Homemade drinks to restore water-salt balance. Body water balance

Water-salt balance is the quantitative relationship between the volume of liquid and salts that enters the body and the components removed. If this balance is not disturbed, a person feels cheerful. If there is a violation, a corresponding symptom complex arises, causing a certain discomfort to the person.

Water-salt balance characterizes the penetration and removal from the body of salt and liquid, as well as the nature of their absorption, entering into each internal organ and the system.

More than 50% of the contents of the human body is water. The volume of fluid differs for each person based on body weight, age and other factors. According to research, infant When born, it consists of 77% water, an adult man - 60-61%, a woman - 54-55%. If we make a comparison between the elements - blood, intercellular fluid and water in tissues. The latter has the highest concentration of elements such as magnesium, potassium, and insufficient phosphates such as calcium, sodium, and chlorine. This difference is made low level permeability of capillary walls to protein.

It is important for the body to maintain water balance

If a water violation salt balance does not occur, this helps maintain the normal quantitative content of useful microelements and a constant water level.

The importance of balance in the body

Water, ions and electrolytes are excreted by the kidneys, which is ensured under control nervous system and some hormones endocrine system. The normal daily volume of fluid consumed is 2-2.5 liters. The same volume leaves the body through the activity of the kidneys, intestines, skin, lungs.

Constant control of the normal quantitative salt content in the body is the key to its health, every organ and system. The presence of salts is observed in every cell and fluid, including plasma. If water-salt balance is disrupted, this causes a malfunction in the functioning of the entire body.

Signs and causes of violation

The provoking factors that contribute to a malfunction in the water-salt balance in humans are various. Among the most common are the following:

1. Heavy bleeding. Causes a decrease in blood volume and compensation for lost elements, causing an increase in the volume of salts and fluids.
2. A prolonged state of unconsciousness, and the body does not receive the normal amount of water.
3. Development renal failure. The disease causes an increase in fluid volume and salt concentration in the bloodstream, causing disruption of cellular functioning.
4. Abuse of foods containing salt, development kidney stone disease cause disruption in the functioning of the urinary system.
5. Frequent vomiting, increased sweating, diarrhea are those pathologies that cause a decrease in the quantitative volume of salt and loss of water through the epidermis.
6. Long-term and uncontrolled therapy with diuretics also contributes to imbalance.
7. Increased vascular permeability contributes to an increase in salt and fluid content, as well as a failure in the process of their removal.

The initial symptoms of a violation of the water-salt balance in the body vary depending on whether there is an insufficient amount of salt and water or whether there is an excess of them. To general clinical manifestations include:

• swelling of the limbs;
• loose stools;
• constant desire to drink;
• demotion blood pressure;
• arrhythmia in the heartbeat.

If you have such a symptom complex, you should consult a doctor and not rely on self-healing. In case of late acceptance therapeutic measures complications arise, including cardiac arrest and death.

Lack of salts leads to serious consequences

If a person has insufficient levels of an element such as calcium, convulsive syndrome in relation to smooth muscles. Convulsions in the laryngeal vessels are especially dangerous. If there is an excess amount of calcium, there is pain syndrome in the epigastrium, vomiting reflex, increased urination, disruption of blood flow.

If there is an insufficient amount of potassium, atony, alkalosis develops, chronic failure kidney, intestinal obstruction, dysfunction of the brain and heart. Exceeding this volume causes ascending paralysis and nausea and vomiting syndrome.

With magnesium deficiency, nausea and vomiting syndrome is observed, increased general temperature, decrease in heart rate.

Recovery methods

How to establish water-salt balance is determined taking into account the degree of manifestation unpleasant symptoms, the level of excess or insufficient content of a certain element.

Diet

The basis for correcting the water-salt balance in the body is not only drug therapy, but also compliance proper nutrition. Dietary recommendations designated by the attending physician based on the characteristics of the development of the pathology.

IN mandatory monitor salt intake. The daily volume of this is no more than 7 g. In some cases, it is completely excluded from the diet. A large amount of seasoning is included in semi-finished products and fast food, so they are not consumed. It is advisable to use salt with iodine in the composition or sea salt instead of regular table salt.

It is also important to regulate your fluid intake regimen. Daily norm– 2-2.5 l.

A larger volume of fluid should be drunk in the first 6 hours after waking up to avoid swelling at night.

Medication method

Preparations for restoring water-salt balance are vitamin complexes, rich in those beneficial microelements contained in insufficient quantities. These are designed with sodium, calcium, and magnesium in their composition.

The medications Vitrum, Duovit, Complivit are often prescribed. The duration of therapy with such drugs is 30 days, after which it is recommended to take a break of approximately 2-3 weeks.

The benefits of water-salt balance

Chemical method

In this situation it is required medicinal solution to normalize water-salt balance. Duration of treatment – ​​7 days. The finished drug is sold at the pharmacy kiosk. Take medications after meals, about 40-50 minutes later. The break between medications is at least 1.5 hours. During the period of therapy, the inclusion of salt in cooking is excluded.

Saline solutions are intended to replenish lost fluid during excessive vomiting, diarrhea, and bleeding. Used in case food poisoning and the development of pathologies such as dysentery.

Among the contraindications to the use of drugs– development of diabetes, kidney or liver failure, pathology of the genitourinary tract of infectious etiology.

Outpatient method

Outpatient therapy for problems with water-salt balance is carried out in exceptional situations.

Indications – poor clotting blood, great blood loss. In such cases, blockades are placed with one of the following drugs:

• saline solution (water and salt in the composition), which helps restore sodium levels;
• artificial blood with a complex mineral composition.

An infusion of donor blood may also be required, which is necessary for complex surgery.

For support in in good condition It is recommended that a person adhere to the following rules for water-salt balance:

• consume liquids per day within 2-2.5 liters, no less (broth, juices, jelly do not count as liquid);
• consume no more than 4-4.5 g of salt per day (per 1 liter - 2-2.5 g of seasoning);
• urine color is slightly yellowish or transparent;
• renal and hepatic pathologies should be monitored by a doctor.

To summarize, it is worth saying that a slight failure in water-salt metabolism can be restored independently at home. However, specialist help this issue not prevent. In severe cases, of course, you cannot do without a doctor.

The normal functioning of the entire organism depends on the coordinated interaction of a complex of processes occurring within it. One of these processes is ensuring water-salt metabolism. If the balance is disturbed, there are various diseases And general health the person is deteriorating. Next - in more detail about what the water-salt balance of the human body is, what its violation consists of, how it is restored, what are the symptoms, what medications are needed for this, and what kind of help can be provided to a person at home with this condition.

What is water-salt balance?

Water-salt balance is a complex of interacting processes in the body: the intake of salts (in electrolytes) and water, their absorption, distribution and subsequent excretion. U healthy people There is a balance in the volumes of fluid intake and excretion within one day. And if the intake of salts and liquids is carried out directly with food (both solid and liquid), then they are excreted in several ways:

With urine
- with sweat
- with exhaled air volume
- with feces.

The main components of electrolytes responsible for human health are calcium, iron, magnesium, copper, zinc, sulfur, cobalt, chlorine, phosphorus, iodine, fluorine and others. Electrolytes are very important for humans; they are ions that carry electric charge with accumulating electrical impulses. These impulses pass through every cell in muscle tissue and nerves (and in the heart as well) and control the level of acidity entering the human blood.

When does a violation of the water-salt balance in the body occur?

Depending on the various factors, some indicators may change, but in general, the balance should remain as optimal. For example, when temperature changes in environment or in the body, with changes in activity intensity, with diets and changes in diet. Thus, the disorder can manifest itself in two forms: dehydration and overhydration.

Dehydration, or in other words, dehydration, occurs as a result of insufficient fluid intake from electrolytes (or its abundant release from the body): intense training, use of diuretics, lack of fluid intake from food, diet. Dehydration leads to a deterioration in blood counts, thickening and loss of hemodynamics. As a result, the functioning of the cardiovascular, circulatory and other systems is disrupted. With a systematic lack of fluid, diseases of the cardiovascular system and other systems are possible. If the water deficit is more than twenty percent, a person may die.

Overhydration - or water intoxication - is a violation of the VSB, in which the ingress of fluid and electrolytes into the body is unreasonably large, but they are not excreted. By consuming excessive amounts of water, the cells swell, as a result of which the pressure in the cells drops, convulsions and excitation of the nerve centers begin.

The formation of electrolytes and mineral ions does not occur in the body, therefore, for balance, they enter it exclusively with food. To maintain optimal water-salt balance, you need to consume 130 mmol of chlorine and sodium, about 75 mmol of potassium, 25 mmol of phosphorus, and about 20 mmol of other substances per day.

How does a violation of water-salt balance manifest itself, what symptoms indicate it?

The imbalance can be seen by various symptoms. First of all, thirst arises, and there is a decrease in mental and physical performance. Manifests general deterioration well-being: as a result of thickening of the blood consistency, hypotension, hypertension, and vegetative-vascular dystonia may appear.

Externally, any disturbances in water-salt metabolism can be noticed by swelling in the limbs, on the face or throughout the body. Serious violations exchange processes can turn around fatal, if you do not help the person. It is also worth paying attention to the fact that trips to the toilet have become more frequent or, on the contrary, have become too rare without the use of diuretic products or drink plenty of fluids.

If there are violations, you will receive dry damaged hair, their fragility increases, nails and skin become pale or yellowish tint.

How to correct the restoration of water-salt balance, what medications help with this?

Imbalances in the body can be corrected in several ways. Currently used:

Medication method (using the drugs Regidron, Glyxolan, Gastrolit, and for children - Oralit and Pedialyt). These are effective saline solutions that retain water in the body; besides them are appointed mineral complexes Duovit, Biotech Vitabolic, Vitrum.

Chemical - this method involves exclusively taking powder formulations with salts. They are effective against fluid loss during poisoning, liver diseases and diabetes mellitus, dysentery, cholera;

Outpatient – ​​the method involves hospitalization, which is necessary for continuous monitoring by a doctor and administration water-salt solutions through IVs;

Diet - in order to return a person to normal health and restore the water-salt balance, it is necessary to take a strictly individual approach to drawing up a program. But there is also general rules, for example, regarding the mandatory consumption of 2-3 liters of ordinary clean water per day. This volume does not include tea, coffee, juices or drinks. For every kilogram of body weight there should be at least 30 ml of liquid. Can be added to water regular salt(you will get a solution of sodium chloride).

Regular salt can be replaced with sea or iodized salt. But its use should not be unlimited and uncontrolled. For each liter of water you can add no more than 1.5 grams.

It is necessary to add products containing useful microelements: zinc, selenium, potassium, magnesium, calcium. To restore the water-salt balance, you will have to love dried apricots and prunes, raisins and apricots, as well as fresh cherry and peach juice.

If a violation of the VSB occurs due to heart failure, then you should not immediately drink sharply a large number of water. Initially, 100 ml at a time is allowed, and there is no need to add salt to liquids and food at all. The swelling will begin to go away, but for this you will also have to take diuretics strictly under the supervision of a doctor, so as not to provoke an even greater disturbance in the body.

How to restore water-salt balance in the body folk remedies?

Will always be needed available products. Recipe one: mix two bananas, two glasses of strawberries or watermelon pulp, add the juice of one half of a lemon and a level teaspoon of salt. Pour everything into a blender and pour in one glass of ice. The resulting cocktail perfectly replenishes the electrolytes lost by the body.

If you don’t have the necessary ingredients at hand, and you need help urgently, then prepare the following solution: one liter of chilled boiled water add one tablespoon of sugar (can be replaced with stevia), salt, and a teaspoon of salt. Drink no more than two tablespoons at a time every 15-20 minutes. You should drink no more than 200 ml of this solution per day.

In addition, grapefruit and Orange juice homemade, aromatic dried fruit compote, green tea.

An infusion prepared using St. John's wort is also effective: for 15-20 grams of dry herb you will need 0.5 liters of alcohol. Pour in, leave for 20 days, strain and drink 30 drops diluted with water three times a day.

What kind of miracle is this? Water-salt balance is the ratio between the amounts of water and salts (electrolytes) entering and leaving the body.

Water

How many?

The well-known H2O is the basis of all living things! We won't last three days without her! Even at school, we were told that to some extent we consist of water: newborns - 90%, adults - 70%, and the elderly - 50%. To stay young and energetic longer, we need to drink enough water every day. In fact, there is no specific number; everyone has their own norm. It is enough to know your weight and the fact that you need approximately 30-50 ml of water per 1 kg of body weight. For example, I weigh 50 kg, which means I need to drink from 1.5 liters (30 ml * 50 kg) to 2.5 liters (50 ml * 50 kg) of water per day. Although these numbers may change depending on where you are now climatically, because everyone knows that in the heat you want to drink much more than in cool temperatures.

Don't confuse thirst with hunger!

In the civilized world, we have completely forgotten how to recognize our reflexes; we do not listen to our body at all, for which we pay with our health. Thirst is not hunger. But often we confuse these two concepts and, instead of treating ourselves to a glass of clean water, we eat fried cutlet with pasta or a bun with jam, which significantly disrupts the water-salt balance. Insufficient water slows down the breakdown of fats, since the liver has to rush to the aid of the kidneys, which means a slowdown in metabolism, and say “welcome” extra pounds. Therefore, I want to say one thing: if you think you are hungry, drink a glass of water and wait; if your body has calmed down, it means you were just thirsty, but if not, then it’s time for a meal.

Dehydration

Every day we lose a lot more water than we receive - through the kidneys, intestines, skin and even lungs. And therefore, if we do not permanently replenish H2O reserves, we can cause dehydration (dehydration) of the body. As a rule, dehydration occurs during physical exertion, overheating, and especially after a stormy weekend in the company of alcohol. Also, by taking various diuretics, you risk becoming dehydrated. And this, in turn, leads to an increased content of mineral salts in the blood and, consequently, to water retention in the body. How can you tell when it’s time to pump yourself full of water - increased heart rate, shortness of breath, dizziness?

Salts (electrolytes)

What? Where? When? And why?

Electrolytes are electrically charged ions that carry out electrical impulses passing through the cell membranes of nerves and muscles, including those in the heart, and also control the acidity of the blood. The kidneys and adrenal glands are largely responsible for maintaining the required level of electrolytes in the blood.

Basic electrolytes and products containing them:

Sodium: salt, plant and animal food;

Calcium: milk and dairy products, vegetables, green food seasonings;

Potassium: meat, dried fruits (raisins), nuts;

Chlorine: table salt, plant and animal foods;

Phosphorus: milk, fish, meat, nuts, cereals, eggs;

Iron: liver, meat, fish, eggs, dried fruits, nuts;

Iodine: seafood, fish fat, iodized table salt;

Magnesium: meat, milk, cereals;

Copper: eggs, liver, kidneys, spinach, grapes, fish;

Fluoride: tea, seafood, cereals, fruits, vegetables;

Sulfur: meat, liver, fish, eggs;

Zinc: meat, beans, crabs, egg yolk;

Cobalt: liver.

During exercise and in the heat, we lose electrolytes through sweat, especially sodium and potassium. The shortage of the rest arises due to the following reasons: malnutrition, imbalance thyroid gland, use of any medications, excessive vomiting and diarrhea, and excessive water consumption.

Beware of Scarcity

To avoid electrolyte deficiency, you must first of all monitor your diet; it must be balanced in all respects. nutrients. Eat more greens leafy vegetables, lean meat, cereals and legume products, fish, eggs, raw nuts and seeds. What about those who cannot live without sports? During and after exercise, it is necessary to replenish the body with electrolytes. But there is one problem - store-bought electrolyte drinks are teeming with preservatives and all kinds of harmful additives and high sugar content. There is always a way out! The most correct options electrolytes to restore water-salt balance: the relatively harmless Emergen Lite-C drink, raw coconut juice and homemade drinks.

Here are a couple of recipes homemade drinks to compensate for lost electrolytes:

1. Mix the following ingredients in a blender:

2 bananas;

2 cups strawberries or watermelon or 3 cups coconut juice;

1 glass of ice water;

1 tsp natural sea salt;

Juice of half a lemon.

2. Mix:

1 liter of water;

- ¼ tsp. natural sea salt;

- ½ tsp. vitamin C;

- ¼ glass of juice (lemon, lime, watermelon or orange);

- ½ tsp. stevia (you can do without it).

Remember, you need to know moderation in everything, because, as you know, “everything is poison, everything is medicine; It’s only the dose that makes it one way or another.”

Healthy recipe of the week:

PP casserole for breakfast.

Ingredients:

450 g cottage cheese

4 tbsp. decoys

4 tbsp. oatmeal ground into flour

1 tsp baking powder

A handful of goji (or raisins)

Preparation:

Mix everything, put it in silicone mold and bake in the oven at 180C for 30 minutes or in a slow cooker for 50

Photo Alena Gnezdilova

Bon appetit and be healthy!

Human water-salt balance

The human water-salt balance refers to the processes of distribution, absorption and excretion of water and mineral salts from the body. Man is mostly made of water. So, in the body of a newborn baby it is about 75%, in adult men its content is about 60%, and in women – 55%. Over the course of life, this figure gradually decreases.

The importance of salt and water balance in the body

Water-salt metabolism includes the process of water and salts entering the body, their absorption, distribution between various tissues, organs and fluids, and removal from the body. It is one of the most important mechanisms for maintaining human life.

Water is involved in almost everything metabolic processes. It is found in all tissues, cells and organs. The importance of fluid for the body is difficult to overestimate.

Salt metabolism is necessary to perform functions such as the movement of fluid through blood vessels, maintaining metabolism, blood clotting, preservation normal level blood sugar, removal of toxins, etc. The main electrolytes are: calcium, magnesium, sodium, chlorine and potassium.

Regulatory mechanism

Regulation of water-salt balance is carried out by several systems. Special receptors send signals to the brain when the content of electrolytes, ions and water changes. After this, the intake, distribution and excretion of fluids and salts from the body changes.

The excretion of water and electrolytes occurs through the kidneys under the control of the central nervous system. The mechanism for regulating water-salt metabolism is as follows. A signal of disturbance is sent to the central nervous system normal balance liquid or any of the salts. This leads to the production of certain hormones or physiologically active substances. They, in turn, affect the removal of salts from the body.

Features of water-salt metabolism

It is believed that a person should receive approximately 30 ml of water per kilogram of weight per day. This amount is enough to supply the body with minerals, supply fluid to tissues, cells and organs, dissolve and remove waste products. A common person rarely consumes more than 2.5 liters of water per day, of which about a liter comes from liquid contained in food, and another 1.5 liters from water drunk during the day.

Fluid balance depends on the ratio of its intake and release in one period of time. Water is removed through urinary system, along with feces, through sweat, and also with exhaled air.

Violation of water-salt balance

There are two areas of water-salt imbalance: hyperhydration and dehydration. The first of them is an increased accumulation of water in the body. Fluid may accumulate in tissues intercellular space or inside cells. Dehydration is a lack of water. It leads to blood thickening, the formation of blood clots, and disruption of normal blood supply. If the water deficit is more than 20%, the person dies.

Causes of the phenomenon

The cause of a violation of the water-salt balance is the redistribution of fluid in the body and its loss. Thus, overhydration occurs when water is retained in the tissues and its removal is difficult, for example, with kidney pathologies. Dehydration often develops with intestinal infections, in which severe diarrhea and vomiting are observed.

A decrease in salt levels may occur for the following reasons:

• lesions, injuries, pathologies and removal of the thyroid gland;
• improper use of diuretic medications;
• insulin injections;
• diseases of the liver, kidneys and digestive organs;
• consumption of some hormonal drugs And so on.

Symptoms

Symptoms of water metabolism disorders depend on its type. With overhydration, swelling, nausea, and weakness are noted. When there is a lack of fluid in the body, it appears extreme thirst, the skin and mucous membranes become dry, pallor and coldness of the extremities, a decrease in the amount of urine and a decrease in skin elasticity are also observed. In such conditions, mandatory medical care is required.

Deficiency and excess of minerals can be more difficult to determine. If there is a lack of calcium in the body, convulsions may occur, the greatest danger being spasms of blood vessels and the larynx. Increased content salts of this mineral leads to vomiting, a feeling of thirst, increased urine output and stomach pain.

Symptoms of potassium deficiency include: atony, brain pathologies, alkalosis, intestinal obstruction, changes in heart rhythm. If it is present in excess in the body, vomiting and nausea may occur. This condition can lead to the development of ventricular fibrillation of the heart and stopping the functioning of its atria.

Excess magnesium in the blood can lead to nausea and vomiting, fever and slow heart function.

Measures to restore water-salt balance

Drugs

To restore the water-salt balance, medications can be used, the action of which is aimed at regulating the content of salts and fluids in the body. Such means include:

1. Magnesium and potassium aspartate. It is prescribed for heart attacks, cardiac dysfunction, heart failure that occurs due to a lack of potassium or magnesium.
2. Sodium bicarbonate. This drug can be prescribed for gastritis with high acidity, ulcers, acidosis, intoxication, infections and other cases. It has an antacid effect and increases gastrin production.
3. Sodium chloride. It is used for fluid loss and insufficient supply as a result of uncontrollable vomiting, acute diarrhea, and extensive burns. This drug is also prescribed for chlorine and sodium deficiency that occurs due to dehydration.
4. Sodium citrate. Medicine used to normalize blood composition. It binds calcium, increases sodium levels and inhibits hemocoagulation.
5. Hydroxyethyl starch. Prescribed when severe blood loss, extensive burns, infections, as well as during operations and in the postoperative period.

Preparations to restore water balance:

• Oralit instructions
• Regidron - complete instructions
• Citroglucosolan: instructions for use, price

Solutions

Chemical solutions are used to combat dehydration in diseases such as dysentery, cholera, acute poisoning and other pathologies accompanied by vomiting and diarrhea. It is not recommended to use such solutions for treatment of diabetes mellitus, renal failure, liver diseases and infectious diseases genitourinary organs.

To restore the water-salt balance, you should take solutions for 5-7 days. This should be done in the afternoon, about an hour after eating. Over the next 1.5-2 hours it is better to abstain from food. At the same time, during the treatment period it is worth reducing or completely eliminating salt from the diet in order to prevent its excess.

In case of acute rapid dehydration of the body, solutions should be taken immediately. In case of severe vomiting, you should drink them little by little, but every 5-10 minutes. This will help avoid repeated bouts of vomiting. Treatment is continued until all symptoms of dehydration disappear.

Additional information on solutions:

• Saline solution for diarrhea

Treatment in a hospital setting

Hospitalization for disorders of water-salt metabolism is quite rare. It is indicated when severe dehydration, signs of water deficiency in young children or old people, serious pathologies and in others similar cases. Treatment in a hospital setting is carried out under the supervision of specialists. It consists of specialized treatment of the underlying disease, as well as taking saline solutions and preparations containing minerals. In addition, the patient’s diet and his drinking regime. In particular severe cases a drip infusion of an isotonic solution into a vein is prescribed.

Regulation by folk remedies

You should use folk remedies to regulate water-salt balance very carefully. It is advisable to carry out such treatment only under the supervision of a doctor. The bulk folk recipes is aimed at preventing dehydration of the body, as well as combating it.

You can prepare it at home saline solution, similar in action to pharmaceutical products. To do this you need to dissolve in clean water one large spoon each of sugar and salt.

Dehydration most often results from diarrhea and vomiting. To get rid of them, you can also use folk remedies, such as strong brewed tea, potato starch solution, infusion of pomegranate peels, rice water and others.

When restoring and maintaining water-salt metabolism, the doctor, in addition to prescribing medicines, and in mild cases, instead, gives nutritional recommendations.

A mandatory factor is the daily calculation of the amount of salt in food; it should not be more than 7 grams. The exception is patients who are prescribed complete or partial refusal of it. There is especially a lot of salt in store-bought semi-finished products and dishes. fast food, they may contain up to 10-12 g of it. It is recommended to replace regular salt with sea or iodized salt, since they contain more minerals.

It is worth paying attention to the amount of water consumed per day. 1.5-2.5 liters per day is considered normal. In this case, it is advisable to drink more in the first half of the day, otherwise edema may appear.

The set of processes of intake, distribution, absorption and removal of fluids and salts from the body is called water-salt metabolism. The balance of these mechanisms underlies the regulation of all major physiological systems, therefore, imbalance is fraught with deterioration of the general condition and the development of dangerous consequences for health.

Signs of dehydration

Dehydration (dehydration) occurs when there is severe loss of fluid caused by external factors(heat, exercise stress) or physiological processes(severe fever, severe vomiting or diarrhea, frequent urination). The main consequences of dehydration are states of displacement acid-base balance either towards an increase in the acidity of the body (acidosis), or an increase in pH due to an increase in the level of alkaline compounds (alkalosis). Symptoms of acidosis are:

• acute attacks nausea and vomiting;
• increased blood pressure;
• rapid pulse, cardiac arrhythmias;
• breathing problems (asphyxia);
• malfunctions of the nervous system (dizziness, loss or confusion, etc.).

When the water-salt balance changes towards an increase in the amount of alkaline substances in the blood and other environments of the body, alkalosis develops, the symptoms of which are:

• hypertension cerebral arteries;
• hypotension of peripheral veins;
• pale skin;
• overexcitement or weakness;
• respiratory depression;
• fainting states.

Overhydration

Violation electrolyte balance can occur not only with dehydration, but also against the background of overhydration - an increase in fluid volumes, accompanied by a decrease in salt concentration. This condition occurs when hormonal imbalances, liver cirrhosis and renal failure, congestive heart failure and a number of other pathologies. Symptoms of excess fluid include:

• arterial hypertension;
• changes heart rate;
• swelling;
• changes in circulating blood volumes;
• intoxication of the body;
• neurological disorders(loss of consciousness, convulsions, etc.).

Symptoms of potassium metabolism disorders

Electrolyte disturbances, associated with changes in the absorption or excretion of potassium from the body, are fraught with the development of hyperkalemia (an increase in the concentration of potassium salts in the blood plasma) or hypokalemia (a decrease in potassium levels). An increase in the percentage of this compound occurs due to injuries, such as burns, renal failure or excess intake from food or medications. Symptoms of hyperkalemia:

• decreased blood pressure and pulse;
• abdominal pain;
• changes in muscle-nervous excitability (hypertonicity), sensitivity.

Hypokalemia can occur when there is insufficient intake of potassium into the body, against the background of increased excretion of this salt by the kidneys (for example, with neoplasms in the adrenal glands or with burns), due to dilution of the blood plasma, for example, with increased administration of saline or glucose. Symptoms of water-salt imbalance due to potassium deficiency:

• physical inactivity and muscle weakness;
• asthenia;
• heart rhythm disturbances;
• hypertonicity Bladder;
• intestinal dysfunction.

Sodium and chlorine

Disturbances in water metabolism in the body can be accompanied by hyponatremia or hypernatremia – changes in the concentrations of sodium salts. An increase in its amount occurs during dehydration, leads to blood thickening and is accompanied by corresponding symptoms (increased load on cardiovascular system, leading to an increase in blood pressure and pulse). Hyponatremia occurs due to sodium deficiency caused by salt-free diet or increased losses this salt is accompanied by:

• hypotension;
• dyspeptic disorders;
• tachycardia;
• muscle weakness.

Excess chlorine salts provokes hyperhydration with corresponding symptoms ( general intoxication, an increase in circulating blood volumes, pressure and pulse indicators). Hypochloremia occurs due to diets, renal failure, dehydration, and is accompanied by the following symptoms:

• lethargy, increased fatigue;
• drowsiness;
• decreased appetite;
• memory disorders;
• alkalosis.

Calcium

Hypercalcemia occurs against the background of metabolic alkalosis (often in parallel with hypokalemia), accompanied by hypotension, polyuria, vomiting and nausea, and changes in brain function. Symptoms of calcium deficiency in the body due to disruptions in water-salt balance are:

• laryngo- or bronchospasms;
• autonomic disorders(heat, headache, cardiopalmus);
• convulsions;
• tetany;
• paresthesia.

Glucose

In some cases, disturbances in the water-salt balance are reflected in the level of glucose in the blood. Symptoms of its deficiency are severe hunger accompanied by headache, neurological symptoms, thermoregulation failures, sharp changes moods. Characteristic features hyperglycemia are:

• smell of acetone from the mouth;
• strong thirst;
• high level hemoglobin.

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