Summary of the lesson "prevention of infectious diseases". Prevention of infectious diseases

Conversation with parents on the topic “Where do frequent colds come from? How to protect your child from misfortune"

Target:

Find out the reasons frequent colds in children;

Runny nose, cough, fever are all symptoms of respiratory diseases. Many people don't understand the name certain disease, but combine all the symptoms into one disease called a cold.

Reason colds are viruses. If the cold is mild, its duration is three days. It is accompanied by mild nasal discharge and sore throat. However, viruses have the ability to reduce immunity and then pneumococci, streptococci and influenza bacteria begin to act.

Frequent colds in childrenoccur in the winter season, as well as during the off-season. During the heating season, when the air temperature in the apartment rises, children's nasopharynx dries out, which leads to a decrease in resistance to infections. Needs to be supported temperature regime within 20-21 degrees. Sudden changes in temperature contribute to the development of viruses on the nasal mucosa. A child often suffers from colds between the ages of two and six years. The disease lasts longer and occurs with complications. After six years, colds occur less frequently and in a milder form.
Nervous tension can create favorable conditions for the proliferation of bacteria, which leads to the occurrence of colds.

Most often, children who attend kindergartens, schools, and various public places suffer from colds, since the disease is transmitted by airborne droplets. As soon as a child sneezes, bacteria enters the respiratory tract of another person. Children need to be taught about colds and how they can get infected. If a child knows that they need to wash their hands more often, stay away from a sick person. The number of colds will decrease.

In order to increase the body's resistance to infections, it is necessaryprevention of colds in children. The first step in this direction will be to increase the protective properties of the body.

Carrying out the necessary preventive actions during the period of exacerbation of the disease, you can save your child from unwanted colds.

In the autumn-winter period, when the likelihood of getting a cold, flu or other viral diseases increases significantly, you need to especially carefully monitor your child’s nutrition. It must be of high quality, fresh and enriched natural vitamins and microelements. Yes, natural ones, not synthetic ones. They are better absorbed by children's bodies and are less likely to cause allergies. The diet should contain cabbage, red pepper, dill, black currants, sea buckthorn, rose hips and other fruits, vegetables and berries.
Garlic and onions deserve special attention. Everyone knows their antimicrobial properties, as well as their ability to “kill” free radicals. But it’s not so easy to feed a child with them. You can resort to a little trick: fry regular black bread in olive oil, or make toast and rub it with a clove of garlic. These croutons can be served with lunch soup or just as a crunch.
The child should be offered drinks more often: natural juices homemade, fruit drinks and compotes, tea, children's mineral still water. The liquid not only washes away possible bacteria or viruses from the mucous membrane of the throat, but also moisturizes it, thereby increasing the protective forces of the nasopharynx.
It is necessary to monitor the child’s breathing and not allow him to breathe through his mouth, especially on the street or outside the home. The structure of the nasal passages is such that their main purpose, along with breathing, is the disinfection of viruses. To help this natural property Oxolinic ointment is suitable.
When going shopping, don’t forget to unbutton your and your child’s outerwear. This measure will protect against overheating in the store and further hypothermia on the street. You should also not wrap your throat too tightly. A thin knitted scarf will be enough.
At home, you should ventilate rooms well and often, do wet cleaning, but it’s better to walk more fresh air, accustom the child to physical education, do exercises, visit the pool. This not only strengthens the body, but also brings a lot of positive emotions. In addition, you need to take care of proper sleep and psychological peace of children.
Of course, we must not forget about compliance basic hygiene hands, personal belongings and isolate the patient (if one appears in the family) from close contact with the child.
You can use microhardening. For example, in winter, eat ice cream more often (not outside, of course), berries from the freezer (not completely melted), and drink cool drinks. Thanks to such pleasant procedures, the throat will be strengthened and tempered.
During an epidemic, it would still be a good idea to limit your child’s communication with peers. Of course, you shouldn’t miss kindergarten and school, but attendance at other public events can be reduced.

If the whole family follows these rules, a calm and painless winter will most likely become commonplace.

Target: developing students’ knowledge about the main infectious diseases, about the main methods of preventing infectious diseases.

Basic terms and concepts: infection, quarantine, immunity, epidemic, pandemic, disinfection, disinfestation and deratization, vaccine, serum.

Lecture outline:

1. The concept of an infectious disease. Their classification.

2. Main routes of transmission of infection.

3. The main periods that stand out during infectious diseases.

4. The emergence of infectious diseases. The concept of an epidemic and a pandemic.

5. Methods and means for controlling disease vectors: disinfection, disinfestation and deratization.

6. The concept of immunity. Vaccines and serums.

7. Prevention of infectious diseases.

1. The concept of an infectious disease. Their classification.

Humanity has been repeatedly exposed to epidemics of various dangerous diseases, which destroyed tens and hundreds of thousands of people.

Diseases that are caused by specific pathogens: pathogens, protozoa, bacteria, viruses, protozoan fungi, that are pathogenic to humans, animals and plants are called infectious.

Infection- introduction and reproduction in the human or animal body of pathogenic microorganisms that cause corresponding biochemical, immunological, morphological and other changes in the body.

Throughout recorded history, the greatest scourge for humanity has been plague, smallpox, cholera and yellow fever, which have taken lives a large number of of people.

However, the battle against infectious agents is still ongoing and the only infectious disease successfully eradicated in the world is smallpox.

Elimination of other diseases, such as tetanus, measles, whooping cough, diphtheria and polio, for which effective immunization is quite feasible on a global scale, has now been achieved by more than 90%.

High immigration from third world countries has led to a sharp increase in the number of people suffering from infectious diseases in industrialized countries.

While humanity has managed to learn to control old epidemics, new ones have emerged. It should be noted that there is an ongoing epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, which is accompanied by devastating consequences not only in Africa and Asia, but also in Europe and North America.

Despite the improvement in living conditions economically developed countries, widespread vaccination practices and the presence effective antibiotics, infectious diseases still occupy a significant place in the structure of human morbidity and mortality and are second only to diseases of the cardiovascular system and malignant oncological diseases. Most deaths among children are infectious diseases of the respiratory system and intestines caused by viruses and bacteria.

Depending on the course of the infection, there are asymptomatic and clinically significant.

Types of infectious diseases, depending on the organ affected, are usually divided into the following classes:

1. Intestinal infections : infections in which the pathogen is excreted in feces and urine. Transmission factors include food, water, soil, flies, dirty hands, household furnishings. Infection occurs through the mouth.

Typhoid fever, paratyphoid fevers A and B;

Dysentery;

Food poisoning, etc.

2. Infections respiratory tract, or airborne infections : infections in which transmission is carried out by airborne droplets or airborne dust.

Diphtheria;

Scarlet fever; - smallpox.

3. Blood infections, or vector-borne infectious diseases : infections in which the pathogen is transmitted through the bites of blood-sucking insects (mosquitoes, ticks, flies, mosquitoes, etc.).

Typhus and relapsing fever;

Malaria;

Tularemia;

Tick-borne encephalitis.

Fever.

Leshmaniasis.

4. Zoonotic infections : infections that are transmitted through animal bites.

Rabies.

5. Contact and household infections : infections that are transmitted through direct contact healthy person with a patient in which the infectious agent passes into a healthy body.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs);

Syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, etc.;

Viral infections (HIV - acquired immunodeficiency virus and AIDS - acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

6.Infections skin and mucous membranes (venereal diseases, anthrax, erysipelas, scabies, trachoma) enters the body of a healthy person through wounds and other damage to the skin. And also through mucous membranes.

2.Main routes of transmission of infectious diseases :

1. fecal-oral : This is a transmission route in which a pathogenic microorganism enters the body of a healthy person with stool particles, vomit from a sick person through food products, water, dishes;

2. airborne: this is a transmission route in which a pathogen enters the body of a healthy person by sneezing, kissing or talking to a sick person;

3. liquid : this is a transmission route in which a pathogen enters the body of a healthy person through the bites of blood-sucking insects (fleas, lice, insects, etc.);

4.contact or contact-household: this is a transmission route in which a pathogenic microorganism enters the body of a healthy person through close contact with a sick person;

5. through the bites of sick animals .

3. The main periods that are distinguished during infectious diseases:

1. Incubation (latent, hidden) – the period of time from the moment of infection until the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease. Each disease has a certain duration;

2. Initial period (prodromal, period of general reactions) – accompanied by general manifestations of the disease: malaise, chills, fever, headache, sometimes nausea and vomiting;

3. The period of the main manifestations of the disease (the period of the height of the disease) is characterized by the appearance of the most significant and specific symptoms of the disease. For various diseases, it lasts from several hours, days, days and even weeks and months. At this time, the patient’s death may occur or the disease may progress to next stage;

4. Period of extinction of the disease – the main symptoms of the disease disappear;

5. The period of recovery (convalescence) is accompanied by weakness, often increased appetite and weight restoration. In some diseases it can last up to several weeks or months.

Particularly dangerous infections.

Tularemia;

Anthrax;

Smallpox;

Yellow fever;

Sypnoy and typhoid fever;

Botulism;

Ebola hemorrhagic fever;

Atypical pneumonia.

4. The emergence of infectious diseases. The concept of an epidemic and a pandemic.

Infections have inherent forms of spread. Mass distribution of infectious disease foci among the population in a given area is defined as an epidemic. Pandemic is an epidemic that covers a significant part of the population of a country, and sometimes many countries and continents (influenza, cholera, plague and some other infectious diseases). Epidemic focus They call the main place of distribution of the source of the infectious agent with the adjacent territory, within which the pathogen is available for infecting people located there. He is structural part epidemic process and the location of the main anti-epidemic measures. Epidemic process - the process of spreading an infectious disease among the population with the formation of epidemic foci that arise successively one after another - occurs only with the combined presence of a source of infection, factors ensuring the transmission of pathogens, and people susceptible to this infection.

Modern medicine has a number of methods and means that can successfully combat infectious diseases:

1. impact on the pathogen (antimicrobial serums, gamma globulins, bacteriophages, antibiotics, viral and chemotherapy drugs, etc.);

2. impact on toxins associated with the life activity of the pathogen (antitoxic serums, gamma globulins, glucose, crystalloid solutions, adsorbents, etc.);

3. impact on the body’s reactivity (vaccines, regimen, diet, physiotherapy, vitamins, immunomodulators, etc.).

5.Methods and means for controlling disease vectors: disinfection, disinsection and deratization .

In addition to the listed effects on infectious agents, there are methods and means to combat disease vectors: disinfection, disinsection and deratization .

Disinfection or disinfection, - a set of special measures aimed at destroying pathogens of infectious diseases in the human environment. Private types of disinfection are pest control, which is understood as the destruction of insects and ticks - carriers of infectious diseases, and deratization - extermination of epidemiologically dangerous rodents.

Disinfection is distinguished preventive, current and final .

Preventive disinfection is carried out in order to prevent the possibility of infectious diseases or contamination from objects and things in common use.

Current disinfection is carried out at the patient’s bedside in order to prevent the spread of infection (disinfection of the patient’s secretions and objects contaminated by them).

Final Disinfection is carried out in the source of infection after isolation, hospitalization, recovery or death of the patient in order to completely free the infection site from pathogens. Depending on the indications, biological, mechanical, physical and chemical methods and means of disinfection. The biological method is used for wastewater treatment in irrigation fields. Mechanical methods include wet cleaning of rooms and furnishings, beating out clothes and bedding, clearing rooms of dust using vacuum cleaners, whitewashing and painting rooms, and hand washing.

Physical means and methods are the simplest and accessible ways disinfection. These include Sun rays and irradiation with ultraviolet emitters, ironing with a hot iron, burning garbage and objects of no value, treatment with boiling water or heating to a boil. Reliable disinfection and disinsection of contaminated clothing, bedding, etc. can be carried out in special disinfection chambers.

To destroy insects, physical (boiling, ironing with a hot iron, etc.), chemical (use of disinfectants) and combined methods are used; extermination of rodents in most cases is carried out using mechanical devices (traps) various types) And chemicals. Among the disinfestants, DDT, hexachlorane, and chlorophos can be most widely used; among the drugs intended for the extermination of rodents are ratsid, zinc phosphide, potassium sulfate.

After disinfection, disinfestation and deratization, complete sanitary treatment of persons who took part in the implementation of these activities is carried out. If necessary, sanitary treatment of the rest of the population is organized.

Simultaneously with the considered activities in the zone quarantine (observation) Identification of sick people and even those suspected of the disease is carried out. ( Quarantine is a complex of regime, administrative and sanitary anti-epidemic measures aimed at preventing the spread of infectious diseases and eliminating the source of the lesion).

Signs of the disease are elevated temperature, feeling unwell, headaches, rashes, etc. San. warriors and medical workers find out this data through responsible apartment tenants and house owners and immediately report to the formation commander or medical institution to take measures to isolate and treat patients.

After the patient is referred to a special infectious diseases hospital, the apartment where he lived is disinfected; The patient's belongings and clothes are also disinfected. All those in contact with the patient are sanitized and isolated (at home or in special premises).

If it is not possible to hospitalize an infectious patient, he is isolated at home, and one of the family members takes care of him. The patient should use separate utensils, towels, soap, bedpan and urine bag. In the morning and evening at the same time, his temperature is measured, the thermometer readings are recorded on a special temperature sheet indicating the date and time of measurement. Before each meal, the patient is helped to wash his hands and rinse his mouth and throat, and in the morning and before going to bed at night - to wash and brush his teeth.

Seriously ill people need to wipe their face damp towel or a napkin; eyes and oral cavity are wiped with swabs moistened 1 - 2 % solution boric acid or baking soda. Towels and napkins used to treat the patient are disinfected, paper napkins and tampons are burned. To avoid bedsores, it is necessary to adjust the patient’s bed and help him change position, and, if necessary, use pads.

At least twice a day, the room in which the patient is located should be ventilated and wet cleaned using disinfectant solutions.

The person caring for the patient must use a cotton-gauze bandage, a gown (or appropriate clothing), gloves, and emergency and specific preventive measures; he must carefully monitor the cleanliness of his hands (nails should be cut short) and clothes. After each contact with secretions, linen, dishes and other objects of the patient, you must wash your hands and disinfect them 3 % Lysol solution or 1 % chloramine solution. You should also have a towel with you, one end of which should be soaked in a disinfectant solution.

6. The concept of immunity. Vaccines and serums.

Immunity- the body’s immunity to infectious and non-infectious agents and substances that differ from it in foreign properties. Depending on the method of acquisition, there are two main types of immunity: innate and acquired. Innate immunity (hereditary, species, constitutional) is an evolutionarily developed immunity inherent in a particular biological species (human, animal) and inherited.

Acquired immunity occurs after an infectious disease or the administration of vaccines and is not inherited. Acquired immunity is particularly specific and is developed strictly to a specific pathogen (antigen). Distinguish two types of acquired immunity: active and passive . Actively acquired immunity occurs as a result of a previous or latent infection and after the introduction of vaccines, it can persist for a long time, and after suffering from certain diseases (measles, chickenpox) - throughout a person’s life. Passively acquired immunity occurs when the mother transfers antibodies to the fetus through the placenta. Thanks to it, immunity to certain infections is created. To create the body's resistance (acquired immunity) to infectious diseases, it is used specific prevention(immunization) of infectious diseases of humans and animals.

Vaccines- preparations prepared from killed or live weakened pathogens, as well as from neutralized toxins. Serums (immune) - medicinal preparations, obtained from the blood serum of a person or animal immunized with any antigen, and containing ready-made antibodies. Used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes.

Form of conduct: conference in the form of information messages.

Target:

Protect students from a careless attitude towards hygiene rules (focus their attention on personal items);

Warn children about the dangers of hepatitis C;

Talk about the flu and its prevention.

Preparation

Find interesting material about infectious diseases.

Make a stand “Health is in your hands.”

Copy the leaflets “Drugs and hepatitis are death.”

Invite specialists to discuss these issues: a biology teacher, a school doctor, a district epidemiologist.

Health is more valuable than anything else. Health comes out in pounds and comes in in ounces.

Russian proverb

Teacher: Guys, in their youth, many people take lightly the most precious thing they have received from nature - their health. Unfortunately, at present we can say that due to chronic diseases of parents, their unhealthy lifestyle and deteriorating environmental conditions, many children are already born sick or with weakened immunity and are exposed to various diseases. Therefore, in order not to follow the expression: “what we have we do not keep, if we lose it we cry,” it is necessary to be armed with special knowledge about the most dangerous infectious diseases that await us at every step. And to know means not to be afraid, it means to be able to actively resist them!

Conversation one - “Tender” killer

This is the name given to hepatitis C, which was discovered only in 1989, because of its “silent” course. In some patients clinical symptoms appear only when liver cancer has already developed. The number of patients with hepatitis C in Russia increases every year by an average of 100%, and many doctors are already talking about an epidemic of this virus. How can infection be prevented, who is most susceptible to it, what treatment methods exist? We will try to answer these and some other questions today.

What to do to avoid getting infected with the virus? Avoid contact with blood and other infectious materials; Avoid using common hygiene products (toothbrushes, razors), as well as items such as earrings, etc. Always follow safe rules sexual contacts, including the use of condoms.

How do you know if you are infected with the hepatitis C virus?

As a rule, on initial stage The disease is very mild, so it can only be detected using a biochemical analysis of blood serum. Then carry out virological study. If necessary, liver tissue obtained through biopsy may be examined.

How is the hepatitis C virus transmitted?

Since the virus is contained in the blood of infected people, the main route of transmission of the virus is contact with blood and its products (this is possible not only through blood transfusions, but also through the use of unsterile injection needles and other medical instruments). The virus can also be transmitted sexually, in utero, or during childbirth from an infected mother to her child (rarely). The virus can be transmitted through the use of shared personal toilet items - toothbrush, razor, scissors.

How quickly can liver cirrhosis develop due to hepatitis C virus infection?

In 25-30% of patients, liver cirrhosis develops within 15-20 years, which entails high risk development of liver cancer. In 65-75% of patients acute hepatitis C enters the chronic stage.

How is the hepatitis C virus different from other viruses?

Unlike viruses B and D, acute hepatitis C can occur with less severe liver damage, and often without any symptoms at all. Some patients have a fever and may experience nausea and abdominal discomfort. Some people develop jaundice. The disappearance of the virus from the blood within 6 months occurs only in 20% of cases. Next, we need to talk about the chronic stage of the disease, which in most cases is also asymptomatic until the later stages, when cirrhosis of the liver and its complications develop.

Is there a vaccine for hepatitis C virus?

No, there is no vaccine today, but modern and effective methods there are struggles and they consist in antiviral therapy which should be carried out under the strict supervision of a physician.

Conversation two “About ear hygiene”

Those who use a telephone, player, headphones, or stethoscope for a long time need to remember that these devices should be for individual use.

You can get an infection in your ear by talking from a pay phone, especially if you have abrasions or irritations in your ear. You can expect trouble with a weakened immune system, anemia, gout, but most often with diabetes.

In addition, people who wear earphones may also suffer from ear dermatitis. handset- work tool. These are telephone operators and secretaries. Even doctors can suffer due to frequent use of a stethoscope, and those who wear it for a long time hearing aid or player.

Symptoms of the disease include discharge from ear canal and pain when pressing on the auricle.

For itching and mild pain, when the purulent process has not yet developed, the ear canal is lubricated with brilliant green. It dries the skin and reduces itching. This should be done with cotton wool, wound in a thin layer on a match, barely touching the walls of the ear. Do not rub in under any circumstances. Improper lubrication may cause increased itching and watery discharge. Then things will get worse. You should not lubricate the sore spot with “ear” sticks, which are now sold everywhere. Their thickness is not suitable for this procedure. Unfortunately, they can move the decomposed skin closer to the eardrum.

At ear dermatitis can be instilled with a pipette or a teaspoon into the ear 1% menthol oil 4-5 drops 2-3 times a day. At the same time, tilt your ear so that the instilled solution does not flow out of it.

The disease is treatable and boric alcohol. Soak a loose cotton wick in it and gently insert it into your ear. You need to keep it for 1 or 2 days and not touch it. The cotton wool itself will spread throughout the skin of the ear canal. To prevent the cotton wool from being dry, you can additionally drip boric alcohol onto it. Then you need to introduce a new wick. The first 2-3 times the procedure is best done under medical supervision.

Treatment with boric alcohol is that it destroys surface layer skin that dries out and comes off in scales. This is how diseased cells disappear.

If you suffer from allergies, it is best to lubricate the ear canal hormonal ointments, for example, prednisolone or hydrocortisone. It must be administered using a cotton filter. Under the influence of heat, the ointment in the ear will spread on its own. In severe cases, the disease is treated with antibiotics.

During illness, you need to take multivitamins and B vitamins. Patients with diabetes during an exacerbation of dermatitis need to consult an endocrinologist and strictly adhere to the diet.

Ear dermatitis can be prevented by following basic hygiene rules. To avoid damaging the skin of the ear canal, never remove wax with a needle or pin. Rinsing the ear with dirty water can also lead to the development of the disease. This should only be done by a doctor, who will prescribe special drops to soften the wax and remove it under sterile conditions.

Those who use a telephone, headphones, or stethoscope for a long time need to remember that these devices should be for individual use. If someone was talking on your phone stranger, then wipe the tube with alcohol or cologne.

Conversation three “What is chlamydiasis?”

The disease is caused by bacteria of the chlamydia genus. In nature, there are two types of chlamydia: the first type affects animals and birds and can cause an infectious disease in humans - psittacosis; the second type of chlamydia is called Chlamydia trachomatis. About 15 of its varieties are known, some of them cause trachoma and lymphogranulomatosis venereum. Two of the 15 varieties of chlamydia affect genitourinary system humans, causing urogenital chlamydia.

In terms of their properties, chlamydia occupy an intermediate position between viruses and bacteria. Therefore, chlamydia is still more difficult to diagnose and treat than ordinary bacterial infections. Urogenital chlamydia is a sexually transmitted disease. There is often a combination of chlamydia with other genitourinary infections - trichomoniasis, gardnellosis, ureaplasmosis.

How does chlamydia manifest?

The incubation period for chlamydia is

approximately 1-3 weeks. A person with chlamydia notices a characteristic glassy discharge from the urethra in the morning. There may be itching or discomfort when urinating, sticking of the sponges of the external opening of the urethra. Sometimes the general condition worsens - weakness is noted, body temperature rises slightly. It should be noted that chlamydia often occurs without obvious symptoms or without them at all.

Even without treatment, after some time (about 2 weeks), the symptoms of the disease disappear. Chlamydia becomes chronic, chlamydial infection as if it is “preserved” in the body, waiting for an opportunity to remind itself again.

What complications can chlamydia cause?

The main danger of chlamydia lies precisely in the complications it can cause. After some time, chlamydia “gets” to the prostate gland, to the seminal vesicles, causing chronic prostatitis and vesiculitis. Further, the chronic process spreads to the epididymis, which can lead to an obstructive form of male infertility.

Chlamydia can also get on the wall Bladder and cause hemorrhagic cystitis. Chronic inflammation of the urethra, caused by chlamydia, leads to the development of its narrowing (stricture). In women, chlamydia infection often causes obstruction fallopian tubes, ectopic pregnancy, postpartum or post-abortion endometritis. Pregnancy in a patient with chlamydia often occurs with complications.

Besides various complications Regarding the genitals, chlamadia can cause damage to other organs. Then this disease will already be called Reiter's disease or syndrome. Reiter's syndrome may affect the eyes ( chlamydial conjunctivitis), joints (usually ankles, knees and spine), skin, internal organs(most often hepatitis, but almost any organ can be affected).

What is the diagnosis of chlamydia?

Diagnosis of chlamydia is more difficult than bacterial infection. The most simple methods have an accuracy of no more than 40%. The most accurate and accessible method Today, the detection of chlamydia in urethral discharge is an immunofluorescence reaction (RIF) using antibodies labeled with a special substance - FITC.

How difficult is it to treat chlamydia?

Due to the characteristics of chlamydia antibacterial drugs they are not as effective against them as against ordinary bacteria, so treatment of chlamydia is more complex and time-consuming. In addition to the course of antibacterial therapy, it necessarily includes immunomodulatory therapy, multivitamin therapy, normalization of lifestyle, diet, and abstinence from sexual activity for the duration of treatment. Treatment must be carried out by both partners. At the end of the course, control tests are carried out. If chlamydia is not detected, then tests are carried out 2 more times after 1 month (in women - before menstruation). Only after this will it be possible to talk about the effectiveness of the therapy.

What are the preventive measures for chlamydia?

Chlamydia is easier to avoid than to cure. Therefore, we will once again present the rules of sexual hygiene that will protect you from various sexually transmitted diseases:

A permanent partner whom you trust;

Avoid casual sex or use a condom. However, remember that a condom is an effective, but not 100% means of protection against sexually transmitted infections;

If you have the slightest suspicion of infection, consult a urologist;

Remember: an old disease is more difficult to treat.

Conversation four: “Let’s talk about the flu”

Influenza is an acute infectious disease with an airborne transmission mechanism, with epidemic and pandemic (global) spread. Belongs to the group of acute respiratory viral infectious diseases (ARVI), caused by an RNA-containing virus and manifested by high but short-term fever, severe intoxication, and damage to the respiratory system.

Influenza has been known since the time of Hippocrates. The disease received the name “influenza” in the 14th century. The first description of influenza dates back to the beginning of the 17th century.

Virus is the causative agent of the disease

The viral nature of influenza was established in 1918. Influenza viruses belong to the orthomyxovirus family. The genetic information is located in the core of the virus and consists of eight chains of ribonucleic acid (RNA), which encodes the composition of eight structural proteins.

Currently, there are three genera of orthomyxoviruses that cause influenza: A, which was first cultivated in 1939; B - in 1940 and C - in 1947. To the viral proteins (antigens) of the cell immune system form antibodies that inactivate the virus and protect against recurrence of the disease. There are two surface antigens most important for the production of antibodies: hemagglutinin, designated H, and neuraminidase—N. The structure of virus antigens is variable: depending on their composition, serotypes or strains are distinguished within type A.

Epidemics and pandemics

Approximately every 20-70 years, due to mutation of virus A, a new pandemic strain (i.e., a strain causing a global epidemic) appears, characterized by its own set of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Virus A also affects some animals, such as waterfowl and pigs, which are believed to be the source of the new pandemic strain, which usually appears in rural areas of China. Influenza epizootics (epidemics in animals) have not been described in the specialized literature.

Within 2-3 years, an epidemic serotype arises within this strain, which is a variant of the virus with minor deviations in the structure of surface proteins. It causes major epidemics that engulf entire countries. The first recorded influenza epidemic in history occurred in 1889, followed by the devastating Spanish Influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in 1918, which killed more than 20 million people. The next pandemic A (H2N2) was noted in 1957-1958. and claimed the lives of 70 thousand people in the United States.

The last influenza A (H3N2) pandemic took place in 1968-1969, during which 34 thousand people died in the United States. The birthplace of the strain is Hong Kong. Another subtype of the A virus, common in our time, A (H1N1), periodically caused large epidemics, but not on the same scale as in 1918-1919. When Asian influenza A (H2N2) appeared in 1957, the A (H1N1) virus disappeared. The A(H2N2) virus also disappeared when the Hong Kong virus was identified in 1968. In 1977, the A (H1N1) virus reappeared and has since spread along with the A (H3N2) virus.

Every year, between 5 and 15% of people worldwide fall ill with influenza. During epidemics, up to 20-40% of the population is affected.

Source of infection. A patient with influenza, especially before the 4th-5th day of illness, a person recovering (up to 2-3 weeks), a healthy virus carrier (the virus is in a defective form) contains seven RNA fragments.

The transmission mechanism is airborne. Droplets of mucus when coughing and sneezing spread over a distance of up to 3-3.5 m. The virus can be transmitted through household items (dishes, towels, door handle, etc.). However, it is unstable in the external environment and is destroyed at room temperature in a few hours, and quickly dies when exposed to ultraviolet rays and when dry.

The affected population is persons lacking immunity to this option virus. The incidence among children and adolescents is 4.6 times higher than among adults.

Mechanisms of disease development. The virus penetrates the epithelial cells of the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract: the nose, then the larynx, trachea and bronchi. Toxic substances (components of the virus, cell decay products, complexes of bacteria with viruses, biologically active substances - kinins and biogenic amines) enter the blood. Severe intoxication and fever develop; the virus penetrates the central nervous system, lungs, heart and skeletal muscles, where it sharply disrupts blood circulation in microvessels: capillaries expand, the permeability and fragility of their walls increases, blood flow slows down, hemorrhages and swelling occur. These changes cause the appearance muscle pain, sometimes the development of inflammation of the heart muscle. Coronary heart disease may worsen, peptic ulcer and others chronic diseases. With the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation (hyperactivation of the blood coagulation system with subsequent depletion and development of bleeding), the danger of damage to the adrenal glands with symptoms of infectious-toxic shock increases. Recovery from uncomplicated influenza, regardless of treatment, occurs on average within 7-12 days.

Immunity, i.e. immunity to infection, appears after an illness. The production of antiviral antibodies (mainly to hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) ensures the creation specific immunity to a given type and strain of the virus. In some cases, two waves of the disease are observed: first, a person suffers from influenza in mild form(due to the presence of antibodies from a previous disease), then more severe (due to the lack of immunity to the new strain). In people who have had influenza A, immunity lasts on average for about 2-3 years, influenza B - 3-5 years, influenza C - for life. Immunity can be transmitted from mother to fetus and persist in the newborn until the age of six months.

Post-vaccination immunity is developed after 7-15 days and lasts about 4 months. (maximum up to 2 years).

Clinical picture of the disease. The incubation period lasts from 3-4 hours to 3 days. Clinical manifestations when different types influenza are the same, with the exception of those for influenza C, which is characterized by a predominantly mild course:

1st day: acute onset in 90-92% - chills, general weakness, fever, redness of the face, temperature rises quickly and reaches high numbers in 6-12 hours (38.5-40 ° C), pain in muscles and joints appears, headache (behind the eyes, in the temples and parietal region), patients note rawness and dryness in the nasopharynx, sneezing. In the lungs of 60% of patients, scattered dry rales are heard, dullness of percussion sound and tympanitis are detected due to local plethora and edema, swelling of the interstitial tissue of the lungs, and the development of emphysema. The x-ray may show increased pulmonary pattern and thickening of the bronchi. Heart sounds may be muffled, and the heart rate may not correspond to the height of the fever (relative bradycardia);

2-3 days: high fever remains (possibly decreasing by the end of the second day to normal numbers), severe intoxication remains, in 70-80% catarrhal syndrome develops: serous or serous-mucous, slight nasal discharge, cough appears, accompanied by chest pain. Often associated with: hoarseness, a feeling of tightness in the chest, mild shortness of breath. In most patients, by the end of 2-3 days the cough becomes wet and less frequent. In 20-30% of cases, the flu occurs without a runny nose (“dry catarrh”);

4-7 days: recovery period. The temperature normalizes (usually by the end of 4 days), intoxication gradually decreases (by the 5th-6th day), catarrhal symptoms persist until the 10th-12th day, post-influenza asthenia, general weakness, and increased fatigue appear.

"Intestinal" flu. For the flu gastrointestinal tract does not suffer, although there may be complaints from the digestive system. This is usually incorrectly referred to as gastritis or enteritis, possibly associated with an enterovirus infection or food intoxication accompanied by high fever.

Differential diagnosis of influenza. It is carried out by a doctor with an unclear diagnosis - with acute respiratory diseases other etiology (parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial infection, rhinovirus infection, adenoviral infections, acute respiratory infections of mycoplasma etiology), tonsillitis, ornithosis; measles, enteroviral infections, typhoid fever, pneumonia. For this purpose, special examinations may be prescribed.

Early criteria for influenza severity. Be sure to consult a doctor if you experience the following symptoms, indicating O severe course flu:

Unusual complexion (pallor at high temperatures, cyanosis, purplish coloration of the skin);

Sharp immobility, lethargy, rarely - agitation;

Severe diffuse headache, severe dizziness, fainting, insomnia;

Severe tachycardia, irregular pulse, decreased systolic (“upper”) blood pressure(below 90 mmHg);

Shortness of breath, respiratory arrhythmia, suffocation;

Vomiting in combination with any of the above symptoms;

Nosebleeds;

Body temperature is above 40°C.

Complications of influenza. In most cases, the disease self-destructs within 7-12 days, but sometimes complications develop that can pose a threat to the patient’s life. Complications are divided into two groups: those associated directly with the course of influenza and with the addition of a second bacterial infection.

Group I (days 1-2 of illness): hemorrhagic pulmonary edema, meningoencephalitis (serous), infectious-toxic shock. Children with high fever may experience febrile seizures;

Group II complications: pneumonia (most often), otitis media, glomerulonephritis, purulent meningitis and septic conditions. Bacterial complications after the patient feels better: can rise again heat, cough with sputum, chest pain, etc. may appear. They can be delayed up to 1-2 weeks.

Bed rest for at least 5 days.

Plenty of hot drinks, light dairy and vegetable foods.

Antihistamines (diphenhydramine 0.05 g 2-3 times a day).

Ascorbic acid up to 1.5-3 g/day.

In children with influenza, aspirin is not prescribed, as it is possible to develop a rare specific lesion of the central nervous system - Reye's syndrome, which initially manifests itself as uncontrollable vomiting and deterioration of the general condition, with mortality in 20-40% of cases. In 1984, 204 cases of this disease were described in the United States in influenza and chickenpox.

For the treatment of children, the average single dose of paracetamol (regardless of dosage form- tablets or rectal suppositories) is 5-10 mg/kg body weight (daily dose - approximately 65 mg/kg) every 4-6 hours. Children under 12 years of age should not take paracetamol more than 5 times a day. Paracetamol is generally more safe drug than aspirin, but when using high doses, drug damage to the liver and kidneys is possible.

Conclusion

Teacher: From our conversation about various infectious diseases, you received qualified answers to many questions. Discussion of these problems showed that any disease is accompanied by suffering, painful stress, general physiological ailments and poses a great danger, especially for children. The main conclusion you should make for yourself is not to get sick! And this means paying close attention to preventive measures, maintain the protective functions of your body, i.e. your immunity.

Remember: “A healthy person doesn’t need a doctor!”

Our school life goes by very quickly. Every day brings new events that bring many difficulties and joys. We cannot always become “masters of our own destiny.” Often we depend on circumstances, on the people with whom fate brings us together in our personal lives. You, our future graduates, will soon leave us for an independent life: “Are you ready for adult life?” Today we will talk again about infectious diseases and their prevention. Prevention ( Dictionary Ozhegova) – preventive measures aimed at preserving and strengthening normal condition. Infectious (infections) - infection, introduction of pathogenic microorganisms. Diseases (diseases) - the occurrence of a disease. Few of us, in the hustle and bustle of our days, in the frantic flow of the present time, think about our health. Only when illness knocks us down do we begin to think about the carelessly lived years. And health is a treasure that needs to be preserved every day. The environment is saturated with various microorganisms, many of which cause infectious diseases. Carriers live in the air, soil, and water. Insects, birds, and wild animals are also carriers of infectious diseases.

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Communication hour “Infectious diseases and prevention”

Target: Acquaintance with infectious diseases, their characteristics, prevention.

Tasks:

Formation of general educational competencies:mastering the concepts of infection, infectious diseases.

Development of curiosity, skills and abilities to highlight the main thing, memory, thinking, attention.

Nurturing a healthy lifestyle.

Correctional work: speech development

Lesson type: repetition and reinforcement.

Type: film lesson

Method: clear and practical.

F Form of organizing work with students: paired, individual, frontal.

Equipment: multimedia projector, screen; handout: on the topic “Healthy lifestyle”.

Location:computer science room

Time: 40 minutes.

Organizing time:

Hello guys! Let's say hello to our guests.

Stand up straight and get ready to listen to a musical fragment of P.I. Tchaikovsky’s “Waltz of the Flowers.” We will not just listen to music, but we will try to conduct a large orchestra.

Imagine that music is energy that flows into your body. You are getting stronger and stronger. Your whole body is filled with enormous vitality. Listen to the music, move your hands to the beat, imagine as if you were controlling the music. All failures leave your body and your life. You become strong. Music flows through your entire body. You can be proud of your orchestra. The music is over. Let's applaud ourselves and the orchestra for a good concert.

Let's look at new words. Prevention (Ozhegov’s explanatory dictionary) – preventive measures aimed at maintaining and strengthening the normal state. Infectious (infections) - infection, introduction of pathogenic microorganisms. Diseases (diseases) - the occurrence of a disease.

Few of us, in the hustle and bustle of our days, in the frantic flow of the present time, think about our health. Only when illness knocks us down do we begin to think about the carelessly lived years. And health is a treasure that needs to be preserved every day. The environment is saturated with various microorganisms, many of which cause infectious diseases. Carriers live in the air, soil, and water. Insects, birds, and wild animals are also carriers of infectious diseases.

IN natural environment many 1. chemical pollutants;

2.biological – pathogenic microorganisms:

Soil - botulism, tetanus, gangrene - control method - heat treatment;

Water – typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery – hygiene;

Air - flu, acute respiratory infections, acute respiratory viral infections - quarantine.

Insects:

Ticks – tick-borne encephalitis – hygiene;

Lice – typhus – hygiene;

Fleas – plague – hygiene and quarantine;

Malaria mosquito – malaria – hygiene and quarantine

Birds – bird flu – vaccination and quarantine

Wild animals - rabies - vaccination and caution.

What are infectious diseases?

(hang the sheet on the board with the concept).

- Respiratory tract infections (sore throat, influenza, tuberculosis, diphtheria, measles)

Intestinal infections (dysentery, cholera, typhoid fever);

Blood infections (malaria, tick-borne encephalitis, AIDS);

Infection of the external integument (scabies, anthrax, tetanus, lichen)

Let us repeat, what are infectious diseases?

Infectious diseases are diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms.

A feature of infectious diseases is the presence of an incubation period, that is, the period from the time of infection to the appearance of the first signs; the duration depends on the method of infection and the type of pathogen and can last from several hours to several months and sometimes years.

Reasons for their growth:

The growth of cities and towns, the development of industry, the decline in culture and living standards of the population, as well as people and domestic animals become infected when entering the territory of a natural outbreak.

Mechanism of transmission of infection:

Foodborne mechanism of infection transmission –through low-quality food products;
Water mechanism of infection transmission –through the use of contaminated water for drinking, washing food, washing: (so in the summer of 2005, dozens of cases of SERUS MENINGITIS were identified in children who swam in ponds);
Airborne droplet mechanism of infection transmission– through coming into contact with people sick with influenza, acute respiratory infections, or cough;
Contact and household mechanism of infection transmission– through contacts in in public places(school, transport, cinema);
The mechanism of infection through transmitters– when bitten by an animal, insect, bird.

Prevention of infectious diseases: Let's repeat, " Prevention” (Ozhegov’s explanatory dictionary) – preventive measures aimed at maintaining and strengthening the normal state.

1. Elimination of the infectious agent (quarantine, observation).

Quarantine – a set of measures aimed at limiting contacts (isolation)infected person(s), animal, cargo, goods, vehicle, populated area or person(s), animal, cargo, goods, vehicle, populated area suspected of being infected. Initially, the word “quarantine” meant “a time consisting of forty days” (“quarantine” - “fourty "). Quarantine most often lasted forty days for many infectious diseases. The first mentions of quarantine measures are found inOld Testament . “As long as the plague remains on him, he must be unclean; he is unclean; he must live separately, his dwelling is outside the camp.”

Observation (surveillance), a system of measures to monitor persons isolated in a special room leaving or arriving from settlements and countries affected by plague, smallpox, cholera, and yellow fever.

2.Breakage of infection transmission routes (disinfection, disinsection, deratization)

DISINFECTION is a set of measures to destroy pathogens of infectious diseases.

DISINSECTION - a set of measures to destroy harmful arthropods, carriers of pathogens (mosquitoes, flies, lice)

DERATIZATION is a set of measures to combat rodents.

3.Increasing the immunity of people (vaccination)

Vaccination – introduction of a vaccine into the human or animal body to create active immunity against infectious disease.

There are several TYPES OF VACCINES (the introduction of a vaccine into the human or animal body to create active immunity against an infectious disease). (Live vaccines, Vaccines from killed microbes, Chemical vaccines, Anatoxins (microbial toxins rendered harmless by formaldehyde and retaining their antigen properties).

One of the types of prevention is also taking care of your health.

Individual work(put together proverbs about health), read them expressively one by one.

Taking care of your health means wearing clothes according to the season (many go without hats) and a healthy lifestyle:

leisure;
physical exercise;
adherence to daily routine;
hardening of the body;
compliance with personal hygiene rules;
eat foods rich in vitamins (garlic, onions, fruits);
avoid close contact with a possible source of infection (hugs, kisses with unknown people);
and most importantly – to develop immunity.Immunity is a state of immunity to pathogens of infectious diseases. Achieved by maintaining a healthy lifestyle and vaccination

Sometimes infections spread so quickly and affect a healthy body that they exceed the incidence rate in a given area and this spread is called EPIDEMIC ( mass spread of a human infectious disease in any locality or country, significantly exceeding the normal incidence rate)

FACTORS OF EPIDEMICS: biological and social.

3. Risk factors affecting the speed of spread of the epidemic?

Risk factors are conditions, circumstances, causes responsible for the occurrence and development of diseases. (schedule)

Conventionally, risk factors can be divided into several groups:

Group 1, depending on the person’s lifestyle (50%):

bad habits (drinking, smoking, drug addiction),
binge eating,
physical inactivity,
loneliness,
unsatisfactory material and living conditions,

Group 2, depending on biological features person (25%):

Hereditary diseases (diabetes mellitus,

epilepsy, mild nervous system, tuberculosis)

Group 3, depending on the state of the external environment (17%):

Pollution of air, water and soil with harmful substances,

Group 4, depending on the work of public security services (8%):

low quality of medical care,
untimely provision of medical care,
ineffectiveness of preventive measures.

Independent work.

How do you understand this expression?

The Latin saying goes: “As long as I breathe, I hope.” So, breathing is the most precious and protected “thread” on which our earthly existence depends. We will focus on infectious diseases of the respiratory system. The respiratory organs are a wide passage for microbes into the body. You can get infected from sick people and animals. Bacteria and viruses, penetrating through the respiratory system, can cause serious diseases, sometimes even leading to epidemics. What kind of diseases are these?

We'll take a closer look at respiratory tract infections.- diseases: influenza, pneumonia, tuberculosis. (cards – work in pairs)

Influenza is a transmissible infectious disease by airborne droplets inflammation of the respiratory tract and fever.

Symptoms: weakness, headache, joint pain, dry cough, elevated body temperature.

Pneumonia is translated as pneumonia.

Symptoms: fever with a temperature rise to 38-39 degrees, cough, shortness of breath, discomfort or chest pain.

Prevention: ……………………………………………………………………………….

Tuberculosis is a disease caused by a special microbe called Koch's bacillus and affects the lungs, bones, joints and brain.

Symptoms: fatigue, weakness, decreased performance.

Prevention: ……………………………………………………………………………….

What are the causative agents of these diseases?

What preventive measures can you name?

1.Vaccination.

2. Maintain personal hygiene.

3.Quarantine.

4. Use individual containers and boil after use.

By following the rules of prevention, we try to protect ourselves from diseases.

I think that our conversation today will resonate with you and help you preserve your health. The topic that we touched on today is a problem for all of humanity, it is dealt with by doctors, chemists, biologists, ecologist, but sometimes it is even reflected in the works of poets and writers.

So let's forget about empty wishes together and take care of our treasure - health.

Thanks for the work!

All parents know that it is necessary to prevent childhood infectious diseases, especially if the child attends a preschool, school, or if there are other children in the family who have already fallen ill with any infectious disease.

General rules of prevention

The general rules for the prevention of infectious diseases are, first of all, compliance with the rules of child hygiene. It is necessary to thoroughly wash food before preparing food, be sure to wash your hands before eating and after visiting the toilet, after walking outside, after playing. It is absolutely necessary to ventilate living spaces, wipe off dust, wash floors, do not allow people to carry other people’s things, and use only personal hygiene products. Children need to be taught to do the right thing healthy eating, implementation physical exercise, and also harden to increase immunity.

Prevention of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) in a child must begin with early childhood. First of all, hardening is important for a child, as it increases the body’s ability to resist viral infections. If you have a family member who is sick with OGRI, be it an adult or a child, he must be isolated so that healthy child avoided infection. Constantly ventilating the room will help reduce the number of pathogenic viruses in the room, which will reduce the likelihood of infection. You can irradiate with a mercury-quartz lamp, as well as carry out wet cleaning. It is recommended to wear a cotton-gauze protective bandage, which must be changed every 4 hours. The patient should use individual utensils, towels, and soap. The child's contact with the patient should be limited during the period of possible infection.

Prevention of gastrointestinal infections

When preventing gastrointestinal infections, special attention should be paid to the quality and proper preparation of food. Avoid using raw water and store boiled water in a clean, sealed container. Raw vegetables and fruits must be thoroughly washed and doused with boiling water. The trash can must be kept closed. From early childhood, it is necessary to teach a child to regularly wash his hands, not only before eating, but after each visit to the toilet, after contact with the ground, and after traveling in public transport.

Prevention of tuberculosis

Prevention of tuberculosis is carried out practically from the birth of a child; for this purpose, vaccination of almost all newborn children is carried out. The Calmette-Guerin vaccine (BCG) is first administered to the newborn, then at the age of 1 year, then at 3 and 7 years, subsequent vaccinations are carried out at adolescence and adults under 30 years of age. Repeated vaccinations for children are given only after mandatory verification to Mantoux's reaction. And again, in order to avoid infection, it is necessary to teach the child to observe the rules of personal hygiene, which includes mandatory constant hand washing. In addition, the child must be protected from communicating with persons without a fixed place of residence, since they are most often carriers of tuberculosis.