How to treat upper respiratory tract diseases. Acute infections of the upper respiratory tract and throat in children. What are the possible complications?

Millions of visits to family doctors are associated with infections of the upper respiratory tract. This article describes principles regarding the appropriate use of antibiotics for common diseases respiratory system.

Types of diseases

Early administration of antibiotics is indicated for patients with acute otitis media, streptococcal pharyngitis, epiglottitis, bronchitis caused by whooping cough. Persistent cases of rhinosinusitis may also require their use.

Cold

It is a mild illness manifested by a runny nose, cough, sore throat, and nasal congestion. This is a heterogeneous group of viral diseases that cannot be treated with antibiotics.

Flu

An acute process caused by influenza A or B virus. The basis of prevention is vaccination. The emphasis in treatment is on symptomatic and antiviral therapy.

If treatment is started in the first two days from the onset of symptoms, the total duration of the disease is reduced by one day.

Neuraminidase inhibitors Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), Zanamivir (Relenza) are used. The use of Remantadine (Amantadine) is no longer recommended.

Rhinosinusitis

It is a common diagnosis in outpatient settings. It is defined as inflammation of the nasal mucosa and sinuses. There is nasal congestion, anterior or posterior purulent discharge from the nose, facial pain, decreased sense of smell, cough.

It is important to distinguish between viral and bacterial rhinosinusitis. Diagnosis bacterial inflammation is placed when symptoms of the disease persist for more than ten days or after the initial improvement is replaced by a worsening of the condition.

Specific signs of a bacterial infection are four main signs: purulent nasal discharge, soreness in the face, signs of inflammation maxillary sinus, worsening of disease symptoms after initial improvement.

Antibacterial therapy is appropriate in patients with severe or complicated bacterial rhinosinusitis. Spectrum of action antimicrobials should provide an effect on pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis. The first line of treatment is Amoxicillin or Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (Septra, Bactrim) for patients with a penicillin allergy.

Clinical studies have shown no statistical difference between long- and short-course antibiotic therapy. A course of five days was as effective as a course of ten days.

Acute otitis media

The diagnosis implies an acute onset of symptoms, the presence of effusion and other manifestations of inflammation of the middle ear.

The most common pathogens are Haemophilus influenzae, pneumococci, Moraxella catarrhalis and a large group of viruses.

Detection of the latter in the respiratory tract of persons with acute otitis media may be the reason for refusing to prescribe an antibiotic. Group B streptococci, gram-negative enterobacteria, and chlamydia are pathogens of middle ear inflammation in children under eight weeks of age.

Otitis externa

American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy Family Doctors developed principles of otitis treatment for adults and children older than six months. Antibiotics are not indicated for the first 48-72 hours from the onset of the disease. Held symptomatic therapy and monitoring the patient.

Antibacterial therapy begins when symptoms persist or the patient's condition worsens. Children under eight weeks of age with symptoms of acute otitis media and elevated temperature bodies are at risk of developing sepsis. If indicated, they perform tympanocentesis (puncture eardrum). Prescribing an antibiotic immediately from the onset of the disease (without an observation period) is recommended for bilateral otitis media or acute otitis media with otorrhea.

Amoxicillin is prescribed as the first line of treatment at an average dose of 40 to 45 mg per kilogram of body weight, twice a day. If there is no effect of treatment, it is necessary to reconsider and confirm the diagnosis. The antibiotic is changed to Amoxicillin/Clavulanate (Augmentin).

Ceftriaxone can be used as a second-line drug. Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole and Erythromycin/Sulfisoxazole are not effective for acute otitis media.

Long courses of antibiotics are used to prevent recurrent episodes of the disease, but are not recommended due to the risk of developing resistance.

Pharyngitis and tonsillitis

Approximately 90 percent of adults and 70 percent of children have pharyngitis of viral etiology. The leading bacterial pathogen is group A hemolytic streptococcus. Proper treatment with antibiotics, in this case, reduces the risk of developing rheumatism and alleviates symptoms.

Antibiotic therapy does not prevent glomerulonephritis and has conflicting data in preventing peritonsillar abscess.

The American Academy of Family Physicians and the American College of Physicians recommend that streptococcal causes of illness be confirmed and antimicrobial therapy, use modified Centor criteria.

In patients with a score of 1 or less, further diagnostics and treatment is not carried out, since the likelihood of streptococcal infection is low.

If the indicator is 2 or 3, rapid testing should be performed to detect streptococcal antigens. At positive result tests, antibiotics are recommended. They are also prescribed to patients with indicators of 4 or 5.

The first line of treatment is a ten-day course of Penicillin. Erythromycin may be used in patients who are allergic to Penicillin. Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, and first-generation cephalosporins are appropriate alternatives.

Manifested by inflammation vocal cords and larynx. Symptoms include loss of voice or hoarseness, sore throat, cough, fever, headache, runny nose. Clinical studies show that the use of antibiotics does not reduce the duration of the disease, do not improve the condition of patients, or reduce the severity of symptoms.

Laryngitis is viral disease, not responding to antibacterial therapy.

Epiglottitis

It is an inflammation of the epiglottis and adjacent structures. The progression of the disease quickly involves other parts of the respiratory system.

The incidence of epiglottitis in children has decreased with the use of Haemophilus influenzae (Hib) conjugate vaccine in early infancy.

The combination is effective intravenous administration antistaphylococcal immunoglobulin and third generation cephalosporins. It is possible to prescribe Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime (Claforan), ampicillin/sulbactam.

Bronchitis and tracheitis

They are inflammation of the large respiratory tract, accompanied by a cough, sometimes with sputum. Etiology acute bronchitis viral, therefore, antibiotics are not indicated for most patients. Many clinical researches studied the application antibacterial agents in the treatment of acute bronchitis and found no significant benefit from their use.

An exception is cough with whooping cough, when the use of macrolides from the onset of the disease is recommended. This is not done to improve the course of the disease, but to stop the spread of the disease.

Commonly prescribed drug groups

Below we will consider the mechanism of action of the most commonly prescribed drugs for diseases of the upper respiratory tract.

Penicillins

They are the oldest class of antibiotics used in the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections. They inhibit cell wall bacteria, leading to their death.

Drugs in this group are among the safest and least toxic. From unwanted effects Nausea, vomiting, and stool upset occur.

Possible allergic skin reactions, swelling of the face and neck, anaphylactic shock. High doses, especially in cases of impaired renal function, are neurotoxic.

Cephalosporins

They have a mechanism of action identical to that of penicillins, but a different spectrum of antimicrobial activity. They are the most diverse group of antibiotics, grouped according to their antimicrobial properties into 5 generations. Each new generation has larger spectrum activity than the previous one.

Data medicines cause little side effects. There is diarrhea, nausea, and cramping abdominal pain.

In 5-9% of patients allergic to penicillin, there will be cross-reactivity with cephalosporins. Possible development of thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, impaired platelet function and blood coagulation.

Tetracyclines

Are antibiotics wide range, work by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Used in the treatment of infections paranasal sinuses nose, middle ear. These include Tetracycline, Doxycycline.

Common side effects include cramps, epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and soreness of the mouth and tongue.

Drugs in this group increase the photosensitivity of the skin and the risk sunburn. They are not recommended for use in children during periods of tooth growth.

Macrolides

They are bacteriostatics that inhibit protein synthesis. Used in the treatment of pharyngitis, bacterial rhinosinusitis and other diseases of the upper respiratory tract. They have a high level of penetration into the lungs.

This group also includes Clarithromycin, Roxithromycin, Troleandomycin.

Side effects of macrolides include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. There may be temporary hearing loss. Drugs of this group should be used with caution in persons with impaired liver function.

Azithromycin is associated with the development allergic reactions and the risk of violation cardiac risk. Erythromycin has irritant effect on the stomach.

In summary, the mainstay of treatment for most upper respiratory tract infections is targeting specific symptoms. The reason for this is viral etiology majority colds. However, there are viral and bacterial infections, carrying out specific therapy in which, is very important. Generalized information on diseases and antibacterial drugs presented in the table.

Patients with herpetic or gonococcal infection upper respiratory tract benefit from specific treatment. Antiviral drugs do not provide clinical benefit in individuals with viral infections. However, they are beginning to play a prominent role in patients with reduced immunity. Acyclovir, Famciclovir, Valacyclovir are recommended for patients with severe forms of herpetic pharyngitis. Foscarnet or Ganciclovir are prescribed for the treatment of cytomegalo viral infection upper respiratory tract with immunodeficiency.

The most common reason for seeking doctor's help is a cold. By this term, most average people mean diseases that are manifested by a runny nose and cough. But in fact, such ailments can be caused by the most various factors, and even be localized in different organs respiratory system. Let's look at the existing ones on this page www.site inflammatory diseases the upper respiratory tract, as well as the lower in a little more detail.

List of inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract

This group of diseases includes many diseases that are familiar to everyone and us from childhood. These are acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections, rhinitis and pharyngitis, laryngitis and tracheitis. In addition, this group includes tonsillitis with tonsillitis, epiglottitis and sinusitis.

Inflammatory diseases of the lower respiratory tract

Such ailments are considered more complex, they are more likely to cause complications and require more thorough treatment. These include bronchitis, pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

A little more about inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system

Sore throat represents inflammatory lesion respiratory tract, which is acutely infectious and accompanied by damage palatine tonsils. The inflammatory process with this disease can affect other accumulations of lymphadenoid tissue, for example, lingual, laryngeal and nasopharyngeal tonsils. Patients with a sore throat complain of severe pain in the throat, their temperature increases, and when examining the throat, reddened and enlarged tonsils become noticeable.

Rhinitis is an inflammatory lesion of the upper respiratory tract, which is localized on the mucous membranes of the nose. This disease can be both acute and chronic. This disease can develop after hypothermia or due to exposure to mechanical or chemical provoking factors. Rhinitis also often occurs as a complication of other infectious diseases (flu, etc.).

Bronchitis is a disease of the lower respiratory tract, it manifests itself as a dry cough. First, the patient develops a runny nose, followed by a dry cough, which eventually becomes wet. Bronchitis can be caused by an attack by viruses or bacteria.

Acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections are ailments that we most often call a cold. In such diseases, in most cases, the nasopharynx, trachea, and bronchial tree.

Pneumonia is a disease of the lower respiratory tract that is localized in the lungs and can be caused by an infectious agent. This pathological condition usually manifested by an increase in temperature up to thirty-nine degrees, the appearance wet cough, which is accompanied by copious sputum secretion. Many patients also complain of shortness of breath and painful sensations in area chest.

Sinusitis is a fairly common disease of the upper respiratory tract, which is an inflammatory lesion of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses, as well as the nasal passages.

Rhinopharyngitis is one of the ailments of the respiratory system in which inflammation occurs upper area larynx, nasopharynx, and palatine arches, tonsils and uvula.

Laryngitis is a disease of the upper respiratory tract, which is manifested by inflammatory damage to the mucous membranes of the larynx.

Epiglottitis is another disease of the respiratory system. It is an inflammatory lesion of the epiglottis area.

Tracheitis is a fairly common disease in which the patient develops inflammation of the subglottic region, as well as the mucous membranes of the trachea.

Treatment of inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system

The treatment of the above ailments is carried out by pulmonologists, as well as therapists. Most of them are quite treatable at home, but many patients with pneumonia and complicated bronchitis are asked to go to an inpatient department.
In mild forms, diseases of the respiratory system (especially the upper respiratory tract) are successfully eliminated in just a few days, and the need to use medications does not always arise.

So, if symptoms of inflammation of the upper respiratory tract appear, it is recommended to eat lemon with honey and gargle different solutions(solution of salt and iodine, solution of propolis or potassium permanganate, etc.) and herbal decoctions (etc.). Can be used for instillation into the nose honey water, aloe and beet juice. It is recommended to breathe over the steam of boiled potatoes, finely chopped onions and hot milk with soda. You should also drink more fluids - ordinary water and various teas, for example, based on linden color, raspberries, etc.

If you suspect the development of inflammation of the lower respiratory tract, it is better to seek medical help. Bronchitis and pneumonia are most often treated with the use of broad-spectrum antibiotic compounds; the patient must adhere to bed rest, switch to dietary food. It is recommended to take drugs that dilute sputum and facilitate its removal, as well as drugs that help activate the immune system.

Most diseases of the respiratory system are quite treatable self-treatment at home. However, if you suspect the development of pneumonia, you should definitely seek medical help.

Upper respiratory tract diseases are a group of diseases of inflammatory and non-inflammatory nature. These include a common runny nose and sore throat, diseases of the larynx and trachea, and paranasal sinuses.

Every fourth person on Earth suffers from pathology of the upper respiratory tract of infectious etiology. The Russian climate predisposes to massive outbreaks of these diseases between September and April.

Currently, medicine has studied up to 300 microorganisms that can cause diseases of the upper respiratory tract. In addition, working in hazardous industries and constantly inhaling irritants chemical substances may cause chronic inflammation nose, pharynx and larynx. Allergies and a decrease in the body's immune forces can also trigger the appearance of upper respiratory tract diseases.

The most common upper respiratory tract diseases

1. Anosmia is a disease based on disorders of the sense of smell. This pathology can be observed when birth defects, genetic abnormalities or after traumatic injury nasal septum.
2. A runny nose or rhinitis is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Arises as a defensive response to the introduction of bacteria, viruses or agents into it allergic origin. Often the first clinical sign various infections: measles, flu, scarlet fever, and severe hypothermia.
   On initial stage Rhinitis is characterized by a feeling of congestion and swelling of the nasal mucosa, then profuse discharge and nasal sound appear. Subsequently, the discharge becomes thick, mucous or purulent and decreases.
   Chronic runny nose is manifested by constant congestion, decreased sense of smell and scanty discharge from the nose.
3. Sinusitis is an acute respiratory infections, most often a complication after viral diseases such as influenza, scarlet fever, measles. The disease manifests itself as inflammation of the paranasal sinuses. Symptoms include increased body temperature, severe congestion on the affected side, headaches and heavy discharge from the nose. The chronic form of the disease is characterized by a gradual course.
4. Adenoiditis is an inflammation of the nasal tonsil, caused by melting and changes in the composition of its tissue. The disease manifests itself in childhood, most often from 3 to 11 years. A clear sign The disease is difficulty breathing and sleep disturbances in children; hearing loss, changes in voice timbre, and headaches may also be observed.
5. Tonsillitis - swelling and hyperemia of the pharyngeal tonsils. Their inflammation can develop as a result of a viral or bacterial attack. The disease is characterized by: heat, difficulty and pain when swallowing, symptoms of intoxication. Chronic tonsillitis It is dangerous because pathological toxins released during inflammation of the tonsils have a detrimental effect on the heart muscle, disrupting its function.
6. A retropharyngeal abscess develops as a result of the accumulation of pus in the submucosa of the pharynx. This acute illness manifested by a sharp rise in temperature and severe pain when swallowing.
7. Pharyngitis is inflammation of the pharynx. Caused by both infectious agents and prolonged inhalation or ingestion of irritating chemicals. Pharyngitis is characterized by a dry cough, rawness and sore throat.
8. Laryngitis is a process that develops in the larynx. Inflammation is caused by microorganisms, influences external environment, hypothermia. The disease manifests itself as a dry throat, hoarseness, initially a dry and then a wet cough.
9. Tumor processes develop in all parts of the upper respiratory tract. Signs of neoplasms are constant pain on the affected side, bleeding and general asthenic manifestations.

Diagnostics

Making a diagnosis for upper respiratory tract diseases begins with examining the patient. The doctor pays attention to redness of the skin under the nose, difficulty breathing, episodes of sneezing, coughing, and watery eyes. Examining the throat, the doctor can see pronounced redness and swelling of the mucous membranes.

To determine the type of pathogen that caused the development of the disease, bacteriological tests are used, swabs are taken from the throat and nose. To determine the severity of the inflammatory process and the response of the immune system to it, they study general tests blood and urine.

Treatment

With proper and timely treatment, inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract disappear without a trace. Having identified the causative agent of the infection, the doctor prescribes a course of antibiotics, antiviral or antifungal agents. Good effect provides the use of topical medications, sprays for irrigating the nose and throat, and solutions for gargling and lubricating the throat. For severe nasal congestion, it is prescribed vasoconstrictor drops, at a temperature - antipyretics.

Throat abscesses require surgical intervention- opening of an abscess, this procedure is carried out strictly in a hospital. Allergic manifestations require the use of antihistamines and hormonal anti-inflammatory drugs.

In the chronic course of the disease, vitamin and herbal therapy are additionally carried out. Popular methods of treating diseases of the nasopharynx and throat are physiotherapy: VHF, quartz, electrophoresis. At home, inhalations with a nebulizer or warm steam, foot baths with mustard are good.

Treatment of tumors requires complex impact, using surgical techniques and chemotherapy.

Prevention

To reduce the risk of morbidity from acute respiratory diseases upper respiratory tract, safety precautions must be taken during the height of infection: avoid crowded places, carefully observe the rules of personal hygiene, use a gauze bandage.

Patients suffering from chronic diseases of the nose, throat and pharynx must undergo a medical examination and a course of necessary therapy at least once a year.

Management plays an important role in maintaining the health and immunity of the respiratory system. healthy image life ( physical activity, walks, outdoor recreation) and refusal bad habits(smoking, alcohol)

Respiratory tract infections are a group of diseases that develop when pathogenic microbes penetrate the respiratory system.

Causes

The causative agents of infectious diseases are:

• bacteria: gonococci, staphylococci, pneumococci, mycoplasma, streptococci, etc.;
• viruses: rotavirus, herpes, influenza, etc.;
• yeast-like and mold fungi.

If the pathogen cannot be identified, it is referred to as an unspecified infection. Pathogens are transmitted from a sick person to a healthy person by coughing and sneezing or by inhaling particles containing bacilli. In some situations, germs enter the body through surrounding objects.

Infectious diseases of the respiratory tract are diagnosed at any age and affect people of both sexes.

The ease of entry and spread of pathogens leads to high level morbidity among the population, while respiratory pathologies occur in 20% of all cases, and can be diagnosed in one person more than once throughout the year.

Most susceptible to infectious diseases respiratory organs the following categories of people:

• infants;
• elderly people;
• patients who often suffer from colds, who have chronic pathologies upper ENT tract;
• persons suffering from concomitant chronic diseases(oncological neoplasms, disorders nervous system, diabetes mellitus);
• people with weakened immune systems who are subject to regular hypothermia.

Timely vaccination plays an important role: in people who received immunoprophylaxis on time, infections are diagnosed much less frequently.

Depending on the method of entry and spread of microorganisms, diseases are divided into the following types:

• infectious diseases in which the pathogen multiplies at the site of penetration. These include influenza, ARVI, whooping cough and others;
• pathologies that spread hematogenously (through the blood), for example, mumps, pneumonia, encephalitis;
• diseases in which infectious phenomena occur in the oropharynx and on mucous surfaces (angina, diphtheria, etc.);
• infections affecting skin and mucous membranes (chickenpox, measles).

The first symptoms of UIVDP usually occur 12 hours after penetration of the pathogen; symptoms become noticeable after about 3 days. Characteristic manifestations become: pain symptoms in the throat, itching in the nasal cavity, sneezing, nasal discharge, etc.

List of respiratory tract pathologies

The respiratory tract is conventionally divided into the upper section (nose, larynx, oropharynx) and the lower section (trachea, bronchi, lungs).

List of diseases infectious origin quite extensive. Among the most common are: rhinitis, pharyngitis, influenza, sinusitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, measles, diphtheria, bronchitis, pneumonia, etc. In addition, simultaneous damage to several departments occurs (laryngotracheitis, tracheobronchitis, etc.).

Flu

Acute pathology of the respiratory system viral origin, affecting the upper and lower respiratory organs. The flu starts with intense intoxication syndrome: chills, deterioration in general health, increase in body temperature above 38-40°C, pain in joints and muscles. As a rule, there is no runny nose, but a hacking cough is observed.

Among the varieties of the disease are viruses A, B and C. Influenza can lead to quite severe consequences and end in death.

Rhinitis

A disease in which inflammatory phenomena occur on the mucous surfaces of the nasal tract.

Among characteristic symptoms there is a mucous exudate, the nature of which depends on the pathogen: if the cause is bacteria or fungi, the discharge has bad smell, yellow or green color, when a virus enters the body, the snot is colorless and odorless. If a runny nose is accompanied by copious, colorless discharge, you may suspect a rhinovirus infection or influenza.

Other manifestations may include:

• violation of nasal breathing;
• itching in the nose;
• increased tearfulness;
• sneezing;
• in some situations there is fever and general weakness.

Acute rhinitis often accompanies scarlet fever, diphtheria, gonorrhea, measles, etc.

Sinusitis

Inflammatory phenomena on the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses can occur in the form of sinusitis, frontal sinusitis, ethmoiditis, sphenoiditis. These diseases are bacterial or viral nature origin, and are accompanied by the following symptoms:

• nasal congestion;
• violation of nasal breathing;
• increase in temperature indicators;
• smell disorder;
• a feeling of fullness in the bridge of the nose and frontal lobes;
• thick yellow-green discharge;
• general weakness.

Sore throat (tonsillitis)

Sore throat is an acute infection of the upper respiratory tract, which can be caused by bacteria, viruses and fungi. Sore throat begins with severe pain in the throat and increased temperature (up to 40 ° C), as well as enlarged lymph nodes. The palatine tonsils become swollen and edematous; in the lacunar, follicular and ulcerative-membranous form, plaque appears on the tonsils. When a sore throat progresses to chronic form talk about chronic tonsillitis.

Pharyngitis

Inflammatory phenomena affecting the mucous surfaces of the pharynx most often occur when inhaling chemicals, dirty air, or as a result of ingesting hot or cold food. However, the cause of pharyngitis can be pathogenic microorganisms– staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci, Candida fungi, adenovirus. In this case, the pathology may accompany other inflammations of the respiratory tract (rhinitis, sinusitis, influenza, ARVI, scarlet fever).

Manifestations acute pharyngitis are:

• respiratory dysfunction;
• intoxication syndrome;
• redness and swelling of the pharynx;
• dry cough, tickling;
• general weakness.

Laryngitis

• hoarseness, wheezing;
• barking cough;
• pain when swallowing;
• difficulty breathing;
• headache;
• increase in body temperature;
• white coating on the throat.

Laryngitis is dangerous due to its consequences - laryngeal stenosis or croup.

Tracheitis

A disease characterized by damage to the trachea, the organ connecting the larynx to the bronchi. Frequent provocateurs are toxic substances, tobacco, polluted air, etc.. Tracheitis can be a manifestation of influenza and bacterial infection, and patients experience:

• intoxication syndrome;
• pain symptoms in the pharynx and behind the sternum;
• slight increase in temperature indicators;
• nonproductive cough that occurs primarily in the morning and at night;
• if tracheitis is combined with laryngitis, hoarseness is observed.

Bronchitis

Pathology of the respiratory organs, in which inflammation occurs in the bronchi. The most common pathogens are rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, pneumococci, streptococci, and Haemophilus influenzae. Symptoms of the disease include:

• intoxication syndrome;
• dry or wet cough;
• deterioration in general health;
• pain symptoms in the head.

Bronchitis has acute or chronic course. The forms of occurrence have significant differences in etiology, pathogenesis, and also differ in methods of therapy.

Pneumonia

Disease lung tissue predominantly infectious in nature. The causative agents of the infection are pneumococci, Klebsiella, staphylococci, streptococci, cytomegalovirus, mold and yeast-like fungi. There are also pneumonias of other origins.

The disease is characterized by the following clinical picture:

• intoxication, chills;
• general weakness;
• increasing cough with sputum;
• temperature increase;
• sweating

Most often, pneumonia develops as a complication of other systemic diseases.

Diphtheria

An infectious disease caused by Loeffler's bacillus. Most often it affects the oropharynx; diphtheria of the larynx, bronchi, and skin is less common. It is transmitted mainly through the air, less often through surrounding objects and food. The incubation period is 2-10 days.

The classic manifestation of diphtheria is the presence of a grayish film on soft palate. Other symptoms include:

• increase in temperature indicators;
• pale skin;
• discomfort when swallowing;
• hyperemia and swelling of the mucous membranes;
• enlarged lymph nodes.

Measles

Acute infectious disease viral origin, characterized by fairly high temperature indicators(up to 40.5 degrees), inflammatory processes on the mucous membranes of the oropharynx and upper sections respiratory organs, inflammation of the conjunctiva, as well as the appearance of a characteristic red rash on the palate, face, neck, and limbs. In this case, papules have the ability to merge with each other.

The causative agent of measles is an RNA virus from the paramyxovirus family. The pathogen is transmitted through the air through cough reflexes and sneezing from a sick person. The pathology occurs mainly in children under 5 years of age, but can also be diagnosed in adulthood.

Whooping cough

Serious infectious respiratory disease, especially dangerous for children early age. The causative agent is the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, transmitted by airborne droplets. Characteristic manifestations of whooping cough are attacks of spasmodic coughing, which can intensify. Other signs of whooping cough resemble ARVI and manifest themselves in the form of a runny nose, sneezing, and a slight increase in temperature.

Diagnostics

A diagnosis of UIVDP can be made based on complex diagnostics. First of all, the doctor collects anamnesis, listens to complaints and conducts an initial examination of the patient.

To confirm the diagnosis, laboratory tests will be required:

• general blood analysis. An increase in leukocytes in the blood indicates acute stage the course of the disease, while with viral infections there is an increase in the number of lymphocytes and monocytes, with bacterial infections there is an increase in the number of neutrophils;
• to identify the pathogen, bacterial culture from the nose and pharynx is used, as well as examination of secretions for microflora and antibiotic sensitivity;
• a serological blood test will help determine antibodies and their titers;
• Depending on the type of pathology, instrumental diagnostic methods are used - laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy, X-ray.

Treatment

Infectious pathologies of the upper and lower sections respiratory tract are usually not an indication for hospitalization of the patient. They are treated by a therapist or otolaryngologist. The therapy uses an integrated approach:

• Etiotropic therapy consists of suppressing and stopping the spread of the pathogen:

• The viral origin of the disease, for example, influenza, requires the use of antiviral drugs (Arbidol, Kagocel, Antigrippin, Remantadine, Isoprinosine, Tamiflu).
• For bacterial infections, antimicrobial therapy is used: for example, for tonsillitis, macrolide drugs are indicated - Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin, penicillin drugs - Amoxicillin, Augmentin, Amoxiclav; for inflammation of the bronchi and lungs, both macrolides and penicillins and fluoroquinolones - Levofloxacin, Ofloxacin - can be used.

• Pathogenetic treatment is aimed at restoring impaired body functions and accelerating recovery. For this purpose, the following immunomodulatory substances are prescribed:

• Cycloferon, Anaferon, Grippferon, Amiksin, Viferon are indicated for viral infections;
• IRS-19, Imudon, Bronchomunal - for bacterial infections;
• In addition, in some cases they use combination medications NSAIDs that relieve inflammation (Erespal), if necessary, use NSAIDs.

• Symptomatic therapy is carried out to improve the patient’s quality of life:

• for rhinitis, vasoconstrictors are used - Nazol, Tizin, Pinosol;
• to remove pain in the throat for sore throat, pharyngitis, laryngitis, absorbable tablets Faringosept, Lizobakt, aerosols for irrigating the tonsils Hexoral, Tantum Verde, Yox are used;
• for infections accompanied by cough, mucolytics and expectorants are indicated (ACC, Mucobene, Acetylcysteine, Bromhexine, Ambroxol), herbal remedies based on licorice, thyme, as well as combined (Ascoril, Stoptussin, Gedelix) and antitussive medications (Sinekod, Falimint, Tussin).
• Analgesics (Ibuprofen) will help relieve pain in the head and muscles.
• Antipyretics Paracetamol and Nurofen are also used.
• To relieve nasal congestion and swelling of the mucous membranes, antihistamines (Suprastin, Claritin) are used.

ethnoscience

Respiratory infections must be treated comprehensively. Traditional medicine can help with this:

• for rhinitis excellent result showed aloe juice, which can be instilled into nasal cavity 3-4 times a day;
• Rinsing the nasal passages with a solution of salt and iodine will help cope with a runny nose;
• For bronchitis, sage with milk is used. You can add honey to the mixture and use it 2 times a day;
• for pneumonia, the following recipe will help: for a glass of aloe juice you will need 1 tablespoon of ground birch buds and 2 tablespoons of eryngium leaves. A kilogram of propolis is added to the ingredients and liquid honey. The composition is heated in a water bath and used a tablespoon 3 times a day;
• An infusion of St. John's wort, which can be taken orally and used for rinsing, will relieve sinusitis;
• For the treatment of sinusitis the following recipe is used: 5 g pork fat mixed with 4 spoons sea ​​salt. The resulting mixture is used to treat the bridge of the nose and sinuses;
• You can alleviate tonsillitis using the following mixture: coltsfoot juice, onion juice, dry red wine. The composition is taken orally, diluted with water in a ratio of 1 to 3.
• syrup made from garlic and honey, which is consumed one spoon per day, will help eliminate the manifestations of pharyngitis;
• Raspberries and ginger will help restore your lost voice: for 2 tablespoons of raspberries - a pinch of ginger, 2 tablespoons sunflower oil, a glass of boiling water;
• To treat tracheitis, an infusion of marshmallow root is used. Take 1 spoon 4 times a day.

Infectious pathologies of the respiratory tract must be treated primarily with medications. The choice of medication depends on the type and severity of the disease. However, any disease is easier to prevent than to cure, which is why it is necessary to undergo timely vaccination in advance, as well as follow preventive measures.

Acute upper respiratory tract infection (ARI/ARVI, also familiar to almost all adults and children as a cold) is an “acute infection” that implies the development clinical picture With various symptoms, in contrast to chronic, which can occur without symptoms or with periodic manifestations.

It mainly affects the nose and throat, causing a variety of unpleasant symptoms and noticeably worsening general health. Unlike chronic diseases, the manifestations of which can be erased, the cold is usually acute. When an infection enters the respiratory tract, it activates the immune system. The body's protective reaction is manifested by inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx. It is accompanied unpleasant symptoms, bothering a person with a cold.

What causes the disease

The cause of the disease can be a variety of viral infections. According to scientists, there are more than 200 of them. Colds are caused by viruses, which are highly contagious (scientifically speaking, contagious). This infection is easily transmitted from person to person. In most cases, it is difficult to identify the specific causative agent of a cold. That's why they usually say about unspecified acute upper respiratory tract infection. Similar diseases differ, for example, from influenza, which is caused by a certain type of virus and can be easily diagnosed in a laboratory.

Routes of infection

Airborne. Pathogens are contained in tiny droplets that are produced when a person with a cold sneezes or coughs. The infection spreads in this way enters the respiratory tract healthy person along with the air. You can get sick if you stay close to a sick person for some time (for example, in the same room, transport, etc.). Avoiding visiting crowded places during the peak cold season helps reduce the risk of infection.

Contact. Viral infections are also transmitted through a handshake with a person who has a cold or objects that have been left on them. pathogens. For example, you can become infected using shared utensils or a towel. The virus first gets on the skin of the hands and then into the respiratory tract. Good personal hygiene helps reduce the risk of infection from household items.

When and who is at higher risk of getting sick?

An upper respiratory tract infection can occur at any time of the year. But most often outbreaks of the disease occur in the autumn-winter period. This is due to various factors that affect the body’s ability to resist viruses - cold weather, dry air in heated rooms, etc. Children are more likely to get ARVI than adults due to undeveloped immunity to the most common infections. In addition, viruses are transmitted very quickly from one child to another in kindergartens and schools. Does not affect the risk of developing upper respiratory tract diseases hereditary factors and human lifestyle. Men get colds just as often as women.

What are the symptoms of an acute upper respiratory tract infection?

First symptoms acute respiratory tract infection usually appear 12 hours after infection. Usually signs the beginning of the disease become noticeable within 3 days from the moment the virus enters into the body. Cold symptoms are most intense in the first 12–48 hours. This is another difference between common respiratory tract infections and the flu. In the second case, a person’s well-being sharply deteriorates in the first hours after infection. For a cold standard set symptoms include:

• frequent sneezing, itchy nose;
• severe runny nose (discharge is initially clear and watery, then thickens and acquires a greenish tint);
• headache;
• slight increase in temperature;
• in some cases - cough.

What are the possible complications?

In some patients A common cold can cause more serious respiratory illness. In case of complications, a bacterial infection joins the viral infection. It can affect the nose and throat, as well as other organs. So, against the background of a cold Otitis often develops, accompanied by inflammation and pain in the ears. If you suspect bacterial infection You should definitely consult your doctor. In this case, it is advisable to start taking antibiotics as prescribed by a specialist. Please note: if there are no complications, there is no point in taking such drugs - they do not act on viruses.

What to do if you are sick

During illness it is necessary drink more fluids, especially when the temperature rises and profuse sweating. This helps remove toxins from the body faster and prevent dehydration. IN acute period infectious disease respiratory tract is recommended observe bed rest, exclude physical and intellectual loads . For get well soon it's important to create comfortable conditions indoors: ventilate it regularly, maintain humidity at 50%. If you feel unwell, you should call a doctor at home. In the absence of complications, the upper respiratory tract infection goes away on its own without treatment within two weeks, but the cough may persist longer.

What drugs can be used for symptomatic treatment

Doesn't exist today universal remedy which helps eliminate the cause common cold. Patients with ARVI are prescribed symptomatic treatment. For this the following means can be used:

• analgesics - to relieve headaches and muscle pain, temperature reduction;
• decongestants – to relieve nasal congestion;
• local antiseptics - to relieve sore throat;
• antitussives.

Complete medical reference book/Trans. from English E. Makhiyanova and I. Dreval. - M.: AST, Astrel, 2006. - 1104 p.

TREATMENT FOR ANY DISEASE MUST BE PRESCRIBED BY A DOCTOR.