral salts) through the entire surface of the body.

The sub-kingdom "lower plants" consists of eleven divisions of algae.

Significance for humans: release oxygen; are used for food; used to obtain agar-agar; are used as fertilizers.

Sub-kingdom "higher plants"

Higher plants include organisms that have well-defined tissues, organs (vegetative: root and shoot, generative) and individual development (ontogenesis) of which is divided into embryonic (embryonic) and post-embryonic (post-embryonic) periods.

Higher plants are divided into two groups: spore and seed.

Spore plants spread by means of spores. Reproduction requires water. Seed plants are propagated by seeds. Reproduction does not require water.

Spore plants are divided into the following sections:

• bryophytes;
• lycopsid;
• horsetail;
• ferns.

Seeds are divided into the following departments:

• angiosperms;
• gymnosperms.

Let's consider them in more detail.

Department "bryophytes"

Bryophytes are undersized herbaceous plants whose body is divided into a stem and leaves, they have a kind of roots - rhizoids, the function of which is to absorb water and fix the plant in the soil. In addition to photosynthetic and basic tissue, mosses have no other tissues. Most mosses are perennials and only grow in damp places. Bryophytes are the oldest and simplest group. At the same time, they are quite diverse and numerous and are inferior in the number of species only to angiosperms. There are about 25 thousand of their species.

Bryophytes are divided into two classes - hepatic and leafy.

Liverworts are the most ancient mosses. Their body is a branched flat thallus. They live mainly in the tropics. Representatives of the liverworts: mosses merchantsia and riccia.

Leafy mosses have shoots that consist of stems and leaves. A typical representative is cuckoo flax moss.

Mosses can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Asexual can be either vegetative, when the plant reproduces by parts of stems, thallus or leaves, or spore. During sexual reproduction in mosses, special organs are formed in which immobile eggs and motile spermatozoa mature. Spermatozoa move through the water to the eggs and fertilize them. Then a box with spores grows on the plant, which, after maturation, crumble and spread over long distances.

Mosses prefer wet places, but they also grow in deserts, and on rocks, and in tundra, but they are not found in the seas and on highly saline soils, in loose sands and glaciers.

Significance for humans: peat is widely used as a fuel and fertilizer, as well as for the production of wax, paraffin, paints, paper, in construction it is used as a heat-insulating material.

Departments "lycosform", "horsetail" and "fern"

These three divisions of spore plants have a similar structure and reproduction, most of them grow in shady and humid places. Woody forms of these plants are very rare.

Ferns, club mosses and horsetails are ancient plants. 350 million years ago, they were large trees, it was they who made up the forests on the planet, in addition, they are the sources of coal deposits at the present time.

A few plant species of the fern-like, horsetail-like and club-like divisions that have survived to this day can be called living fossils.

Externally, different types of club mosses, horsetails and ferns are different from each other. But they are similar in internal structure and reproduction. They are more complex than bryophytes (they have more tissues in their structure), but simpler than seed plants. They belong to spore plants, since they all form spores. They can also reproduce both sexually and asexually.

The most ancient representatives of these groups are club mosses. Today, in coniferous forests, you can find club-shaped club moss.

Horsetails are found in the Northern Hemisphere, now they are represented only by herbs. Horsetails can be found in forests, swamps and meadows. The representative of horsetails is field horsetail, which usually grows on acidic soils.

Ferns are a fairly large group (about 12 thousand species). Among them there are both herbs and trees. They grow almost everywhere. Representatives of ferns are the ostrich and the common bracken.

Significance for humans: the ancient ferns gave us deposits of coal, which is used as fuel and valuable chemical raw materials; some species are used for food, used in medicine, used as fertilizers.

Department "angiosperms" (or "flowering")

Flowering plants are the most numerous and highly organized group of plants. There are more than 300 thousand species. This group makes up the bulk of the planet's vegetation cover. Almost all representatives of the plant world that surround us in everyday life, both wild and garden plants, are representatives of angiosperms. Among them you can find all life forms: trees, shrubs and grasses.

The main difference between angiosperms is that their seeds are covered with a fruit formed from the ovary of the pistil. The fruit is the protection of the seed and promotes their spread. Angiosperms form flowers - the organ of sexual reproduction. They are characterized by double fertilization.

Flowering plants dominate the vegetation cover as the most adapted to the modern conditions of life on our planet.

Value for the person: are used in food; release oxygen into the environment; are used as building materials, fuel; are used in the medical, food, perfume industries.

Department "gymnosperms"

Gymnosperms are represented by trees and shrubs. There are no herbs among them. Most gymnosperms have leaves in the form of needles (needles). Among the gymnosperms, a large group of conifers stands out.

About 150 million years ago, coniferous plants dominated the vegetation cover of the planet.

Significance for humans: form coniferous forests; release large amounts of oxygen used as fuel, building materials, shipbuilding, furniture manufacturing; are applied in medicine, in the food industry.

Diversity of the plant world, plant names

The above classification has a continuation, the departments are subdivided into classes, classes into orders, then families, then genera, and finally plant species.

The plant kingdom is vast and diverse, so it is customary to use botanical plant names that have a double name. The first word in the name means the genus of plants, and the second - the species. Here is how the taxonomy of the well-known chamomile will look like:

Kingdom: plants.
Department: flower.
Class: dicot.
Order: astrocolor.
Family: aster.
Genus: chamomile.
Type: chamomile.

Classification of plants according to their life forms, description of plants

The plant kingdom is also classified according to life forms, that is, according to the external appearance of the plant organism.

• Trees are perennial plants with lignified aerial parts and a pronounced single trunk.
• Shrubs are also perennial plants with lignified above-ground parts, but, unlike trees, they do not have a pronounced single trunk, and branching begins at the very ground and several equivalent trunks are formed.
• Shrubs are similar to shrubs, but undersized - no higher than 50 cm.
• Semishrubs are similar to shrubs, but differ in that only the lower parts of the shoots are lignified, while the upper parts die off.
• Lianas are plants with clinging, climbing and climbing stems.
• Succulents are perennial plants with leaves or stems that store water.
• Herbs are plants with green, succulent and non-woody shoots.

Wild and cultivated plants

Man also had a hand in the diversity of the plant world, and today plants can also be divided into wild and cultivated.

Wild-growing - plants in nature that grow, develop and spread without human help.

Cultivated plants originate from wild plants, but are obtained by selection, hybridization or genetic engineering. These are all garden plants.

Fundamentals of plant taxonomy

There are more than 350 thousand different types of plants on Earth. Many of them are given folk names, for exampleplantain, dandelion, thistle, hops, swimsuit, lungwort . But such names are often incomprehensible to people of other countries. So,snowdrop different plants are named in different places:lungwort, anemone, scilla, crocus . The same plant is often called differently: Ukrainianscornflower calledhairy , buttercup - Zhovtets , potato Poles callcountrymen , and Belarusians -bulba .

To avoid confusion, biologists give Latin names to plants (as they do to all other types of organisms). They are understood by biologists all over the world.

To understand all the diversity of the plant kingdom allows a special area of ​​biology -taxonomy . Systematic scientists distribute plants into groups, i.e. classify (organize)them, give names, produce a description of their properties, establish similarities and family ties between different plants. On this basis, they are combined into different groups: kingdoms, departments, classes, orders, families, genera and species.

Plant taxonomy

The basic unit of the plant system is view .

One species includes plants related to each other, similar in structure and life activity, capable of interbreeding and producing viable offspring similar to their parents.

Any species grows in certain conditions and occupies its territory on Earth - range (from lat. area - "area", "space").

Similar species are combined into childbirth , childbirth - in families , families - in orders and then follow classes And departments .

The species name consists of two words: black currant, red currant, Norway maple, Tatar maple, riverine maple etc. The first word, denoted by a noun, shows the plant belongs to the genus (currant, maple), and the second word, denoted by an adjective, is the specific name itself, showing its difference from other species of the same genus. So, black currant (Ribes nigrum) And redcurrant (Ribes rubrum) - two different species of the same genus - currant (Ribes). The word of the specific name is not used separately from the generic name, just as the adjective is not used separately from the noun. In the genus currant there are also species: golden currant, light currant, alpine currant, fluffy currant etc. They differ among themselves in the genus currant, and the specific word (adjective) emphasizes their dissimilarity.

Double, or binary (from lat. binarius - "double"), the names of species in the XVIII century. introduced by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus. In 1753 he published a great work."Plant Species", where he first used double (binary) designations of species.

Linnaeus had only a thirtieth of the plants known today. Therefore, his system was artificial - this was understood by its author himself. Linnaeus divided the entire plant world into 24 classes, depending on the number and location of stamens. He divided the classes into orders according to the number of pistils. Orders were divided into genera, and genera into species.

At present, when classifying, attention is paid to the vegetative and generative organs of the plant, and the structure of the reproductive organs plays a leading role. Scientists taxonomists describe now existing and extinct plants, give them names, determine their similarity and origin.

The species is the basic structural unit in the plant system, as well as in the system of all organisms.

Related species are combined into a genus. The generic name, denoted by a noun, can be used independently - currant, maple, birch, poplar. In this case, we are talking about a whole group of species and varieties that make up the genus, about their common generic properties. But the specific name is always used together with the generic name.

Close genera are grouped into families. Thus, the genera corn, wheat, rye, wheatgrass and many others are included in the same family - Cereals, or Bluegrass. The genera currant, gooseberry belong to the Gooseberry family.

Families are grouped into orders, and orders are grouped into classes. Among flowering plants, two classes are distinguished - Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous. The Dicotyledonous class includes the Gooseberry, Willow, Cruciferous, Poppy, and other families. The Monocotyledonous class is represented by the Cereal, Lily, Orchid, and other families.

Classes Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons form the department Flowering, or Angiosperms.

Bryophytes, Ferns, Flowering (Angiosperms) - different departments (types) of the plant kingdom.

A department is the largest unit in the plant kingdom.