Message on the topic of respiratory diseases. Infectious diseases of the respiratory system

general description illness. This is a chronic respiratory disease that causes asthma attacks. The occurrence of attacks is associated with a sharp narrowing bronchial tract and is accompanied by coughing and difficulty breathing (exhaling). During an attack, the patency of the bronchi is sharply impaired due to spasm of the muscles of the small bronchi, swelling of the mucous membrane and blockage of it with a viscous discharge substance.

Picture and course of the disease. The main manifestation of the disease is an attack of suffocation. As a rule, it begins suddenly and most often at night. Breathing is difficult, exhalation is prolonged and accompanied by loud wheezing. Then the cough starts. During severe attacks, the patient usually cannot utter several words in a row - he does not have enough breath. Breathing during an attack is superficial, cyanosis of the skin and mucous membranes appears.

After some time, breathing becomes easier, sputum is released and the attack stops. An attack can last from several minutes to several hours. Prolonged or frequently recurring attacks throughout the day are called asthmatic conditions.

Causes. The development of the disease is based on hereditary, congenital and (or) acquired defects in the sensitivity of the bronchi with a general increased sensitivity of the body to certain substances or irritants external environment. In addition, frequent and incompletely cured infectious diseases that weaken the immune system can also cause the disease. The greatest importance in the development of the disease is given to allergic mechanisms. Nonspecific allergens provoke bronchospasm: pollen, household dust, some food and medicinal factors.

In addition to infectious-allergic forms of bronchial asthma, non-immunological forms are currently distinguished, for which physical effort, as well as some anti-inflammatory drugs, are provoking factors.

Grandma's syrup

Bronhalamine

Do not cough

Pulmocleans

Super lang

General description of the disease. There are acute and chronic bronchitis.

Acute bronchitis is an inflammatory disease of the bronchi, often accompanied by a violation of their patency. Most often, the basis of acute bronchitis is infectious process caused by bacteria and viruses.

Chronic bronchitis is understood as progressive inflammation of the bronchi, not associated with lung damage, and manifested by cough. The disease is said to be chronic if the cough continues for at least 3 months annually for 2 years in a row.

Picture and course of the disease. Acute bronchitis begins with general malaise, muscle pain, a runny nose often occurs, inflammatory lesions of the pharynx, larynx, trachea, a feeling of tightness in the chest and rawness behind the sternum are noted. The disease is accompanied by a cough, leading to the separation of mucous- purulent sputum, and narrowing of the bronchi. Body temperature may rise, but most often remains normal. Only when severe course illness is noted sharp rise fever and very severe cough. Often patients feel severe pain in the lower chest and abdominal wall, which is associated with muscle strain when coughing. As the disease progresses, the cough turns from dry to wet, and sputum begins to be separated more significantly. With a favorable course of the disease, acute bronchitis usually ends within 1–3 weeks.

In acute bronchitis, bronchial obstruction may occur, the main clinical manifestation of which is a paroxysmal cough, dry or with difficult to separate sputum, accompanied by impaired ventilation. There is increased shortness of breath, cyanosis, wheezing in the lungs, especially on exhalation and in a horizontal position. Acute bronchitis with impaired bronchial obstruction tends to protracted current and transition to a chronic form. 12

Chronic bronchitis begins gradually. The first symptom is a cough in the morning with expectoration of mucous sputum. Gradually, the cough begins to occur both at night and during the day, intensifying in cold weather. The amount of sputum increases, it becomes mucopurulent or purulent. Progressive shortness of breath also appears. During the course of the disease, exacerbations may occur, which become especially frequent during periods of cold and damp weather: coughing, shortness of breath intensify, the amount of sputum increases, malaise appears, the patient often sweats, and quickly gets tired. Body temperature is mostly normal. There are disturbances in the functioning of the heart. With chronic bronchitis, gas exchange in the lungs decreases, and the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen and is forced to work harder. Over time, this condition can lead to lung failure, heart enlargement, and ultimately heart failure and circulatory problems.

Causes. As we have already said, acute bronchitis is caused by viruses and bacteria. Cooling of the body, sudden temperature fluctuations, and long stay in conditions of high humidity, and therefore the highest incidence is observed in spring and autumn. The occurrence of the disease is promoted by smoking and weakening of the body due to chronic diseases. In some cases, the development of bronchitis is noted as a result of the action of toxic gases, essential oils(in high concentrations), dust, etc.

Chronic bronchitis occurs from long-term irritation of the bronchial mucosa by various harmful factors that have already been listed, as well as by infectious means (viruses, bacteria, fungi). A negative role is played by the pathology of the upper respiratory tract. There is a hereditary predisposition.

Aqua-propolis

Grandma's syrup

Bronhalamine

Forest vitamin

Herbal vitamin

Vitamin flower

Hypo-allergin

Cat's Claw – Evalar

Lung herbs

Raspberry flavor

Do not cough

Normoflorin-L

Propovit

Propovit with vitamin C

Pulmocleans

Rudvitol

Free Breathing

Emby syrup No. 7

Stimmunal

Super lang

Phytocough

Herbal tea “Doctor Seleznev” No. 25 (Cough)

General description of the disease. Influenza is one of the most common viral diseases, primarily affecting the respiratory tract. Experts define influenza as a highly contagious infectious disease that occurs with symptoms of general intoxication (fever, weakness, headache, nausea, and sometimes vomiting). This disease is caused by various types of influenza virus. Human susceptibility to the influenza virus is very high. Moreover, the immunity acquired after an illness is often lost due to the great variability of influenza viruses; they acquire more and more new properties for which the body has not yet developed a special defense. As a rule, the flu begins in the cold season. According to statistics, influenza affects up to 15% of the world's population.

Picture and course of the disease. Most common features Influenza infections include headache, general malaise, fever and chills, and muscle pain. Then a sore throat and cough appear. Most often, the disease flares up suddenly and ranges from a mild course (mild runny nose, no fever) to severe conditions accompanied by convulsions, high fever, photophobia, profuse sweating, and hallucinations. With an uncomplicated, i.e. mild form of influenza, the disease is cured within a week. In severe forms, the recovery process is delayed for several weeks. The “big disadvantage” of the flu is its complications. The most common are pneumonia, inflammation of the frontal and maxillary sinuses (frontal sinusitis and sinusitis), inflammation of the middle ear (otitis) and pleurisy. In some cases, the flu can cause complications in the heart, which manifests itself in the form of myocarditis or pericarditis. Severe brain damage may also occur. There is a threat of exacerbation of diseases that a person already has, for example, tuberculosis, rheumatism, chronic tonsillitis, kidney disease.

Causes. The causative agents of influenza, as we have already noted, are viruses, and the direct source of infection is a sick person. When the virus enters the body, it begins to work at the level of mucosal cells, thereby causing their destruction and separation. These cells contain the virus and when talking, coughing, or sneezing they enter the air with droplets of saliva (airborne transmission of infection). Rarely, the so-called household route of transmission of infection occurs (through household items: dishes, linen, towels, etc.).

Patients with erased signs of the disease are especially dangerous; they often do not consult a doctor and do not comply with bed rest, continuing to communicate widely with others and spreading the disease. You can get the flu at any time of the year, but this epidemic is most common in wet and cold weather. Wet weather with sudden cold and warm temperatures and heavy rainfall contributes to the occurrence of the disease. Other, no less good reason development of the disease is a weakened immune system. Besides, various kinds diseases can also cause the development of influenza infection.

Abisib Midocel

Apilactin Don't cough

Grandmother's syrup Normoflorin-L

Viraton Rudvitol

Children's vitamin Sodecor

Forest vitamin Stimmunal

Herbal vitamin Tinrostim-ST

Vitamin flower Tonzinal

Vitamin berry Pharyngal

Hyporamine Fitogrippin

Elecampane Herbal tea "Doctor Selez-

Nev Rosehip Extract Dragee No. 30 (For sore throat)

Cranberry Echinacama

Lesmin Echinacea amber

General description of the disease. This is an acute infectious disease that occurs as a result of damage to the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract by bacteria. Most often this disease occurs in childhood. The incubation period is 1–2 weeks, after which catarrh of the upper respiratory tract develops. People who have had whooping cough develop a strong immunity to it.

Picture and course of the disease. Qatar of the upper respiratory tract is usually accompanied by a slight increase in temperature, a cough develops, which increases as the disease progresses. The period accompanied by cough can last up to 2 weeks. The cough is usually paroxysmal: several short coughing impulses are followed by an involuntary inhalation, accompanied by a characteristic whistling sound. After a coughing attack, bleeding or vomiting may develop. Over the next 2–3 weeks, the symptoms of the disease begin to weaken, the cough loses its convulsive nature, and other symptoms of the disease gradually disappear.

Depending on the frequency of coughing attacks and the severity of other symptoms, mild, moderate and severe forms of the disease are distinguished. There is also an erased form of the disease, in which the spastic nature of the cough is not expressed.

Causes. The causative agent of the disease is a small gram-negative rod, which is not stable in the external environment. When this bacterium enters the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract, it begins to produce toxins that irritate the mucous membrane and affect the central nervous system. The causes of the development of the disease are a weak immune system, communication with carriers of infection that is transmitted by airborne droplets, as well as a tendency to allergic diseases.

Grandma's syrup

Herbal tea “Doctor Seleznev” No. 25 (Cough)

General description of the disease. This is an inflammatory disease that affects the mucous membrane of the larynx and vocal folds.

Picture and course of the disease. There are chronic and acute laryngitis.

In acute laryngitis, there is a dry mouth, soreness, rawness and scratching in the throat. The disease is characterized by a cough, which is initially dry and later accompanied by sputum production. The voice becomes hoarse and rough, and sometimes disappears completely. When swallowing, pain occurs. Headaches and a slight increase in temperature may also occur. The duration of the disease usually does not exceed 7-10 days. At adverse conditions may become subacute or chronic.

Children 6–8 years old may develop an unusual form acute laryngitis, which is classified as “false croup”, which is similar in its manifestation to croup in laryngeal diphtheria. With this disease, a sharp narrowing of the lumen of the larynx may occur due to inflammatory edema. False croup is most often observed in children susceptible to allergic diseases.

With chronic laryngitis, hoarseness is noted, fast fatiguability voices, sore throat with periodic coughing.

Causes. Acute laryngitis occurs with catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, influenza, measles, scarlet fever, whooping cough, etc. Its development is promoted by hypothermia, voice strain, inhalation of dusty air, irritating vapors and gases, and smoking.

The causes of chronic laryngitis are the same as for acute laryngitis, only they are more effective long time, making this disease long-lasting, up to several years. Chronic laryngitis maybe occupational disease, which is very common among teachers.

Grandma's syrup

Winter vitamin

Kedrovit

For a sore throat

Pulmocleans

Rudvitol

Tonzinal

Faringal

Euflorin-L

General description of the disease. ARI is a collective name and includes a number of infectious diseases that are caused by viruses and occur with symptoms of damage to the mucous membranes of the nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. Up to 140 respiratory viruses are known to be causative agents of acute respiratory infections.

Picture and course of the disease. The disease causes two main syndromes: catarrhal, when there is increased formation and separation of thick mucus or sputum by the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, and intoxication. The ratio of these syndromes is determined by the type of predominant virus. In this regard, they distinguish: adenovirus infection, parainfluenza, rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial infections.

With adenovirus infection, phenomena characteristic of rhinitis, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, and tonsillitis predominate. The disease usually develops gradually: health begins to deteriorate, a headache appears, body temperature rises, weakness and malaise are noted, sometimes nausea and vomiting, a runny nose appears, and in some cases there may be a dry, debilitating cough.

Parainfluenza has incubation period from 1 to 7 days. The disease begins with a slight malaise, runny nose, cough. Body temperature may rise slightly. The upper respiratory tract is affected, which is accompanied by pain and sore throat, nasal congestion, and dry cough.

Rhinovirus infection manifests itself as rhinitis and laryngitis. Malaise appears, body temperature may remain normal or rise, but only slightly. Rhinovirus infection affects the upper respiratory tract, less commonly the larynx.

Respiratory syncytial infection most often affects the lower respiratory tract, spreading to the trachea, bronchi, and lungs. It begins with rhinitis, then a cough develops, which may be accompanied by symptoms of suffocation.

Causes. Acute respiratory infection is an out-of-season disease, but unfavorable weather conditions (temperature changes, high humidity, cold and wet weather) contribute to a more serious disease. Infection usually occurs from sick people, less often from carriers of viruses who release them with drops of saliva, sputum, nasal mucus when talking, coughing or sneezing. With inhaled air, the virus enters the upper respiratory tract and penetrates into the cells of the outer layer of the mucous membrane, which causes their destruction and separation. Viruses release toxic substances that poison the body. A weakened immune system and prolonged exposure to a closed room with large crowds of people are additional reasons for the occurrence and development of the disease.

Children's vitamin

Winter vitamin

Herbal vitamin

Vitamin flower

Vitamin berry

Hyporamine

Kedrovit

Do not cough

Normoflorin-L

Propovit

Propovit with vitamin C

Rudvitol

Tinrostim-ST

Tonzinal

Faringal

Phytocough

Herbal tea “Doctor Seleznev” No. 25 (Cough)

Euflorin-L

General description of the disease. This disease is an inflammation of the membrane that lines the inside of the chest cavity and covers the lungs. This membrane is called the pleura. In normal condition, the surface of the pleura is smooth and shiny. During the inflammatory process, plaque forms on it, it becomes sticky and a person feels pain when breathing.

Picture and course of the disease. Pleurisy is divided into dry and sweaty.

Common to both types of pleurisy is severe pain in the chest that a person experiences when inhaling. These pains spread to the armpits, shoulder girdle and epigastric region. There is a painful dry cough, accompanied by general weakness and fever.

With dry pleurisy, the pleura swells, thickens, and becomes uneven. With effusion pleurisy, fluid accumulates in the pleural cavity, which can be light and transparent, bloody or purulent. When a large amount of fluid accumulates in the pleural cavity, respiratory failure due to sharp compression of the lung and limitation of its respiratory surface. In this case, pale skin, bluish lips, rapid and shallow breathing are noted.

Causes. The causative agents of pleurisy are mycobacteria tuberculosis, pneumococci, staphylococci, treponema pallidum, viruses, fungi, etc. They penetrate the pleura by contact, through lymph, blood, or when the integrity of the pleura is violated, for example, with a penetrating wound to the chest, rib fractures. A common cause of pleurisy is systemic diseases connective tissue, such as rheumatism, systemic lupus erythematosus, as well as neoplasms, thromboembolism and thrombosis pulmonary artery. The course and duration of pleurisy is usually determined by the underlying disease.

Bronhalamine

Cat's Claw – Evalar

Herbal tea “Doctor Seleznev” No. 25 (Cough)

General description of the disease. Pneumonia is a very serious infectious-inflammatory disease. Otherwise it is also called pneumonia. It can occur as an independent disease or as a complication of other diseases. With pneumonia, the alveoli, i.e., the air sacs of the lungs, are affected; they become inflamed and filled with mucus and pus, as a result of which the respiratory functions of the lungs are impaired.

Picture and course of the disease. Pneumonia varies in the duration of the disease and in the extent of the process. In the first case, chronic and acute pneumonia are distinguished. In the second case, they speak of lobar, or lobar, and focal pneumonia.

Acute pneumonia occurs suddenly and lasts from several days to several weeks. Chronic pneumonia can be a negative outcome of acute pneumonia or occur as a complication of chronic bronchitis, or some other acute inflammatory disease respiratory system.

With chronic pneumonia, the disease progresses in waves, and the patient’s condition can either improve or become more complicated. The frequency of exacerbations depends on the characteristics of the patient’s body and conditions environment. Prolonged and frequent exacerbations lead to sclerosis lung tissue and expansion of the bronchi or their sections. And these complications, in turn, lengthen the periods of exacerbation of chronic pneumonia. During exacerbation, the clinical manifestations are similar to acute pneumonia - the same cough with sputum, shortness of breath, chest pain, fever, but unlike acute pneumonia, these phenomena subside more slowly, and full recovery may not come.

Lobar pneumonia, or lobar pneumonia, usually affects a lobe of the lung. It begins acutely, the person usually experiences severe chills, and body temperature rises sharply to 39–40 °C. Pain appears on the side of the affected lung, and these pains intensify with coughing, accompanied by the release of viscous sputum streaked with blood. The patient experiences redness of the face, and herpes often appears on the lips. Breathing from the very beginning of the disease is rapid and shallow. 20

A few words should be said about SARS, which in 2003 shook the world. SARS is any disease that affects the lungs and cannot be treated with penicillin. SARS includes pulmonary infections caused by certain types of microorganisms, for example, chlamydia, mycoplasma.

Causes. Pneumonia can occur as an independent disease or as a complication of other diseases. Pneumonia can be caused by a wide variety of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and mycoplasmas. As a rule, pneumonia occurs after infectious and inflammatory diseases upper divisions respiratory tract, such as colds, flu. Factors that increase the risk of pneumonia include age (under 1 year or over 60 years), weakened immunity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, HIV infection, strokes, smoking, renal failure, inhalation of irritating chemicals, allergies. The development of the disease can also be facilitated by severe hypothermia, significant physical and neuropsychic overload.

Lung herbs

Pulmocleans

Emby syrup No. 7

Super lang

Herbal tea “Doctor Seleznev” No. 25 (Cough)

Herbal tea “Doctor Seleznev” No. 39 (For colds)

General description of the disease. A cold is an acute disease of the upper respiratory tract (nose, throat and bronchi), which is caused by viruses and is characterized by a number of symptoms, such as runny nose, cough, sneezing, nasal congestion, sore throat, etc. According to statistics, about half of the population is sick a cold at least once a year.

Picture and course of the disease. Colds most often begin with watery nasal discharge, nasal congestion, and sneezing. Mucus flows from the nasal compartment into the throat, which irritates the mucous membrane, causing a cough. In addition, symptoms such as sore throat, weakness, dizziness, and watery eyes may appear. In adults, colds usually go away within one week, while in younger children school age an uncomplicated cold lasts 10–14 days. Adults can get sick at almost any time of the year, but children get sick more often between September and April.

During the course of the disease, an inflammatory process develops on the surface of the mucous membrane, which creates the basis for subsequent bacterial infection and, therefore, can cause a number of complications, for example, acute otitis media, acute sinusitis, acute pharyngitis, acute laryngitis, acute tracheobronchitis and even pneumonia.

Over the years, a person develops immunity against colds, so adults are more resistant to the disease than children. But since the power immune system decreases with age, older people are less able to resist colds, especially secondary ones.

Causes. Both internal and external factors contribute to the development of a cold. Physical or psychological stress can also affect the onset of infection. Internal factors are, as we have already said, early childhood and old age, low birth weight, prematurity, presence of chronic diseases such as asthma and chronic bronchitis, congenital or acquired immunodeficiency, malnutrition, unhealthy diet, bad dream And sedentary lifestyle life.

The main external factors are smoking, including passive smoking, contact with already sick people, air pollution, dry and hot indoor air.

Grandma's syrup

Children's vitamin

Herbal vitamin

Vitamin flower

Vitamin berry

Hypo-allergin

Rose hip extract dragee

Raspberry flavor (granules)

Free Breathing

Warming collection

Stimmunal

Phytocough

Herbal tea “Doctor Seleznev” No. 39 (For colds)

Effervescent tablets “Raspberry flavor”

Echinakam

General description of the disease. Rhinitis, or runny nose, refers to inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Most often, rhinitis occurs as a reaction of the body to general local cooling, leading to activation opportunistic flora, which is constantly present in our mouth, nose and nasopharynx. Rhinitis may be the only manifestation of a cold, but it may also mean the onset of a more severe illness accompanied by fever, for example, influenza, bronchitis, tonsillitis. Rhinitis can be caused by various microbes and viruses.

According to the nature of the course and symptoms, several types of rhinitis are distinguished.

Acute rhinitis is always bilateral. With this disease, at first there is a slight malaise, a feeling of dryness in the nasopharynx, and itching in the nose. Breathing through the nose is difficult, sneezing and lacrimation appear, the sense of smell decreases or is almost lost, the timbre of the voice changes (we begin to speak with a “French accent”). At the beginning of the disease, nasal discharge is thin and watery. Subsequently, the discharge becomes mucopurulent. The disease lasts about 12–14 days (until complete recovery, if there are no complications during the course of the disease).

With chronic catarrhal or simple rhinitis, periodic nasal congestion and copious discharge are noted. Nasal breathing is difficult. The general condition is usually not affected.

With chronic atrophic rhinitis, there is dryness in the nasal cavity, difficulty blowing your nose, and a decreased sense of smell. Nosebleeds are common.

With chronic hypertrophic rhinitis, constant nasal discharge, congestion, headache, and decreased sense of smell are noted.

Vasomotor, allergic rhinitis is characterized by sharp and sudden attacks of nasal congestion, accompanied by copious watery mucous discharge and sneezing.

Causes. Acute rhinitis can be either an independent disease or a symptom of acute infectious diseases such as influenza, measles, diphtheria, etc. The predisposing factor is hypothermia, less often mechanical or chemical irritations.

Chronic catarrhal or simple rhinitis may be based on prolonged or recurring acute rhinitis, as well as prolonged exposure to chemical and thermal irritants.

Chronic atrophic rhinitis may be due to unfavorable climatic conditions, occupational hazards, frequently recurring acute rhinitis or infectious diseases. Nasal surgery can also lead to chronic atrophic rhinitis.

Chronic hypertrophic rhinitis is most often a consequence of chronic catarrhal rhinitis and can develop as a result of prolonged exposure to unfavorable factors (dust, gases, unsuitable climate, etc.). The cause of the disease is very often a chronic inflammatory process in the paranasal sinuses.

Vasomotor, allergic rhinitis is classified as a neuro-reflex disease and is most often observed in persons with vegetative nervous disorders– this is the body’s reaction to any allergen (pollen from cereals and other plants, perfumes and cosmetics, house dust, pet hair, etc.).

Hyporamine

Tonzinal

Faringal

Garlic

General description of the disease. Acute tonsillitis is an infectious disease characterized by inflammation palatine tonsils. Sometimes inflammation can spread to the lingual and nasopharyngeal tonsil. It occurs very often, especially in damp and cold weather in autumn and spring. Most often, acute tonsillitis affects people with reduced immunity.

Picture and course of the disease. Depending on the form of the disease and symptoms, several types of sore throats are distinguished.

Catarrhal acute tonsillitis begins suddenly and is accompanied by a sore throat, mild sore throat, general malaise, and low fever. Pain when swallowing is always pronounced; when swallowing saliva, it is felt more strongly. In the pharynx (on examination) there is moderate swelling. In some cases, an increase lymph nodes. The illness can last 3–5 days, then the temperature drops and the condition returns to normal. It often happens only 24 the initial stage of another form of sore throat, and sometimes a manifestation of one or another infectious disease.

The symptoms of lacunar acute tonsillitis are more pronounced. The inflammatory process involves more deep sections tonsils. Lacunar tonsillitis just like catarrhal, it begins suddenly, but at the same time the features of intoxication of the body are clearly manifested: chills, headache, high temperature (up to 40 ° C), which can last for quite a long time. Lymph nodes are inflamed and painful on palpation. When examining the throat, a white-yellowish coating in the form of a film is clearly visible on the tonsils. It does not completely cover the surface of the tonsils, but is located in foci (lacunar), and their number can vary from 2 to 5, according to the number of lacunae. In some cases, they can merge and cover the entire surface of the tonsil. At this stage, the disease can be very difficult to distinguish from diphtheria. Significant difference is the plaque going beyond the boundaries of the tonsil in diphtheria and its clear localization in the case of lacunar acute tonsillitis.

Phlegmonous acute tonsillitis is most often a complication of another form and develops 1–2 days after it ends. With this disease, inflammation of the peri-amygdaloid tissue is observed. The process is most often one-sided, characterized by sharp pain when swallowing, headache, chills, a feeling of weakness, weakness, nasal tone, increased body temperature to 38–39 °C, and copious salivation. With this disease, it is very important to begin treatment immediately, otherwise an abscess may form, which will significantly complicate the course of the disease and the use of therapeutic measures.

Follicular acute tonsillitis is considered one of the most severe forms. With this form of the disease, suppurating follicles are visible, visible through the mucous membrane in the form of small yellow-white bubbles (or small grains), the number of which ranges from 5 to 20. The disease is usually accompanied by high fever, headache, aching muscles and joints , chills. Swallowing becomes very painful. The cervical lymph nodes are greatly enlarged and painful when palpated, the pulse is rapid. A yellowish coating is clearly visible on the tongue.

Causes. This disease is classified as infectious. The causative agents of the disease are most often bacteria - staphylococci, streptococci, and less often - pneumococci. Infection occurs through airborne droplets, through shared utensils, kissing and even shaking hands. Source internal infection There may be chronic inflammatory processes in the palatine tonsils, purulent diseases of the nose and sinuses, as well as carious and periodontal teeth. A weakened immune system is an additional risk factor.

Acute tonsillitis – insidious disease, as complications can be very serious. The main complications include: rheumatism, cholecystitis, meningitis, nephritis, otitis media, acute laryngitis, laryngeal edema, acute cervical lymphadenitis, and phlegmon of the neck often develop.

Aqua-propolis

Winter vitamin

Hyporamine

For a sore throat

Rudvitol

Tonzinal

Faringal

Phytoangin

Fitogrippin

General description of the disease. Chronic tonsillitis refers to inflammation of the tonsils. This disease affects both adults and children. Often this disease can be a consequence acute sore throat. The disease is characterized by a sluggish inflammatory process.

Picture and course of the disease. The disease begins with a sore throat, a feeling of rawness and the presence of a foreign body in the throat, in the area of ​​the tonsils. These sensations may be accompanied by pain, which intensifies when swallowing. When swallowing, the pain may radiate to the ear. The pharynx turns red and swells, the tonsils are swollen, and pus accumulates in the lacunae. The disease is often accompanied by low fever, decreased performance, lethargy, headache, and sometimes coughing attacks. Very often it is not possible to immediately diagnose chronic tonsillitis. The patient may complain of frequent sore throats, accompanied by high fever and increased fatigue. But there are forms of chronic tonsillitis without sore throat. When examining the throat, you can see pus in the lacunae and festering follicles on the tonsils.

The unpleasant side of this disease is the complications. Among these complications there are quite severe ones, such as rheumatism and polyarthritis.

Causes. The cause of chronic tonsillitis is repeated sore throats, less often - other acute infectious diseases, for example, scarlet fever, measles, diphtheria. Development of chronic tonsillitis 26 contributes to persistent violation of nasal breathing (adenoids, deviated nasal septum), diseases of the paranasal sinuses, carious teeth, chronic catarrhal pharyngitis, chronic rhinitis. Additional factors can be considered hypothermia, sudden temperature fluctuations, exposure to irritating substances such as tobacco smoke, dust.

Winter vitamin

Rudvitol

Tonzinal

Faringal

Herbal tea “Doctor Seleznev” No. 30 (For sore throat)

Garlic

Euflorin-L

General description of the disease. Tuberculosis is an infectious, highly contagious, i.e. transmitted through contact, disease characterized by the formation of different organs specific inflammatory changes. Tuberculosis primarily affects the lungs, but the disease process can also affect other organs, including bones, kidneys, intestines, spleen and liver. Often the disease ends lethal outcome. It is usually spread through respiratory droplets when a person with active disease coughs. Tuberculosis is a chronic disease.

Picture and course of the disease. In the tissues where tuberculosis microbacteria have penetrated, areas of inflammation appear in the form of small tubercles or large foci. In a normal state of immunity, the body successfully suppresses the infection that enters it. But with reduced immunity, as well as in the event of penetration of pathogens of other diseases into the lungs, the tuberculosis microbacterium begins to actively multiply, and destruction occurs lung tissue. Symptoms of tuberculosis develop slowly and are initially nonspecific: it is noted general weakness, coughing, loss of appetite, increased sweating at night, chest pain. As the disease progresses, the amount of sputum produced increases and symptoms worsen (fever becomes more severe, night sweats increase). With tuberculosis, pain in the chest area and chronic fatigue syndrome are noted.

Many microbacteria are always found in sputum; In addition, pulmonary hemoptysis and even bleeding may occur. In advanced cases, tuberculosis of the larynx may develop, and the patient begins to speak in a whisper.

Causes. The cause of the development of tuberculosis is a weakened immune system due to other diseases, malnutrition (especially with a lack of animal proteins and vitamins), and the causative agent is microbacteria. Overcrowding of people living in unsanitary conditions and unfavorable environmental conditions contribute to the development of this disease (it is not surprising that tuberculosis is most often found in prisons and nursing homes). Another important factor is the AIDS epidemic.

In addition to people, livestock, mainly cattle, and poultry suffer from tuberculosis; they can be a source of infection in rural areas. Tuberculosis is transmitted through milk and dairy products from sick cows (therefore, fresh milk should be boiled before consumption), as well as through eggs from sick chickens.

Tuberculosis is not inherited. As a rule, children of sick parents are born healthy. But if parents are not actively treated and do not follow precautions, the child can become infected and develop tuberculosis.

Apilactin

Grandma's syrup

Bronhalamine

Kedrovit

Propovit

Propovit with vitamin C

Super lang

Herbal tea “Doctor Seleznev” No. 25 (Cough)

General description of the disease. Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the pharynx.

Picture and course of the disease. Pharyngitis can be acute or chronic.

Acute pharyngitis is most often combined with acute inflammation of the upper respiratory tract (influenza, catarrh of the respiratory tract, various infectious diseases). At the beginning of the disease, a person feels a sore throat and slight pain when swallowing.

Moreover, the pain is more pronounced when swallowing saliva than when swallowing food. The body temperature may be low, the general condition suffers, as a rule, little. When examining the throat, a reddened mucous membrane is visible, in some places there is a purulent coating on it, and the uvula swells.

Chronic pharyngitis is distinguished (depending on the course and symptoms) of three forms.

Chronic atrophic pharyngitis is most often combined with atrophy of the nasal mucosa. With this form, the throat feels dry and sore, a dry cough often occurs, and the voice becomes quickly fatigued. When examining the throat, the mucous membrane of the back wall of the pharynx looks dry, thinned, pale, shiny, as if covered with a thin layer of varnish. Often there is mucus on it, which dries out in the form of crusts.

Catarrhal pharyngitis is the most mild form chronic pharyngitis and is accompanied by a feeling of soreness, rawness and the presence of a foreign body in the throat. When swallowing spicy or hot food, the pain intensifies. A large amount of mucus accumulates in the throat, which forces the patient to constantly cough and splutter. When examining the throat, swelling of the mucous membrane of the pharynx, uvula, and soft palate is visible.

Hypertrophic pharyngitis is characterized by the same symptoms as the catarrhal form, but they are more pronounced. Large bright red granules are visible on the back wall of the pharynx. A large amount of mucus causes the patient to constantly cough and splutter. Coughing is especially severe in the morning and is sometimes accompanied by nausea and vomiting.

Causes. In most cases, the development of acute pharyngitis is associated with the pathogenic influence of viruses and bacteria, but it can also occur when exposed to certain irritating factors on the sensitive back wall of the pharynx or oral cavity, for example, cold air when breathing through the mouth and talking in the cold, too hot or cold food (drinks), smoke, alcohol, dust, gases, etc.

Chronic pharyngitis, as a rule, develops from acute pharyngitis if irritants acting on the pharyngeal mucosa are not eliminated for a long time. Contribute to the occurrence of the disease: runny nose, tonsillitis, purulent inflammation paranasal sinuses, dental caries, metabolic disorders, heart disease, lung disease, kidney disease. External causes of the disease can be excessive dry air, sharp fluctuations in ambient temperature, dust, air pollution, and smoking.

Grandma's syrup

Winter vitamin

Herbal vitamin

Vitamin flower

For a sore throat

Propovit

Propovit with vitamin C

Rudvitol

Tonzinal

Faringal

Phytoangin

Fitogrippin

Herbal tea “Doctor Seleznev” No. 30 (For sore throat)

Herbal tea “Doctor Seleznev” No. 25 (Cough)

Garlic

Damage to the airways, lungs and pleura are called respiratory diseases. They may have infectious, allergic or autoimmune causes. Everyone is susceptible to these diseases age categories during the whole year. Pathologies of the respiratory system are considered the most preventable, however, they are the most common in the structure of primary morbidity. Most of them are dangerous due to their complications and death.

Classification of respiratory system diseases

The science of pulmonology deals with the study of respiratory diseases. It includes research not only airways, but also the structures that ensure the act of breathing - the central nervous system, main and auxiliary respiratory muscles, circulatory and lymphatic vessels and etc.

Depending on the location and cause, a huge number of pathologies of the respiratory system are distinguished. The list of diseases is as follows:

Causes

The etiology of diseases of the respiratory system is very diverse; it can be conditionally divided into two large groups - pathologies caused by infections and aseptic:

In the occurrence of any disease, an important role is played by the body's defense factors, i.e. the ability to withstand the external environment. Pathologies of the respiratory system do not occur if the person’s immunity is stable. Therefore, the following provoking factors are identified:

• hereditary predisposition;
• presence of chronic diseases ( diabetes, circulatory pathologies and others);
• environmental pollution;
• unfavorable climate;
• hypothermia;
• bad habits (alcohol, smoking, drugs, unhealthy diet);
• sedentary lifestyle;
• conditioning;
• stress;
• immune disorders.

Athletes and people leading an active lifestyle suffer less from diseases of the respiratory system, since the basis for the prevention of these pathologies is physical activity.

Symptoms

Symptoms of respiratory system diseases can be very diverse. The main and most frequently occurring signs of this group of pathologies are identified:

• Cough. Almost always indicates problems in the respiratory system.
• Dyspnea. It can be a symptom not only of problems with the respiratory tract, but also of diseases of the cardiovascular system. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a thorough differential diagnosis. It can also appear in non-pathological conditions, for example, in pregnant women. Their uterus puts pressure on their lungs, causing women to feel short of breath.
• Chest pain. Often a symptom of pleurisy and pneumonia.
• Sputum production of various types. This sign indicates the presence of inflammatory processes in the bronchopulmonary system.
• Increase in body temperature. In combination with the above symptoms, it confirms the presence of infectious or inflammatory reactions in the respiratory tract.

Among the diseases of the respiratory system, the most common are ARVI, sinusitis, tonsillitis, pneumonia, COPD, bronchial asthma, tuberculosis and pulmonary embolism.

Bronchial asthma

This is a disease that affects not only adults, but also children. Characterized by the appearance of inflammatory and allergic changes in the bronchial tree.

Bronchial asthma in an adult can be suspected if the following picture is present:

• sudden attacks of suffocation or shortness of breath, which are accompanied by arrhythmic breathing and tachycardia;
• the syndrome consists of 3 stages (precursors, peak and reverse development);
• dry cough synchronous with shortness of breath, at the end of the attack a small amount of sputum may be released;
• a relieving position during an attack is orthoptic (sitting, the patient holds tightly to the bed);
• allergies in the past or present;
• seasonality of exacerbations;
• deterioration of the condition upon contact with allergens, smoke, physical and emotional stress;
• frequent colds;
• rapid inhalation and slow noisy whistling exhalation, audible from a distance;
• swelling of the neck veins on exhalation;
• puffy face with cyanosis;
• improvement of the condition when taking antihistamines or antiasthmatic drugs;
• nails are like “watch glasses”, the distal phalanges of the fingers are like “drum sticks”.

In children of the first year of life, coughing attacks usually appear before and after sleep, in vertical position symptoms decrease. A few minutes before this, the child begins to cry and be capricious, which is most often associated with nasal congestion. Inhalation and exhalation are accompanied by whistling, breathing becomes intermittent.

Children over 1 year of age also have the following symptoms:

• prolonged dry cough;
• severe pressure in the chest and inability to breathe;
• when trying to breathe through the mouth, a coughing attack occurs.

ARVI

Acute respiratory viral infections can be caused by various viruses, in particular influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus. Each of them is characterized by damage to certain parts of the respiratory tract.

The influenza virus attacks the upper parts of the respiratory system, leading to laryngitis, tracheitis and bronchitis. But it poses the greatest danger due to its ability to cause severe intoxication of the body.

Adenoviruses can damage the upper and lower respiratory tract, as well as gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, along with breathing disorders, dyspeptic symptoms (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) often occur. More often adenovirus infection causes diseases such as nasopharyngitis, nasopharyngobronchitis, rhinopharyngotonsillitis, pharyngoconjunctivitis, pneumonia.

Respiratory syncytial virus is characterized by damage lower sections respiratory system and leads to the development of bronchiolitis (in children) and pneumonia (in adults).

Rhinovirus is tropic to the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx and provokes the appearance of rhinitis and, less commonly, sinusitis. This is the mildest form of acute respiratory viral infections.

Parainfluenza is characterized by damage to the upper parts, but in children the lower parts may also suffer. The infection leads to diseases such as rhinitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis; children may have brochnitis, bronchiolitis, and alveolitis.

Symptoms of these pathologies are the following:

Angina

Sore throat (tonsillitis, tonsillopharyngitis, pharyngitis) is a very common disease of the respiratory system, which most often affects children. It is dangerous not by its manifestations, but possible complications in the long-term period - valvular heart disease, glomerulonephritis. The disease is characterized by the following symptoms:

• acute onset - with a sore throat;
• headache;
• temperature +38...+39 degrees for 3-5 days;
• in children, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting;
• enlarged tonsils, throat hyperemia;
• swelling and tenderness of the submandibular lymph nodes;
• moderate cough and hoarseness;
• severe pain in the throat, especially when talking and swallowing;
• in children, nausea and diarrhea;
• the child’s refusal to eat and drink due to pain when swallowing.

Sinusitis

Sinusitis (maxillary sinusitis) is inflammation of the maxillary sinus. It can occur as a complication of acute or chronic rhinitis or independently. The disease can occur in acute and chronic forms, and is characterized by the following manifestations:

• loss of smell;
• temperature +37…+38 degrees;
• intense constant pain in the temples and bridge of the nose, worsening when tilting the head and in the evening;
• discomfort radiates to the forehead, nose, teeth;
• frequent cough;
• constant nasal discharge, sometimes purulent (may occur without a runny nose);
• nasal voice;
• memory deterioration.

In chronic sinusitis, the clinical picture is less pronounced. Symptoms do not go away for more than 8 weeks, patients are bothered by a constant runny nose and cough that cannot be treated, headaches, and pain in the orbit. The occurrence of frequent conjunctivitis is characteristic.

Pulmonary tuberculosis

Tuberculous cavity

Tuberculosis is studied by a separate science - phthisiology. She is researching treatments not only pulmonary forms of this disease, but also extrapulmonary. At the moment, the incidence of tuberculosis is increasing all over the world, with damage to the respiratory system taking the first place. Mycobacterium can lead to pathologies of various structures of the respiratory tract, as a result of which tuberculous bronchoadenitis, pneumonia and pleurisy are distinguished.

The disease manifests itself with the following symptoms:

• acute or gradual onset (may be asymptomatic for a long time);
• cough with or without sputum production for more than 3 weeks;
• the appearance of blood with sputum;
• weight loss;
• frequent dizziness;
• blush on the face;
• enlarged lymph nodes, “cold” inflammation;
• pain under the sternum, behind the shoulders, under the shoulder blades;
• temperature +37.5...+38 degrees in the evening;
• sweating at night;
• dyspnea;
• digestive disorders.

Symptoms in children are not specific. In addition to the lungs, other organs are often affected (tuberculosis of the bronchial glands, tuberculous meningitis). The main form of the disease in children is chronic tuberculosis intoxication.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by a steadily progressive course. The disease is based on a violation of the elasticity of the lung tissue and damage to the bronchial tree.

There are two types of disease:

1. Bronchitic (“blue leaks”) - cough with copious sputum, intoxication, cyanosis skin, complications at a young age.
2. Emphysematous (“pink puffers”, emphysema - stretching of the lung) - expiratory shortness of breath (difficulty exhaling), exhaustion, pinkish skin color, barrel-shaped chest. With it, people live to old age, which is characterized by:

• chronic cough with sputum;
• exacerbations for several days or weeks;
• difficulty in daily physical activity;
• severity of symptoms in the morning;
• shortness of breath, worsened by physical activity, dust, cold air.

In older people, with age, the elasticity of the lung tissue is impaired and a disease such as emphysema occurs. It is characterized by the appearance of similar symptoms, but the cough is often dry, and sputum is very rarely produced.

Pneumonia

Pneumonia (pneumonia) is one of the most serious diseases of the respiratory system. Characterized by development inflammatory lesion lung parenchyma and leads to breathing problems. In children, the course of the disease is more severe than in adults.

At older ages, the following symptom complex develops:

• a sharp rise in temperature to +38…+40;
• headache;
• dry cough on the 3-5th day, then wet;
• chest pain when coughing and breathing;
• dyspnea;
• mucopurulent or purulent sputum streaked with blood (“rusty”);
• herpetic rashes on the face;
• cyanosis of the nasolabial triangle.

In young children:

• subfebrile temperature;
• frequent crying for no reason;
• lag of one half from the other when breathing (unilateral process);
• cyanosis of the nasolabial triangle, distal phalanges of the fingers during excitement, feeding.

Possible complications of pneumonia:

• acute respiratory failure;
• abscesses;
• gangrene of the lung;
• pleurisy;
• cardiopulmonary failure;
• meningitis;
• myocarditis;
• endocarditis;
• infectious-toxic shock;
• psychosis.

Pulmonary embolism

A condition characterized by blockage of the branches of the pulmonary artery by a thrombus. This leads to exclusion from gas exchange lung area. The severity of the disease depends on which vessel was affected: the smaller its caliber, the greater the chances of survival.

For pulmonary embolismThe following typical manifestations are characteristic:

• acute, subacute or chronic course;
• suffocation;
• chest pain;
• cyanosis of the face and neck;
• increased breathing;
• loss of consciousness, shock;
• low blood pressure;
• tachycardia;
• arrhythmia;
• swelling of the neck veins;
• painful enlargement of the liver;
• temperature +37…+39 degrees;
• hemoptysis (typical for children).

Very often the disease causes sudden death.

Treatment and prevention

Treatment of diseases of the respiratory system will primarily depend on the type of disease and its etiology. Each pathology has its own developed treatment regimen.

In the treatment and prevention of all diseases of the respiratory tract, some key points can be highlighted:

Many of the above diseases require hospitalization and treatment only in an inpatient setting. Therefore, you cannot ignore the symptoms of pathologies; at the first signs you need to seek help from a specialist.

The respiratory system is one of the most important “mechanisms” of our body. It not only fills the body with oxygen, participating in the process of respiration and gas exchange, but also performs a number of functions: thermoregulation, voice formation, sense of smell, air humidification, hormone synthesis, protection from environmental factors, etc.

At the same time, the organs of the respiratory system are perhaps more likely than others to encounter various diseases. Every year we suffer from acute respiratory viral infections, acute respiratory infections and laryngitis, and sometimes we struggle with more serious bronchitis, sore throat and sinusitis.

We’ll talk about the characteristics of respiratory system diseases, their causes and types in today’s article.

Why do diseases of the respiratory system occur?

Diseases of the respiratory system are divided into four types:

• infectious– they are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, which enter the body and cause inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system. For example, bronchitis, pneumonia, sore throat, etc.
• allergic– appear due to pollen, food and household particles, which provoke a violent reaction of the body to certain allergens and contribute to the development of respiratory diseases. For example, bronchial asthma.
• Autoimmune diseases of the respiratory system occur when a malfunction occurs in the body and it begins to produce substances directed against its own cells. An example of such an effect is idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis.
• Hereditary– a person is predisposed to the development of certain diseases at the genetic level.

External factors also contribute to the development of respiratory system diseases. They do not cause the disease directly, but can provoke its development. For example, in a poorly ventilated area, the risk of getting ARVI, bronchitis or tonsillitis increases.

This is often why office workers get sick viral diseases more often than others. If air conditioning is used in offices in the summer instead of normal ventilation, the risk of infectious and inflammatory diseases also increases.

Another mandatory office attribute - a printer - provokes the occurrence of allergic diseases of the respiratory system.

The main symptoms of diseases of the respiratory system

Respiratory system disease can be identified by the following symptoms:

• cough;
• pain;
• dyspnea;
• suffocation;
• hemoptysis

A cough is a reflexive protective reaction of the body to mucus accumulated in the larynx, trachea or bronchi. By its nature, cough can be different: dry (with laryngitis or dry pleurisy) or wet (with chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis), as well as constant (with inflammation of the larynx) and periodic (with infectious diseases - ARVI, influenza).

Coughing may cause pain. Those suffering from diseases of the respiratory system also experience pain when breathing or in a certain position of the body. It may vary in intensity, location and duration.

Shortness of breath is also divided into several types: subjective, objective and mixed. Subjective appears in patients with neuroses and hysteria, objective occurs with emphysema and is characterized by a change in the rhythm of breathing and the duration of inhalation and exhalation.

Mixed dyspnea occurs with pneumonia, bronchogenic lung cancer, tuberculosis and is characterized by an increase in respiratory rate. Also, shortness of breath can be inspiratory with difficulty in inhaling (diseases of the larynx, trachea), expiratory with difficulty in exhaling (with damage to the bronchi) and mixed (thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery).

Choking is the most severe form of shortness of breath. Sudden attacks Choking may be a sign of bronchial or cardiac asthma. With another symptom of diseases of the respiratory system - hemoptysis - when coughing, blood is released with sputum.

Discharge can appear with lung cancer, tuberculosis, lung abscess, as well as for diseases of the cardiovascular system (heart defects).

Types of respiratory system diseases

In medicine, there are more than twenty types of diseases of the respiratory system: some of them are extremely rare, while others we encounter quite often, especially during cold seasons.

Doctors divide them into two types: diseases of the upper respiratory tract and diseases of the lower respiratory tract. Conventionally, the first of them are considered easier. These are mainly inflammatory diseases: acute respiratory viral infections, acute respiratory infections, pharyngitis, laryngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, tracheitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, etc.

Diseases of the lower respiratory tract are considered more serious, as they often occur with complications. These are, for example, bronchitis, bronchial asthma, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, emphysema, etc.

Let us dwell on the diseases of the first and second groups, which are more common than others.

Angina

Sore throat, or acute tonsillitis, is an infectious disease that affects the tonsils. The bacteria that cause sore throat are especially active in cold and damp weather, so most often we get sick in the fall, winter and early spring.

You can become infected with a sore throat through airborne droplets or through nutritional means (for example, by using the same utensils). People with chronic tonsillitis - inflammation of the tonsils and caries - are especially susceptible to sore throat.

There are two types of sore throat: viral and bacterial. Bacterial is a more severe form, it is accompanied by severe sore throat, enlarged tonsils and lymph nodes, and an increase in temperature to 39-40 degrees.

The main symptom of this type of sore throat is purulent plaque on the tonsils. The disease in this form is treated with antibiotics and antipyretics.

Viral sore throat is easier. The temperature rises to 37-39 degrees, there is no plaque on the tonsils, but a cough and runny nose appear.

If you start treating a viral sore throat in time, you will be back on your feet within 5-7 days.

Symptoms of sore throat: Bacterial – malaise, pain when swallowing, fever, headache, white plaque on the tonsils, enlarged lymph nodes; viral – sore throat, temperature 37-39 degrees, runny nose, cough.

Bronchitis

Bronchitis is an infectious disease accompanied by diffuse (affecting the entire organ) changes in the bronchi. Bronchitis can be caused by bacteria, viruses or the appearance of atypical flora.

Bronchitis comes in three types: acute, chronic and obstructive. The first one is cured in less than three weeks. The diagnosis of chronic is made if the disease manifests itself for more than three months a year for two years.

If bronchitis is accompanied by shortness of breath, it is called obstructive. With this type of bronchitis, a spasm occurs, due to which mucus accumulates in the bronchi. the main objective treatment - relieve spasm and remove accumulated phlegm.

Symptoms: the main one is cough, shortness of breath with obstructive bronchitis.

Bronchial asthma

Bronchial asthma – chronic allergic disease, in which the walls of the airways expand and the lumen narrows. Because of this, a lot of mucus appears in the bronchi and it becomes difficult for the patient to breathe.

Bronchial asthma is one of the most common diseases and the number of people suffering from this pathology is increasing every year. In acute forms of bronchial asthma, life-threatening attacks may occur.

Symptoms of bronchial asthma: cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, suffocation.

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is an acute infectious and inflammatory disease that affects the lungs. The inflammatory process affects the alveoli, the end part of the respiratory apparatus, and they fill with fluid.

The causative agents of pneumonia are viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoan microorganisms. Pneumonia is usually severe, especially in children, the elderly, and those who already had other infectious diseases before the onset of pneumonia.

If symptoms appear, it is better to consult a doctor.

Symptoms of pneumonia: fever, weakness, cough, shortness of breath, chest pain.

Sinusitis

Sinusitis – acute or chronic inflammation paranasal sinuses, there are four types:

• sinusitis - inflammation of the maxillary paranasal sinus;
• frontal sinusitis - inflammation of the frontal paranasal sinus;
• ethmoiditis - inflammation of the cells of the ethmoid bone;
• sphenoiditis – inflammation of the sphenoid sinus;

Inflammation with sinusitis can be unilateral or bilateral, affecting all paranasal sinuses on one or both sides. The most common type of sinusitis is sinusitis.

Acute sinusitis can occur when acute runny nose, flu, measles, scarlet fever and other infectious diseases. Diseases of the roots of the four upper back teeth can also provoke the appearance of sinusitis.

Symptoms of sinusitis: fever, nasal congestion, mucous or purulent discharge, deterioration or loss of smell, swelling, pain when pressing on the affected area.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that most often affects the lungs, and in individual cases genitourinary system, skin, eyes and peripheral (accessible for inspection) lymph nodes.

Tuberculosis comes in two forms: open and closed. In the open form, Mycobacterium tuberculosis is present in the patient’s sputum. This makes it contagious to others. In the closed form, there are no mycobacteria in the sputum, so the carrier cannot harm others.

The causative agents of tuberculosis are mycobacteria, transmitted by airborne droplets when coughing and sneezing or talking to a patient.

But you won't necessarily become infected if you come into contact. The likelihood of infection depends on the duration and intensity of contact, as well as the activity of your immune system.

Symptoms of tuberculosis: cough, hemoptysis, fever, sweating, deterioration in performance, weakness, weight loss.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a non-allergic inflammation of the bronchi, causing them to narrow. Obstruction, or more simply, deterioration of patency, affects the normal gas exchange of the body.

COPD occurs as a result of an inflammatory reaction that develops after interaction with aggressive substances (aerosols, particles, gases). The consequences of the disease are irreversible or only partially reversible.

COPD symptoms: cough, sputum, shortness of breath.

The diseases listed above are only part of big list diseases affecting the respiratory system. We will talk about the diseases themselves, and most importantly their prevention and treatment, in the following articles of our blog.

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Today there are a lot of respiratory diseases known, so many that it would take months to study them all. This diversity is due to the large number of elements that make up the human respiratory system. Each of them can be susceptible to diseases of a different nature: inflammatory, infectious, etc.

About respiratory diseases in detail

When the respiratory organs are damaged, their functions are disrupted, the most important of which are providing the body with oxygen, heat exchange and protection from adverse environmental factors. Let's look at the 20 most common diseases of the respiratory system.

Adenoids

A disease that is an inflammation of the pharyngeal tonsil, in which it increases in size. Most often, adenoids develop in children due to colds and infectious diseases.

Symptoms:

• difficulty breathing, even in the absence of a runny nose;
• feeling of nasal congestion;
• runny nose of a mucous or purulent nature;
• chronic cough;
• nasality;

With a long course of the disease, complications may arise in the form of hearing loss, persistent colds, and decreased brain activity.

It is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa caused by exposure to various allergens (pollen, dust, pet dander).

When an allergen enters the body, the following occurs almost immediately:

• light and runny nose;
• constant sneezing;
• swelling;
• tearing;
• itching in the eyes, nose or ears.

Symptoms over time:

• nasal congestion and difficulty breathing;
• increased photosensitivity;
• impaired sense of smell;
• hearing loss.

Atopic asthma

Another name is bronchial asthma. The disease is an inflammation of the airways allergic nature. Main symptom bronchial asthma - suffocation. It occurs due to activation of the immune system when an allergen enters the body, which leads to a sharp contraction of the muscles located near the respiratory tract.

Other symptoms:

• wheezing and whistling in the chest;
• attacks of suffocation that occur after physical exertion;
• dyspnea;
• dry cough.

Bronchitis

– inflammation of the bronchi, most often developing against the background of colds, viral or infectious diseases. There are two forms of bronchitis, each with its own symptoms.

Acute form most often develops against the background of infection. It manifests itself:

• runny nose;
• dry cough, gradually turning into wet;
• yellow or greenish sputum;
• general weakness;
• elevated temperature.

Chronic bronchitis is characterized by a long course of the disease (several months), which may appear again after some time. In addition to the above symptoms, difficulty breathing may be added to the clinical picture.

Important! Bronchitis can cause complications in the form of pneumonia!

Bronchroectasis

A pathological process characterized by irreversible expansion of the airways. It can be localized in certain areas of the bronchi or affect them completely.

Bronchiectasis is characterized by a gradual onset of symptoms, most often occurring after exposure to a catalyst (for example, an infectious respiratory disease).

Symptoms:

• persistent cough;
• copious bloody sputum;
• wheezing and shortness of breath;
• recurrent pneumonia;
• heart failure (in severe form of the disease).

Sinusitis

Another name is maxillary sinusitis. The disease is an inflammatory process in the maxillary sinus. Most often, sinusitis is a complication of other colds, such as acute rhinitis or infection.

Symptoms:

• general weakness, chills;
• elevated temperature;
• headaches that get worse when bending and turning;
• swelling in the area of ​​inflammation;
• sneezing
• tearing;
• increased photosensitivity.

There is also chronic form sinusitis, which is characterized by constant nasal congestion, weakness, and decreased ability to work.

hydrothorax

Popularly known as thoracic hydrops. The disease is a non-inflammatory accumulation of fluid in the cavity surrounding the lung. The disease may develop as a result of a malfunction internal organs, for example, in case of heart failure, which causes stagnation of blood circulation.

Symptoms:

• heaviness in the chest;
• feeling of lack of air;
• cyanosis of the skin;
• protrusion of the affected half of the chest;

Laryngitis

It is an inflammation of the larynx, most often developing as a result of an infection or cold. There are 2 forms of the disease: acute and chronic.

Acute laryngitis occurs as a result of hypothermia, voice strain or an infectious disease. It is characterized by:

• redness of the throat;
• general weakness;
• elevated temperature;
• pain when swallowing;
• hoarseness;
• dry scratching cough;

Recovery usually occurs after 1-2 weeks.

Chronic laryngitis develops due to untreated or persistent acute laryngitis. Other symptoms include decreased ability to work and rapid voice fatigue. Chronic laryngitis usually lasts more than 2 weeks.

Sleep apnea

Sleep apnea, or also known as sleep apnea, is a stoppage of breathing during sleep that lasts more than 10 seconds. In most cases, the delay occurs for half a minute, sometimes taking up most of the night's sleep.

Symptoms;

• sleep disturbance;
• lack of sleep and, as a result, fatigue during the day;
• drowsiness;
• headache;
• irritability;
• memory impairment;
• snoring, restless sleep, remarks in sleep;
• urinary incontinence.

With prolonged and regular apnea, a decrease in the body’s intelligence and ability to work may occur, chronic fatigue.

Pleurisy

A group of diseases characterized by damage to the serous membrane located around the lungs. In some cases, there may be deposits in the pleural cavity in the form of fluid, pus, or blood. Pleurisy manifests itself in one of 2 forms: dry or effusion.

The dry form is characterized by:

• pain in the side, aggravated by inhaling and coughing;
• abdominal pain (in in rare cases);
• rapid breathing;
• hiccups;
• painful swallowing.

The effusion form is accompanied by general weakness, dry cough, and a feeling of heaviness in the chest. In some cases, there is shortness of breath and increased heart rate, which may cause the face to turn blue and the veins in the neck to swell.

Lungs' cancer

Lungs' cancer - malignant formations, arising on the bronchi and lungs. Most often, the disease affects the right lung or its upper part. The disease develops gradually and, most often, is detected in the later stages, when it has already metastasized to other organs or parts of the body. There are three forms of lung cancer: central, peripheral and atypical, each of which is characterized by its own symptoms.

In the central form, large bronchi are affected. It is accompanied by:

• pain in the affected part;
• dry cough, gradually developing into a wet one, sputum appears, including elements of mucus, pus and/or blood;
• dyspnea;
• weight loss;
• rapid fatigue and weakness;
• frequent inflammatory diseases.

In the peripheral form, small bronchi and lung parenchyma are affected. In contrast to the central form, with the peripheral form, symptoms appear over a period of time. late stage illness. It is characterized by shortness of breath, chest pain, and bloody sputum. As the disease progresses, symptoms become similar to central cancer lungs.

Sinusitis

Sinusitis is an inflammatory process in the mucous membrane of one or two sinuses. The causative agent of the disease is most often a virus or bacteria.

Symptoms:

• feeling of pressure in the sinuses;
• pain that increases with head movements;
• profuse, thick runny nose;
• elevated temperature.

In rare cases it happens:

• impaired sense of smell;
• bad breath;
• weakness and rapid fatigue of the body.

Tracheitis

Tracheitis is an inflammatory process localized in the mucous membrane of the trachea. The causative agent is most often a viral infection, staphylococcus or streptococcus. It can occur in one of two forms: acute or chronic.

Acute tracheitis is characterized by:

• dry cough;
• I have coughing fits when deep breath, laughter or sudden changes in air temperature;
• pain in the throat and chest;
• hoarse voice;

With chronic tracheitis, the patient is usually tormented by frequent paroxysmal coughs, which most often occur in the morning or evening. During expectoration, sputum is released, which can be either liquid or viscous. Often chronic tracheitis is difficult to cure and may be accompanied by exacerbations.

Pulmonary tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by various acid-fast bacteria, in this case localized in the human lungs. Tuberculosis can often be asymptomatic; in such cases, it can be detected using regular fluorography. The disease begins with nonspecific cold symptoms:

• elevated temperature;
• cough;
• general weakness.

With the development of the disease, these manifestations are added night sweats and weight loss, in some cases enlarged lymph nodes. a cough with sputum develops, which subsequently produces blood, wheezing in the lungs, difficulty breathing or difficulty breathing.

Tuberculous pleurisy

Is one of clinical manifestations tuberculosis, most often found in young people. It is characterized by inflammation of the pleura (the lining of the lungs) and the accumulation of fluid in it.

Combines the symptoms of tuberculosis and pleurisy. Like pleurisy, it can be dry or effusion (exudative).

Dry tuberculous pleurisy is determined by listening to the doctor with a stethoscope; in this form of the disease, the doctor hears friction of the pleura.

The exudative form can be of three types: allergic, perifocal and pleural tuberculosis.

Allergic is characterized by:

• temperature rise to 38 °C;
• cardiopalmus;
• painful sensation in the side.

After some time, the symptoms decrease and disappear, and the body recovers.

With perifocal tuberculous pleurisy the following is observed:

• suddenness of the onset of the disease;
• elevated temperature;
• sweating;
• cardiopalmus.

Symptoms may last from 21 to 28 days.

Pharyngitis

A chronic inflammatory process affecting the mucous membrane of the throat. It can occur after various diseases, as well as after various throat injuries or allergies. Pharyngitis can be acute or chronic.

Strep throat is usually caused by a virus, bacteria, fungus, allergy, or injury. It is characterized

• sore and dry throat;
• unpleasant sensations when swallowing;
• ear pain (in some cases);
• an increase in body temperature;
• general weakness.

Chronic pharyngitis is most often a consequence of gastrointestinal diseases (for example, gastritis). There can be 3 types:

1. Catarrhal. It is characterized by the presence of mucopurulent discharge on the surface of the throat.
2. Atrophic, for which dryness of the throat mucosa is typical. In this case, the throat becomes pale pink.
3. Hypertrophic. With this type of chronic pharyngitis, redness and thickening of the mucous membrane of the throat is observed.

In general, chronic pharyngitis is not characterized by fever or weakness. The disease is accompanied by the same symptoms as acute pharyngitis, with the difference that they are not so pronounced.

Abbreviated as COPD, a disease in which, due to inflammation of the lung tissue, air circulation in them is hampered or limited. Usually occurs due to prolonged exposure to negative factors on the respiratory tract, for example, due to smoking.

Symptoms:

• constant chronic cough with sputum;
• shortness of breath after physical activity (climbing stairs, for example).

Emphysema

It is a disease in which the alveoli (the tissue that makes up the lung) are stretched with further loss of its elasticity. Loss of elasticity entails a violation of the saturation of blood with oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide from it.

Symptoms:

1. shortness of breath that occurs after physical activity;
2. heart failure;
3. widening the spaces between the ribs.

In some cases, surgery may be necessary.

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In the human body one of the most important functions performed by the respiratory system. In addition to filling all tissues with oxygen, it is involved in voice formation, humidification of inhaled air, thermoregulation, hormone synthesis and protection from environmental factors. The respiratory organs most often suffer from various diseases. Almost every person at least once a year experiences ARVI or influenza, and sometimes more serious pathologies, including bronchitis, sinusitis, and sore throat. Each disease has its own symptoms and treatment principles.

List of respiratory diseases

The most common pathologies of the respiratory system are common colds. This is how acute respiratory viral infections are called in everyday language. If diseases of the upper respiratory tract are not treated and are carried “on your feet,” then viruses and bacteria can penetrate the nose and throat. As a result of damage to the palatine tonsils, a sore throat, catarrhal (superficial) or lacunar, develops. When bacteria penetrate the larynx, bronchi and trachea, a person can get a whole “bouquet” of diseases from bronchitis and tracheitis to many others.

If they are not treated, the bacteria will continue to move downwards, causing damage to the lung tissue. This leads to the development of pneumonia. A large percentage of the incidence of respiratory system diseases occurs in the spring and autumn. Children are especially often affected, although adults are also at risk. In general, there are the following diseases of the human respiratory system:

• sinusitis and its varieties in the form of sinusitis, ethmoiditis, frontal sinusitis, sphenoiditis;
• tuberculosis;
• tracheitis;
• bronchitis;
• pneumonia;
• rhinitis;
• pharyngitis;
• tonsillitis;
• atopic asthma;
• bronchiectasis;
• laryngitis.

Causes of diseases

• pneumococci;
• mycoplasma;
• chlamydia;
• hemophilus influenzae;
• legionella;
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis;
• respiratory viral infections;
• influenza viruses type A, B;
• parainfluenza viruses;
• adenoviruses;
• streptococci;
• staphylococci.

A characteristic feature of fungal infections is a white coating on the oral mucosa. Monoinfections are more often diagnosed, i.e. a disease caused by one type of pathogen. If the disease is provoked by several pathogenic microorganisms, then it is called a mixed infection. They can be infected by airborne droplets or contact. In addition to the specific causes of respiratory diseases, there are risk factors for their development:

• external allergens in the form of dust, house mites, animal hair, plant pollen, polluted air;
• professional factors, for example, working in conditions of heavy dust, with electric welding;
• taking certain medications;
• active or passive smoking;
• alcohol abuse;
• household pollution of residential premises;
• unsuitable climatic conditions;
• foci of chronic infections in the body;
• influence of genes.

Main symptoms of respiratory diseases

The clinical picture of respiratory diseases depends on the location of the source of inflammation. Depending on whether the upper or lower respiratory tract is affected, a person will experience different symptoms. Diseases of the respiratory system can be suspected based on two characteristic signs:

• Dyspnea. It can be subjective (occurs during attacks of neuroses), objective (causes a change in breathing rhythm), mixed (combines the symptoms of the previous two types). The latter is characteristic of pulmonary embolism. In case of diseases of the larynx or trachea, inspiratory shortness of breath with difficulty inhaling is noted, and in case of pulmonary edema - suffocation.
• Cough. The second characteristic sign of respiratory tract diseases. Cough is a reflex reaction to mucus in the trachea, bronchi and larynx. It may also be caused by a foreign body in the respiratory system. With laryngitis and pleurisy, the cough is dry, with tuberculosis, oncology, pneumonia - wet, with acute respiratory infections and flu - periodic, with inflammation in the bronchi or larynx - constant.

Bronchitis

The difference between this disease of the respiratory tract is the involvement in the inflammatory process of the bronchi, the entire thickness of their wall or only the mucous membrane. The acute form of bronchitis is associated with damage to the body by bacteria, the chronic form is associated with environmental degradation, allergies, and smoking. Under the influence of these factors, the mucous epithelium of the bronchi is damaged, which disrupts the process of their cleansing. This leads to accumulation of phlegm, bronchospasm and bronchitis, which is indicated by the following symptoms:

• chest cough(at first dry, and after 2-3 days – wet with copious sputum production);
• increase in temperature (indicates the addition of a bacterial infection);
• shortness of breath (with obstructive bronchitis);
• weakness;
• wheezing when breathing;
• sweating at night;
• nasal congestion.

Pneumonia

Pneumonia, or pneumonia, is a pathological process in the lung tissue with predominant defeat alveoli The disease can be caused by staphylococcal and viral infections. Doctors mainly diagnose mycoplasma and pneumococcus lesions. Pneumonia is diagnosed especially often in children in the first year of life - 15-20 cases per 1000 people. In adults, this figure is 10-13 per 1000. Regardless of age, the following symptoms indicate pneumonia:

• Signs of general intoxication. These include elevated temperature (37.5-39.5 degrees), headache, lethargy, anxiety, decreased interest in the environment, night sweats, and sleep disturbances.
• Pulmonary manifestations. Pneumonia first causes a dry cough, which after 3-4 days becomes wet and causes copious discharge of purulent sputum, often rust-colored. Additionally, the patient experiences chest pain, shortness of breath, cyanosis, and rapid breathing.

Sinusitis

This is one of the types of sinusitis - inflammation in the paranasal sinuses (sinuses). A characteristic sign of the disease is difficulty in nasal breathing. With sinusitis, the maxillary paranasal sinuses are affected. Due to the fact that they cease to be ventilated and cleaned, problems with nasal breathing and a number of other symptoms develop:

• mucopurulent discharge from the nasal passages;
• intense headaches in the bridge of the nose and at the wings of the nose, which intensify when bending forward;
• feeling of fullness in the area between the eyebrows;
• fever, chills;
• swelling of the cheek and eyelid on the side of the affected sinus;
• tearing;
• photosensitivity;
• sneezing.

Tuberculosis

This chronic infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. They most often affect the respiratory organs, but can cause pathologies of joints and bones, eyes, genitourinary system, peripheral lymph nodes. Tuberculosis has a chronic course, so it begins gradually and is often asymptomatic. As the pathology progresses, a person begins to worry about tachycardia, sweating, hyperthermia, general weakness, decreased performance, weight loss and loss of appetite.

The patient's facial features become sharper, and a painful blush appears on the cheeks. The temperature remains low-grade for a long time. With massive lung damage, fever develops. Other characteristic signs of tuberculosis:

• swollen lymph nodes;
• cough with blood and sputum (lasts more than 3 weeks);
• wheezing in the lungs;
• difficulty breathing;
• pain in the chest;
• shortness of breath on exertion.

Tracheitis

This disease affects the lower respiratory tract as it causes inflammation of the tracheal mucosa. This organ connects the larynx and bronchi. Tracheitis often develops against the background of laryngitis, pharyngitis, and bronchitis. He often joins common cold. The following signs indicate an inflammatory process in the trachea:

• cough - first dry, then wet with sputum;
• pain behind the sternum and in the interscapular region;
• temperature rise to 38 degrees;
• hoarse voice;
• enlarged cervical lymph nodes;
• weakness, drowsiness, increased fatigue;
• nasal congestion;
• a sore throat;
• sneezing.

Rhinitis

The common name for this disease is runny nose. It is rather not an independent pathology, but a symptom of other pathologies of the respiratory tract. Rhinitis can be caused by a virus or bacterial infection, allergies. In general, this disease is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Distinctive features of this pathological process:

• dryness and itching in the nasal cavity;
• general malaise;
• constant sneezing;
• disturbances of smell;
• subfebrile temperature;
• liquid transparent selection from the nose, which then become mucopurulent;
• lacrimation.

Atopic asthma

People who are genetically prone to atopy (a chronic skin disease associated with allergies) may develop allergic damage to the respiratory tract - atopic bronchial asthma. A clear sign of this pathology is paroxysmal suffocation. Against this background, other symptoms are noted:

• dry cough with scanty viscous sputum;
• nasal congestion and itching, sneezing, runny nasal discharge, sore throat, which precede an attack of shortness of breath and suffocation;
• feeling of tightness in the chest;
• breathing with whistling and wheezing;
• chest pain.

Bronchiectasis

This type of respiratory disease is an irreversible expansion of a separate section of the bronchi. The reason is damage to the bronchial wall, which disrupts its structure and function. Bronchiectasis is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, like asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and cystic fibrosis. The disease often accompanies other infectious pathologies: tuberculosis, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis. Symptoms of bronchiectasis are as follows:

• persistent cough;
• hemoptysis;
• coughing up to 240 ml per day of green and yellow, and sometimes bloody sputum;
• wheezing during inhalation and exhalation;
• frequent bronchial infections;
• recurrent pneumonia;
• bad breath;
• dyspnea;
• heart failure - in severe cases.

Laryngitis

This is an upper respiratory tract infection in which the mucous membranes of the larynx and vocal cords become inflamed. Laryngitis mainly manifests itself against the background of colds. A clear sign This pathology is a change in the timbre of the voice up to its complete loss. This deviation is due to the fact that the vocal cords swell and lose their ability to create sound. Another characteristic sign of laryngitis is a “barking” dry cough.

A person feels the presence of a foreign body in the throat, burning, itching and pain when swallowing. Against the background of these symptoms, other signs appear:

• redness of the throat;
• hoarseness;
• increase in body temperature;
• chills;
• hoarseness of voice;
• headache;
• difficulty breathing.

Diagnostics

To correctly make a diagnosis, the doctor prescribes several mandatory laboratory and instrumental studies. During the initial examination, the specialist performs procedures from the list:

• Palpation. Helps to assess the degree of vocal tremors - vibrations when a person pronounces the letter “R”. With pleurisy it is weakened, and with pneumonia it is stronger. Additionally, the doctor assesses the degree of chest asymmetry during breathing.
• Auscultation. This is an auscultation of the lungs that provides an assessment of breathing. The procedure allows you to listen to wheezing, based on the nature of which the doctor may suspect certain diseases of the respiratory organs.
• Percussion. This procedure involves tapping individual areas of the chest and analyzing sound phenomena. This helps to identify a decrease in the amount of air in the lungs, which is characteristic of pulmonary edema and fibrosis, and its absence is characteristic of an abscess. The air content increases with emphysema.

by the most informative method diagnostics that identifies and chronic diseases respiratory tract is an x-ray. To clarify the localization of the inflammatory process, a photograph of the lungs is taken in several projections. In addition to radiography, the following research methods are used:

• Bronchoscopy. This procedure involves examining the mucous membrane of the bronchi and trachea using a bronchoscope, which is inserted through the oral cavity. Additionally, during such a study, foreign bodies, pus and thick mucus, small tumors can be removed from the respiratory tract and material can be taken for a biopsy.
• Thoracoscopy. This procedure consists of an endoscopic examination of the pleural cavity using a thoracoscope. To do this, a puncture is made in the chest wall. Through such a study, a specialist can assess the condition of tissues and detect pathological changes.
• Spirography. This is a procedure for measuring lung volume and studying the intensity of pulmonary ventilation.
• Microscopic examination of sputum. The nature of the mucus depends on the type of respiratory disease. With edema, sputum is colorless, foamy, serous in nature, with chronic bronchitis and tuberculosis - viscous, greenish, mucopurulent, with a lung abscess - semi-liquid, purulent, green in color.

Treatment

Regardless of the type of respiratory tract disease, treatment is carried out in 3 directions: etiotropic (elimination of the cause of the pathology), symptomatic (alleviation of the patient’s condition), supportive (restoration of respiratory functions). Since the causative agent of such ailments is often bacteria, the basis of therapy is antibacterial drugs. If the disease is viral, antiviral drugs are used, and if it is fungal, antimycotic drugs are used. In addition to taking medications, the following are prescribed:

• chest massage in the absence of fever;
• physiotherapy;
• inhalation;
• breathing exercises;
• reflexology;
• diet.

In the first couple of days, especially when feeling unwell And high temperature, the patient must remain in bed. The patient should limit walking and physical exercise, drink more warm water. Against this background, the main treatment of the disease is carried out. Treatment regimens for various pathologies: