First aid measures. Providing first aid in emergency situations - the basic rules and algorithm of actions. First aid for nosebleeds

First aid is a set of urgent measures aimed at saving a person's life. An accident, a sharp attack of illness, poisoning - in these and other emergencies, competent first aid is needed.

According to the law, first aid is not medical - it is provided before the arrival of doctors or the delivery of the victim to the hospital. First aid can be provided by anyone who is at a critical moment next to the victim. For some categories of citizens, first aid is an official duty. We are talking about police officers, traffic police and the Ministry of Emergency Situations, military personnel, firefighters.

The ability to provide first aid is an elementary but very important skill. He can save someone's life. Here are 10 basic first aid skills.

First aid algorithm

In order not to get confused and competently provide first aid, it is important to follow the following sequence of actions:

1. Make sure that when giving first aid you are not in danger and you do not endanger yourself.
2. Ensure the safety of the victim and others (for example, remove the victim from a burning car).
3. Check for signs of life (pulse, breathing, pupillary reaction to light) and consciousness in the victim. To check for breathing, you need to tilt the victim's head back, bend over to his mouth and nose and try to hear or feel breathing. To detect the pulse, it is necessary to attach the fingertips to the carotid artery of the victim. To assess consciousness, it is necessary (if possible) to take the victim by the shoulders, shake gently and ask a question.
4. Call specialists:, from the city - 03 (ambulance) or 01 (rescuers).
5. Provide emergency first aid. Depending on the situation, this may be:
   • restoration of airway patency;
   • cardiopulmonary resuscitation;
   • stop bleeding and other measures.
6. Provide the victim with physical and psychological comfort, wait for the arrival of specialists.

Artificial respiration

Artificial lung ventilation (ALV) is the introduction of air (or oxygen) into the respiratory tract of a person in order to restore natural ventilation of the lungs. Refers to elementary resuscitation measures.

Typical situations requiring IVL:

• car accident;
• accident on the water
• electric shock and others.

There are various ways of IVL. Mouth-to-mouth and mouth-to-nose artificial respiration is considered the most effective in providing first aid to a non-specialist.

If natural respiration is not detected during examination of the victim, it is necessary to immediately carry out artificial ventilation of the lungs.

mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration technique

1. Ensure patency of the upper airway. Turn the head of the victim to one side and use your finger to remove mucus, blood, foreign objects from the oral cavity. Check the victim's nasal passages, clean them if necessary.
2. Tilt the victim's head back while holding the neck with one hand.
   

   Do not change the position of the head of the victim with a spinal injury!

3. Place a tissue, handkerchief, piece of cloth, or gauze over the victim's mouth to protect yourself from infections. Pinch the victim's nose with your thumb and forefinger. Inhale deeply, press your lips tightly against the victim's mouth. Exhale into the victim's lungs.
   

   The first 5–10 breaths should be fast (20–30 seconds), then 12–15 breaths per minute.

4. Watch the movement of the victim's chest. If the victim's chest rises when inhaling air, then you are doing everything right.

Indirect cardiac massage

If there is no pulse along with breathing, it is necessary to do an indirect heart massage.

An indirect (closed) heart massage, or chest compression, is the compression of the muscles of the heart between the sternum and spine in order to maintain a person's blood circulation during cardiac arrest. Refers to elementary resuscitation measures.

Attention! It is impossible to carry out a closed heart massage in the presence of a pulse.

Chest Compression Technique

1. Lay the victim down on a flat, hard surface. Do not perform chest compressions on a bed or other soft surfaces.
2. Determine the location of the affected xiphoid process. The xiphoid process is the shortest and narrowest part of the sternum, its end.
3. Measure 2-4 cm upward from the xiphoid process - this is the point of compression.
4. Place the base of your palm on the compression point. In this case, the thumb should point either to the chin or to the stomach of the victim, depending on the location of the resuscitator. Place the other hand on top of one hand, fold your fingers into the lock. Pressing is carried out strictly with the base of the palm - your fingers should not come into contact with the victim's sternum.
5. Perform rhythmic chest thrusts strongly, smoothly, strictly vertically, with the weight of the upper half of your body. Frequency - 100-110 pressures per minute. In this case, the chest should bend by 3-4 cm.
   

   For infants, indirect heart massage is performed with the index and middle fingers of one hand. Teenagers - the palm of one hand.

If mechanical ventilation is performed simultaneously with closed heart massage, every two breaths should alternate with 30 chest compressions.

If, during resuscitation, the victim regains breathing or a pulse appears, stop first aid and lay the person on his side, putting his hand under his head. Keep an eye on his condition until paramedics arrive.

Heimlich maneuver

When food or foreign bodies get into the trachea, it becomes blocked (fully or partially) - the person suffocates.

Signs of airway obstruction:

• Lack of complete breathing. If the windpipe is not completely blocked, the person coughs; if completely - holds on to the throat.
• Inability to speak.
• Blueness of the skin of the face, swelling of the vessels of the neck.

Airway clearance is most often performed using the Heimlich method.

1. Stand behind the victim.
2. Grab it with your hands, clasping them into a lock, just above the navel, under the costal arch.
3. Strongly press on the victim's abdomen, sharply bending your elbows.
   

   Do not apply pressure to the victim's chest, except for pregnant women who apply pressure to the lower chest.

4. Repeat this several times until the airways are clear.

If the victim has lost consciousness and fallen, lay him on his back, sit on his hips and with both hands press on the costal arches.

To remove foreign bodies from the child's respiratory tract, turn him on his stomach and pat 2-3 times between the shoulder blades. Be very careful. Even if the baby coughs quickly, see a doctor for a medical examination.

Bleeding

Bleeding control is a measure to stop blood loss. When providing first aid, we are talking about stopping external bleeding. Depending on the type of vessel, capillary, venous and arterial bleeding is distinguished.

Stopping capillary bleeding is carried out by applying an aseptic bandage, and also, if the arms or legs are injured, by raising the limbs above the level of the body.

With venous bleeding, a pressure bandage is applied. To do this, tamponade of the wound is performed: gauze is applied to the wound, several layers of cotton wool are placed on top of it (if there is no cotton wool - a clean towel), and bandaged tightly. The veins squeezed by such a bandage quickly thrombose, and the bleeding stops. If the pressure bandage gets wet, apply firm pressure with the palm of your hand.

To stop arterial bleeding, the artery must be clamped.

Artery Clamping Technique: Firmly press the artery with your fingers or fist against the underlying bone formations.

Arteries are easily accessible for palpation, so this method is very effective. However, it requires physical strength from the first aid provider.

If the bleeding does not stop after applying a tight bandage and pressing on the artery, apply a tourniquet. Remember that this is a last resort when other methods fail.

Technique for applying a hemostatic tourniquet

1. Apply a tourniquet to clothing or a soft pad just above the wound.
2. Tighten the tourniquet and check the pulsation of the vessels: the bleeding should stop, and the skin below the tourniquet should turn pale.
3. Put a bandage on the wound.
4. Record the exact time the tourniquet was applied.

A tourniquet can be applied to the limbs for a maximum of 1 hour. After its expiration, the tourniquet must be loosened for 10-15 minutes. If necessary, you can tighten again, but no more than 20 minutes.

fractures

A fracture is a break in the integrity of a bone. The fracture is accompanied by severe pain, sometimes - fainting or shock, bleeding. There are open and closed fractures. The first is accompanied by a wound of soft tissues, bone fragments are sometimes visible in the wound.

Fracture First Aid Technique

1. Assess the severity of the victim's condition, determine the location of the fracture.
2. If there is bleeding, stop it.
3. Determine whether it is possible to move the victim before the arrival of specialists.
   

   Do not carry the victim and do not change his position in case of spinal injuries!

4. Ensure the immobility of the bone in the fracture area - perform immobilization. To do this, it is necessary to immobilize the joints located above and below the fracture.
5. Put on a tire. As a tire, you can use flat sticks, boards, rulers, rods, etc. The tire must be tightly, but not tightly fixed with bandages or plaster.

With a closed fracture, immobilization is performed over clothing. With an open fracture, you can not apply a splint to places where the bone protrudes outward.

burns

A burn is damage to body tissues caused by high temperatures or chemicals. Burns vary in degrees as well as types of damage. According to the last reason, burns are distinguished:

• thermal (flame, hot liquid, steam, hot objects);
• chemical (alkalis, acids);
• electrical;
• radiation (light and ionizing radiation);
• combined.

In case of burns, the first step is to eliminate the effect of the damaging factor (fire, electric current, boiling water, and so on).

Then, in case of thermal burns, the affected area should be freed from clothing (gently, without tearing off, but cutting off the adhering tissue around the wound) and, for the purpose of disinfection and anesthesia, irrigate it with a water-alcohol solution (1/1) or vodka.

Do not use oily ointments and greasy creams - fats and oils do not reduce pain, do not disinfect the burn, and do not promote healing.

Then irrigate the wound with cold water, apply a sterile dressing and apply ice. Also, give the victim warm salted water.

To speed up the healing of minor burns, use sprays with dexpanthenol. If the burn covers an area of ​​more than one palm, be sure to consult a doctor.

Fainting

Fainting is a sudden loss of consciousness due to a temporary disruption of cerebral blood flow. In other words, it is a signal to the brain that it lacks oxygen.

It is important to distinguish between ordinary and epileptic syncope. The first is usually preceded by nausea and dizziness.

The fainting state is characterized by the fact that a person rolls his eyes, becomes covered with cold sweat, his pulse weakens, his limbs become cold.

Typical situations of fainting:

• fright,
• excitement,
• stuffiness and others.

If the person faints, put him in a comfortable horizontal position and provide fresh air (unbutton clothes, loosen belt, open windows and doors). Sprinkle cold water on the face of the victim, pat him on the cheeks. If you have a first-aid kit on hand, give a cotton swab moistened with ammonia to sniff.

If consciousness does not return for 3-5 minutes, call an ambulance immediately.

When the victim comes to, give him strong tea or coffee.

Drowning and sunstroke

Drowning is the entry of water into the lungs and airways, which can lead to death.

First aid for drowning

1. Remove the victim from the water.
   

   A drowning man grabs everything that comes to hand. Be careful: swim up to him from behind, hold him by the hair or armpits, keeping your face above the surface of the water.

2. Lay the victim on his knee with his head down.
3. Clear the oral cavity of foreign bodies (mucus, vomit, algae).
4. Check for signs of life.
5. In the absence of a pulse and breathing, immediately start mechanical ventilation and chest compressions.
6. After recovery of breathing and cardiac activity, lay the victim on his side, cover him and ensure comfort until the arrival of paramedics.

In the summer, sunstroke is also a danger. Sunstroke is a brain disorder caused by prolonged exposure to the sun.

Symptoms:

• headache,
• weakness,
• noise in ears,
• nausea,
• vomit.

If the victim is still exposed to the sun, his temperature rises, shortness of breath appears, sometimes he even loses consciousness.

Therefore, when providing first aid, first of all, it is necessary to transfer the victim to a cool, ventilated place. Then release him from clothes, loosen the belt, undress. Place a cold, wet towel on his head and neck. Let me smell the ammonia. Give artificial respiration if necessary.

In case of sunstroke, the victim should be given plenty of cool, slightly salted water (drink often, but in small sips).

Causes of frostbite - high humidity, frost, wind, immobility. Aggravates the condition of the victim, as a rule, alcohol intoxication.

Symptoms:

• feeling cold;
• tingling in the frost-bitten part of the body;
• then - numbness and loss of sensation.

First aid for frostbite

1. Keep the victim warm.
2. Take off any cold or wet clothing.
3. Do not rub the victim with snow or a cloth - this will only injure the skin.
4. Wrap the frostbitten area of ​​the body.
5. Give the victim hot sweet drink or hot food.

Poisoning

Poisoning is a disorder of the body's vital functions that has arisen due to the ingress of poison or toxin into it. Depending on the type of toxin, poisoning is distinguished:

• carbon monoxide,
• pesticides,
• alcohol
• drugs,
• food and others.

First aid measures depend on the nature of the poisoning. The most common food poisoning is accompanied by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach pain. In this case, the victim is recommended to take 3-5 grams of activated charcoal every 15 minutes for an hour, drink plenty of water, refrain from eating and be sure to consult a doctor.

In addition, accidental or intentional drug poisoning and alcohol intoxication are common.

In these cases, first aid consists of the following steps:

1. Rinse the victim's stomach. To do this, make him drink several glasses of salted water (for 1 liter - 10 g of salt and 5 g of soda). After 2-3 glasses, induce vomiting in the victim. Repeat these steps until the vomit is "clean".
   

   Gastric lavage is possible only if the victim is conscious.

2. Dissolve 10-20 tablets of activated charcoal in a glass of water, let the victim drink it.
3. Wait for the specialists to arrive.

First aid involves the implementation of a set of simple, urgent measures aimed at saving human life. Also, first aid is provided to prevent complications that may develop without the provision of timely medical care.

First aid should be provided until the arrival of medical personnel, the delivery of the victim to a medical facility. This assistance is provided to the injured independently (self-help), by another person who is nearby (mutual assistance).

First aid includes the following:

• wound treatment;
• stop bleeding;
• call an ambulance;
• resuscitation;
• evacuation of the victim from the danger zone;
• transportation of the victim to the place of arrival of the ambulance.

There are certain rules for the provision of first aid, on the implementation of which the lives of the victims depend. Among the most important provisions of first aid, urgency is distinguished. The condition of the victim depends on the timeliness of the assistance provided to him.

The provision of first aid to the victims should be consistent. To do this, follow these steps:

Providing first aid in certain types of accidents

Each type of injury to a person requires certain actions that are suitable in this case.

Poisoning

With various gases, the victim should be given first aid in the following sequence:

1. Take out, remove the victim from the affected area.
2. Restrictive clothing should be unbuttoned, assess the condition of the victim.
3. Check for breathing, pulse on the carotid artery. When the victim is unconscious, wipe the temples, give a sniff of ammonia. At the beginning of vomiting, it is necessary to turn the head of the victim on its side so that the vomit does not get into the respiratory tract.
4. After intensifying breathing with ammonia, it is recommended to inhale with pure oxygen using the GS-10 apparatus. Thus, the development of complications arising after oxygen starvation of the body is eliminated.
5. When the victim has fully recovered, he can be given hot tea, slightly alkaline water (0.5 tsp of drinking soda is stirred in a glass of water), milk.
6. If necessary, rinse the eyes with a solution of baking soda (1 - 2%).
7. Give an elevated position.

Click on the picture to enlarge

Upon receipt, the victims must stop the bleeding. With minor injuries, capillary bleeding is observed, which can be stopped by applying a pressure bandage. First aid depends on the type of bleeding in the victim (venous, capillary, arterial).

It is possible to stop bleeding from capillaries, veins thanks to a sterile bandage, which must be tightly bandaged. The bandage should be moderately tight, it should not squeeze the limb too much.

To stop using a tourniquet, clamping the artery with a finger, using a fixed flexion of the limb. After treating the wound with an antiseptic, you must contact the trauma center.

animal bite

The wound received with is contaminated with microorganisms that are present in the saliva of an animal, a person. If an animal has rabies, a person can easily become infected. The first rule when bitten by an animal is to delay the bleeding. This is necessary so that the saliva of the animal comes out with blood.

Then the wound must be washed with soapy water. The skin around the wound is to be treated with any antiseptic (ethyl alcohol, iodine alcohol solution). After disinfection, a sterile dressing is applied. After that, the victim should be transported to the medical center.

Snake bite

A snake bite is dangerous because it can not be noticed immediately. When the first symptoms appear, you should:

1. Suck the poison out of the wound by spitting it out.
2. Perform immobilization of the injured limb.
3. Make sure that the victim was in a supine position during the provision of assistance to him, during transportation.
4. The wound is treated as usual (disinfection is performed, a sterile dressing is applied).
5. If necessary, carry out resuscitation measures.
6. Be sure to refer the victim to a specialist in a medical institution.

fractures

First aid for is to stop bleeding (with an open fracture). Be sure to apply an immobilization splint, after which the victim should be transported to a medical institution for specialized assistance.

It is forbidden to remove bone fragments from the wound in case of fractures or to independently correct the position of injured bones.

Upon receipt, the most important thing is not to set it yourself. This can lead to further injury. When dislocating, you must follow these rules:

1. Give rest to the injured joint. Perform immobilization.
2. Provide cold. Ice, a heating pad with cold water, a towel moistened with water can be applied to the injured area.
3. Do not use a warm compress.
4. It is recommended to visit a specialist in the first hours after the injury to reduce the dislocation.

When the victim is in a state of clinical death, it is necessary to correctly perform resuscitation measures: artificial respiration, chest compressions.

artificial breath

To restore breathing, such techniques are used: “mouth to mouth”, “mouth to nose”. For resuscitation of young children, a joint method is also used, in which the assisting person simultaneously covers the nose and mouth of the baby.

The head of the victim is taken back, the lower jaw is displaced. When taking a deep breath into the mouth, it is necessary to close the victim's nose. Exhalation is passive. It is necessary to perform 10 - 12 breaths per minute.

Heart massage

To perform it, you need to stand on the side of the victim, put your palm at a distance of 2 - 3 fingers above the lower edge of the sternum, the second palm should be placed on top. Pressing is performed with energetic movements, the chest should move by 4-5 cm. 60-80 pressures should be performed per minute.

The provision of first aid consists in providing the victim with a complex of the simplest and most elementary medical actions right at the scene of the incident. It is carried out by people who were close to the victim. As a rule, the provision of first aid occurs in the first thirty minutes after the injury.

What is trauma?

Trauma is a deterioration in a person's well-being and health as a result of the negative influence of any factor individually or together: physical, chemical, biological. If the incident occurred at work, then a person may suffer for socio-psychological, organizational, technical and other reasons.

Providing first aid to victims can help prevent severe and irreversible consequences of injury.

Universal first aid instructions

A person can get injured at home, at the workplace and even on a walk. No matter where he is injured, there is a standard set of first aid rules.

1. The environment needs to be assessed. That is, whether the victim is close to the threat of fire, a possible explosion, collapse, and so on.
2. Next, you should take actions aimed at avoiding possible danger both for the victim himself and for the person who provides first aid (for example, removing the victim from the fire, electric shock zones, etc.).
3. Then the total number of victims and the severity of their injuries are determined. First of all, first aid is provided to people with the most severe injuries.
4. Now the first aid is being rendered to the injured:

• if the victim is unconscious and he has no pulse on the carotid artery, then resuscitation should be carried out (revival);
• if the victim is unconscious, but his pulse is felt, then it is necessary to bring him to consciousness;
• if the victim has an injury, then with arterial bleeding a tourniquet is applied, and with signs of fractures, transport tires are applied;
• if there are wounds on the body, then a bandage should be applied.

Injuries at the enterprises

At any enterprise, especially if it is a production workshop, it is provided not only for safety briefings, the availability of plans and instructions for providing first aid, but also the presence of filled first-aid kits and special posters in the places of duty. They should schematically depict the procedure for carrying out measures to provide assistance to victims.

The first-aid kits located at the duty stations of the production workshop must contain the following medicines and things, without which first aid in case of accidents is impossible:

1. For applying various dressings and tourniquets - individual dressing bags, bandages and cotton wool.
2. For bandaging fractures and their fixation - cotton-gauze bandages and splints.
3. To stop heavy bleeding - tourniquets.
4. For cooling bruises and fractures - an ice pack or a special cooling bag.
5. A small drinking bowl - for washing the eyes and taking medicines.
6. When fainting - a bottle or ampoules of ammonia.
7. For disinfection of wounds - iodine, brilliant green, hydrogen peroxide.
8. For washing and lubricating burns - 2% or 4% solution of boric acid, 3% solution of baking soda, petroleum jelly.
9. Validol and other cardio drugs - with severe heart pain.
10. Tweezers, scissors, pipette.
11. Soap and towel.

First aid in the production workshop

First aid at work is as follows:

1. Carrying out all the procedures described in the first aid instructions. That is, assessing the situation, ensuring safety and providing first aid.
2. Calling an ambulance. That is, dial a centralized number both in Russia and in Ukraine - “OZ”. In the service, it is necessary to describe in detail and at the same time quickly the type of damage and under what circumstances it was received.
3. Fixing the time, causes and type of accident, as well as the condition of the victim and a description of the measures that were taken before the doctors arrived. All this information is transferred to the arriving doctor.
4. Monitoring the health of the victim and staying in constant contact with him until the arrival of an ambulance.

electrical injury

Electrical injury is the result of a person's contact with any source of electricity.

Electrical injury symptoms:

• a feeling of general weakness of the body (for example, rapid or difficult breathing, rapid heartbeat, and so on);
• there may be a reaction to noise and light.

Providing first aid with electric shock to affected people:

1. First of all, the victim must be relieved of the effects of electric current on him. This can be done with the help of improvised means (for example, a rope, a dry board, and so on) or by turning off the network.
2. Assistance to the victim is provided by a person who must wrap his hands with rubberized cloth or wear special gloves. If there is nothing similar nearby, then a dry cloth will do.
3. The victim is touched in those places where the clothes do not fit snugly to the body.
4. If the person is not breathing, then resuscitation is necessary.
5. To prevent pain shock, the victim is given painkillers.
6. An aseptic bandage is applied to the affected area.

Thermal burns

Thermal burns are the result of exposure to heat from fire, boiling water, steam, and anything else on body tissues. Such damage is divided into four degrees, each, in turn, is characterized by its own symptoms:

• the first degree - there is hyperemia and swelling of the skin;
• second degree - blisters appear on the skin that are filled with liquid, there is also a burning pain;
• third degree: phase A - necrosis spreads, phase B - necrosis is distributed to all layers of the skin;
• fourth degree - there is necrosis of damaged skin, adjacent areas, as well as tissues.

First aid in case of damage by thermal factors:

1. It is necessary to immediately stop the effect of the thermal reagent on the victim (for example, knock the fire off clothes with water, cloth, sand, and so on).
2. Next, shock prevention is carried out - painkillers are given to the victim.
3. If the clothing is not stuck to the body, but is damaged, then it must be disposed of (cut off).
4. Aseptic dressings are applied to clean damaged areas.
5. All other actions must be done by a doctor.

Stop bleeding

According to their types of bleeding are divided into capillary, arterial, mixed.

The main task of the person who provides first aid is to stop bleeding and prevent infection from entering the wound.

Rules for first aid for bleeding:

1. If the bleeding is capillary and light (shallow), then the wound is treated with an antiseptic and a sterile bandage is applied.
2. If the bleeding is strong and arterial or mixed, then it is necessary to apply a tourniquet, under the bottom of which a cotton-gauze pad and a note with the time of its application are placed.

If foreign objects are present in the wound, they must be carefully removed with tweezers. The skin around the injury is treated with antiseptic agents.

Dislocations and fractures

From the first time, it is very difficult to determine a dislocation or fracture (especially if it is closed). To do this, you need to take an x-ray.

Therefore, the rules for providing first aid before the arrival of an ambulance for dislocations and fractures are the same and consist in performing a set of the following actions:

1. The victim is placed in a comfortable position for him.
2. A bandage is applied to the affected area. If the fracture is obvious, then a splint is applied.
3. With severe pain, the victim is given painkillers to prevent shock.
4. If the fracture is open, then the skin adjacent to the damaged area is disinfected, and a cotton-gauze pad is applied to the wound. Then everything is re-bandaged.

Resuscitation - artificial respiration

In production, cases are not ruled out when a person may stop breathing. This can be both the result of an injury, and due to the personal characteristics of the body.

If this happens, then the victim must be urgently resuscitated. For this, artificial respiration or indirect heart massage is performed.

First aid instructions for respiratory arrest:

1. The victim is turned over on his back and placed on a hard surface.
2. The person conducting resuscitation should close the victim's nose with one hand, and open his mouth with the other.
3. The person assisting draws air into the lungs, tightly presses his lips to the lips of the victim and energetically releases the air. In this case, it is necessary to observe the chest of the victim.
4. Sixteen to twenty breaths are taken in one minute.

Artificial respiration should be continued until:

• the victim will not fully recover breathing;
• a medical worker (doctor or nurse) will not arrive;
• there were signs of death.

If artificial respiration does not bring results, but death is not established, then it is necessary to proceed with an indirect heart massage.

Indirect cardiac massage

Thanks to this procedure, the victim resumes blood circulation.

1. The person providing first aid must know the location of the heart - between the sternum (movable flat bone) and the spine. When you press down on your sternum, you feel your heart contract. As a result, blood begins to flow from it into the vessels.
2. First, a person takes two breaths using the mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration technique.
3. Then one palm moves to the lower half of the sternum (this is two fingers higher from its lower edge).
4. The second palm is placed on the first perpendicular or parallel.
5. Further, the assisting person presses on the victim's sternum, helping himself by tilting the body. During this procedure, the elbows do not bend.
6. The pressure is carried out quickly, during execution the sternum goes down four centimeters for half a second.
7. Between pushes it is necessary to do half-second intervals.
8. Indentations alternate with breaths. For every 15 compressions, 2 breaths are taken.

It is more effective to carry out an indirect heart massage together - one person makes pressure, the other - inhales.

What can not be done when providing first aid?

During first aid, in no case should you do the following:

• apply excessive force (for example, press on the chest during resuscitation, pull tourniquets and bandages, and so on);
• when performing a mouth-to-mouth breathing procedure, pads (for example, gauze) should not be used;
• it is necessary to determine the signs of breathing very quickly, it is impossible to waste precious time;
• with severe arterial bleeding, one should not waste time on releasing the victim from clothing;
• if the victim has burns of various origins (for example, from fire or as a result of chemical exposure), then they should not be washed with fats and oils, use alkaline solutions, rip off their clothes, pierce burn blisters and peel off the skin.

First aid is a complex of emergency medical measures taken by a suddenly ill or injured person at the scene of an accident and during his delivery to a medical facility.

Often this happens in conditions where there is no way to quickly report the incident to the ambulance station. In such an environment, it is extremely important to provide first aid at the scene of the incident before the arrival of a doctor.

First medical (first aid) care includes three groups of measures:

1. Immediate cessation of exposure to external damaging factors and removal of the victim from the adverse conditions in which he fell.

2. Providing first aid to the victim - stopping bleeding, applying a bandage to the wound, artificial respiration, heart massage, etc.

3. Organization of the fastest delivery of the sick (injured) to

medical institution.

To close wounds, prevent their infection and stop bleeding, as well as sprains (tendons), dressings are used (bandages, cotton wool, elastic bandage, etc.). Highlight bandages ordinary protecting the wound from external influences; pressing - to stop bleeding; immobilizing- to ensure the immobility of the damaged part of the body; bandages with traction with bone fractures, creating a constant traction of any part of the body; corrective- correcting the incorrect position of any part of the body (with dislocations, scoliosis, clubfoot, etc.). The main types of bandages: circular, spiral, eight-shaped, returning and etc.

Providing assistance is meaningless with obvious signs of death:

Clouding and drying of the cornea of ​​​​the eye;

Cooling of the body and the appearance of cadaveric spots;

Rigor mortis, which occurs 2-4 hours after death;

After assessing the condition of the injured (sick), they begin to provide him with first aid. To apply a bandage to a wound, especially for fractures, bleeding, thermal and chemical burns, it is necessary to remove clothing correctly. First, it is removed from a healthy arm, on the legs - the same way. With severe bleeding and severe burns, clothes are not removed, but cut.

The most common first aid is immobilization - immobilization of the damaged part of the body. Immobilization is carried out using special items called tires, which are fixed with bandages, belts, straps, etc. Immobilization is carried out using wooden, mesh, plastic, pneumatic (inflatable) tires, etc.

The injured (sick) should be transported in a certain position, according to the type of injury (disease). Very often, a properly created position saves a person's life and contributes to a speedy recovery.

Conditions that require first aid . Shock- borderline between life and death. Depending on the cause, shock is distinguished traumatic, burn, anaphylactic (with drug intolerance), cardiogenic (with heart attack), septic (with sepsis), etc.

Acute respiratory failure and its extreme degree - respiratory arrest - lead to hypoxia. There are various methods of artificial lung ventilation. Most commonly used artificial respiration by blowing air mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose. Main cardiac arrest symptoms: loss of consciousness; lack of pulse, including on the carotid and femoral arteries; absence of heart sounds; stop breathing; pallor or cyanosis of the skin and mucous membranes; pupil dilation; convulsions that may appear at the time of loss of consciousness and be the first symptom of cardiac arrest, noticeable to others.

There are two types of cardiac arrest: asystole(true cardiac arrest) and ventricular fibrillation when certain fibers of the heart muscle contract chaotically, uncoordinated. It is necessary to immediately start resuscitation - heart massage and artificial respiration.

Currently, external (closed) heart massage is used, which consists in rhythmic squeezing of the heart between the sternum and spine.

Help with bleeding. The causes of bleeding are direct trauma: injection, cut, blow, stretching, etc. The intensity of bleeding depends on the number of damaged vessels, their caliber, the nature of the damage and the type of damaged vessel. There are bleeding arterial, venous, capillary, parenchymal.

First aid for external bleeding. For an emergency stop of arterial bleeding, the method of pressing the arteries throughout is widely used. Most common in sports closed damage(bruises, sprains, subcutaneous ruptures of soft tissues - muscles, tendons, blood vessels, etc.

First aid for bruises, ruptures, compression and dislocations.When hurt it is necessary to create rest for the damaged organ, give this area an elevated position, apply a fixing bandage. When squeezed release the victim from under the weight that has fallen on him. A tourniquet is applied to the injured limb, covered with ice packs. On a damaged joint (dislocation) apply ice, splint or fixing bandage. A traumatologist should correct the dislocation, so the victim must be taken to the trauma department as soon as possible.

First aid for fractures. Traumatic fractures are divided into closed(no skin damage) and open when there is damage to the skin in the area of ​​the fracture. It is strictly forbidden to put the victim with a suspected fracture of the spine, put on his feet!

First of all, it is necessary to create peace for the victim by laying him on a flat hard surface - a wooden shield, boards, etc.

First aid for frostbite.frostbite- damage to tissues as a result of exposure to low temperatures. First aid is to immediately warm the victim (with a warm bath). It is impossible to lubricate the place of frostbite with fat, ointments, and also rub it with snow, as this increases cooling, and ice (ice in the snow) injures the skin.

Heat and sunstroke. Heat stroke occurs as a result of prolonged exposure to high temperatures. The symptoms of these diseases are similar. Initially, the victim feels tired, headache. There are dizziness, weakness, pain in the legs, back, and sometimes vomiting. Later, tinnitus, darkening of the eyes, shortness of breath, palpitations, etc. appear.

To provide first aid, the victim must be immediately transferred to a cool place, in the shade, take off his clothes and lay down, slightly raising his head. Put cold on the head and heart area, inguinal region, drink plenty of cold water. Lubricate whiskey with ammonia and give it a sniff, give valerian.

25. Physiological features of information processing in athletes.

The effectiveness of sports activity is determined not only by the ability to convert energy, but also by the possibility of processing information. Along with the improvement of the skills of motor actions, the athletes are developing the skills of tactical thinking - a specialized form of mental activity. This occurs in various sports, but is especially important in sports games and martial arts. In extremely short periods of time (seconds and fractions of seconds), the processes of perceiving the situation and developing response actions take place.

The effectiveness of tactical thinking is influenced by certain intellectual qualities of a person and the type of nervous system: the speed and volume of visual perception, the speed of processing information, the development of operational thinking, good operative memory, the mobility of nervous processes, stability and concentration of attention, noise immunity, etc. The effectiveness of the competitive activity of football players , for example, has a significant correlation with the strength of nervous processes, their mobility.

In the course of solving tactical problems, the processes of perception of signals on the periphery of sensory systems, the transmission of afferent impulses to the projection zones of the cerebral cortex, their processing in subcortical structures, primary (projection) and secondary (recognizing) fields of the cortex, the transition from the processes of recognition of images of the situation to their comprehension in the tertiary (lower parietal) fields of the cortex, where signals from various sensory systems and the skills of motor actions and tactical combinations stored in memory interact. Based on the information received and the dominant motivation, the anterior frontal tertiary fields of the cortex carry out the key moment of tactical thinking: the choice of the most adequate solution, i.e., making a decision about the goal and objectives of the action. In accordance with this, a program is built for response actions and the transmission of efferent impulses to the underlying nerve centers and skeletal muscles - commands for movements and inhibitory commands to exclude extraneous movements.

At the stage of afferent synthesis, the perception of external and internal information is provided by the activity of various sensory systems, in which the visual sensory system and the auditory sensory system play the main role. Tactical thinking also takes into account information from the vestibular apparatus, from muscles and skin, from internal organs.

A rich supply of tactical knowledge allows qualified athletes to use various combinations of them and build new tactical combinations on the basis of extrapolation processes (using previous experience) in unexpected conditions.

Automation of mental operations allows many decisions to be made almost instantly, as if intuitively, and to be aware of them after they have been completed (for example, in boxing, fencing). Electrophysiological data show that as tactical thinking and motor skills are automated, the involvement of the anterior frontal areas in the work of the activity regulation system decreases, which reduces the number of active neurons and increases the speed of solving tactical problems.

The effectiveness of solving tactical problems is evaluated by the correctness of the solution and the time of the solution. The parameters of these indicators depend on the bandwidth of the brain. The value of throughput (C) is equal to the amount of processed information (1) per unit of time (T).

For a person, the decision time increases in direct proportion to the increase in the amount of information presented up to 3 bits, and with more information it increases sharply and does not change, since a person is not able to consciously perceive this information and acts in conditions of complete uncertainty for him.

Individual speed capabilities in a situation of choice depend on the speed of the brain, which is reflected in the frequency of the main rhythm of the biopotentials of the cerebral cortex - the alpha rhythm.

The throughput can be determined by presenting the athlete with tactical tasks with a certain information content (the number of alternatives) and fixing the response time. You can also use the table with Landolt rings, setting the athlete to look through the table as quickly as possible and cross out the rings with a certain gap (according to the clock face - 12.00, 1.30, 3.00, 4.30, 6.00, 7.30, 9.00 and 10.30).

The value of throughput is an important criterion for an athlete's adaptation to loads and can be used to control tactical readiness. A special throughput rating scale has been developed to determine suitability for specific sports. According to this scale, in particular, the suitability for football of those athletes who, in simple tests (for example, determining the time of a simple visual-motor reaction), show a throughput of more than 5 bits / s, is very highly evaluated. Under similar conditions, highly skilled swordsmen have been shown to have a throughput of 5-6 bps.

The bandwidth and other indicators of the effectiveness of tactical thinking can also be used to assess the noise immunity of an athlete. For this purpose, ordinary indicators are compared with indicators obtained against the background of meaningless (light and sound) and semantic interference (shouts of fans at the stadium, instructions from the coach, referee, exclamations of the players of their team and rivals, etc.). Noise interference can be very significant: the recording of the "noise of the stands" at important basketball and fencing competitions showed that the volume level reaches 100-112 dB. At the same time, in noise-resistant athletes, the indicators of physical and mental performance can even improve against this background, and in unstable ones, they decrease.

Noise immunity is one of the least trainable properties of the body, due to hereditary influences. In this regard, it is especially important to take into account the reactions of athletes to interference in order to predict the effectiveness of their competitive activity, as well as for the purpose of sports selection.

The physiological basis of the phenomenon of noise immunity is the formation in the cerebral cortex of a powerful working dominant - a functional system united by a single rhythm of activity and including the most important nerve centers for work.

According to the discipline "Fundamentals of first aid".

1. The concept of first aid. Measures of first medical and pre-medical aid.

First medical and pre-medical aid is a complex of emergency measures carried out to the injured or sick person at the scene of the incident and during the period of delivery to a medical institution.

First medical and pre-medical aid includes the following activities:

Immediate cessation of exposure to external damaging factors (electric current, high or low temperature, compression by weights) and removal of the victim from the adverse conditions in which he fell (extraction from water, removal from a burning or gassed room).

Providing first medical or first aid to the victim, depending on the nature and type of injury, accident or sudden illness (stopping bleeding, applying a bandage to a wound, artificial respiration, heart massage, etc.).

Organization of the speedy delivery (transportation) of the victim to a medical institution.

Activities of the first group are often provided in the order of mutual and self-help, tk. everyone understands that if a drowning person is not removed from the water, if the victim is not taken out of the burning room, if the person is not released from under the weights that have fallen on him, then he will die. It should be emphasized that the longer the effect of the damaging factor, the deeper and more severe the injury will be.

The second group of activities is actually medical care. It can be provided correctly by persons who have studied the main signs of damage and special first aid techniques.

Of great importance in the complex of first aid measures is the fastest delivery of the victim to a medical institution. The victim should be transported not only quickly, but also correctly, i.e. in the position most safe for him in accordance with the nature of the disease or type of injury. For example, in a position on the side - with an unconscious state or possible vomiting. The optimal mode of transportation is by ambulance transport (ambulance and emergency medical service). In the absence of such, ordinary vehicles belonging to citizens, institutions and organizations can be used. In some cases, with minor injuries, the victim can get to the medical institution on his own.

1. What principles should be followed in the provision of first aid.

When providing first aid, the following principles should be observed :

All actions of the assisting person must be expedient, deliberate, resolute, quick and calm.

First of all, it is necessary to assess the situation and take measures to stop the impact of factors harmful to the body.

Quickly and correctly assess the condition of the victim. This is facilitated by finding out the circumstances under which the injury or sudden illness occurred, the time and place of the injury. This is especially important if the victim is unconscious. When examining the victim, they establish whether he is alive or dead, determine the type and severity of the injury, whether there was and whether bleeding continues.

Based on the examination of the victim, the method and sequence of first aid is determined.

Find out what means are necessary for first aid, based on specific conditions, circumstances and opportunities.

Provide first aid and prepare the victim for transportation.

Unlike ordinary citizens, for whom the ability to provide first aid is desirable, an employee of the Federal Penitentiary Service must be able to provide assistance and provide it.

Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Institutions and Bodies Executing Criminal Punishments in the Form of Deprivation of Liberty” dated 18.04.91. states: When using physical force, special means and firearms (Article 28, paragraph 2), "to ensure the least harm to convicts and prisoners, the provision of medical assistance to victims."

The concept of clinical and biological death.

The caregiver must clearly and quickly distinguish loss of consciousness from death.

The onset of death is manifested in the irreversible violation of the basic vital functions of the body, followed by the cessation of the vital activity of individual tissues and organs. Death from old age is rare. Most often, the cause of death is a disease or exposure to various factors on the body.

With massive injuries (aircraft, railway injuries, craniocerebral injuries with brain damage), death occurs very quickly. In other cases, death is preceded by agony, which can last from minutes to hours or even days. During this period, cardiac activity, respiratory function are weakened, the skin of the dying person becomes pale, the nose is pointed, and sticky sweat appears. The agonal period passes into a state of clinical death.

clinical death characterized by:

cessation of breathing;

heart failure.

During this period, irreversible changes in the body have not yet developed. Different organs die at different rates. The higher the level of tissue organization, the more sensitive it is to a lack of oxygen and the faster this tissue dies. The most highly organized tissue of the human body - the cerebral cortex dies as quickly as possible, after 4-6 minutes. The period while the cerebral cortex is alive is called clinical death. During this period of time, it is possible to restore the function of nerve cells and the central nervous system.

biological death characterized by the onset of irreversible processes in tissues and organs.

If signs of clinical death are found, it is necessary to immediately begin resuscitation measures.