Climate of the East European Plain. East European Plain: climate, natural areas, geographical location, types and brief description

Remember

• What role do plants play in human life? Why do people need farm animals? What plants and animals are grown in your area?

Man is part of the biosphere. Man cannot live outside of nature and independently of it. People are living beings, and the human body lives and develops according to biological laws. In ancient times, people were entirely dependent on the biosphere, collecting plants and hunting animals.

But even in the modern world, despite the gigantic achievements of man, this dependence remains very high. Plants and animals, as in ancient times, are the main source of human food. They also serve as material for building houses, making paper, clothing and much more. In addition, living nature has a beneficial effect on people’s well-being and is a source of their creative inspiration. But the biosphere is not always “friendly” towards humans. Many plants and animals are poisonous, and some microorganisms cause dangerous diseases.

Human impact on the biosphere. The impact of people on the biosphere increases as their numbers grow and the economy develops. Primitive people did not cause much harm to the biosphere. There were few of them, and primitive farming did not disturb nature. Modern economy gives people many benefits, but has a detrimental effect on the biosphere. Many species of living organisms disappear irretrievably, and soils are destroyed. The forest area is constantly decreasing. They are cut down for the purpose of harvesting timber and freeing up areas for agriculture.

Due to human fault only from the beginning of the 17th century. 94 species of birds and 63 species of mammals became extinct (Fig. 177). Thousands of plant and animal species are on the verge of extinction. Plants become rare due to fires, picking berries, flowers and medicinal herbs, mowing grasses and cutting down trees. Animals are disappearing due to hunting and destruction of places suitable for their life.

Rice. 177. Animals that disappeared due to human fault: a - dodo; b - great auk; c - passenger pigeon; g - sea cow

Despite human economic activity, plants and animals would still disappear. As life develops on our planet, some species of living beings die out and are replaced by new ones. But this process proceeds very slowly: every thousand years approximately one species of organism disappears. Nowadays, one species of organism disappears every day!

Human economic activities often destroy soils. On arable lands devoid of vegetation and pastures trampled by livestock, soils are blown away by winds and washed away by surface waters. When fields are irrigated excessively, the soil becomes unsuitable for use, as salts that inhibit plant growth accumulate in them.

Diseases and death of plants and animals, pollution of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and soil are caused by waste from human economic activities. Already about 10% of plant species and several thousand species of animals and birds need protection.

To save wildlife, scientists identify rare and endangered species of plants and animals and list them in the Red Book. Different countries adopt special laws on the protection of the biosphere.

Rice. 178. Share of protected areas in different countries of the world

To preserve individual species of organisms and entire natural communities, more than 3 thousand protected areas have been created in different parts of the world (Fig. 178). Any economic activity, recreation and tourism are prohibited or limited there.

Questions and tasks

1. How can you help protect plants and animals?
2. Prove that with development, humanity has not become less dependent on nature.
3. Look in the dictionary for the meaning of the words: reserve, national park, reserve, natural monument. What are the similarities between them, and what are the differences? What protected areas are located in or near your area? What plants and animals are protected there? Write a story about one of them.

Final questions and assignments

1. What is the biosphere? What are its components?
2. How does the biological cycle occur in nature? What is its significance for our planet?
3. Why are all the outer shells of the Earth under the influence of living organisms?
4. What changes would happen on Earth if plants disappeared?
5. How is living matter distributed on our planet? What determines the saturation of the biosphere with life?
6. The thicknesses of the World Ocean differ greatly in the diversity and richness of living organisms. What are the main reasons for their uneven distribution?
7. What factors determine the distribution of living organisms on land?
8. Compare moist equatorial forests and temperate forests according to the following characteristics: geographical location, climate features, flora and fauna, importance for the nature of the Earth.
9. What forests are common in Russia? Why should they be treated with care?
10. Is there a forest in your area? Visit it and name the predominant species of trees and shrubs.
11. Under what climatic conditions do savannas and steppes occur on the plains, and in what conditions do deserts occur?
12. Why is soil considered a connecting link between living and inanimate nature?
13. Select from books, magazines, newspapers, and television programs examples of the impact of human activity on soils, flora and fauna, and the biosphere as a whole.
14. Using additional literature, find out the reasons why the number of elephants in Africa is declining. Prepare a message on the topic “Conservation of African elephants.”
15. How are you involved in plant and animal conservation? What measures would you suggest to preserve the nature of your area?

Detailed solution to final assignment 6 in geography for 5th grade students, authors V. P. Dronov, L. E. Savelyeva 2015

• Gdz workbook on Geography for grade 6 can be found

1. What is the biosphere? What are its components?

The biosphere is the outer shell of the Earth, inhabited by living organisms and transformed by them. The biosphere includes plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and protozoa.

2. How does the biological cycle occur in nature? What is its significance for our planet?

Life on Earth is supported by solar energy. Plants create primary organic matter through photosynthesis under the influence of sunlight. Therefore, plants are producing organisms. Animals feed on plants or other animals, i.e., ready-made organic substances; These are consumer organisms. Fungi and bacteria decompose the remains of dead organisms. They convert organic substances into inorganic ones, which are again consumed by plants. Thus, bacteria and fungi are destructive organisms. When organic matter decomposes, heat is released, i.e. energy that was once absorbed from the Sun by plants. If destroyer organisms disappeared, the biosphere would be poisoned, since many decay products of organic substances are poisonous. This is how the biological cycle occurs in nature. The biological cycle connects all parts of nature together.

3. Why are all the outer shells of the Earth under the influence of living organisms?

The role of living organisms is great. They, as part of nature, with their activities influence all the shells of the Earth. This is possible because all living and non-living components of the environment are closely related. The biosphere partially covers all the layers of the Earth.

4. What changes would occur on Earth if plants disappeared on it?

If plants disappeared, herbivores would immediately die. After all other living organisms connected by a food chain. The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere would decrease and the amount of carbon dioxide would increase. The water cycle would be disrupted. Life on earth without plants is impossible.

5. How is living matter distributed on our planet? What determines the saturation of the biosphere with life?

Life is distributed very unevenly in the biosphere. The bulk of living organisms are concentrated at the boundaries of contact between air, water and rocks. Therefore, the surface of the land and the upper layers of the waters of the seas and oceans are more densely populated. This is due to the fact that the conditions here are the most favorable: a lot of oxygen, moisture, light, and nutrients. The thickness of the layer most saturated with organisms is only a few tens of meters. The further up and down from it, the rarer and more monotonous life is. The greatest concentration of life is observed in the soil - a special natural body of the biosphere.

6. The depths of the World Ocean differ greatly in the diversity and richness of living organisms. What are the main reasons for their uneven distribution?

The saturation of the living layers of the World Ocean depends on water temperature, light, and oxygen saturation. Therefore, the number of living organisms in the ocean changes in the direction from the equator to the poles, in accordance with the course of temperatures. Also, the abundance of life in the ocean changes with depth and in the direction from the coast to the open ocean.

7. What factors determine the distribution of living organisms on land?

The distribution of living organisms on land depends on climate - temperatures and moisture.

8. How do marine organisms adapt to different living conditions?

Small organisms - plankton - have adapted to float in water. They live in suspension and move with the flow of water. Fish and marine animals actively move in the water column. Typically, fish and marine animals have a streamlined body shape that reduces water resistance. Bottom animals have adapted to live in conditions of high water pressure. Their body is flattened. Plants in the seas change their color depending on the depth to enhance photosynthesis. There is no vegetation deeper than 1000 m.

9. Compare moist equatorial forests and temperate forests according to the following characteristics: geographical location, climate features, flora and fauna, importance for the nature of the Earth.

Equatorial forests are located in equatorial latitudes (the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, the Amazon Lowland, the islands of Malaysia and Indonesia). Temperate forests are common in the temperate zone. Mixed and deciduous forests occupy the Atlantic coast of North America, Europe, and the eastern coast of Eurasia. Coniferous forests extend in wide stripes between 50-650 N latitudes.

The climate of equatorial forests is characterized by constant high temperatures (about 250C) and excessive moisture throughout the year. Temperate forests are found in the temperate climate zone. This climate is characterized by a pronounced change of seasons. The warm season of the year with positive temperatures and precipitation in the form of rain and the cold season with negative temperatures and the formation of stable snow cover alternate.

Equatorial forests have the richest flora and fauna of any natural zone. In the equatorial forests there are a lot of valuable tree species: ebony (black) tree, mahogany, rubber plant Hevea. Equatorial forests are the homeland of many cultivated plants: oil palm, cocoa. In the equatorial forest it is easier to find ten trunks of different types of trees than ten trunks of the same species. The fauna is also very rich. There are especially many insects, snakes, and birds here. Temperate forests include coniferous forests called taiga, mixed forests and deciduous forests. They do not have such a variety of plants and animals, since the living conditions here are less favorable.

Of course, equatorial forests are of great value for the nature of the Earth. This is due to the richness and uniqueness of this natural complex. However, the importance of temperate forests is great. Coniferous forests are the main supplier of oxygen to the atmosphere.

10. What forests are common in Russia? Why should they be treated with care?

Mixed, broad-leaved and coniferous forests (taiga) are common in Russia. The ecological state of the environment largely depends on forests. Forests influence the filling of rivers with water and the retention of snow on fields. Destruction of forests leads to the development of erosion. Forests are the habitat of numerous animals and plants.

12. Which forests contain the richest flora and fauna? What is this connected with?

The richest flora and fauna are in the equatorial forests. The huge species diversity is associated with favorable climatic conditions.

13. Under what climatic conditions do savannas and steppes occur on the plains, and in what conditions do deserts occur?

In the interior of the continents there are grassy plains. There is not enough moisture here for forests to grow, but enough for grasses. Semi-deserts and deserts are common in all climate zones in areas with very dry climates.

14. Why is soil considered a connecting link between living and inanimate nature?

The soil consists of both organic and inorganic parts. Living organisms and components of inanimate nature (parent rock, water, air) participate in its formation.

15. Select from books, magazines, newspapers, and television programs examples of the impact of human activity on soils, flora and fauna, and the biosphere as a whole.

Deforestation in the Amazon will reduce crop yields

The expansion of agricultural land due to the reduction of tropical forests will lead to climate changes in the region and negatively affect soybean and feed crop yields. Brazilian researchers predict a situation that could arise by 2050, when doubling the area under crops will lead to a 30% reduction in harvest.

In the Amazonian jungle, 2+2 is not necessarily 4. The expansion of agricultural land and pastures will lead to a decrease in agricultural and livestock production. This apparent paradox is caused by climate changes resulting from deforestation. The study shows that in addition to reducing the Amazon's ability to absorb carbon dioxide, under all possible scenarios, land where forests are cut down will produce less soybeans and feed crops. Only reforestation can increase harvests, which is unlikely. Amazonia Legal is a territorial administrative unit created by the Brazilian government. It includes nine states of the country, wholly or partially located in the Amazonian jungle. This is about 5 million square kilometers, or almost 60% of Brazil's territory. Such dimensions are aimed at solving three important problems: regulating the global climate, absorbing carbon dioxide and - already at the regional level - land and its use are fundamental to the future of Brazil. That is, the progressive development of Brazil largely depends on the state of the forest.

To understand what the future holds, researchers from several universities in Brazil and the United States constructed a model of the interaction between climate and land use. Using 2050 as a starting point, they proposed the following three scenarios: deforestation stops; continues under Brazil's new environmental laws; or, as the agro-industrial complex suggests, the selva must disappear for the sake of the prosperity of agricultural and livestock Brazil. For each scenario, they developed productivity models for both primary forest, grassland, and soybean crops, assuming it would remain the nation's top crop for the next 40 years. It would seem that everything is logical: the more hectares occupied by pastures or crops, the higher the volume of agricultural and livestock production. But human logic and climate logic obey different laws.

Traveling the Amazon

“We were hoping to see some kind of compensation, however, to our surprise, the increase in deforestation areas could lead to a deadlock situation when the inability to solve environmental problems caused by the destruction of forests will not be compensated by the growth of agricultural production,” says Professor Leidimere Oliveira, who works at the Federal University of La Pampa. On the contrary, under almost all scenarios, both carbon dioxide absorption and labor productivity will decline by mid-century, no matter what efforts are made.

16. Using additional literature, find out the reasons why the number of elephants in Africa is declining. Prepare a message on the topic “Conservation of African elephants.”

African elephant conservation

The population of African elephants has reached a critical point - more elephants die on the continent than are born every year.

A group of researchers published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (the official journal of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States) according to which about 35 thousand elephants have died at the hands of poachers in Africa since 2010. Scientists warn that if this trend does not change, elephants will disappear as a species within 100 years.

The ivory trade has increased dramatically in recent years, with a kilogram of elephant tusks now fetching thousands of dollars on the black market. Demand for them is growing mainly due to Asian countries. Biologists have long pointed to the threat of extinction of elephants as a species, but this study provides a detailed assessment of the environmental and biological catastrophe occurring in Africa.

Scientists concluded that between 2010 and 2013, Africa lost an average of 7% of its elephant population every year. The natural increase in the elephant population is about 5%, which means that there are fewer elephants every year. Over the past 10 years, the number of elephants in central African countries has decreased by 60%. Poachers tend to kill the oldest and largest elephants. This means that first of all, large males at the peak of their ability to reproduce, as well as females who are at the head of the family and have cubs, die. After them, only immature young elephants remain in the population, which leads to disturbances in the hierarchy of the population and harms its growth, says the professor

To protect African elephants, protected areas and reserves are being created, and poaching is being fought. In 1989, the African elephant was protected by a blanket ban on the sale of ivory included in the International Convention on Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. However, some countries, and in particular Zimbabwe, Botswana, Malawi, Zambia and South Africa, refused to introduce this ban. The governments of these countries justified their actions by saying that elephant populations on their territory are successfully regulated, have a good sex and age structure, and in some places even show an upward trend, requiring controlled killing to maintain natural balance. These sustainable herds not only attract tourists, but also generate income through trade in ivory, meat and hides, which goes towards various socio-economic development projects, while also providing jobs for people. In addition, the local population is actively involved in animal protection and helps fight poaching. Public opinion should lead to a drop in demand for goods that kill rare animals, and this will help save them from extinction. The dispute continues. As long as the ivory comes from sustainable populations, it is difficult to demand a ban on its marketing.

A plain is one of the main forms of earth's relief. On the physical map of the world, plains are indicated by three colors: green, yellow and light brown. They occupy about 60% of the entire surface of our planet. The most extensive plains are confined to slabs and platforms.

Characteristics of the plains

A plain is an area of ​​land or seabed that has a slight fluctuation in elevation (up to 200 m) and a slight slope (up to 5º). They are found at different altitudes, including at the bottom of the oceans.

A distinctive feature of the plains is a clear, open horizon line, straight or wavy, depending on the surface topography.

Another feature is that the plains are the main territories inhabited by people.

Natural areas of the plains

Since the plains occupy a vast territory, almost all natural zones exist on them. For example, the East European Plain includes tundra, taiga, mixed and deciduous forests, steppes and semi-deserts. Most of the Amazonian lowland is occupied by selvas, and on the plains of Australia there are semi-deserts and savannas.

Types of plains

In geography, plains are divided according to several criteria.

1. By absolute height distinguish:

. low-lying . The height above sea level does not exceed 200m. A striking example is the West Siberian Plain.

. Exalted — with a height difference from 200 to 500 m above sea level. For example, the Central Russian Plain.

. Upland plains , whose level is measured at levels above 500 m. For example, the Iranian Plateau.

. depressions - the highest point is below sea level. Example - Caspian lowland.

Separately, underwater plains are distinguished, which include the bottom of basins, shelves and abyssal areas.

2. By origin plains are:

. Rechargeable (sea, river and continental) - formed as a result of the influence of rivers, ebbs and flows. Their surface is covered with alluvial sediments, and in the sea - with marine, river and glacial sediments. Of the sea, we can cite the West Siberian Lowland as an example, and of the river, the Amazon. Among continental plains, marginal lowlands that have a slight slope towards the sea are classified as accumulative plains.

. Abrasion - are formed as a result of the impact of surf on land. In areas where strong winds prevail, rough seas are frequent, and the coastline is formed of weak rocks, this type of plain is more often formed.

. Structural - the most complex in origin. In place of such plains, mountains once rose. As a result of volcanic activity and earthquakes, the mountains were destroyed. The magma flowing from cracks and splits bound the surface of the land like armor, hiding all the unevenness of the relief.

. Ozernye — are formed on the site of dry lakes. Such plains are usually small in area and are often bordered by coastal ramparts and ledges. An example of a lake plain is Jalanash and Kegen in Kazakhstan.

3. By type of relief plains are distinguished:

. flat or horizontal - Great Chinese and West Siberian Plains.

. wavy — are formed under the influence of water and water-glacial flows. For example, the Central Russian Upland

. hilly — the relief contains individual hills, hills, and ravines. Example - East European Plain.

. stepped - are formed under the influence of the internal forces of the Earth. Example - Central Siberian Plateau

. concave - These include the plains of intermountain depressions. For example, the Tsaidam Basin.

There are also ridge and ridge plains. But in nature, a mixed type is most often found. For example, the Pribelsky ridge-undulating plain in Bashkortostan.

Plains climate

The climate of the plains is formed depending on its geographical location, proximity to the ocean, the area of ​​the plain itself, its extent from north to south, as well as the climate zone. The free movement of cyclones ensures a clear change of seasons. Often the plains are replete with rivers and lakes, which contribute to the formation of climatic conditions.

Largest plains in the world

Plains are common on all continents, with the exception of Antarctica. In Eurasia, the largest are the East European, West Siberian, Turanian, and East China Plains. In Africa - the East African Plateau, in North America - the Mississippian, Great, Mexican, in South America - the Amazonian Lowland (the largest in the world, its area is over 5 million sq. km) and the Guiana Plateau.

At one time, from geography lessons, I clearly learned that the surrounding climate significantly influences human life. I remember we even simulated the situation of what would happen if in the south of the country there was a forest zone instead of steppes. As a result, we came to the conclusion that soil fertility would improve, because the weathering coefficient would decrease.

Russian Plain and northern hypothetical mountains

The Russian Plain is “in the world”, and among scientists the name East European Plain is accepted. Its current climate is influenced by the following geographical factors:

1. Smoothed relief.
2. Considerable length.
3. Neighborhood to the Arctic Ocean.
4. Exposure to the influence of the Atlantic Ocean.

The first factor promotes the unhindered spread of air masses. The second means the heterogeneity of climate throughout the entire territory. The influence of the Atlantic and Arctic is that cyclones constantly invade from there, bringing with them cold air masses. During the cold season, from 8 to 12 cyclones come from these areas. What will happen if suddenly mountains grow in the north of the plain?

Firstly, the mountains will delay cyclones and the temperature may rise by 10 degrees C. Secondly, the climate itself will become drier. Thirdly, it is quite possible that the sea level will rise, because... the precipitation brought by the cyclone will fall over the water, and not over the plain.

Precipitation on the Russian Plain

Currently, in the west of the plain, precipitation amounts to 150–200 mm. more than in the east, where there are some hills. In the south, the frequency of rainy periods is twice as high and most of them occur in mid-summer. In addition, the south is subject to frequent droughts, which occur every three years. Precipitation data is subject to wild fluctuations. So, according to observations over the past 38 years, the minimum average annual level was 144 mm, and the maximum - 556 mm.

The size and duration of snow cover also vary: in the north from 60-70 cm and duration of occurrence is approximately 220 days, and in the south - 10-20 cm and duration of 60 days.

Natural conditions are a set of environmental properties that significantly influence human life.
Compared to most foreign ones, it is in difficult natural conditions. V. O. Klyuchevsky wrote: “Once some enemy ousted the Slavs, namely our ancestors, from, driving them to the virgin northeast, from the best country to the worst. Thus, stepmother history forced them to inhabit a country where nature is a stepmother for man.”

The strongest influence on human life and economic activity is exerted by relief and climate. In relation to Russia, they are characterized by the concepts of “flatness” and “coldness”.

Relief is a set of irregularities on land, the bottom of oceans and seas, varied in outline, size, origin, age and history of development. It is formed as a result of the influence of endogenous (internal) and exogenous processes on the earth's surface.

“Russia is a huge plain along which a dashing man rushes,” wrote A.P. Chekhov. Flatness is a defining feature of our country's topography. Two features distinguish it from Asia: the variety of surface shapes and the extremely sinuous outline of the sea coasts. Russia (European) does not have these advantageous natural features of Europe; in this regard, it is closer to Asia. Uniformity is a distinctive feature of its relief; one form dominates almost everywhere - the plain. It is like an Asian wedge in the European continent, closely connected historically and climatically.

Plains are areas of land, the bottom of oceans and seas, characterized by slight fluctuations in elevation. Russia - the East European lowland, the Central Siberian Plateau - occupy 3/4 of its territory.

Open to the ocean in the north, the plains of Russia are bordered by a chain of mountains in the east and south.

The Caucasus is a fragment of the Alyti mountain belt. In Russia there are the northern ranges and slopes of the Greater Caucasus. In several parallel ridges, like steps, the mountains rise from north to south. These are the Black Mountains and the Rocky Ridge. In the east are the Tersky and Sunzhensky ranges. To the south lie the plains, and then the peaks of the Main Caucasian and Side ranges. The highest peak of the Caucasus and Russia, Elbrus (5642 m), is located on the Side Range.

“Stone Belt” is what the mountains that stretched for more than 2 thousand km used to be called. The width of the “belt” is 40-60 km and only in places more than 100 km. The western slope is gentler and more gradually passes into the Russian Plain. The eastern one descends steeply towards the West Siberian Lowland.

The main mountainous regions of Russia are located in Siberia, especially in its southern part, where several mountainous countries are located - (up to 4506 m), (2178 m) and (3491 m), as well as in southern Tuva. In the center of Southern Siberia is the Baikal region - a mountain frame. To the east is another mountainous country, most of which is occupied by the Vitim Plateau (up to 1753 m).

Near the Pacific Ocean, ridges run along the coast. On the western shore rises the Dzhugdzhur ridge (1906 m). To the south, the mountain belt expands and branches into several ridges, forming the Yam-Alin-Bureya (2384 m) and Lower Amur (1567 m) mountainous countries. Sikhote-Alin (2077 m) is located along the seashore. Most of the mountain belt is hidden under the ocean waters or protrudes above them in the form of islands (and the Kuril ridge). The continuation of the belt is the peninsula (Sredinny and Eastern ranges, volcanic massif with Klyuchevskaya Sopka - 4750 m).

A vast mountainous country is located in the northeast of the mainland. The Verkhoyansk ridge (2389 m) is bent in a huge arc towards the plains of Yakutia. The Chersky Ridge (3147 m) crosses almost the entire region from northwest to southeast. The main watershed here is the Suntar-Khayata ridge (2959 m).

The northeast is a cluster of highlands and plateaus. Only the Koryak Highland (2652 m) exceeds the 2000-meter line. The Yano-Oymyakon (3802 m), Kolyma (1962 m) and (1843 m) highlands no longer reach it. The lowest plateaus are Anadyr (1116 m), Yukagir (1185 m) and Alazey (954 m).
Climate is the long-term weather pattern characteristic of a given area. The concept of “coldness” indicates that the natural conditions of Russia are characterized by harsh and long frosty winters. Residents of Western Europe probably have a hard time imagining how it is possible to live in conditions where there is snow for 4-5 (and in some places 9-10) months a year.

Heat deficiency in Russia is the main limiting factor, a natural “limiter” on the life and activities of the country’s population. Even in relatively warm areas, “warmth” is a rather relative concept. In Moscow, frosts are possible 9 months a year, snow lies for 120-130 days, and frosts sometimes reach 40 °C. And only in a very small area of ​​the North Caucasus can the climate be considered favorable from the point of view of “world standards”. The discomfort for a person is especially great during the cold season, when the combination of low temperatures and strong winds sharply limits the possibility of staying outdoors.
The warm period of the year is very short in Russia. Even according to the minimum criterion of summer duration (the number of days with an average daily temperature above 10 °C), in most parts of the country this period lasts less than 3 months.

Usually there are three main ones: air circulation and relief.

The amount of incoming solar radiation depends on the geographic latitude of the place. The territory of Russia, located in the middle and high latitudes, is illuminated “casually” by the sun’s rays.

The Far East is influenced by the Pacific Ocean (monsoon climate). Ocean winds soften the frosts here and cause heavy snowfalls. But the proximity of the ocean also leads to increased adverse effects on the eastern coast of Russia (prolonged rains, landslides, stormy winds, etc.).

The annual amplitude of air temperature (that is, the difference between the temperatures of the warmest and coldest months of the year) increases from west to east. In the west it is 2526 °C, in Western Siberia 40-45, in 45-55, in the Verkhoyansk area 60-65 °C.

The longest frost-free period (that is, the period without frost) is observed in the Caucasus - up to 270 days. As you move north, it decreases and reaches a minimum in Taimyr (45 days).