What does it mean if progesterone is normal? Progesterone - general concepts about biochemistry, function, normal indicators and the effect of hormonal imbalance on the body. Taking progesterone medications

Hormonal balance is very important for the female body. This is especially true for sex hormones. They stabilize emotional condition women, affect the functioning of the entire body.

One of the most necessary hormones for the fair sex is progesterone. He takes an active part in the work reproductive system women, and also controls the most important events her life - conception and pregnancy.

What is progesterone for?

Progesterone is a sex hormone secreted by the corpus luteum and adrenal glands. During pregnancy, this function is also taken over by the placenta. Progesterone means “gestation” in Latin. It is also called the pregnancy hormone. This name was invented for a reason. Its role in conceiving and bearing a child is simply invaluable. Progesterone performs the following number of functions:

• changes the structure of the inner wall of the uterus so that a fertilized egg can implant into it;
• after pregnancy, the process of menstruation slows down;
• promotes uterine enlargement along with fetal growth;
• relaxes the muscles of the uterus, eliminating its ability to contract, and thereby preventing the possibility of miscarriage;
• stimulates the development of mammary glands, promotes milk production;
• controls the emotional state of the expectant mother, develops the maternal instinct;

In addition to pregnancy, this hormone controls other processes in the body:

• prevents the formation of adrenal cysts;
• reduces the likelihood of blood clots;
• normalizes sugar levels;
• affects fat metabolism, mineral balance;

Which should it be?

The level of progesterone in a woman’s body is constantly changing. Its concentration is influenced by several processes:

• pregnancy;
• phases of the menstrual cycle;
• reception contraception.

Indicators by day of the cycle

Progesterone is usually measured in nanograms per milliliter (ng/ml) or nanomoles per liter (nmol/l). More often, values ​​are displayed in nmol/l. To convert ng/ml to nmol/l, use the formula: ng/ml * 3. 18 = nmol/l.

To understand how and why the concentration of this hormone changes during the menstrual cycle, you must first understand its phases.

• The cycle begins with the follicular phase. During this period, the follicle and egg mature. On days 2-3 of this phase and up to days 11-12 of the cycle, the level of the hormone in the blood remains at lower limit normal and is 0.31 nmol/l. The adrenal glands are responsible for its production at this stage.

• On days 13-18 of the cycle, but most often on day 15, occurs ovulation- release of the egg from the follicle. All that remains of it is one shell, which is called corpus luteum. It is during this period that fertilization of the egg occurs, otherwise she dies. During ovulation, the corpus luteum begins to produce progesterone.

• After ovulation comes luteal phase. It lasts until the onset of menstruation. In the second phase, namely on days 18, 19, 20, 21 of the cycle, the concentration of the pregnancy hormone increases to its maximum.

Its normal level in women during this period can reach up to 56 ng/ml. This happens because these 4 days are considered potential for the egg to be fertilized, pass through the tubes and implant into the endometrium of the uterus. These days she is preparing to receive the egg: its mucous layer increases in size and becomes looser. In the absence of fertilization, it is rejected and comes out in the form of menstruation.

If fertilization does not occur, then after these 4 days, that is, on days 22-23, the level of progesterone decreases to normal concentration - 0.3 nmol/l. If fertilization has occurred, its blood levels will increase.

Therefore, the most the right time To take a progesterone test, it will be on day 22 of the cycle, but it is better to repeat the result on day 24-25. Days may vary depending on the length of the cycle.

According to the age

Throughout life, the level of progesterone in a woman’s blood changes significantly. His first a sharp decline observed in adolescence 2 years after the first menstruation. The level of the hormone then changes cyclically depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle. The final decrease in progesterone occurs during menopause - its amount is 0.64 nmol/l.

But the origins of its decline begin to form earlier – already from the age of 38. During this period, aging processes begin in a woman’s body, and ovarian function decreases.

At the age of 45-55, women enter premenopause. The main process at this time is an imbalance of sex hormones. The thing is that not only progesterone regulates the functioning of the reproductive system. If progesterone helps fix the egg in the uterus, then its formation is influenced by another group of hormones - estrogens. They, in turn, are under the control of pituitary hormones: follicle-stimulating and luteinizing.

It is the balance of all these hormones that ensures the normal functioning of the reproductive system of the female body. During premenopause, this balance is disrupted. Hormonal imbalance during this period leads to disruptions in the menstrual cycle. It also causes the growth of neoplasms, which include fibroids. Often the treatment method in such situations is surgery.

Changes occur not only in reproductive organs. The nervous system also suffers. Often, hormonal imbalances lead to depression, unstable mood and even severe mental disorders.

During menopause, the level of sex hormones decreases so much that eggs stop maturing, and therefore ovulation does not occur. This leads to complete cessation menstrual flow, and, consequently, to stop the production of progesterone.

The period after the cessation of menstruation is called postmenopause. And it comes by the age of 55-60. But more often this concept is combined with the term menopause or menopause.

During menopause, a woman is accompanied by the following symptoms:

• “hot flashes”: sudden fever, increased sweating;
• decreased memory, attention;
• irritability;
• mood lability;
• sleep disturbance;
• fragility of bones, frequent fractures.

During menopause, the risk of cancer and precancerous diseases of the ovaries and uterus also increases. To normalize hormonal background and avoid such consequences, a woman is prescribed replacement therapy hormonal drugs. But for this it is necessary to take an analysis to determine the level of hormones in the blood. Having received the results and compared them with the table standard indicators, the doctor prescribes individual treatment.

Some women cannot adequately perceive age-related changes happening to them at a given period of their life. They believe that their femininity and attractiveness are being lost. It leads to serious violations in the psycho-emotional sphere, sometimes even dementia manifests itself.

During pregnancy

Progesterone reaches its highest concentration in the blood during pregnancy. If fertilization has occurred and the egg has implanted in the wall of the uterus, then the level of “pregnancy hormone” after the peak 4 days after ovulation will not decrease, but increase. Already on early stages pregnancy, its indicators increase significantly, but highest level it reaches in the third trimester:

A few days before delivery, the amount of progesterone drops sharply to 2.3 nmol/l. This is necessary so that the muscle layer of the uterus begins to contract, causing contractions and then pushing.

But still, the level of the hormone remains at fairly high levels. This is necessary for the mammary glands to begin producing milk.

If a woman fails to conceive naturally, she can resort to help in vitro fertilization(ECO). Since this is a non-physiological method, the body cannot fully prepare for it on its own. That's why V in this case Progesterone levels have to be regulated artificially.

To successfully transfer embryos, a woman must first be prepared. To do this, from the 16th day of the menstrual cycle she begins to take progesterone in the form medications, having previously passed a test for its content in the blood. These drugs will prepare the inner layer of the uterus for it to accept an egg.

From the third day of taking progesterone, embryos can be transferred. Before the procedure, another test for hormone levels is required. If the indicator is sufficient, a refill is performed; if it is low, the procedure is canceled. After embryo transfer, it is recommended to check the level of “pregnancy hormone” every 2 days to make sure that it is sufficient. If the procedure is successful, the amount of progesterone will increase.

When managing a pregnancy accomplished by IVF, the abbreviation DPP is used. It determines the day after embryo transfer. For example, 5DPP or 6DPP. Along with other indicators, on the days of progesterone donation, its values ​​are also recorded. At the same time, the doctor, based on the indicators, regulates the dose and quantity of drugs.

And they continue to take medications almost the entire first trimester to avoid miscarriage. In the future, the placenta will take over the function of producing the hormone.

It is also important to monitor the content of estradiol in the blood of a pregnant woman. Their joint work with progesterone will ensure the proper course of pregnancy.

Reasons for decrease or increase

There are often cases when the amount of progesterone in the blood is reduced. The reasons for this may be:

• inflammatory processes of the ovaries;
• adrenal gland disorders, diseases thyroid gland;
• insufficient function of the corpus luteum;
• nervous tension;
• malnutrition.

Manifestations of a lack of “pregnancy hormone”, first of all, are PMS - premenstrual syndrome.

Many believe that this is normal when during this period the stomach or head begins to hurt severely, nausea and loss of strength and activity appear. In fact, this may be explained by the possible low level progesterone, which needs to be adjusted.

Other signs include:

• increased sweating;
• poor sleep;
• overweight bodies;
• swelling;
• convulsive spasms;
• disruptions of the menstrual cycle;
• myoma; hyperplasia;
• gas formation.

If the level of this substance is insufficient, a woman cannot become pregnant. Even if fertilization has occurred, the egg cannot penetrate the uterine wall because it is not developed enough.

If a woman does become pregnant, her risk of miscarriage increases.

Less commonly, it happens that the level of progesterone in the blood is elevated. In addition to pregnancy, this can result from:

• corpus luteum cysts;
• disruption of the adrenal glands;
• absence of menstruation;
• tumors in the ovaries;
• taking medications that increase progesterone levels;
• hydatidiform mole – pathological condition, in which the chorionic villi mutate, turning into bubbles. It grows uncontrollably, which threatens the development of a cancerous tumor.

Excess hormone manifests itself as:

• excess body weight;
• increased body hair;
• mood changes;
• instability of blood pressure;
• pustular diseases skin;
• rapid fatigue.

How to normalize

Restoring progesterone levels depends on the manifestations of its imbalance and the indicators of the test results. If the violations are superficial, use natural remedies:

• Set up your power supply system. Consume healthy food, eat more vegetables and fruits. Dairy products must be included in the diet meat products and fish. Drink more water. Do not forget about foods that stimulate the production of this hormone - nuts, seeds, avocados, olives.
• It is very important to maintain emotional calm. To do this, try to eliminate the cause of your worries. Use auto-training or relaxing gymnastics.
• Get busy active species sports The main thing is regularity of training and positive emotions.
• Give up bad habits.
• Keep your weight under control.
• Get enough sleep and avoid overwork.
• Refrain from large quantity coffee. Try not to drink very strong tea.

In a more serious situation, you will have to resort to medication assistance. Here you should be very careful and not self-medicate. Medicines should be prescribed by a doctor, taking into account individual characteristics. With improper therapy, the development of insufficient heart function and tumor-like diseases may develop. Before prescribing hormone therapy, you are required to take a blood test for progesterone levels, and only then consult a doctor.

Drugs that are used to establish normal progesterone levels are used in the following forms:

• tablets or capsules. The most commonly used are Duphaston and Utrozhestan. Moreover, the capsules can be inserted into the vagina. It turns out local impact without interfering with metabolism;
• gels;
• candles;
• injections. In case of hormone deficiency, use oil solution progesterone different concentrations. It is administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously.

The choice of drug depends on the indications, the patient’s age and hormone levels. When prescribing the drug, schemes are used. It is discontinued gradually, gradually reducing the dose.

These drugs are contraindicated in:

• bleeding unknown etiology;
• tumors of the female reproductive system;
• liver diseases;
• tendency to form blood clots.

Progesterone is considered a female sex hormone that regulates menstrual cycles and supports pregnancy. Produced by the adrenal gland and corpus luteum.

The hormone is involved in the most important processes of the female body. The main functions are: preparing the uterus for future pregnancy, prevention of rejection of the fertilized egg, development of the mammary gland for lactation, preparation nervous system for childbirth, normalization of blood pressure, control of blood sugar.

The role of the hormone for pregnant women

Progesterone is intensively produced immediately after ovulation before fertilization and continues to be produced by the corpus luteum until the 16th week of pregnancy. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum dies, hormone production stops, and then menstruation begins. For fertilization, progesterone levels in women must be met.

The importance of this hormone for procreation cannot be underestimated, since it greatly affects the female body, supporting reproduction. It is progesterone that allows the fertilized egg to attach to the wall of the uterus and reduce uterine contractility. Without the help of a hormone ovum will be rejected, and if pregnancy occurs there is a risk of miscarriage. He is also responsible for lactation after childbirth.

Also important has estradiol. The blood level is affected by the phase of the menstrual cycles, as well as having different indicators depending on the phase of the cycle.

The 1st phase is characterized by an increase in the level of estradiol and progesterone, where the maximum value is reached at the time of ovulation. At the beginning of the 1st trimester, the level of progesterone and estradiol in the blood increases, forming favorable conditions for embryo growth and prevents the threat of miscarriage. If there is no fertilization, then the level of estradiol and progesterone decreases to a concentration in the 1st phase of the cycle, then menstruation begins.

The second phase lasts at least 10 days. In the second phase. With a short second phase, the endometrium does not have enough time to prepare to accept the fertilized egg, and conception does not occur.

We can come to the conclusion that for a pregnant woman, the hormone is the main component in all trimesters. It also creates an environment in the uterus suitable for pregnancy, promotes the attachment of the fertilized egg, increases the likelihood of embryo survival, and preserves the endometrium, which supports the continuation of pregnancy.

Effect on the body

It also performs several other functions that are not related to pregnancy: it prevents the formation of fibrous cysts in glandular tissue, promotes the conversion of adipose tissue into energy, and restores blood clotting and sugar levels.

Repeated Scientific research proved the existence of a relationship between premenstrual and menopausal syndromes.

For this reason, progesterone levels in women are always important for proper functioning body, and not just for periods of bearing a child. in women it also varies during periods of hormonal changes.

Long periods of pregnancy, menopause, and the use of contraceptives affect the concentration of the hormone. Norms for women (not pregnant) and women who do not use contraceptives should have certain indicators depending on the phase of the cycle.

Hormone norm

Exist the following indicators Progesterone levels are normal during pregnancy:

• in the follicular progesterone norm is 0.32 – 2.25 nmol/l;
• in ovulatory – 0.49 – 9.41;
• in the luteal phase - 6.95 - 56.53 nmol/l;
• in postmenopause - no more than 0.64;
• 1st trimester of pregnancy: 8.9 – 468.5 nmol/l;
• 2nd trimester: normal values ​​are 71.5 – 303.2;
• 3rd trimester: 88.7 – 771.5 nmol/l.

Normal hormone levels in users hormonal drugs:

• In the follicular phase: up to 3.6 nmol/l;
• V ovulatory phase: 1,52 – 5,45;
• in the luteal phase: 3.01 – 66.8 nmol/l;
• postmenopause: no more than 3.19 nmol/l.

Progesterone for IVF

This hormone in IVF has great value for conception, because IVF requires a lot hormonal help. Before IVF, progesterone is prescribed to stimulate the ovaries. The effectiveness of the hormone during IVF depends on the method of its entry into the body, divided into vaginal and intravaginal, as well as on its properties.

After IVF, natural progesterone is prescribed in micronized form; it is almost identical to natural progesterone in its characteristics and does not entail side effects, does not affect metabolic processes, arterial pressure and etc.

Progesterone administered vaginally increases its bioavailability. It affects only the uterus and endometrium and increases the level of the hormone in the blood after a few hours.

When to get tested?

In the absence of special medical recommendations, the test is taken on the twenty-second or twenty-third day of menstruation, always on an empty stomach. The study is carried out before lunch; at least eight hours must pass after the last meal.

When researching, it is very important to take into account the duration of the cycle (number of days). For example, if the cycle consists of 32 days, then by making calculations, you can determine that ovulation will occur on the 18th day of menstruation. Considering that the analysis will be scheduled on day 21 of the cycle, by this point after ovulation will pass only 3 days.

If the test is carried out on a pregnant woman, it contains information about the week of pregnancy, the day of menstruation, and the use of birth control pills.

A high level may indicate the presence of amenorrhea, pregnancy, the formation of a corpus luteum cyst, deviation in the development of the placenta, kidney disease and adrenal glands. Low levels in the blood indicate a cycle disorder, o malfunction corpus luteum, available chronic inflammation ovaries, lack of ovulation.

During pregnancy in any trimester, a lack of the hormone indicates a delay in the development of the fetus, indicates the presence of a threat of miscarriage or post-term pregnancy. Women need to monitor the content - essential hormones for the woman's body.

How to maintain the norm?

During pregnancy about recovery normal level progesterone level is decided by the doctor observing the pregnant woman, together with the endocrinologist.

Pregnant women and women with abnormal levels of the hormone can do the following to restore its concentration naturally: purchase food products that are not in plastic or polyethylene packaging; use glassware in microwave oven; use purified water for cooking and drinking; Use hair dye with caution.

It’s worth reconsidering your daily routine night rest should last at least 8 hours, must be done on fresh air exercises respiratory nature on a daily basis. Use vegetables and fruits enriched with vitamin C and E in your diet.

It is very important to be active and healthy image life, use environmentally friendly and healthy food. Take care of your health, and in case of minor manifestations of malfunctions in the reproductive system, immediately contact a specialist.

Pregnant women need to remember that they are responsible not only for their health, but also for the health of their unborn child, so it is very important to follow the advice of a specialist.

Natural procreation would be impossible if female body the hormone progesterone was not produced. An increase or decrease in its level significantly affects a woman’s health, her ability to bear and give birth to a child. What kind of hormone is this, what are its functions in the body and why progesterone levels change throughout life, we will find out further.

What is progesterone and its functions

Progesterone is a steroid sex hormone produced by the corpus luteum of the ovaries, the adrenal cortex and the placenta (during pregnancy). He is responsible for successful conception, childbearing and breastfeeding. Progesterone is also an agonist of some receptors and stimulates liver enzymes.

But still the main role hormone - maintaining pregnancy. Thanks to it, processes occur in the endometrium of the uterus that prepare it for possible conception, and subsequently prepare the woman’s body for childbirth and breastfeeding(if pregnancy has occurred).

The “pregnancy hormone” (as progesterone is often called) performs following functions related to fetal development:

• changes the condition of the uterine mucosa to successfully attach a fertilized egg to the overgrown endometrium;
• reduces the body’s immune response, which prevents it from “rejecting” the embryo (protects against miscarriage);
• reduces the contractility of the uterine muscles, which also allows you to maintain pregnancy;
• responsible for stretching the uterus in accordance with the size of the fetus;
• forms an additional fat layer on the woman’s abdomen, protecting the uterus and the child developing in it from mechanical influences;
• participates in preparation pelvic bones women in labor for childbirth;
• maintains a stable level of blood viscosity and blood sugar levels in the expectant mother;
• prepares the tissues and ducts of the mammary glands for lactation.

A drop in progesterone levels in a pregnant woman’s body leads to childbirth and becomes a signal to start breastfeeding.

The hormone is also responsible for normal menstrual cycle(alternating ovulation and menstruation) and stops it for the period of gestation if the egg has been fertilized.

The biological role of progesterone in the body is not limited to reproductive functions. It is responsible for a number of several more important processes:

• for sexual attraction;
• for normal brain functioning (as a neurosteroid);
• for allocating skin secretion and maintaining youthful skin.

The maternal instinct is also formed under the influence of this particular hormone.

What affects progesterone levels

Progesterone levels are unstable in different periods life. It depends on the woman’s age and the phase of the menstrual cycle. During pregnancy, hormone levels in the blood increase hundreds of times.

During the follicular phase monthly cycle(before ovulation) the hormone is produced only by the adrenal cortex - its level in the blood is minimal. But after ovulation, a corpus luteum forms in the ovary, which begins to produce progesterone - the level of the hormone increases sharply and remains so until the onset of menstruation. Its production depends on luteinizing hormone, which stimulates ovulation.

If pregnancy occurs, the production of the hormone continues to increase and reaches a peak at III trimester e (from 17-18 weeks it is produced by the placenta).

The synthesis of progesterone is affected by the work of the female reproductive system, in particular the corpus luteum, a gland that reappears every menstrual cycle. Infections, stress, medication, and even strenuous physical activity can disrupt hormone production. But it often happens that its production can be disrupted and even more serious reasons– disruptions in the functioning of the endocrine system.

The consequences of increased or insufficient progesterone synthesis are dangerous: menstrual irregularities, difficulties conceiving a child, and problems during pregnancy. Therefore, if you suspect a change in the concentration of the hormone in the body, it is necessary to take a blood test and identify the causes of pathologies.

What is the normal level of progesterone?

The hormone does not have a stable indicator, since its level depends on many factors. The so-called reference values ​​(lower and upper limits) for each phase of the menstrual cycle are accepted, within which deviations in its concentration in the blood are considered normal.

For non-pregnant women, the following indicators are considered normal:

• 0.3 – 0.22 nmol/l – in the first (follicular) phase of the cycle (1-14 days of the cycle);
• 0.5 – 9.5 nmol/l – during the period of ovulation (14-16 days);
• 7 – 56.6 nmol/l – in the luteal phase (16-30 days of the cycle).

During menopause, the hormone content in the blood of women is at the level of 0.64 nmol/l.

It happens that the test result for progesterone is given in other units of measurement (in ng/ml). To convert units of measurement you need to use the formulas:

• ng/ml ∙ 3.18 = progesterone level nmol/l;
• nmol/l ∙ 0.314 = ng/ml.

It should be taken into account that laboratories use different sets of reagents for blood analysis and different methods determining progesterone levels. Therefore, hormone concentrations in the same woman on the same day of the cycle may vary in different laboratories. Comparisons of test results should always be based on data from the same laboratory.

Progesterone during pregnancy. Hormone norm by week

For pregnant women, other reference values ​​have been determined. Progesterone concentration varies depending on the period:

• 1 – 13 weeks (I trimester) – 9-468 nmol/l;
• 14 – 26 weeks (II trimester) – 71.5-303 nmol/l;
• 27 – 40 weeks (III trimester) – 88.7-771.5 nmol/l.

If the test results differ greatly from those given, do not immediately sound the alarm. It is possible that other methods and reagents are used in this medical institution, so the values ​​do not fall within the established range.

You need to be guided by the standards of the laboratory in which the analysis was taken (as a rule, each institution has its own). Also taken into account are individual characteristics women, as well as reception medicines, which are used by the expectant mother at the time of the test.

Causes of increased progesterone. How to downgrade

If a blood test for progesterone levels shows increased value, there may be several reasons for this. If a non-pregnant woman does not take medications that affect the concentration of the hormone, this is most often due to endocrine disorders or gynecological diseases:

• congenital dysfunction of the adrenal cortex (adrenogenital syndrome);
• tumors or hyperplasia of the adrenal glands;
• ovarian neoplasms (cysts, cystomas);
• choriocarcenomas (uterine cancer);
• hyperprolactinemia (dysfunctional milk secretion and cessation of menstruation).

It happens that the hormone level increases when renal failure, uterine bleeding or cirrhosis of the liver.

The level of progesterone during pregnancy increases with:

• hydatidiform mole (a pathology associated with the defective function of egg fertilization and characterized by the growth of chorionic villi in the form of bubbles);
• delayed maturation of the placenta;
• fetoplacental insufficiency (a complex of morphofunctional disorders of the fetus and placenta);
• multiple pregnancy.

An increase in progesterone concentrations in women requires a comprehensive examination to identify the causes. After diagnosis, the doctor will prescribe the necessary treatment tactics to normalize the hormone level. Along with medications(Clomiphene, Mifepreston, Tamoxifen), it is recommended to change your lifestyle (give up bad habits, establish a work-rest routine) and pay attention to nutrition (reduce the proportion of protein foods and give up foods high in saturated fat).

You can also use folk recipes to reduce hormone levels and use the following infusions:

• red rowan (1 tablespoon of dry berries, pour a glass of boiling water and consume 1/3 glass three times a day);
• Borovaya uterus (1 tbsp. crushed stems per 1 tbsp. water), drink half a glass in the morning and evening;
• red brush and cloves (for 1.2 liters of boiling water, take 6 tsp of carnation flowers and 1 tablespoon of red brush, bring to a boil, let cool and take 1/3 cup 3 times a day before meals).

Using Recipes traditional medicine at increased progesterone possible only after consulting a specialist.

Causes of low progesterone. How to level up

A decrease in progesterone concentration in non-pregnant women is observed with the following pathologies:

• dysfunction of the adrenal cortex;
• dysfunction of the corpus luteum (insufficiency of the second (luteal) phase);
• chronic inflammatory diseases genitals;
• reception medicines, lowering the level of the hormone in the blood;
• gynecological diseases (fibroids, endometriosis);
• strict diets and poor unbalanced nutrition.

A woman's decreased levels of the hormone may indicate the onset of menopause.

During pregnancy, the level of progesterone decreases when:

• too rapid resorption of the corpus luteum (normally it should dissolve only by 16-17 weeks);
• placental insufficiency;
• severe stress affecting the functioning of the reproductive system;
• post-term (more than 41 weeks).

Prescribing medications (Utrozhestan, Inzhesta, Crinon gel, Duphaston) helps normalize the production of progesterone. It is also recommended to increase the proportion of foods containing proteins and cholesterol in the diet. They do not contain the hormone, but help stimulate its production in the body. Of no small importance is the normalization of the psycho-emotional state of pregnant women, increasing the number of hours of sleep and rest.

From folk remedies Plant infusions help increase progesterone levels:

• Pour 1 liter of boiling water over plantain seeds (1 tbsp) and mantle grass (2 tbsp), leave for 1 hour and take half a glass 3 times a day;
• wild yam and raspberry leaves(1 tablespoon of each plant per 0.5 liter of water, boil and drink instead of tea).

Independent use of medications or folk remedies to increase progesterone synthesis without consulting a doctor is unacceptable.

Consequences of abnormal progesterone levels

An increase or decrease in the concentration of progesterone in the blood in both pregnant and non-pregnant women can have serious consequences.

During pregnancy reduced level hormone often leads to miscarriage - spontaneous abortion or miscarriage. This may also result in delays intrauterine development child and premature birth.

An increased level of the hormone is dangerous due to delayed maturation of the placenta and disruption of the functioning of the fetoplacental complex, which affects the physical and mental health of the unborn child.

In non-pregnant women, abnormal progesterone levels affect the regularity and length of the menstrual cycle.

An increase in hormone concentration threatens the following conditions:

• secondary amenorrhea (lack of menstruation);
• dysfunctional uterine bleeding with an extended second phase of the cycle:
• hirsutism (increased body hair);
• the appearance of pimples and acne that are difficult to treat;
• swelling.

Often, a violation of progesterone production is associated with abnormal synthesis of other sex hormones, so the signs and consequences of this can be varied, and other symptoms are added.

A decrease in hormone levels leads to:

• to the absence of ovulation and acyclic uterine bleeding;
• to primary or secondary amenorrhea;
• to long-term painful menstruation(sometimes with a rise in temperature);
• to severe premenstrual syndrome;
• to difficulties with conception (due to insufficiency of the luteal phase and underdevelopment of the corpus luteum);
• infertility.

If you suspect a violation of the production of progesterone in the body, you must take an analysis of its level (necessarily over time) and, in case of abnormal results, undergo the treatment prescribed by your doctor.

Tests for progesterone levels and indications for them

Currently for diagnostic purposes endocrine pathologies In laboratories, tests are carried out to determine the level of free progesterone and the level of the hormone 17OH progesterone in the blood. That's two different hormones(despite the similar name) and they are produced by different glands:

• the hormone 17OH progesterone is synthesized by the adrenal cortex;
• free progesterone - by the corpus luteum of the ovary or placenta (in pregnant women).

Both hormones influence the normal functioning of the female reproductive system, so for full diagnostics If you have problems with conception or menstrual irregularities, you need to take a test for both hormones. To assess the progress of pregnancy and to diagnose its pathologies, women are usually prescribed a blood test only for the level of free progesterone.

Indications for prescribing a progesterone test are:

• menstrual irregularities;
• suspected ectopic pregnancy;
• risk of miscarriage;
• determination of ovulation when planning pregnancy;
• diagnosis of infertility;
• absence of menstruation in non-pregnant women of childbearing age;
• disruption of the activity of the corpus luteum;
• control over the condition of the placenta during pregnancy;
• ovarian cyst or tumor detected on ultrasound;
• adrenal tumors;
• assessment of the effectiveness of treatment with progesterone drugs;
• at congenital pathologies adrenal glands

A progesterone test is not mandatory and is not usually performed as part of routine testing for pregnant women unless the pregnancy is progressing normally or the woman has not had more than two previous miscarriages or missed pregnancies.

At 40-42 weeks, doctors can prescribe a woman a progesterone test in order to differentiate between post-term and prolonged pregnancy.

If the level of progesterone in the blood is below the norm for the third trimester, this will indicate postmaturity and the need for urgent labor induction or caesarean section to minimize negative consequences for fetal health.

If the level of progesterone in the blood at 41-42 weeks is within the normal range for the third trimester, then there is a prolonged pregnancy. In this case, you can calmly wait for the natural onset of labor.

How to take a progesterone test correctly (preparation, what day of the cycle to take)

Diagnosis of diseases will be correct if the progesterone test is performed correctly. To ensure this, several rules must be taken into account and followed.

1. Blood testing for progesterone levels should only be done on an empty stomach. A 14-hour fast is recommended before taking the test. IN as a last resort, the period without water can be 8 hours. During this period, you can only drink water. Juices, tea and other drinks are excluded.
2. The best time to take the test is in the morning (from 8.00 to 10.00). At this time, the concentration of the hormone in the blood is at its maximum level. At other times, there may be a slight deviation of the analysis parameters from the norm. If the test is taken several times, it must be taken at the same time.
3. 2-3 days before the test, try not to take any medications (except for vital ones). You must inform the laboratory assistant and doctor about taking any medications.
4. The day before blood sampling, you should avoid heavy physical activity, do not be nervous and do not drink alcohol, strong coffee or tea.
5. 12 hours (or at least 2-3 hours before the test) stop smoking.
6. Immediately before donating blood, it is advisable to rest and relax for half an hour indoors medical institution(clinics, laboratories).

Women should donate blood for progesterone on certain days of the menstrual cycle:

Analysis of hormone levels should always be carried out over time. This is the only way to accurately diagnose a particular disease or pathology during pregnancy.

Blood tests for progesterone levels can be taken in private laboratories on a commercial basis or in government ones medical institutions that have laboratories that perform such research. In government institutions, a hormone test can be taken with a doctor’s referral free of charge on a first-come, first-served basis.

The balance of progesterone is important for the female body; the steroid hormone promotes fertilization and full bearing of the child. Progesterone, the norm in women, is the main indicator of the absence of reproductive dysfunction.

The corpus luteum of the ovary is responsible for the synthesis of progesterone, which secretes it long before conception. The adrenal glands also produce small amounts of the hormone. This biologically active substance affects the favorable course of pregnancy, regulates the menstrual cycle, and stimulates protein production.

Progesterone is produced by the body during ovulation. If fertilization has occurred, its production stops in the second trimester of pregnancy. At negative result, the corpus luteum stops producing the hormone, is destroyed and menstruation begins.

Progesterone deficiency negatively affects the reproductive system. The fertilized egg is unable to attach itself to inner layer uterus due to active contraction of smooth muscles. Due to a lack of the hormone, the embryo with the embryonic membrane (fertilized egg) is rejected - spontaneous termination of pregnancy.

Progesterone is responsible for the restructuring of the paired glandular organ - the breast, activating the ability to lactation. Therefore, an analysis of the level of this hormone is prescribed to a woman who is preparing to become a mother.

The value of the volumetric norm of the hormone for the body:

• prevents the rejection of the egg with the functional layer of the endometrium;
• creates favorable conditions in the uterine cavity for conception with subsequent embryonic development;
• provides support for the embryo at all stages of development.

The hormone indirectly affects metabolic processes:

• regulates blood viscosity, helping to normalize blood pressure;
• transforms adipose tissue into physical energy;
• helps with manifestation fibrocystic form mastopathy.

The level of progesterone is a kind of guarantee that menopause will not occur earlier due date. And also, the hormone is responsible for reducing unpleasant symptoms premenstrual syndrome(PMS). Disruption of the natural balance of progesterone affects the woman’s body Negative consequences. That is why gynecologists sound the alarm when they see low or too high indicators in the tests.

Deviation of progesterone from the norm: symptoms

Due to lack of hormone content:

• the process of release of a mature egg from the follicle (ovulation) is disrupted;
• hormonal levels change;
• there is a delay in embryonic development;
• the risk increases abnormal bleeding from the uterus, infections, inflammatory processes;
• Chronic diseases of the female genital area are getting worse;
• there is a malfunction of the glands internal secretion(endocrine system).

The body reacts to its lack accordingly, which will be indicated by a number of characteristic symptoms:

• increased activity of the sebaceous glands;
• skin rashes, acne;
• heavy discharge during menstruation;
• cycle failure (irregular periods);
• vaginal dryness, discomfort during intimacy.

Blood test for progesterone mandatory prescribed to women who have achieved reproductive age. The highest concentration of the hormone corresponds to the ovulatory phase of the cycle - the 14th day from the moment of menstruation.

Nothing better than disadvantage, high content, except in cases where the cause of this phenomenon is successful conception. Progesterone higher than normal may be a consequence of dysfunctional bleeding from the uterus, abnormal development children's place(placenta), renal dysfunction syndrome, failure female cycle. The most “harmless” reason is hormonal agents, the intake of which provoked an increase in the level of progesterone in the woman’s body.

The following symptoms correspond to the situation of excess hormone levels:

• overweight;
• purulent rashes on the skin;
• fatigue syndrome;
• bad mood, apathy.

The listed signs mean only one thing - a threat women's health, therefore a mandatory step when alarms should be a visit to a gynecologist.

Progesterone test: normal hormone level

The amount of progesterone in the body is not constant and can experience significant fluctuations due to a combination of factors such as cycle time, the woman’s age, and the level of other hormones. Its units of measurement in analyzes are n*mol/liter. The balance of the hormone changes with the onset of pregnancy, from the use of contraceptives, and during menopause.

Progesterone levels are within normal limits:

• at the follicular phase: 0.32 - 2.23;
• in the ovulatory phase: 0.48 - 9.41;
• in the luteal phase: 3.99 – 56.6;
• in the menopausal phase: below 0.64.

For a pregnant woman, the normal amount is:

• in the first trimester there is an increase in hormonal levels: 80.9 – 468.4;
• from the beginning of the second trimester, the amount of the substance gradually decreases: 71.5 – 303.1;
• in the last trimester, reverse hormonal growth begins: 88.7 – 771.5.

The latter values, when progesterone is much higher than normal, are explained by the restructuring of the breast for feeding the child.

To find out the level of the hormone, an analysis is required, which is prescribed taking into account the woman’s individual cycle. The favorable period is the 22nd and 23rd day of the cycle. These figures are only relevant if it is 28 days. In case of irregular periods, before taking the test, special testing is carried out, with the help of which they find out favorable period to complete the study. A woman can do the test herself. The conditions for collecting blood for hormone levels are in the morning, on an empty stomach.

Deviations from the norm of progesterone can be successfully treated; only a doctor is involved in selecting therapy; attempts at self-medication in this case are unacceptable in principle. The consequences can be irreversible, one of them is infertility.

Most often prescribed intramuscular injections 1% progesterone containing olive or almond oil. In addition, the drug can be in the form of tablets, the use of which is advisable for minor deviations. When the analysis shows critical values, hormonal levels are normalized with injections, which are more effective.

Information about progesterone and its health implications is something every woman should take note of. The appearance of the first symptoms of imbalance is an indicator of a lifestyle where there is stress, overwork and poor nutrition.

In the female body, a special place is given to progesterone - steroid hormone, which is produced in the ovaries and adrenal glands.
Its functions are directly related to the implementation of the reproductive mission.

The hormone performs a complex of tasks aimed at effective work female reproductive system. That is why it is so important that progesterone is produced constantly and in the right quantity.

The effect of progesterone on a woman’s body

Under the influence of progesterone, the inner layer of the uterus is prepared for possible conception. Then he helps to the expectant mother successfully bear fruit. Not surprisingly, progesterone has another name: the pregnancy hormone. However, the name of this active substance is borrowed from Latin and roughly translated means “gestation.”

Hormone synthesis is actively produced by the corpus luteum long before the moment of conception.

More specifically, the action of progesterone can be represented as follows:

• Changes the endometrium of the uterus so that the fertilized egg can reliably strengthen and take root.
• Helps stop menstruation during pregnancy.
• Prevents epithelial rejection during gestation.
• Activates the growth process of the uterus. This is necessary because the fetus is growing and needs additional space.
• Protects against miscarriage, which is possible in case of excessive activity uterus Progesterone helps smooth muscles relax. Thus, it prevents contraction of the uterus, preventing it from pushing out the fetus.
• Prepares the mammary glands for future lactation, stimulating their development. Shortly before birth, progesterone levels decrease, which allows the uterus to contract and the mammary glands to secrete milk.
• Has an indirect effect on metabolism and blood pressure.

All this is accomplished subject to fertilization, gestation and birth of the baby.

When there is no conception, the corpus luteum is destroyed, the production of progesterone stops and the woman begins her period.

In addition to functions that ensure conception and support throughout the entire period of pregnancy, progesterone is also active in other processes occurring in the female body. For example, a hormone:

• does not allow a fibrous cyst to form in the glandular tissue of the mammary gland;
• maintains optimal blood sugar levels;
• participates in the normalization of blood viscosity;
• Helps convert fat tissue into physical energy.

Scientific research in the field of medicine has documented the relationship between two syndromes that are observed in different time periods - premenstrual and menopausal. They appear not only because estrogen levels fluctuate. There is another significant reason - the synthesis of insufficient progesterone.

Maintaining its normal concentration in the body of women is important at any period of life, and not just during pregnancy. Therefore, the hormone level must be constantly monitored. If tests show significant deviations from the norm, detailed examination and therapy are necessary.

Progesterone is normal

Progesterone in female blood does not stay at the same level. Several factors influence the concentration of the hormone:

• Finding yourself in an interesting position.
• Beginning of menopause.
• Use of oral hormonal contraceptives.

In addition, each individual phase of menstruation is characterized by a certain concentration of progesterone:

At the very beginning of menstruation (phase I), the hormone content is the lowest. Then it gradually increases and reaches a maximum in the middle of the third phase - the period of time between the ovulation process and the onset of menstruation.

The peak activity of the corpus luteum, which intensively produces pregnancy hormones, occurs on the 18th–23rd day (provided that the cycle length is 28 days).

Progesterone concentration may increase to 56.63 nmol/l. And then the process happens again: the follicular phase begins and the hormone level drops.

When, during the period of peak activity, the progesterone level is below 6.98 nmol/l, this indicates that the corpus luteum has certain pathologies. This situation can lead to hormonally dependent ailments, such as mastopathy, uterine fibroids, and endometriosis.

If a woman is taking hormonal contraceptives, the progesterone norm is somewhat different. It should be in the following range:

With the onset of menopause, progesterone is produced in small quantity, after all childbearing period already behind. His normal content in female blood should not exceed 0.65 nmol/l.

Norm of progesterone during pregnancy

When successful conception Progesterone levels do not decline, but continue to increase with each trimester:

The amount of hormone is significant because it helps female body carry the child to term and give birth to it safely.

When childbirth occurs, the level of progesterone decreases and after the birth of the baby gradually returns to normal.

Deviation from the norm: progesterone levels are increased

An increase in progesterone levels cannot be ignored. The most positive reason for an increase in hormone levels is the onset of pregnancy. It is doubly pleasant if it was planned in advance.

But there are other reasons that cause progesterone to exceed the norm:

• uterine bleeding;
• amenorrhea – absence of menstruation for several cycles;
• the presence of a corpus luteum cyst;
• disorders of the kidneys or adrenal glands.

The deviation of progesterone from the optimal level can also be affected by taking certain medications.

Progesterone levels are low

A drop in hormone levels is just as undesirable as an excess of the norm. When test results indicate low progesterone levels, this can be explained as follows:

• there is no ovulation;
• the menstrual cycle is disrupted;
• there is chronic inflammation in the ovaries;
• the corpus luteum is unable to perform its functions.

A decrease in progesterone levels in expectant mothers may indicate that:

• there is a threat of spontaneous pathological termination of pregnancy (miscarriage);
• the likelihood that the embryo may be delayed in development increases;
• the normal gestational age has been exceeded - post-term pregnancy.

All causes are dangerous and require consultation with a doctor and proper treatment.

So, fluctuations in the level of the pregnancy hormone in both directions outside the normal range need to be corrected. Only a doctor can determine real reasons such deviations and choose the right therapy.

In addition, it doesn’t hurt to critically evaluate your lifestyle and diet. If you exclude fried, smoked, fatty foods, not only will the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract improve, but the production of sex hormones will also be normalized.

Availability stressful situations negatively affects hormonal balance. It largely depends on the woman’s emotional state and whether the psychological stress is great.

The most in a safe way adjusting progesterone levels is the formation positive attitude. It will definitely help minimize the impact of stress on the female body.