Why is staphylococcus dangerous in children, how to recognize and treat it. Staphylococcus aureus treatment in children

Medical statistics show that this bacterial infection is found in the intestinal microflora and on the nasal mucosa in 40% of children under one year of age and newborns. Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent companion of human microflora. The insidiousness of this microbe is that, peacefully adjacent to a healthy person, it leads to serious illnesses in people with weakened bodies, including infants and premature babies. In such children, staphylococcus causes severe systemic lesions in 20-44% of cases.

Staphylococcus aureus: symptoms in children

The infection manifests itself differently, depending on which organs are most damaged. Most often, Staphylococcus aureus manifests itself in a localized form (damage to the skin, urinary system, gastrointestinal tract, eyes). There are a lot of symptoms of infection - about a hundred in total.

Staphylococcus aureus in infants: symptoms

Most often, Staphylococcus aureus is found in infants in feces, on mucous membranes and on the skin, causing following symptoms and diseases:

1. Skin rashes, which can be either the result of extensive colonization of Staphylococcus aureus on the surface of the body or the result of allergic manifestations. The bacterium produces 4 types of toxins and also enzymes that lead to hypersensitivity body. In 90% of children with atopic dermatitis, Staphylococcus aureus is detected on the skin. The nature of the rash may vary. Already on the 5-6th day after birth, small blisters with purulent contents may appear on the baby’s body, which over time burst and leave crusts. The formation of purplish-red suppurating boils is accompanied by a general deterioration in the child’s condition and may indicate imminent arrival blood sepsis. The nature of extensive inflammatory processes may resemble severe burns.
2. Indigestion: loose, foamy and frequent stools; a large amount of mucus, blood in the stool; regurgitation, profuse vomiting (1-2 times a day for a mild form of the disease or repeatedly for a severe form). Mucus and streaks of scarlet blood in a child’s stool indicate inflammation of the large intestine; the presence of erosions in the small intestine can be determined by taking a test for occult blood. Infection of the intestines in weak infants can lead to necrotizing enterocolitis - the formation of ulcers and death of the intestinal wall, as well as peritonitis.
3. Non-healing, festering umbilical wound.
4. Sore throat, which is characterized by enlarged lymph nodes.
5. Purulent rhinitis. In infants it occurs in an acute form - with high temperature, symptoms of intoxication, profuse purulent discharge from the nose.
6. Often, in children under one year of age, after suffering from rhinitis, otitis media develops due to staphylococcal infection. If the disease develops unfavorably, the bacterium can cause inflammation of the baby's brain - meningitis (about 3% of all meningitis is associated with staphylococcus).
7. Weakened infants after ARVI may develop staphylococcal stomatitis, which is also very difficult for them to tolerate (high temperature, intoxication, complete refusal of food).
8. Staphylococcal pneumonia when infected by airborne droplets or if it enters the lungs through the blood.
9. Inflammation of bone tissue and joints with pain syndrome when moving.
10. 10.B severe cases Sepsis affects the heart, liver, and spleen; the course of the disease is accompanied by several complications and can be fatal within 3-5 days.

Staphylococcus aureus - symptoms in older children

In children older symptoms staphylococcal infections are slightly different, partly due to the fact that the body resists more effectively:

• Skin diseases often manifest themselves in the form of acne, pustular rashes; folliculitis, furunculosis or carbuncles with inflammation of the hair roots and surrounding tissues. During puberty in children, staphylococcal colonies often affect the axillary area.
• Green mucous discharge from the nose without fever, which indicates the development of purulent rhinitis.
• Infection of the gastrointestinal tract resembles acute food poisoning: abdominal pain, profuse vomiting, weakness and dizziness, diarrhea with mucus and streaks of blood. In severe cases, toxicosis can result in death. In mild cases, complete recovery occurs within 1-3 days.
• In girls, the use of tampons during menstruation can lead to staphylococcal sepsis with toxic shock syndrome, accompanied by fever, diarrhea, vomiting and skin rashes.

To accurately identify Staphylococcus aureus, it is necessary to undergo tests. Depending on the location of the infection, these may be swabs from the throat and nose; collection of pus and sputum; blood, urine and stool tests. Normally, Staphylococcus aureus in the stool of a child aged over a year old should not exceed 10 to the fourth power of CFU per 1 gram of feces. For infants under one year old, this indicator is not standardized.

Ways of infection with Staphylococcus aureus

Infection with staphylococcus in children can occur at almost any stage of their life - from perinatal to older age, under the influence of many factors:

• Maternal infection before birth. Staphylococcus can cross the placental barrier during pregnancy or reach the baby during passage through the birth canal.
• Carriage of the infection is widespread among workers in medical institutions, including maternity hospitals. So-called nosocomial infections are the scourge of modern medicine. According to sanitary rules, every maternity hospital must be closed twice a year for complete sanitary treatment against infections and necessary repair work, however, in practice these rules are not observed.
• Bacteria are transmitted or by contact- through dirty hands, or air. Microbes from the air can enter not only through direct contact with the patient, but also when shaking the bed linen. Sharing household items and toys also leads to germs getting on the skin and mucous membranes. Staphylococcal bacteria remain viable on these objects and in dust for 2-3 weeks.
• Risk factors for infection are damage and diseases of the skin and mucous membranes; immunodeficiency; metabolic disorders (including diabetes); prematurity of newborns; general weakness of the body; surgical interventions. During breastfeeding, Staphylococcus aureus can penetrate through cracks in the nipple, especially if a woman has mastitis.
• Staphylococcal bacteria can often be contracted by consuming improperly processed or stale meat and dairy products and salads. Complete destruction of bacteria in food products possible only at a temperature of 100 degrees.
• Familial carriage of infection. In 60% of cases in children with staphylococcal infection Gastrointestinal tract, one of the parents also suffers from this infection, or is its carrier.

Newborns who have just been discharged from the maternity hospital can be passive carriers of staphylococcus for several months until the bacterium finds a reason to manifest itself. According to some estimates, staphylococci are found on the nasal mucosa in 52%, and in the intestines in 40-46% of children over one year old. By the second or third year, these figures decrease to 9-14%, and by 4-6 years they increase again and approach carrier rates in adults - 30-50%.

Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus in children

For older children mild flow diseases are usually used symptomatically or local therapy, outpatient treatment is possible.

The moderate form of the disease requires an integrated approach - the use of antibiotics (cephobid, amoxiclav, lendacin, cefamezin, amoxicillin and other drugs that are administered intramuscularly or intravenously), staphylococcal bacteriophage, detoxification agents (glucose-saline droppers), protein preparations (albumin, plasma), antihistamines (diphenhydramine, suprastin, fenkarol), probiotics and prebiotics.

In severe cases of the disease in infants, special drugs are additionally used - anti-staphylococcal immunoglobulin, anti-staphylococcal plasma, staphylococcal toxoid. With timely antibiotic therapy, it is possible to avoid severe complications and significantly reduce mortality.

Children who have had a staphylococcal infection must be monitored at a local clinic for a year.

Since the prevalence of staphylococcal infection is very high, it is possible reinfection it, especially if the child is exposed to the above risk factors. The immunity developed in the body after an illness lasts for a very short time, and there is no innate immunity to staphylococcus at all.

Fortunately, the mere carriage of staphylococcal bacteria on the skin and mucous membranes does not mean that a pathogenic infection may occur with the development of complications. IN healthy body This bacterium coexists peacefully with humans, without causing damage. Therefore, the main prevention of staphylococcal infection is hygiene, general strengthening measures to maintain immunity and healthy eating.

Staphylococcus aureus - dangerous for child's body a bacterium that can cause purulent-inflammatory processes at any age, starting from the first day of a baby’s life. It is children who are most susceptible to this disease, since infection occurs due to poor personal hygiene or weak immunity.

Staphylococcus aureus is dangerous in children because it manifests itself in the most various diseases, difficult to treat and having the most detrimental consequences for small child. This pathogen penetrates into various organs and it gets activated there. Bacteria in the lungs provoke pneumonia, in the blood - sepsis, etc. The difficulty of treatment is that even the symptoms can be easily confused with common illnesses and not recognize that Staphylococcus aureus is behind all this.

Symptoms and signs of the disease

Staphylococcus aureus has different symptoms, which depends on the form of infection.

1. Early form infection: symptoms appear within a few hours after the activation of the harmful microorganism. It can be:

• high fever in children;
• diarrhea;
• vomit;
• loss of appetite;
• lethargy.

2. Late stage infection: signs may appear only 3-5 days after activation of staphylococcus. Among them:

• skin lesions;
• blood poisoning;
• damage to internal organs.

Often, Staphylococcus aureus in a child does not manifest itself at all, being asymptomatic. Therefore, only certain tests can confirm the diagnosis.

Tests for staphylococcus

To confirm or refute the diagnosis, the child must be tested for the presence of staphylococcal infection. They are done immediately after childbirth, since this process greatly undermines the baby’s immunity. Therefore, Staphylococcus aureus is often detected in newborns immediately in the maternity hospital.

Provoking factors can also be various infectious diseases suffered by children at an older age and weakening the immune system. Microorganisms can be found in different bacterial cultures:

• Staphylococcus aureus found in the stool indicates its presence in the intestines: if symptoms are observed stomach upset(vomiting and diarrhea), feces are examined for opportunistic and pathogenic microflora;
• in the throat and nose: if the symptoms are associated with the lungs, bronchi and respiratory tract, bacterial culture is taken with a special probe from the throat and nose - such an infection can cause the development of bronchitis (read: how to treat bronchitis in a child) or pneumonia;
• the detection of Staphylococcus aureus already in the blood is a threat of sepsis, which often ends in death.

In bacterial culture, the number of pathogenic microorganisms is counted manually and compared with standards, after which appropriate conclusions are drawn and treatment is prescribed. In different laboratories, the norm of Staphylococcus aureus in children may not be indicated in the same way. Parents can see it on the test result form.

For example, according to the Industry Standard number 91500.11.0004-2003, the norm is complete absence Staphylococcus aureus in any childhood and in any bacterial culture. Since this is rare, most scientific institutes develop their own standards, according to which this microorganism in an amount of 10 to the 4th power is a completely normal indicator for children over 1 year old. But Staphylococcus aureus in infants in such quantities will already require treatment.

It’s another matter if it grows:

• if it is indicated that the growth is abundant and massive, then the infection is gaining momentum, the previous therapy was unsuccessful and a new course of treatment is urgently required;
• moderate and meager growth of microorganisms according to the results of the latest tests - such an indicator should not cause alarm, the child’s condition is satisfactory.

In every special case The disease progresses differently in children. The same indicators can lead to completely different consequences. For some, the disease passes quickly, for others it can result in serious consequences. This largely depends on the immune system. In any case, everyone needs to undergo therapy.

How to treat Staphylococcus aureus in children

The danger of Staphylococcus aureus for children is that these microorganisms are highly resistant to external influences. That is why neither hydrogen peroxide nor boiling helps get rid of them. The only effective disinfectants Zelenka and chlorophyllipt are considered against bacteria.

Before starting treatment, you must pass all the required tests (perhaps even more than once to see the growth of bacteria). Only after confirmation of the diagnosis can a course of therapy begin. Here we need to take into account one more important nuance. If Staphylococcus aureus is detected in a child, but he feels great, treatment is not prescribed.

1. Drug treatment:

• immunostimulating drugs;
• vitamins;
• antibacterial drugs;
• hygiene procedures (sterile compresses);
• if necessary, blood transfusion;
• antibiotics are used only if purulent inflammation and high temperature are detected.

2. Treatment with folk remedies:

• decoction of calendula for gargling: pour calendula flowers (1 teaspoon) with boiling water (250 ml), heat in a water bath, leave for an hour and a half, strain;
• St. John's wort decoction for oral administration and gargling: St. John's wort flowers (2 teaspoons) pour boiling water (250 ml), leave for half an hour, strain;
• Chamomile decoction for oral administration, nasopharyngeal rinsing, gargling: pour boiling water (250 ml) over chamomile flowers (1 tablespoon), boil over heat for about five minutes, close with a lid and leave for 20 minutes.

All parents need to understand that in order to avoid danger and for get well soon You cannot self-medicate a sick child. It is necessary to contact specialists as soon as possible.

Despite the fact that staphylococcus in children is diagnosed very often these days, this news comes as a shock to many parents. This reaction is due to fear for the health of your baby and ignorance of the specifics of the disease. Of the known 27 strains of microorganisms of the genus Staphylococcus, only 4 are dangerous to humans. Therefore, before going to extremes, it is necessary to determine the type of staphylococcus and only then take any measures.

What kind of bacteria are these?

Doctors call it staphylococcus pathogenic influence on the cells of the human body by microorganisms of the Staphylococcus family. Under this definition This includes not only mild manifestations of the disease, but also lesions that can be treated with complex treatment. These microorganisms are dangerous because during their life processes a large amount of toxins and enzymes are produced. The skin most often affected is subcutaneous tissue, and connective tissues. Less commonly, staphylococci cause such dangerous diseases as toxic shock, sepsis, pneumonia, central nervous system disorders and acute intoxication of the body.

In addition, bacteria of this family are characterized by increased resistance in the environment and are highly resistant to the action of a wide range of antibiotics. And what to do if a child is diagnosed with staphylococcus? How to treat it, what medications to use? Remember: these questions should be resolved by a doctor! Otherwise, ineffective therapy will not only not produce results, but can also harm the baby’s body.

Causes and methods of infection

All the reasons due to which infection occurs can be divided into three groups. The first of these is the deterioration of the human immune system. When the body's protective functions are weakened, its resistance to various pathogenic bacteria decreases, and at this moment staphylococci can strike. And if you consider that most children still have weak immunity, then they are the main risk group. Staphylococcus can also be cultured from hardened strong guys, but their body does not require additional help in the fight against bacteria.

The second group includes violation of basic generally accepted rules of hygiene. It’s probably not worth saying that dirt is a comfortable environment for the development of bacteria. And it’s very difficult to get kids to even wash their hands after a walk or before eating. There is no point in talking about those little ones who are just learning about the world and trying to taste everything. At such an unconscious age, staphylococcus in a child’s throat is a completely understandable phenomenon. But will the body be able to cope with this on its own, or will it be necessary? health care? This directly depends on the state of the immune system.

Even if all hygiene rules are followed, the possibility of becoming infected with Staphylococcus aureus is always present. The third group includes contacts with sick people through damaged mucous membranes and skin. If an adult eats in catering establishments, and a child eats in kindergarten or in a school cafeteria, the risk of infection increases significantly. One or more workers may be carriers of pathogenic bacteria and not even know it. Often infection occurs in medical institutions. For example, staphylococcus in children may appear after discharge from the hospital where they received treatment. Infection could occur through a catheter or injections.

Insects can also be carriers of these microorganisms, so it is recommended to treat bites without fail. soda solution or brilliant green.

Classification of staphylococci

Today, medicine knows 27 strains of microorganisms of the genus Staphylococcus, but the most pathogenic of them are 3: saprophytic, epidermal and golden. The first is localized on the mucous membranes urethra and the skin of the genitals, causing inflammatory processes in the kidneys and cystitis. Most often it affects the fair sex, but it is the simplest among the top three listed above.

Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria can live both on the skin and on any mucous membranes. Dangerous this type microorganisms in that they can enter the blood of a person with a weakened immune system and cause inflammation of the endocardium (the inner lining of the heart).

And if the first two types of staphylococcal bacteria are localized in a specific place in the human body, then Staphylococcus aureus is less picky. It can affect any organ and cause an inflammatory process of any severity. In addition, people of all ages are equally susceptible to infection, but Staphylococcus aureus is more common in children and the elderly. Their bodies are weakened due to various viral infections and chronic diseases.

This strain is characterized by extreme resistance and is able to withstand extremely high temperatures, exposure ultraviolet radiation, hydrogen peroxide, 100% ethyl alcohol and a number of antibiotics. Therefore, if Staphylococcus aureus is sown in a child’s nose, only a doctor should select treatment. Self-medication in most cases causes a large number of dangerous general and systemic infections, such as pneumonia, staphylococcal sepsis, toxic shock, food poisoning, osteomyelitis, as well as abscess formations in the liver, heart, kidneys and brain.

Staphylococcus in children

This disease is diagnosed in children quite often, and not all strains are as harmless as loving parents would like. And if we take into account the fact that children are not very responsible about hygiene, the chances of becoming infected with the most dangerous bacteria are very high. Therefore, if the baby’s health is of concern, you need to see a doctor and have a bacteriological culture taken. After all, even a banal staphylococcus in a child’s nose can cause severe infections. The risk is especially high if the baby’s body is depleted by frequent viral diseases or bacterial inflammatory processes. Therefore, every loving parent should have information about this disease and know what measures should be taken when the first symptoms appear.

Diagnosis and general symptoms of staphylococcus in children

Considering that the genus Staphylococcus belongs to pathogenic microorganisms, only bacteriological cultures can determine the true clinical picture of the disease. Laboratory technicians can count the number of bacteria detected, compare the resulting numbers with the established norm and, of course, determine whether they belong to one of the known strains. After such a study, we can talk about treatment. But what in the child’s health should alert parents and become a reason to undergo a culture test?

It is quite difficult to recognize staphylococcus, since these pathogenic microorganisms can infect any of the systems or organs of the baby, disguised as simple diseases known to everyone. The primary symptoms of these particular diseases force most parents to seek professional help from doctors.

As a rule, the manifestations of the clinical picture of any type of infection in a baby are characterized by changes in behavior, lethargy, excessive irritability, fatigue, lack of appetite and drowsiness. If it is Staphylococcus aureus, symptoms in children are supplemented by vomiting, diarrhea, and sometimes fever.

A few days after they appeared general signs ailments, the disease begins to progress. Clinical picture complemented by manifestations characteristic of each strain.

Symptoms of Staphylococcus epidermidis

Bacteria are found quite often on the skin and mucous membranes of children. In most cases, this disease leads to skin lesions of varying severity. These can be blepharitis, dermatitis, eczema, folliculitis and acne. It is worth noting that this strain of bacteria can even spread to the membranes of the eyes, causing severe conjunctivitis. Such symptoms against the background of general malaise in the child should cause concern in caring parents and a desire to see a doctor. The specialist, in turn, visually examined little patient, will prescribe appropriate tests and then therapy.

Manifestations of hemolytic staphylococcus

This type of bacteria settles on any of the child’s mucous membranes, causing inflammatory processes very similar to influenza and ARVI. At the same time, the baby begins to have a runny nose and cough, and complains of a sore throat. Infection with this type of pathogenic microorganisms in children occurs quite often, but it is not always diagnosed. Often parents think that their child has a viral infection and give the patient immunostimulating drugs. And in most cases this is enough to defeat the disease. In other words, if staphylococcus is in a child’s nose or throat, medications stimulate the immune system, which independently begins to fight the bacteria. Taking antibiotics in such cases does not lead to positive dynamics, since microorganisms are insensitive to many of the drugs mentioned.

Manifestations of a saprophytic strain

It is immediately worth noting that this type of disease is diagnosed using laboratory tests of the child’s urine. And although it is not detected in children so often, it should not be overlooked. If we consider saprophytic staphylococcus, the symptoms in children will be the same as in adults. The clinical picture of this disease is characterized sharp pains lower abdomen, frequent and painful urination. These symptoms are very similar to the manifestations of cystitis, but the treatment paths will differ significantly.

Staphylococcus aureus

The most insidious and widespread strain is Staphylococcus aureus. It can affect any of the child’s organs, causing inflammatory and purulent processes in it that are difficult to treat with medication. Therefore, Staphylococcus aureus in children is considered the most dangerous disease that can cause serious consequences. These bacteria live in many people's nasal passages and axillary area. If the immune system is functioning well, there is no danger, but if viral infections or chronic illnesses, the disease is activated. The first symptoms may appear within a couple of hours in the form of skin rashes, irritation of the mucous membranes or stomach upset. If you ignore such signs of staphylococcus in children and do not consult a doctor, the infection may spread to other organs. The consequence of such carelessness may be damage to the membranes of the brain or respiratory system, as well as acute renal failure.

Unlike children, who show symptoms in most cases, in adults only 50% of infected people develop the disease. The rest are carriers of microorganisms. Moreover, many of the infected are employees of hospitals and maternity hospitals who systematically come into contact with patients. Therefore, it is not uncommon for Staphylococcus aureus to appear in infants already in the first days of life.

Skin manifestations of Staphylococcus aureus

The initial stage of infection is characterized by the appearance of red pimples, which are very similar to the skin rashes associated with scarlet fever. Later the rash becomes purulent. In the central part of each pimple there is a sac with a yellowish liquid. Even if after this the immune system does not begin to perform its immediate functions, acne turns into boils.

The presence of coccal microbes can be diagnosed in laboratories where crumbs are taken from the skin bacteriological culture. And if, as a result of the study, Staphylococcus aureus was confirmed in a child, only a qualified doctor should decide how to treat it and what medications to use. Self-medication in this situation not only threatens the baby’s health, but can also allow the infection to spread to other organs.

The body's reaction to staphylococcal infection

The main danger of infection by these microorganisms is due to the fact that throughout their life, bacteria produce a number of dangerous toxins and enzymes. In the first stages of the disease, these substances cannot greatly harm the baby’s health, since there are very few of them. But when the number of microorganism colonies increases, signs of intoxication begin to actively appear. And if Staphylococcus aureus has already spread sufficiently in the body, symptoms in children can be supplemented by hyperemia, severe fever and severe tachycardia.

Against the background of a generalized infection, a child may develop acute form intestinal disorder. It occurs due to an increased amount of microorganism toxins in the blood. If you do not seek help in time, staphylococcus in the child’s intestines will continue to destroy the flora favorable for digestion. The consequences of such exposure can threaten not only the health, but also the life of the patient.

Treatment of staph infection

When considering methods of combating staphylococcal infection, you need to remember that this disease, regardless of its severity, should be treated exclusively by a specialist. And before we get started, it's enough complex process, the doctor must know the true status of the infection. To do this, a laboratory study is used to estimate the number of pathogens in the child’s feces. And only based on the results of this analysis, the doctor can prescribe effective therapy.

If Staphylococcus aureus is still sown in the child’s stool, but the number of colony-forming units does not exceed 1 in 104, treatment will be limited to taking vitamins and immunomodulators, such as IRS-19, Imudon or Broncho-munal. This degree of severity of the disease does not pose a danger to either an adult or a child. However, it is impossible to hope that microorganisms can be quickly eliminated. Over the next months, you will need to monitor the patient's health status, and then undergo a re-examination.

If staphylococcus is diagnosed in infants, and the CEC indicator is above 10 to 104, cephalosporin antibacterial agents are used: Cefotaxime, Cefix and others. The main thing in the process of fighting an infection is to prevent bacteria from becoming accustomed to the antibiotic.

The most severe form of the disease is considered to be cases when the CEC exceeds 100 to 104. Intensive therapy carried out in the intensive care unit of a hospital, as there is a risk of sepsis.

Of course, today there is already an alternative option - bacteriophages, which can be used to treat staphylococcus even in infants. But their cost is quite high, so such therapy is not yet available to all our citizens.

Staphylococcus aureus lives in the throat, localizing mainly on the mucous membranes. Its colonization is observed in the nasal cavity and other organs, in particular the intestines. Under the influence of provocateurs, infectious and inflammatory processes develop.

Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus bacteria are divided into several main types. From them group affiliation depends on the development of certain diseases. The only similarity between all representatives of bacteria is settling on the mucous membranes. Microbes affect the skin, intestines and nasopharynx. The main representatives of staphylococci are:

• saprophytic;
• epidermal;
• golden.

Staphylococcus aureus can cause severe damage to the body. It is a provocateur of many diseases, in particular blood poisoning, sepsis and meningitis. These are the most severe complications that can lead to fatal outcome.

Often the bacterium acts as a provocateur of peritonitis, pneumonia and infections of the musculoskeletal system.

Moved to early childhood the disease can affect the mental and physical development child.

Basic treatment methods

How to treat Staphylococcus aureus in a child, and by what algorithm is this carried out? The optimal tactics are selected by a specialist based on examination of the patient and laboratory tests. Without making an accurate diagnosis, treatment cannot begin. All specialists try to adhere to the following algorithm:

• drug therapy;
• recovery;
• prevention

Drug treatment is aimed at eliminating pathogenic microorganisms. For this purpose it is used antibacterial therapy. It has a negative effect on bacteria and also affects immune system. To restore protective functions, immunostimulating drugs and vitamin complexes are used.

Additionally, preventive measures are observed, which are based on hygiene, proper processing of food and avoidance of contact with sick children.

Standard treatment regimen

The treatment regimen for Staphylococcus aureus in a child has its own characteristics. The standard uses the algorithm described above. However, it can change and be adjusted depending on the condition of the baby and the severity of the damage to the body.

For elimination severe forms diseases, drugs belonging to the penicillin group are used. Staphylococcus is sensitive to these medications. The most popular remedy is Amoxiclav. If a child has an allergic reaction to an antibiotic, it is replaced with cephalosporins. These drugs are no less effective. The most common drugs are Kefzol and Ceftriaxone.

The duration of therapy depends on the severity of the disease. This period can vary from one week to 60 days. At purulent lesions skin, in particular furunculosis and impetigo, it is appropriate to use drugs local action. This may be Mupirocin or Pleuromutilin. Experts allow the use of more gentle drugs, in particular antibacterial ointments(Bactroban), brilliant greens and hydrogen peroxide.

How to cure Staphylococcus aureus in a child with damage to the organs of vision? For this purpose, a weak solution of potassium permanganate or a 30% solution of albucid is used. The use of bacteriophage and immunoglobulin is possible. This effect is appropriate for sepsis and severe course any disease.

If staphylococcus has caused food poisoning, antibiotics are not used. In this case, it is necessary to lavage the stomach and give the child Regidron.

Treatment regimen for intestinal infection

If Staphylococcus aureus is detected in the intestines, treatment in children is carried out according to a certain algorithm:

• gastric lavage;
• purgation;
• special diet;
• drug therapy.

To stop the spread of infection, it is necessary to cleanse the stomach and intestines. For this purpose, a bacteriophage is used and several enemas are performed. The baby is fed with Alfare milk formula. To normalize intestinal function and prevent the development of dysbiosis, it is appropriate to use Bifiliz.

Treatment of staphylococcus in the intestines is mandatory if the microbe has begun to actively reproduce. In particular, if diathesis appears on the child’s skin. The therapy is accompanied by bacteriophages; these drugs are used for a month.

Impact through traditional medicine

The pathogenic microorganism can be eliminated by alternative medicine. This is an auxiliary technique that is skillfully combined with the main treatment regimen. Traditional medicine is based on the use of medicinal herbs.

It also has healing properties common chamomile. An infusion of the plant helps to cope with lesions of the nasal passages and oral cavity. A decoction based on St. John's wort has a good effect.

Usage folk remedies in childhood it has a beneficial effect on the baby’s condition. Healing herbs have a positive effect on the body and do not cause allergic reactions. Regarding the combination of traditional medicine with traditional methods you should consult your doctor.

Staphylococcus aureus is dangerous microorganism for a child. It must be properly diagnosed and treated.

The optimal therapy regimen is selected by a specialist based on the child’s condition.

Drug treatment is complemented by restorative procedures for the intestines and compliance with preventive measures.

The very phrase “staphylococcus in children” causes anxiety and sometimes panic among parents. Meanwhile, the development of a dangerous staphylococcal infection requires specific conditions, which, oddly enough, most often occur in medical institutions. What kind of “beast” is this terrible staphylococcus, and how does it really threaten children’s health?

Some types of staphylococci are extremely dangerous for the health of children; they take a long and “tedious” time to treat. Therefore, it is very important for parents to know under what conditions staphylococci “transform” into a staphylococcal infection.

What kind of “beast” is staphylococcus?

Staphylococcus is a bacterium, a special microbe. It coexists with humans as closely as hundreds of other microorganisms. There are a great many varieties of staphylococcus - today doctors already know about 27 types of this microbe. Of these, about 14 constantly live on the skin and in the human body, and of these 14, only 3 are considered potentially dangerous to human health. Moreover, there is no organ in the human body (and in particular a child) where staphylococcus cannot live and reproduce .

Staphylococcus in children can cause an impressive number of various diseases - from a common pimple on the skin to inflammation of the kidneys, from an intestinal infection to purulent meningitis and so on. There are also “sores” that are caused only by staphylococcus (and most often by Staphylococcus aureus) and no other microbe - for example, barley in the eye, a boil on the skin, and others.

But there is no reason to be afraid ahead of time. Since (we repeat!) only three types of staphylococcus are really dangerous to the health of adults and children. Moreover, even their detection in human body does not yet mean the development of infection - special conditions are required for the onset of the disease. The main one is a greatly weakened immune system.

According to data reported World organization Health Care (WHO), at least 65% of the urban population (including children from newborn age) have staphylococcus constantly present on the skin. In another 20%, this microbe appears sporadically.

Moreover, according to the same WHO, one of the types of dangerous staphylococcus - namely Staphylococcus aureus - most often causes infection in people who are in a hospital (about 35% of all cases of Staphylococcus aureus in children are registered in hospitals). Simply put, the greatest chance of catching Staphylococcus aureus occurs not just anywhere, but in a hospital ward. After all, one of the conditions for the potential development of infection is a weakened body with low immunity. Where do people (including children!) with weakened immune systems “gather”? Of course, in medical hospitals...

Staphylococcus and staphylococcal infection in children are fundamentally different things!

The presence of staphylococcus in a child’s body is far from a reason to panic and run around pharmacies in search of the most expensive antibiotics. As we have already mentioned, more than 80% of the population carries staphylococcus on themselves or in themselves, and most of them never “bother” to get a staphylococcal infection in their lives.

It does not indicate the actual development of staphylococcal infection in children. positive test for staphylococcus, and the resulting symptoms of staphylococcal infectious disease:

• heat;
• the appearance of purulent mucus;
• redness;
• painful sensation (as a rule, it appears exactly in the place where the inflammatory process occurs).

A typical manifestation of staphylococcal infection is purulent inflammation, which can develop anywhere in a child’s body (although most often it occurs in the nasopharynx). And if staphylococcus is detected during the analysis, but no purulent processes are observed in the child’s body, then there can be no talk of any staphylococcal infection.

This situation only means that your baby and staphylococcus coexist peacefully with each other, and the child’s immune system successfully controls this “settlement” of microbes in his body.

Staphylococcus and herpes: what is the connection?

Alas, in children quite often the background and stimulus for the development of staphylococcal infection is the course of herpetic infection. The thing is that the herpes virus in children has an extremely pronounced ability to suppress the immune system.

Therefore, in children, against the background of a herpes infection, a staphylococcal infection very often occurs. If this trouble happened to a child once - a staphylococcal infection occurred against the background of herpes - then in this case experienced doctors They advise parents to focus their main efforts not on fighting staphylococcus, but on fighting recurrent herpes, so that in the future they simply do not provide “soil” for the development of staphylococcal infection.

The most dangerous staphylococci for children: golden and company

So, in the company of those 14 types of staphylococci that are constantly present in most people (including children), the majority are relatively peaceful. And only 3 species have the potential to cause serious and dangerous diseases. This:

• Staphylococcus aureus;
• Staphylococcus epidermidis;
• saprophytic staphylococcus.

In children, the harmful activity of the first two microbes is most often observed, but the activity saprophytic staphylococcus - a rare event. The habitat of saprophytic staphylococcus is the skin in the genital area and the mucous membrane of the urinary canal, so most often it causes inflammation of the bladder or kidneys.

Staphylococcus epidermidis lives exclusively on the skin, but - what a paradox! - and never causes any skin ulcers. Most often, a microbe from the surface of the skin seeps into the body (through wounds, scratches, and also by “riding” any medical equipment like drainage tubes and the like) and causes inflammatory processes in blood vessels, joints, can cause blood poisoning, etc.

But the most notorious among the trio is Staphylococcus aureus. This microbe is one of the most harmful and tenacious types among all other varieties of staphylococci that are potentially hazardous to health. In the process of its life activity, this microbe creates great amount poisons and toxins, and can reproduce in almost any environment (even in a salt solution, in ethyl alcohol or in a solution of hydrogen peroxide). This microbe survives at temperatures of 150 ° C. In addition, Staphylococcus aureus quickly develops resistance to antibiotics and effective treatment Staphylococcus aureus infections are usually difficult to choose a “killer” drug. Therefore, treatment of this type of infection in children often takes several months.

“Hospital” Staphylococcus aureus is considered the most harmful and persistent. Unlike “domestic” ones, microbes that have survived numerous sanitary treatments, quartz treatments and airings acquire literally “iron-concrete” resistance to most drugs. Any doctor will confirm that becoming infected with Staphylococcus aureus in a hospital or outside its walls are two huge differences. The most terrible and longest purulent infections It is Staphylococcus aureus that causes the child, which the baby “caught” in the hospital.

Staphylococcus aureus is capable of living and multiplying in any organ of a child’s body and causes about a hundred of the most dangerous diseases (most of these diseases are caused only by Staphylococcus aureus and no other microbe). Among the most terrible diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus are: osteomyelitis (inflammation of bone tissue), damage to the heart valves, staphylococcal sepsis, staphylococcal meningitis and others.

Moreover, Staphylococcus aureus produces strongest poisons and toxins. One of these toxins sometimes affects newborn babies, causing inflammation on the skin in the form of numerous blisters (like burns). In the medical and parental community, this disease is more often referred to as “scalded baby disease.” And the culprit of this whole nightmare is Staphylococcus aureus!

Treatment of staphylococcus in children

Staphylococcal infections in children are usually treated long and difficult. And since staphylococcus itself is a microbe by nature, most of the diseases caused by it require antimicrobial therapy (taking antibiotics). On initial stage In this therapy, the doctor must not only clarify the type of staphylococcus that attacked the child’s body, but also determine its sensitivity to various kinds antimicrobial drugs - in order to select the most effective one.

In addition, when treating staphylococcal infections in children, naturally, Special attention is given to purulent foci located in the internal organs - they are usually removed by surgery.

If the occurrence of a staphylococcal infection was influenced by the presence of another disease that weakened the immune system (as already in the mentioned case, when a staphylococcal infection immediately develops against the background of a herpes infection), then treatment also includes prophylaxis against this disease.

And finally, when treating any staphylococcal infection, various measures are usually taken to strengthen the general immunity - after all, while it is weakened or “undermined”, the risk of another staphylococcal infection is quite high.

Prevention of staphylococcal infection in children: you need to live like neighbors

And yet! No matter how terrible and dangerous staphylococci are (and even the most formidable of them - Staphylococcus aureus), most healthy people and children peacefully coexist with it throughout their lives. Our immune system, being in a normal “working” state, is capable of completely blocking any activity of staphylococci.

And only a serious weakening of the immune system (due to injury, any disease, prolonged exhaustion of the body, etc.) gives real chances dangerous staphylococci attack the child's body. Thus, there is only one preventive measure that is really effective against any staphylococcal infections - maintaining immunity in an exemplary manner.

Which, as a rule, is promoted by a healthy diet, systematic hardening, active recreation, frequent and long walks on fresh air. And any responsible parent knows this list of “events” by heart!

Staphylococcus aureus is a dangerous disease that most often affects children in infancy or with weakened immune systems. You can become infected with these bacteria through single contact, after which the child undergoes serious treatment for a long time and suffers from severe complications.

As already mentioned, this pathogen belongs to the class of bacteria. Today, about 27 varieties of staphylococcus are known, most of which constantly live in the human body and on the skin. Of this class of bacteria, three types are dangerous to patients.

Staphylococcus aureus is the causative agent of infectious lesions that can develop on the skin and internal organs. The pathogen got its name due to its special color. Under a microscope, it is painted with a bright gold pigment, which quickly allows you to make an accurate diagnosis. More than a third of all cases of infection occur in a hospital setting, where ideal conditions for the spread of the pathogen due to the reduced immunity of patients.

Attention! Staphylococcus aureus is extremely dangerous for a child, regardless of his age. It can cause immediate infections that can lead to meningitis and death.

Video - Staphylococcus

Reasons for the spread of the pathogen in children

The main reason for the violation and penetration of the pathogen into the body is weakened immunity. Leukocytes cannot cope with an infectious lesion, and bacteria begin to actively multiply in the human body. The main provoking factors for the spread of Staphylococcus aureus include the following.

Attention! According to statistical data, low birth weight children are more likely to become infected with a dangerous bacterium. Therefore, from the first day after birth, the mother should establish breastfeeding for the newborn and introduce complementary foods in a timely manner in the future.

Staphylococcus aureus in children: symptoms and main manifestations of infection

After the lesion, patients go through two stages of the disease - early and late. Each of them has its own characteristics. You should consult a doctor immediately if even minimal symptoms of the disease appear.

Table 1. Symptoms on different stages infection

Furunculosis and pimples with pus are a relatively mild degree of development of the disease. In severe cases, purulent-septic processes develop in the internal organs, which leads to sepsis and meningitis. These processes are difficult to treat and often lead to death.

Attention! When bacteria penetrate, children with allergies often experience acute allergic reactions at an early stage. This is due to the fact that staphylococcus secretes a large amount of toxins, to which antigens are actively produced.

Main places where bacteria are affected

Since the pathogen most often enters the body through dirty hands and objects, it primarily affects the mucous membranes of the throat, intestines and nose. Taking into account the location of the lesion, the child develops symptoms typical for this type of disorder, according to which a specialist can make a preliminary diagnosis.

Table 2. Symptoms, depending on the location of the lesion

Attention! After bacteria enter places typical for the localization of staphylococcus, they begin to actively spread throughout the bloodstream, causing inflammatory processes in the brain, kidneys, liver and gastrointestinal tract.

Diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus in children

Can be used to confirm the disease various methods examinations. At the same time, the doctor must have really good qualifications to understand that the inflammation is caused by staphylococcus. Diagnosis is carried out by an ENT specialist, a nephrologist, a therapist, a gastroenterologist, it all depends on the location of the bacteria and the presence of specific signs. The following methods can be used to confirm infection:

Drugs to suppress Staphylococcus aureus

To eliminate the manifestations of a bacterial infection, complex therapy is required. It consists of prescribing antibiotics, immune-stimulating drugs, vitamins, antiseptics and anti-inflammatory drugs. Only the doctor selects the dose for each child.

Oxacillin

Broad-spectrum antibiotic. Used for purulent and inflammatory processes. For children, the drug for Staphylococcus aureus is more often prescribed intravenously. The dose depends on the age and severity of the patient's condition. Children in the first month of life and premature infants should be administered 0.09-0.15 g/kg per day. From the second month, the dose increases to 0.2 g/kg per day. From the second year of life dosage active substance equal to 2 g per day. The number of daily injections is determined by the doctor. Duration of treatment is up to 10 days, for severe infection - up to three weeks.

Oxacillin

Vancomycin

A powerful modern antibiotic with a wide spectrum of effects. The dosage of the drug depends on the age of the sick child. Children up to a month old need to be administered 10-15 mg of the active substance every 12 hours. From the first month of life, Vancomycin can be prescribed according to two regimens. In the first case, 10 mg/kg is administered three times a day, in the second - 20 mg/kg twice a day. The duration of therapy is determined by the patient's condition.

Vancomycin

The drug is aimed at stimulating protective forces body. It is most often prescribed in cases where a staphylococcal infection has affected the throat and nose. Imudon can be used from the age of three. The dose is 6 tablets per day, they need to be dissolved in the mouth. The duration of therapy depends on the child’s condition and can be 10-20 days.

An immune-stimulating drug that can be administered to children up to the first year of life. The dose is selected according to the age of the infected child. Up to one year, the dose is 10 mcg, from one year - 10-20 mcg, from four years - 20-30 mcg. Thymogen is administered intramuscularly once a day. The duration of treatment depends on the severity of immunodeficiency and can be 3-10 days.

Ichthyol ointment

It is used to treat purulent lesions on the skin. Therapy involves applying Ichthyol to the sore spot 1-2 times a day under a bandage. It should be changed with each appointment medicinal product. Ichthyol removes pus and causes tissue healing. Duration of treatment is up to two weeks.

An antibacterial agent that allows not only to eliminate pus from the skin, but also to stop the inflammatory process and provoke more fast healing wounds. For treatment, Tetracycline ointment is applied to the sore spot 1-2 times a day. At extensive lesions the active substance must be placed under the bandage. The duration of treatment is determined individually for each child.

It is used as an antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agent when staphylococcus is localized in the throat and nose. 200 mg of the active substance must be dissolved in 200 ml of water and rinsed the sore spot. You can do three rinsing procedures per day. Duration of treatment according to indications.

The drug, created specifically to combat staphylococcal infections, copes well with bacteria in the nose. For treatment, you need to thoroughly moisten a sterile swab with Bacteriophage and insert it into the nose. It takes 15 minutes to keep the application on. Treatment is carried out daily for up to three weeks. The drug helps well in case of pathogen resistance to antibiotics or intolerance to them.

Miramistin

An antiseptic drug aimed at suppressing the inflammatory process and restoring beneficial microflora. For children, a solution is used at a concentration of 0.01% of the active substance. Miramistin should be instilled 2-3 drops into each nasal passage. The drug must be administered 3-5 times a day. The duration of treatment is determined individually for each patient.

Miramistin

Can be used to treat infections on the skin and respiratory tract. To treat purulent foci, you need to moisten sterile gauze with Iodinol and apply it to the sore spot. It is recommended to change the bandage 1-2 times a day. Before each use, the wound is washed with clean water and applied around it. Zinc ointment. The duration of treatment is one week. When treating the throat and oral cavity, it is required cotton swab lubricate the sore spot. Processing is carried out individual quantity times, as an acute allergic reaction may occur.

A good remedy for combating purulent manifestations on the skin. Combines the effects of an antibiotic and an antiseptic, causing wound healing. For treatment, the ointment is applied to a previously cleaned wound and covered with a bandage. Compresses should be changed 1-2 times a day. Strength drug is its ability to extract pus from closed wounds and deep layers of skin. Treatment is continued until full recovery.

Attention! At severe inflammation the tonsils are surgically removed, after which a course of antibiotics and antiseptics is prescribed.

Drugs for the treatment of staphylococcus in the gastrointestinal tract

Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus in gastrointestinal tract carried out by several groups of drugs that are aimed at removing toxins and restoring microflora.

A good adsorbent that also helps fight indigestion and restores the gastrointestinal mucosa. For treatment, you need to dissolve 1 sachet of powder in 100 ml of water and take it in equal portions throughout the day. The duration of therapy depends on the severity of the disease, usually does not exceed one week.

Probiotic drug to restore normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. It is recommended to use the drug from the age of six, but for acute indications, earlier use is possible. For treatment, you need to drink 1-2 capsules of the active substance every day. The duration of treatment with Enterozermin is 2-3 weeks.

The drug is aimed at suppressing pathogenic bacteria. Bioflor can be used from the first day of life. When treating such children, the dose is 1 drop per kilogram of body. The drug is taken up to three times a day until a therapeutic effect is achieved. From the first month of life, children take half a teaspoon of syrup. From the age of one year, the dose is selected individually and calculated from an adult. The course is continued until complete recovery, usually no more than three weeks.

Intestinal antiseptic and antimicrobial drug. Helps manage diarrhea and eliminate exposure to bacteria. Children 1-6 months of age take Nifuroxazide 2.5 ml up to three times a day. From seven months to two years, the dose remains the same, but you can take the medication up to four times. From three years of age, the suspension is taken 5 ml three times a day. The duration of treatment is determined by the doctor, usually does not exceed 10 days.

Attention! If Staphylococcus aureus enters the child's bloodstream, a transfusion is always performed. The entry of a pathogen into this system threatens the immediate development of sepsis and death due to it.

Traditional methods of treating the disease

Allows you to have an anti-inflammatory and calming effect. Used as adjuvant therapy, which removes external symptoms infectious lesion.

It is used as a rinse for the nose and throat. To prepare the solution, you need to pour a teaspoon of the active substance into 250 ml of water and heat the herb in a water bath. After boiling, the solution is boiled for 5 minutes and left covered for two hours. Use for rinsing the mouth and throat; take 100-200 ml of decoction per procedure. To treat the nose, you should use calendula for rinsing, 100 ml of the medicine is used at a time. 3-4 procedures can be performed per day. Duration of treatment – ​​up to 10 days.

This decoction can be taken internally or used as a rinse. For treatment, two teaspoons of the active substance are poured into 250 ml of boiling water and boiled for three minutes. Leave the solution under the lid for 30 minutes and filter. Gargle up to 4 times a day, using 100-200 ml of solution. Orally, a decoction of St. John's wort is taken 100 ml three times a day. The duration of therapy is 7-10 days.

The medicine can be used as a rinse for the throat, nose and for oral administration, in which case it can improve immunity and relieve inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. To prepare, pour a tablespoon of raw material into 250 ml of boiling water and boil over low heat for five minutes. The finished broth is left covered for 20 minutes and filtered. Take 200 ml of solution orally three times a day for a week. Rinse your nose and gargle with 100-200 ml of decoction no more than four times a day. Duration of treatment – ​​up to 10 days.

Prevention of Staphylococcus aureus

Since infection rarely goes away without serious complications, it is necessary to take preventive measures to prevent the pathogen from entering the body.

1. During pregnancy, a woman should eat well, avoid stress and physical activity, so as not to provoke premature labor.
2. All toys and personal items of the child should be periodically treated with an antiseptic, especially after visiting the street or hospital.
3. You should wash your hands, vegetables and fruits thoroughly, as they may contain pathogens.
4. You should carefully monitor your baby’s immunity by taking him outside, swimming with him, or sending him to sports clubs.
5. After birth, it is necessary to properly treat his skin, keep his clothes clean, and prevent skin irritation.
6. Before each feeding, the mother needs to thoroughly wash her hands and breasts if the baby is breastfed.
7. All bottles and nipples must be boiled well and dried thoroughly in the open air.
8. All scratches and wounds must be treated with antiseptics, suitable regular brilliant green and hydrogen peroxide.

Attention! If a child has digestive problems, there is discharge from the respiratory system, or the baby refuses to drink or eat, you should immediately call ambulance. Usually the problem is rarely associated with a serious disorder, but can be triggered by a staph infection.

Let's sum it up

Staphylococcus aureus is a dangerous pathogen that can cause severe infectious lesions. You need to be careful about your hygiene and caring for your small child. If you suspect an infection has occurred, you should immediately contact medical assistance to prevent death.

Ekaterina Morozova is a mother of many children, editor of the “Children” section in Colady magazine

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Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that, unlike many prokaryotes, has a golden color, which is the causative agent of purulent-pathological processes in the human body.

Children are most susceptible to infection with Staphylococcus aureus, so today we will talk about the causes of diseases resulting from infection, symptoms and consequences of Staphylococcus aureus for children.

Causes of the disease, how is it transmitted?

• Staphylococcus aureus is transmitted as by airborne droplets, so through food(contaminated meat, eggs, dairy products, cakes, cream pies) or household items.
• Staphylococcus aureus can also enter the child’s body through microtrauma of the skin or mucous membranes respiratory tract.

In most cases, infection with Staphylococcus aureus occurs in medical institutions.

Imbalance of intestinal microflora, weakened immune system, autoinfections – the main causes of infection with Staphylococcus aureus. Those at greatest risk of infection are premature babies and immunocompromised children .

During childbirth , through wounds or scratches, as well as through breast milk the mother can infect the child. If bacteria enter the mother's body through cracks in the nipples, this can lead to purulent mastitis she has.

Video:

Staphylococcus aureus in children, if not treated in time, can cause diseases such as osteomyelitis, meningitis, pneumonia, infectious-toxic shock, sepsis, endocarditis and etc.

Degrees in children - what is carriage of Staphylococcus aureus?

There are two stages of infection with Staphylococcus aureus in children.

• At an early stage When several hours have passed since infection, the disease is characterized by lethargy, diarrhea, high fever, vomiting, and lack of appetite.
• Late form The disease does not appear immediately, but after 3-5 days. In this case, the symptoms of Staphylococcus aureus in children are skin lesions (boils, purulent wounds), infection of internal organs and blood.

Often the visible manifestations of the disease are interpreted into various forms. They may appear as pinpoint rash or ulcers, single pustules or evenly cover the skin. Therefore, such symptoms are often confused with diaper dermatitis and are not attributed to infection.

Sometimes the disease is asymptomatic , and it can only be identified through laboratory tests. In this case, the causative agent of infectious diseases remains in the child’s body and is periodically released into the environment. This manifestation of the disease is called carriage of Staphylococcus aureus , and this carriage is not treated with any antibiotics.

If there are no visible symptoms of Staphylococcus aureus and the child does not show concern, then treatment medicines is postponed, and parents are closely involved strengthening the child's immunity.

The situation is much more serious with the active manifestation of the disease. At the slightest suspicion of illness, you should immediately go to the hospital. The mother and child are hospitalized, which is accompanied by drug treatment.

Only with strict compliance with all doctor’s instructions You can get rid of the infection and avoid relapse of the disease!

Signs and symptoms. How is the analysis performed?

There are many signs of Staphylococcus aureus in newborns and preschool children. These are:

• Ritter's disease (scalded skin syndrome). In this case, a rash or area of ​​inflamed skin with clear boundaries appears on the skin.
• Staphylococcal pneumonia. Pneumonia caused by staphylococcal infection is much more severe than in other cases. There is severe shortness of breath, pronounced intoxication, and chest pain.
• Cellulitis and abscesses. Deep lesions of the subcutaneous tissue followed by purulent melting. With an abscess, the inflammation has the shape of a capsule, which prevents the process from spreading further. Cellulitis is a more serious form, because the purulent inflammatory process further expands throughout the tissues.
• Pyoderma– damage to the skin in the area where hair emerges from the surface of the skin. The appearance of an abscess in the area of ​​hair growth, when an abscess forms around the hair (folliculitis), indicates a superficial lesion. With more serious skin lesions, not only inflammation of the hair follicle develops, but also the surrounding tissues (furuncle), as well as inflammation of an entire group of hair follicles (carbuncle).
• Brain abscess or purulent meningitis may develop due to the appearance of carbuncles and boils on the face, because the blood circulation on the face is specific and staphylococcus can get into the brain.
• Osteomyelitis. In 95% of cases, purulent inflammation of the bone marrow occurs due to a staphylococcal infection.
• Sepsis– when a huge number of staphylococcal bacteria are spread by blood throughout the body, where secondary foci of infection subsequently occur, manifesting themselves in internal organs.
• Endocarditis– heart disease, which ends in death in 60% of cases. Occurs as a result of damage by staphylococcus to the inner lining and valves of the heart.
• Toxic shock. A large number of aggressive toxins entering the blood cause fever, an immediate drop in blood pressure, headache, vomiting, pain in the abdominal cavity, disturbance of consciousness. At food toxicosis the disease manifests itself 2-6 hours after eating.

To identify the causative agent of the disease, you need to donate analysis of blood and/or biological fluid from wounds for Staphylococcus aureus. After conducting research in laboratories and testing for susceptibility to antibiotics, the doctor prescribes antibiotics that can kill staphylococci.

What are the consequences and why is it dangerous?

Staphylococcal infection can affect any organ. The consequences of Staphylococcus aureus are unpredictable, because. It is this type of staphylococcus that can cause diseases that in the future, if not treated in time, can become chronic.

According to statistics, already on the third day, 99% of newborn babies have staphylococcus bacteria, both inside the baby’s body and on the surface of the skin. At strong immunity this bacterium coexists peacefully with other bacteria in the body.

• Most often staphylococcus affects the nasopharynx, brain, skin, intestines, lungs.
• Staphylococcus aureus is dangerous because untimely treatment advanced disease can be fatal.
• In case of food poisoning and superficial manifestations on the skin, you need to sound the alarm and contact qualified specialists, and not wait until the staphylococcal infection affects the internal organs and will take on a septic form, i.e. - blood poisoning.

To protect your newborn as much as possible from infection with Staphylococcus aureus:

• Support your child's immunity;
• Observe the rules of personal hygiene;
• Keep bottles, pacifiers, spoons, other feeding utensils, toys and household items clean.

The website warns: self-medication can harm your baby’s health! The diagnosis should only be made by a doctor after an examination. Therefore, if you notice symptoms of Staphylococcus aureus in a child, be sure to consult a specialist!

Staphylococci are a common family of bacteria. They are present in most people and are part of the normal microflora of the skin and mucous membranes. However, under certain circumstances, an infection can provoke an inflammatory process in the human body; in particular, Staphylococcus aureus can lead to pneumonia and food poisoning. The bacterium is especially dangerous for newborns and children under one year old.

What is a staph infection

Staphylococcus is a spherical bacterium, which in hollow organs (intestines, ureter, nasal passages) can create multilayer colonies, displace the normal microflora of the mucous membranes and cause serious illnesses threatening the patient's life.

A feature of the infection is its resistance to antibiotics.

One type of staphylococcus, namely aureus, is considered a hospital bacterium. The use of antiseptics in medical institutions, as well as the unreasonable or incorrect (incomplete course) use of antibiotics has led to the fact that the bacterium has developed resistance (immunity) to antibacterial agents. This fact complicates and makes it difficult to fight it.

When the bacteria become extensively colonized, an infectious disease develops. clinical manifestations which will depend on the affected organ.

The danger of staphylococcus lies in the release of toxins that poison the body, causing symptoms of intoxication. Bacteria also have a suppressive effect on the human immune system, which allows them to multiply quickly and unhindered. From the intestines, staphylococcus can penetrate the blood, spread throughout the body and colonize internal organs (kidneys, brain, lungs). Then meningitis (inflammation of the meninges), pneumonia (pneumonia) or sepsis (blood poisoning) develops. Each of these conditions threatens the patient's life.

Types of staphylococci in a child’s body

The following types of bacteria are distinguished:

• saprophytic staphylococcus - lives in the lumen of internal organs, the genitourinary system;
• epidermal - skin staphylococcus;
• aureus - staphylococcus of the nasopharynx and intestines. In fact, the so-called intestinal staphylococcus is the same as Staphylococcus aureus.

Interestingly, Staphylococcus aureus got its name because of the color of the colonies. Under a microscope, these bacteria appear as clusters of golden, iridescent color.

The color of staphylococcus colonies is closer to golden, hence the name of the bacterium

Causes of Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus belongs to the opportunistic microflora. This means that this bacterium can live in a healthy body without causing disease. But there are factors in which opportunistic flora becomes pathogenic and a disease develops. These include:

• weakened immunity of the child (congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies, HIV);
• malformations of internal organs;
• children from the group of people who are often and long-term ill;
• chronic diseases ( chronic tonsillitis, chronic sinusitis, chronic gastroduodenitis and others).

The source of infection can be a carrier of staphylococcus who does not even complain, or a sick person (staphyloderma, staphylococcal furunculosis). The infection is transmitted through skin contact, through hygiene items, through airborne droplets when coughing, sneezing, through dirty hands, etc.

Symptoms

The first symptoms of staphylococcal infection may appear almost immediately after discharge from the maternity hospital (if the child is infected in the maternity hospital). Newborns experience:

• bloating and intestinal colic;
• frequent foul-smelling stools (mixed with mucus and greens);
• sometimes there may be an increase in body temperature;
• violation general condition child (prolonged crying, refusal to eat, lethargy or restlessness).

Signs of dehydration in a newborn and a child up to one year old include crying without tears, dry lips, tongue and oral mucosa, and a sunken large fontanelle. Such phenomena require urgent hospitalization of the child in a hospital.

The temperature increase with staphylococcal gastroenteritis can be over 38 degrees

Features of the disease in infants

In children under one year of age, staphylococcal infection occurs as a toxic infection or gastroenterocolitis (inflammation of the stomach and small intestine). The main symptoms will be:

• weakness, lethargy, refusal to eat;
• fever (increased body temperature over 38.5 degrees);
• headache or dizziness;
• nausea and uncontrollable vomiting;
• frequent loose stool with admixtures of greenery, mucus, blood, foam;
• abdominal pain, bloating.

It is important to know that frequent vomiting and diarrhea (loose stools) lead to dehydration of the child’s body, which is dangerous for his life. The baby's sudden drowsiness will also be a threatening condition; this may indicate incipient stupor (a harbinger of coma). In case of any of these conditions, you should immediately consult a pediatrician or infectious disease specialist.

How can the diagnosis be confirmed?

Diagnosis of staphylococcal infection includes:

1. Analysis of stool for dysbacteriosis. It shows which microorganisms and in what quantities inhabit the intestinal mucosa. Normally, there should be no Staphylococcus aureus in the intestines. When it appears, you need to start treatment. The analysis also helps determine the patient’s treatment tactics. If the number of bifidobacteria is reduced, then drugs containing them are prescribed. If there are few lactobacilli, then lactose-containing drugs are prescribed.
2. If other foci of staphylococcal damage are suspected, an X-ray examination of the lungs, ultrasound of the abdominal organs, and blood culture for sterility are prescribed.
3. To determine the general condition of the patient, but not to confirm the diagnosis of staphylococcal infection, the following tests may be prescribed:
   • Clinical blood test. May show an inflammatory process in the form of leukocytosis (increased number of leukocytes in the blood) and shift leukocyte formula to the left. Leukopenia (decrease in the number of white blood cells) will indicate reduced immunity The child has;
   • A general urine test allows you to detect the penetration of infection not only into the intestines, but also into genitourinary system. Protein, leukocytes, and bacteria may appear in the urine;
   • biochemical blood test. With staphylococcal infection, there is often a decrease in the amount of protein in the blood (hypoproteinemia), which indicates impaired liver function;
   • stool analysis for coprogram will show changes in the functioning of the intestines or pancreas. Mucus, streaks of blood, and bacteria may appear in the stool.

Treatment

If clinical signs no staphylococcus is observed in the intestines and during examination the number of bacteria is no more than 1 x 104; drug treatment of the child is not required.

When the symptoms of gastroenteritis are significantly expressed, the amount of staphylococcus in the tests is increased, therapy should be started immediately.

Today, medicine has come to the conclusion that antibiotics may not be effective against staphylococcal infections. This is due to the resistance of strains to these drugs. Besides antibacterial drugs will kill not only staphylococcus, but also beneficial microorganisms in the intestines.

For health reasons, aminoglycoside antibiotics are prescribed to children over 15 years of age. For younger children, treatment regimens for staphylococcal gastroenteritis without antibiotics have been developed:

1. Staphylococcal bacteriophage is a virus that eats staphylococcus. Allowed for infants, used orally or as rectal suppositories. The course of treatment is 10–14 days.
2. Antimicrobial agents from the nitrofuran group (Nifuroxazide, Enterofuril). Can be taken simultaneously with bacteriophage. The course of treatment is at least 5 days. The drug is allowed for children from 2 months.
3. Prevention of dehydration (maintaining water-salt balance). If the patient is at home, then the fluid lost through vomiting and diarrhea is restored by drinking at the rate of 100 ml/kg/day. If the child’s condition worsens (lethargy, weakness, drowsiness, loss of consciousness, swelling), he must be urgently hospitalized for intravenous injections.
4. Adsorbents - remove toxins from the baby’s body. Smecta, Enterosgel, Sorbex baby, Polyphepan are widely used. The drugs are used only during the period of diarrhea.
5. Probiotics are preparations containing beneficial lacto- and bifidobacteria that populate the intestines instead of staphylococcus (Linex, Enterozermina, Biogayu, Yogurt).
6. Vitamin-mineral complexes are prescribed as restoratives. Today there is a drug that combines a probiotic and vitamin complex(Bion 3). Allowed for children from 4 years old.

Drugs for the treatment of disease (gallery)

A complex containing vitamins, minerals and probiotics. Used as an adsorbent to reduce intoxication. Staphylococcal bacteriophage is the surest solution in the fight against staphylococcal infections. Enterofuril is an antimicrobial agent for the treatment of intestinal infections. Enterosgel removes toxins from the baby’s body.

Is it necessary to wean a child from the breast?

Pediatricians today do not consider it mandatory to wean a child from breastfeeding. First, breast milk contains antibodies (immune cells) that will help your baby fight off infection. Secondly, the composition of milk is optimal for a child. The mother will need to submit milk for sterility testing. If Staphylococcus aureus is sown in it, then the woman is treated with a bacteriophage. If the therapy does not help, the complaints persist, then the child will still have to be weaned from the breast and transferred to adapted formulas.

Possible complications of staph infection

Prevention

1. Strict adherence to personal hygiene. This includes cleaning baby utensils (bottles, pacifiers, pacifiers), washing the mammary glands before feeding, washing the mother’s hands before preparing food for the baby and herself.
2. Avoid contact of the newborn with a large number of people.
3. Sanitation of chronic foci of infection. This applies to parents and people in close contact with the child. Caries, chronic tonsillitis or chronic sinusitis can be a source of staphylococcus for the baby.
4. Strengthening the immune system. A strong, healthy immune system can suppress an infection, even if it has entered the body.

Doctor Komarovsky about Staphylococcus aureus (video)

Staphylococcus aureus justifies its status as an opportunistic microflora. In some cases, this bacterium may not affect the child’s health in any way. In others, it can lead to serious complications and even death. Like any disease, staph infection is easier to prevent than to treat. Therefore, following preventive measures and strengthening the child’s immunity will help prevent the development of the disease.