Coursework: Measures for the prevention of rabies in the locality

Rosselkhoznadzor / Regulations

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Prevention and control of infectious diseases common to humans and animals. Rabies

3.1. Prevention of infectious diseases

Prevention and control of infectious diseases common to humans and animals

13. Rabies

Sanitary regulations
SP 3.1.096-96

Veterinary regulations
VP 13.3.1103-96

1. Designed:

1. All-Russian Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine (Vedernikov V.A., Pytalev P.N.);
2. Republican veterinary expedition for the fight against especially dangerous diseases (Sedov V.A., Kolomytsev S.A.);
3. Central Research Institute of Epidemiology (Cherkassky B.L., Khayrushev A.E.);
4. Goskomsanepidnadzor of Russia (Kotova E.I.);
5. Department of Veterinary Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of Russia (Avilov V.M., Pylinin V.F.);
6. State Research Institute for Standardization and Control of Medical Biological Preparations (Movsesyants A.A.);
7. All-Russian Research Institute for Nature Protection (Khahin G.V.);
8. Moscow City Center for State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance (Tsvil L.A.).

2. Approved and put into effect by the First Deputy Chairman of the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia dated May 31, 1996 N 11 and the head of the Veterinary Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of Russia dated June 18, 1996 N 23.

Law of the RSFSR "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population"

"Sanitary rules, norms and hygienic standards (hereinafter referred to as sanitary rules) are regulations that establish criteria for safety and (or) harmlessness for a person, environmental factors and requirements for ensuring favorable conditions for his life.

Sanitary rules are obligatory for observance by all state bodies and public associations, enterprises and other economic entities, organizations and institutions, regardless of their subordination and form of ownership, by officials and citizens" (Article 3).

“A sanitary offense is an unlawful, guilty (intentional or careless) act (action or inaction) that infringes on the rights of citizens and the interests of society, associated with non-compliance with the sanitary legislation of the RSFSR, including current sanitary rules ...

Officials and citizens of the RSFSR who have committed a sanitary offense may be brought to disciplinary, administrative and criminal liability" (Article 27).

Law of the Russian Federation "On Veterinary Medicine"

"The main tasks of veterinary medicine in the Russian Federation are: ... monitoring compliance by executive authorities and officials, enterprises, institutions, organizations, ... foreign legal entities, citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons - owners of animals and products animal husbandry (hereinafter - enterprises, institutions, organizations and citizens) of the veterinary legislation of the Russian Federation" (Article 1).

"The veterinary legislation of the Russian Federation regulates relations in the field of veterinary medicine in order to protect animals from diseases, produce veterinarily safe livestock products and protect the population from diseases common to humans and animals" (Article 2).

"Officers and citizens guilty of violating the veterinary legislation of the Russian Federation bear disciplinary, administrative, criminal and other liability in accordance with this Law and other legislative acts of the Russian Federation" (Article 23).

Part 1

Application area

1.1. These Rules are binding on the entire territory of the Russian Federation by state bodies, enterprises and other economic entities, institutions, organizations, public associations, regardless of their subordination and form of ownership, officials and citizens.

Part 2

Normative references

1. Law of the RSFSR "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population".

2. Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens.

3. Law of the Russian Federation "On Veterinary Medicine".

4. Sanitary rules for the prevention and control of infectious diseases common to humans and animals. General provisions.

5. Decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR "On streamlining the keeping of dogs and cats in cities and other settlements of the RSFSR".

6. Rules for veterinary inspection of slaughter animals and veterinary and sanitary examination of meat and meat products.

7. Instruction "Carrying out veterinary disinfection of livestock facilities".

Part 3

General information about rabies

3.1. Rabies is an acute viral disease of animals and humans, characterized by signs of polioencephalomyelitis and absolute mortality.

The causative agent belongs to the rhabdovirus family.

The reservoir and the main sources of the causative agent of rabies are wild predators, dogs and cats. Taking into account the nature of the pathogen reservoir, epizootics of urban and natural types are distinguished.

In urban-type epizootics, the main spreaders of the disease are stray and neglected dogs, and in natural-type epizootics, wild predators (fox, raccoon dog, arctic fox, wolf, corsac, jackal). In areas with an increased density of their populations, persistent natural foci of the disease are formed.

Infection of humans and animals occurs through direct contact with sources of the rabies pathogen as a result of a bite or salivation of damaged skin or external mucous membranes.

3.2. When organizing measures for the prevention and control of rabies, one should distinguish between an epizootic focus, an unfavorable point and a threatened zone.

Epizootic foci of rabies - apartments, residential buildings, private households of citizens, livestock buildings, livestock farms, summer camps, pastures, forests and other objects where animals with rabies are found.

Unfavorable area - a settlement or part of a large settlement, a separate livestock farm, farm, pasture, forest, on the territory of which an epizootic focus of rabies has been identified. The threatened zone includes settlements, livestock farms, pastures, hunting grounds and other territories where there is a threat of rabies introduction or activation of natural foci of the disease.

An epidemic focus is an epizootic focus in which human diseases have arisen.

Part 4

Prevention of rabies in animals and humans

4.1. Heads of livestock farms, enterprises, institutions, organizations and citizens - owners of animals are obliged:

- comply with the rules established by the local administration for keeping dogs, cats, fur-bearing animals and predatory animals; - deliver dogs and cats belonging to them within the time limits established by the local administration on the proposal of the chief state veterinary inspector of the district (city), to veterinary medical and preventive institutions for examination, diagnostic studies and preventive vaccinations with anti-rabies vaccine; - register their dogs in the manner established by the local administration; - do not allow dogs that have not been vaccinated against rabies into personal farmsteads, farms, herds, flocks and herds; - take measures to prevent wild animals from entering herds, flocks, herds, livestock buildings; for this purpose, graze farm animals and keep them on farms, feedlots, in summer camps under constant protection using dogs vaccinated against rabies; - immediately inform the veterinary specialist serving the farm (settlement) about suspected rabies in animals and cases of biting of agricultural and domestic animals by wild predators, dogs or cats, take the necessary measures to securely isolate suspicious or bitten animals.

4.2. Dogs, cats and other animals that have bitten people or animals (except for those obviously ill with rabies) are subject to immediate delivery by the owner or a special team for catching stray dogs and cats to the nearest veterinary medical institution for examination and quarantine under the supervision of specialists within 10 days.

4.3. In some cases, with the permission of a veterinary medical institution, an animal that has bitten people or animals may be left with the owner, who has issued a written obligation to keep this animal in an isolated room for 10 days and submit it for examination within the time period specified by the veterinarian in charge of supervision. .

4.4. The results of monitoring a quarantined animal are recorded in a special journal and reported in writing to the institution where the injured person is vaccinated, and to the center of sanitary and epidemiological supervision at the place of residence of the victim.

4.5. At the end of the quarantine period, clinically healthy animals after preliminary vaccination can be returned to their owners - provided they are kept in isolation for 30 days. Animals with rabies are destroyed.

4.6. The procedure for keeping, registering and registering dogs and cats in settlements is determined by the local administration. Specialists of the veterinary and sanitary-epidemiological services control the observance of this order.

4.7. The rules of keeping necessarily provide that service dogs outside the territory of the farms (enterprises, institutions) to which they belong must be on a leash. Without a leash and a muzzle, it is allowed to keep dogs with herds, flocks, herds of farm animals, during training and hunting, at training grounds, with the operational use of dogs by special organizations.

4.8. Dogs that are on the streets and in other public places without an accompanying person, and stray cats are subject to capture.

4.9. The procedure for catching these animals, their maintenance and use is established by the local administration.

4.10. Public utilities, housing and maintenance organizations, the administration of markets, meat and milk processing enterprises, shops, canteens, restaurants, dormitory commandants, homeowners are required to maintain the territory of enterprises, markets, landfills, sites for garbage and other waste in proper sanitary condition, to prevent the accumulation of stray dogs and cats in such places, to take measures to exclude the possibility of dogs and cats entering basements, attics and other non-residential premises.

4.11. Sale, purchase and export of dogs outside the region (krai, republic) is allowed if there is a veterinary certificate with a mark on the vaccination of the dog against rabies.

4.12. In order to timely detect and prevent the spread of rabies in wild animals, employees of forestry, nature conservation, hunting, nature reserves and wildlife sanctuaries are required to:

- immediately inform the veterinary service specialists about cases of disease or unusual behavior of wild animals (lack of fear of humans, unprovoked attacks on people or animals); - send the corpses of wild predators (foxes, raccoon dogs, arctic foxes, wolves, corsacs, jackals) found in hunting grounds, in the territories of nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, in green areas of large settlements to veterinary laboratories for rabies testing; - to regulate the number of wild predatory animals, to shoot stray dogs and cats poaching in hunting grounds; - when checking vouchers and hunting tickets of hunters, the hunting inspection of nature protection and the huntsman service are obliged to check the registration certificates of dogs, indicating vaccination against rabies; unvaccinated dogs are not allowed to hunt.

4.13. In all settlements of the Russian Federation, all dogs, regardless of their affiliation, and, if necessary, cats, are subject to mandatory preventive immunization against rabies with the use of anti-rabies vaccines adopted in practice in the manner and within the time limits stipulated by the instructions for their use. An inventory of immunized dogs with the addresses of their owners must be attached to the act of vaccination. In the registration certificates of dogs make marks about the vaccinations carried out.

4.14. In areas of stationary trouble for rabies of wild predators, scheduled preventive vaccination of farm animals (primarily cattle) at risk of infection is carried out. If there are economic opportunities, campaigns of oral immunization of wild predators against rabies are regularly repeated.

Part 5

Measures for rabies in animals

5.1. The diagnosis of "rabies" is made on the basis of a complex of epizootological, clinical, pathoanatomical data and the results of laboratory tests.

5.2. For research on rabies, a fresh corpse or head of small animals is sent to the laboratory, and from large animals - the head or brain.

5.3. Laboratory tests for rabies are carried out immediately. The results of the study are reported to the veterinary institution or veterinary specialist who sent the biomaterial to the laboratory, and to the chief state veterinary inspector of the district (city).

5.4. The chief state veterinary inspector of a district (city), upon receipt of information on the detection of a case of rabies in animals, is obliged:

- immediately inform the territorial center of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision, the chief state veterinary inspectors of neighboring regions and the higher veterinary authority about the disease of animals; - together with a representative of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision Service, go to the site, conduct an epizootic and epidemiological examination of the epizootic focus and the unfavorable point, determine the boundaries of the threatened zone and develop an action plan to eliminate the epizootic focus and prevent new cases of the disease; - draw up materials on the establishment of quarantine and submit them for approval to the local administration.

5.5. Under the terms of the quarantine, it is not allowed to hold exhibitions of dogs and cats, brood and training of dogs in settlements that are unfavorable for rabies. The trade in pets is stopped, the export of dogs and cats outside the disadvantaged area and the capture (for export to zoos, for the purpose of settling in other areas, etc.) of wild animals in the quarantined territory and in the threatened zone are prohibited.

5.6. Specialists of the veterinary and sanitary-epidemiological services organize the following activities in rabies-affected areas:

- carry out explanatory work among the population about the danger of rabies and measures to prevent it; - organize door-to-door (door-to-door) tours of a dysfunctional settlement to identify persons in need of vaccinations against rabies, check the conditions for keeping dogs, cats and other animals, identify animals with rabies, suspicious of the disease and suspected of infecting animals; - kill all identified animals with rabies, as well as dogs and cats suspicious of the disease, except for those who have bitten people or animals, which are isolated and left under observation; - the corpses of animals killed and dead from rabies are burned or disposed of at enterprises for the production of meat and bone meal. Burials are allowed in cattle cemeteries. Skinning of corpses is prohibited; - when cases of rabies in wild animals are detected, together with nature protection and hunting authorities, they take all available measures (shooting, trapping, baiting in burrows) to reduce the number of wild predators, regardless of the hunting periods established in the area.

5.7. In the epizootic focus of rabies, a constant monitoring of a group of animals (farm, herd, herd, flock, herd) is established, from which sick or suspicious for rabies disease are isolated. These animals are examined at least three times a day and subjected to forced vaccinations of the rabies vaccine in accordance with the instructions for its use. After vaccinations, a 60-day isolation of animals is required.

5.8. Clinically healthy animals bitten by wild predators or dogs are allowed, regardless of vaccinations against rabies, to kill for meat.

5.9. Slaughter is carried out on the spot, on the farm, the resulting products are used on a common basis.

5.10. The milk of clinically healthy animals from a rabies-prone farm (herd, herd, flock, herd) is allowed, regardless of vaccinations against rabies, to be used for human food or animal feed after pasteurization at 80-85 degrees. C for 30 minutes or boil for 5 minutes.

5.11. Wool obtained from clinically healthy animals of a group disadvantaged by rabies is exported from the farm in containers made of dense fabric only to processing enterprises with an indication in the veterinary certificate that it is subject to disinfection in accordance with the current "Instruction for the disinfection of raw materials of animal origin and enterprises for its preparation, storage and processing.

5.12. Places where there were animals sick and suspicious of rabies, animal care items, clothing and other things contaminated with saliva and other secretions of animals with rabies, are disinfected in accordance with the current "Instructions for veterinary disinfection of livestock facilities".

5.13. Quarantine is lifted by the decision of the local administration (on the basis of a joint presentation of the chief veterinarian of the district or city and the head of the territorial center of state sanitary and epidemiological supervision) after two months from the date of the last case of rabies in animals, subject to the implementation of the planned anti-epizootic and preventive measures.

Part 6

Anti-epidemic measures

6.1. Persons injured or licked by a rabies patient or animal suspected of having rabies are considered to be at risk of infection with the rabies virus.

6.2. Medical workers who have identified persons at risk of infection with the rabies virus are required to promptly report them (emergency notice, telephone message, etc.) to the territorial Central State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service.

6.3. The Center for State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance is obliged, on the basis of a prompt report from a hospital, outpatient clinic or trauma center (office), surgical office, about each case of treatment regarding each case of the risk of infection with the rabies virus:

- register the victim in the journal (f. 060U); - immediately conduct an investigation of such a case with filling in the "Card of the epizootic - epidemiological examination of the focus of zoonotic disease" (f. 391-U); - inform the chief state veterinary inspector of the district (city) about known animals that have caused damage, in order to establish observation and quarantine of the latter; - to identify the circle of persons at risk of infection with the rabies virus and in need of therapeutic and prophylactic immunization, and send them to a trauma center (room), and in the absence of the latter, to a surgical room.

6.4. Persons exposed to the risk of infection with the rabies virus undergo a course of therapeutic and prophylactic immunization in accordance with the normative and instructional documents of the RF SCSEN and the Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of the Russian Federation.

6.5. Persons with rabies are hospitalized.

The purpose of the lesson: to study the methods of diagnosing rabies, the system of preventive and recreational activities.

Materials and equipment: swabs from brain tissue with Babes-Negri bodies, positive precipitation reactions in agar gel, transparencies, films, posters, vaccine samples, veterinary legislation.

Venue of the lesson: auditorium of the department of epizootology.

METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS

Rabies is an acute disease caused by a virus from the Rabdoviridae family, dangerous to all warm-blooded animals and humans.

Diagnostic methods. Diagnosis is based on

Epizootological data, clinical observations, pathological and anatomical and laboratory studies.

In an epizootological study, the nature of the epizootic situation in a given area and neighboring areas is taken into account, the seasonality of the disease and anamnesis data indicating an attack or the appearance of wild predators or dogs suspicious of the disease are taken into account.

Of the clinical signs, the most important are unprovoked aggressiveness, paresis and paralysis, which develop in a certain sequence. When studying the clinical picture, it is necessary to keep in mind the atypical form of the disease, or the so-called<лисье бешенство», которое у крупного рогатого скота протекает Кратковременно и проявляется клинически в основном тимпаний а также парезами и параличами.

Laboratory methods for diagnosing rabies are extremely important. Whole corpses or heads of small animals are sent to the laboratory with a courier, and from large animals - heads. Corpses, heads are sent in double plastic bags, in metal containers or in other moisture-proof containers. When taking and packing the material, safety precautions must be observed: they work with gloves, goggles, wash their hands thoroughly with soap and water.

A comprehensive laboratory analysis includes a histological examination to detect Babes-Negri inclusion bodies, a serological examination - RP in agar gel, a fluorescent antibody method and a bioassay on white sucking mice or rabbits. The detected virus is identified in the PH on mice.

New methods for diagnosing rabies have been developed - radioimmunoassay (RIA), express diagnostics by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Identification of the virus using sets of monoclonal antibodies is promising.

In differential diagnosis, it is necessary to exclude, in dogs, the nervous form of the plague and in horses, infectious encephalomyelitis.

Preventive and health measures. All activities are regulated by the current Rules and basically boil down to the following.

Control and regulate the number of wild predatory animals, catch stray dogs and cats. According to the recommendation of the OIE (1976), in areas unfavorable for rabies, the number of foxes should not exceed 1 ... 2 individuals per 10 km2.

They keep a strict record of domestic cats and dogs, regulate the conditions for their maintenance.

In all settlements of the Russian Federation, all dogs, regardless of their affiliation, and in some cases cats, must be vaccinated against rabies. The following vaccines are used in our country: dry inactivated ethanol vaccine (VGNKI); dry cultural inactivated vaccine from the strain "Schelkovo-51"; cultural lyophilized and cultural adsorbed vaccine from strain TS-80 (VNI-IVViM); virus vaccine for oral immunization of carnivores against rabies (synrab) (ARRIAH).

In areas of stationary trouble for rabies of wild predators, scheduled preventive vaccination of cattle is necessary. If there are economic opportunities, 2 times a year (February-April and October-December), wild predators are immunized by the oral method.

When rabies is established, quarantine is imposed on the settlement and recreational activities are started in accordance with the current Rules.

Quarantine is removed by the decision of the local administration after 2 months from the date of the last case of the disease, subject to the implementation of the planned anti-epizootic and preventive measures.

TASK FOR INDEPENDENT WORK

Solve epizootic problem.

The area is safe for rabies. A wolf ran into a herd of cows while grazing and bit several animals. The wolf was not caught. Particularly large (10 x 15 cm) and deep wounds were on the head, neck, chest of one cow. Due to severe bleeding from wounds, the cow was slaughtered by a shepherd.

1. List the animals that carry the rabies virus in nature.

2. Decide what to do with meat from a forcedly slaughtered cow.

3. Develop an action plan for the prevention of rabies and the elimination of the epizootic focus.

Among the variety of zoonotic infectious diseases, rabies (hydrophobia) occupies a special place, since the rabies virus infects, along with humans, almost all warm-blooded animals. According to the World Health Organization, rabies is the fifth largest infectious disease in terms of economic damage. Up to 50,000 people die of rabies every year worldwide. The geography of rabies distribution in Russia is expanding. The territories of the Central, Volga, Ural, Southern and Siberian federal districts of the Russian Federation have always been considered historically unfavorable - they account for 77% of all registered animal diseases.

In recent years, the number of cases of animal rabies in the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation has sharply increased, which worsened the epizootic situation in the Moscow region and the city of Moscow. Since the beginning of 2012, according to the Office of Rospotrebnadzor for the Moscow Region, more than 260 cases of animal rabies have been identified and laboratory confirmed. In Moscow, 15 cases of animal rabies were registered in Zelenogradsky (9th line), Troitsky and Novomoskovsk (5th line) administrative districts, directly adjacent to areas of the Moscow region that are unfavorable for rabies (Solnechnogorsky, Leninsky, Podolsky, etc.).

The complication of the epizootic situation with rabies in the Zelenograd administrative district of the city of Moscow arose from January 2012, 9 cases of rabies were registered among wild and urban animals, rabies was laboratory confirmed in 5 foxes and 4 dogs. There were constant runs of wild animals on the territory of residential areas of the district (foxes).

The unfavorable epizootic situation for rabies among animals in the Zelenograd district is a direct consequence of the sharp deterioration in recent years of the epizootic situation for rabies in the Moscow region, and especially in the Klin and Solnechnogorsk districts. At the same time, the situation is aggravated by the increase in the population of urban neglected animals every year.

In order to ensure epidemic and epizootic well-being in the Zelenograd District, a lot of joint work was carried out by the Territorial Department of the Office of Rospotrebnadzor in the Zelenograd District, the State Veterinary Service of the Zelenograd District, and the Housing and Communal Services.

At a meeting of the Sanitary and Anti-Epidemiological Commission of the Prefecture of the Okrug, the "Plan of measures to eliminate the outbreak of animal rabies in the territory of the Zelenograd administrative district and prevent human diseases" was approved.

Measures were taken to prevent rabies among owned and neglected animals: additional veterinary vaccination points were placed on the territory of the district (97 points) and unscheduled vaccination of domestic and neglected animals against rabies was organized. Specialists of the state veterinary service carried out regular tours of the territory of the district in order to identify dogs and cats kept by various organizations (GSK, industrial zones, trade enterprises, etc.), as well as stray animals. Since the beginning of the year, 16,929 animals have been vaccinated against rabies in the district, which is 24% more than in 2011. 454 heads of neglected animals were captured from the territory of the district, including 414 dogs and 40 cats. Of these, 341 dogs and 40 cats were sent to shelters in Moscow after sterilization. 73 dogs from rabies-affected areas of the district were sent for quarantine to the State Budgetary Institution "Mosvetstaniya".

In all foci of rabies, a comprehensive epidemiological and epidemiological examination was carried out in order to establish the cause of the outbreak, to identify the population that had contact with a sick or suspicious animal for rabies. 18 residents of Zelenograd were identified who had contact with an animal sick or suspected of having rabies. Explanatory work was carried out with all of them on anti-rabies vaccinations. Of the contact persons, 14 people started a course of anti-rabies vaccinations, 4 people refused to receive anti-rabies vaccinations, but vaccinated their pets against rabies.

Forced disinfection and deratization was carried out in all centers of rabies, as well as places for trapping animals sent for quarantine to the State Budgetary Institution "Mosvetstanciya", the total area of ​​​​disinfection and deratization treatment is more than 5000 m2.

Work was organized with the media to explain to the population the epizootic situation, the ongoing measures to prevent rabies among people and animals. On information boards in each residential building, with the assistance of the Administration for the population, information was posted on the situation with rabies, preventive measures, indicating the addresses of vaccination points.

In order to prevent rabies among wild animals, specialists from the State Veterinary Inspectorate of the Zelenograd District and the Department of Specially Protected Natural Territories for the Zelenograd Administrative District of Moscow laid out the vaccine for oral immunization of wild carnivores against rabies "Rabivak-O / 333" in forests within the boundaries of the Zelenograd Administrative District. districts.

The only way to prevent the development of a disease in a person after a bite, scratching, saliva is to conduct a specific anti-rabies treatment. Rospotrebnadzor draws the attention of the population that rabies (hydrophobia) is a dangerous viral infectious disease that affects the central nervous system. The main features of this natural focal disease is the spread and transmission of the rabies virus from animal to person through bites, as well as salivation of the skin and mucous membranes. The rabies virus in the saliva of an infected animal appears 3-10 days before the first clinical signs, which in case of a bite or saliva during this period is of particular danger, since these circumstances are often not paid attention to. Rabies disease can be prevented only by receiving a course of anti-rabies vaccinations in a timely manner. Therefore, in case of bites or saliva by animals, you should immediately seek medical help. Mortality in rabies in both humans and animals is 100%. Most often, people who do not seek medical help become infected with rabies and die.

The latent (incubation) period in humans from the moment of a bite to the development of the disease is usually from 10 days to 3 months or more. The first signs of the disease are itching at the site of the bite, neuralgic pain, fever. There is no cure for rabies if clinical signs appear! The patient undergoes symptomatic therapy aimed at reducing his suffering.

If for no apparent reason you are bitten, scratched or licked by an animal, including a domestic one, and even more so a wild one, it is necessary to immediately conduct a thorough primary treatment of the place of contact with the animal. Wash the wound with soapy water, treat the edges with iodine, apply a bandage and, without fail, contact a medical institution as soon as possible for a course of anti-rabies treatment.

The set of measures currently adopted in our country for the prevention of rabies in domestic animals and humans includes the following.

It must be ensured that no dog is left outside the control of its owner. This is facilitated by the registration of dogs and the issuance of a certificate to the owner. The annual re-registration of dogs is carried out with the broad participation of public order and the public with a random check of individual sites.

2. Vaccination of dogs, which is carried out simultaneously with their registration and re-registration, as well as other animals (for example, in kennels).

3. Catching stray and stray dogs was carried out widely already in the 1920s. For the fight against rabies, special stations were created, provided by the staff and equipped with transport from the funds of local Executive Committees. Unfortunately, many of these stations were liquidated in subsequent years.

Shooting of dogs cannot be recommended for general practice, but is sometimes used in time-limited campaigns to eliminate epizootics (with prior notification of the population). Successful catching of stray dogs is largely determined by the conditions of material interest (payment for each dog caught).

4. Any aggressive animal that is sick and suspected of having rabies is immediately slaughtered. His corpse is sent to the nearest veterinary laboratory (hospital) in order to clarify the diagnosis. A veterinary worker who arrives for examination immediately reports the results to all local medical and veterinary institutions and similar institutions in neighboring territories. By the decision of the Executive Committee of the Council of Working People's Deputies, quarantine is imposed on a disadvantaged settlement for a period of at least 6 months. All stray animals at this point are destroyed, and livestock are vaccinated.

In some cases, in relation to bitten valuable dogs, the anti-rabies committee of the World Health Organization allows the veterinarian to quarantine them for 3 months and conduct a course of vaccination. If the dog was vaccinated more than 1 year ago, it should be revaccinated and kept in quarantine for at least 1 month. A bitten animal without external signs of rabies is isolated and observed in a veterinary institution for 14 days. It is allowed to leave an outwardly healthy animal on a leash with the owner, provided that it is periodically examined by a veterinary worker.

Livestock suspected of rabies are allowed to be slaughtered with the permission of a veterinarian, but no later than 8 days after the bite in the absence of signs of disease. The head of the animal is destroyed, the meat can be used. Carcasses of animals slaughtered without the permission of veterinary supervision are subject to destruction.

The milk of sick animals can only be used if they have no clinical manifestations, provided that it is boiled or heated at 30°C for 30 minutes.

5. Prevention of diseases in persons bitten by rabid or suspected rabies animals is an important section of anti-rabies activities.

All people bitten, scratched, slobbered by any animal, even outwardly healthy, are considered suspicious for rabies infection. An emergency notice is sent to the sanitary and epidemiological station. They are given local wound treatment, specific anti-tetanus prophylaxis, and, if necessary, anti-rabies preventive immunization.

The bite site is washed with soapy water (with abundant foam) and treated with tincture of iodine.

The decision to prescribe a course of anti-rabies vaccination is an extremely important moment assigned to a rabiobiologist, due to the fact that vaccinations themselves can lead to complications, in some cases severe, and refusal to vaccinate in case of unconditional infection can cost the victim his life, since every rabies disease is fatal.

The appointment of a course of vaccination against rabies is determined on the basis of the results of clinical and epidemiological data, which are subsequently joined by the results of a laboratory study of the bitten animal.

Examine pieces of Ammon's horn 1 cm long from the brain of a fallen or slaughtered animal. The pieces are placed in a jar with glycerin and in an empty jar, pieces of the submandibular gland are placed in the third jar. The jars are tightly closed with a rubber or ground glass stopper, the edges are filled with sealing wax, sealed, then placed in metal cases that contain ice. The canisters are sealed, their seams are sealed with tin and sealed again, placed in a plywood box and sent to the laboratory by courier or special mail. In the direction indicate the contents of the dishes, brief epidemiological and clinical information, the results of the pathological and anatomical autopsy.

Depending on these data, persons who applied for anti-rabies help are either not prescribed vaccinations at all, or they are prescribed according to conditional or unconditional indications.

Vaccinations are not prescribed for small bites if the bitten person has already been vaccinated against rabies, regardless of the statute of limitations. They are also not prescribed for single shallow bites (except for the head and fingers) in an area prone to rabies incidence; when bitten by a vaccinated dog; when salivating intact skin, if the bitten animal was healthy at that moment (certificate of a veterinary worker). However, in any case, the animal must be observed for 14 days. If during this period the animal is diagnosed or suspected of having rabies, the bitten animal immediately begins to be vaccinated against rabies. Vaccinations are also not prescribed for bites of cold-blooded animals, for the consumption of heat-treated milk and meat from animals with rabies.

When bitten by poultry, vaccinations are prescribed only if the bird is clearly sick with rabies, as well as if there are epidemiological indications. When bitten by wild birds, vaccinations are always prescribed.

In case of bites of other healthy-looking animals, a conditional course of vaccinations is prescribed, the dosage and duration of which is determined by the localization and severity of the bites. Severe bites to the head, fingers, multiple bites to other parts of the body require the introduction of a vaccine within 3-4 days or anti-rabies gamma globulin according to the instructions. With superficial single bites of the hand, salivation of damaged mucous membranes, two injections of the vaccine are prescribed with an interval of 30 minutes.

In cases where the bitten animal is clinically or laboratory diagnosed with rabies, as well as in cases where the diagnosis could not be established (the animal disappeared, the corpse was destroyed), the bitten animal is prescribed an unconditional course of vaccinations.

Dosages and duration of vaccinations are determined by the location and severity of bites. With bites to the head, hands, with multiple bites of other localization, with any bites of wild carnivores, a combined course of vaccinations with anti-rabies gamma globulin is prescribed, and after 24 hours - with a vaccine, the administration of which is carried out for 25 days and additionally on the 10th and 20th day after the end of the course.

When salivation of intact skin, the course of vaccination is carried out for 12 days.

The Fermi phenol vaccine currently used in the USSR is a 5% suspension of rabbit or sheep brain with the addition of a 1% phenol solution. Its advantage lies in the fact that it is produced ready for use and at a temperature of 2 to 5 ° can be stored for up to 6 months.

It should be noted that after storage or transportation in conditions of high or, conversely, very low temperatures (below 0 °), the vaccine becomes unsuitable for use.

The vaccine is injected into the subcutaneous tissue of the abdomen, in exceptional cases - the scapular region. Repeated injection of the vaccine in the same place is highly undesirable, as this can lead to shock. Vaccinations are carried out on an outpatient basis, the patient is released 10 minutes after the introduction of the vaccine. For severe bites, vaccinations are carried out in a hospital.

The ampoule is checked before use. The vaccine should be free of lumps and flakes. It is forbidden to drink alcohol during and for a year after immunization.

It is very dangerous to administer gamma globulin 8 days after the administration of any other serum. However, it should be borne in mind that the administration of the drug is mandatory in the presence of vital indications (bites by wild rabid animals, bites by any rabid or suspected rabies animal in the face, head, neck, fingers, multiple bites of the body).

With the onset of the disease, the patient is isolated in an infectious diseases hospital; in the absence of one nearby, the patient can be placed in a separate ward of a somatic hospital, but at the same time it is necessary to isolate from external stimuli (noise, air movement, bright light) and establish constant monitoring.

The prognosis for the onset of rabies is always unfavorable. Therefore, sanitary propaganda should be aimed primarily at the mandatory and early seeking of medical care for all persons bitten, scratched or licked by domestic and wild animals.

The elimination of rabies in countries where there are no natural foci of this disease seems to be a solvable task. This is confirmed by the experience of those countries in which human diseases were caused only by epizootics among domestic dogs and in which strict legislation was introduced on the procedure for keeping and importing dogs from outside. By carrying out these measures in the Scandinavian countries, rabies was eliminated already in 1826, in England - in 1903, except for a limited epizootic in 1918-1921 associated with the importation of dogs by troops returning from the front.

In countries where there are natural foci of rabies, the elimination of this disease is still a difficult task. Experience suggests that even under these conditions, diseases of domestic animals, and therefore the incidence of people, can be reduced to a minimum. This applies to the countries of Western Europe. However, in a number of them (Germany, Denmark, Belgium, Luxembourg) in the mid-60s, epizootics among foxes arose, which led to diseases among domestic animals - cows, dogs, cats. It should be noted that dogs in these countries are not immunized.

In a number of countries, the prevention of dog diseases is solved by a combination of strict measures for their maintenance with blanket immunization. Thus, in the Hungarian People's Republic, where mass immunization of dogs was started in 1947, single cases have been recorded among domestic animals since the beginning of the 1950s, and rabies has not been recorded among humans. The same was carried out in the People's Republic of Bulgaria, where in the 7 years since 1948 about 2 million dogs were vaccinated, which led to a decrease in the number of diseases among them from 500 per year to 15 by the end of the 50s, and diseases among people ceased register.

The problem of eliminating rabies in some territories of our country, where there are natural foci of rabies, involves the extermination of wild carnivores that have no value, but bring great economic damage. This applies in the first place to wolves and jackals, for each killed head of which rewards have been established in all Union republics. The extermination of wild carnivores is carried out by local unions of hunters using poisonous substances, hunting from a helicopter and with flags, and catching young animals. Sleeping pills are used, which are injected into the carcasses of dead animals in the territory where wolves and jackals are distributed. Hunting for foxes and raccoon dogs outside the territories of natural foci is allowed only at certain times of the year.

At the same time, it should be noted that in recent years, the expediency of the total extermination of any kind of wild animal, including wolves, has been questioned, since this leads to a violation of the natural balance in nature. Of course, such a formulation of the issue makes it difficult, but does not remove the problem of eliminating rabies from the agenda.