Stages of chronic kidney disease based on creatinine in cats. Kidney disease in cats

Acute renal failure in cats (CRF - Chronic renal failure in cats) is a pathology in which dysfunction of the excretory apparatus occurs, accompanied by pain and unpleasant symptoms. When this disease occurs, the activity of the most important organs is disrupted. The body's water-salt balance is also affected.

This disease most often appears as a result of previous diseases of the urinary system. It can also occur due to infections, injuries and somatic diseases. It is important to understand that this can be fatal or develop into chronic kidney disease in cats.

The kidneys carry out the work of cleaning the body. If the kidney function fails, the cat will receive complex intoxication, which can subsequently become fatal.

This disorder is considered the most dangerous. As a result, the kidneys decrease in size, which leads to their dysfunction. Self-diagnosis of this disease practically impossible.

The disease has almost no effect on the animal’s behavior, therefore, at the slightest suspicion, it is worth taking your pet to the clinic. In the early stages, you can improve the condition of a pet with kidney failure with the help of diets and simple treatment, so you should not postpone therapy until later.

Forms of the disease

Kidney failure in cats is divided into two types:

Similar problems causes the following reasons:

• Damage to kidney tissue;
• Dysfunction of urine drainage;
• Blockage of blood flow to the kidney tissues;
• Ingestion of toxic substances into the body.

Peculiarity acute form thing is timely treatment can completely heal and restore functional features healthy kidneys cat However, with frequent repetitions of acute deficiency, it can become chronic.

Kidney failure in cats is a serious and difficult to treat disease. It occurs in older and older animals. Often the chronic type of disease occurs due to kidney obstruction and other related ailments. With correct diagnosis and timely intervention, it is possible to alleviate the course of the disease and associated symptoms.

Symptoms

Most often, they begin to appear almost immediately. These include the following signs:

1. Lethargy. The animal may become unplayful, sleepy and apathetic. Lost appetite. Possible sudden weight loss (anorexia);
2. Vomit. This symptom can be repeated. The animal does not experience relief, but the general condition, on the contrary, is significantly weakened. In addition to vomiting, indigestion may also occur if the pet is experiencing painful sensations;
3. Thirst. The animal drinks a lot often. This may worsen the pet's general condition;
4. Blood in urine. She's talking about a blockage in the urinary tract. Also, the cat may experience frequent, unsuccessful urges to urinate. It is necessary to pay attention to the amount of urine of the cat. It can be either critically small or too abundant;
5. Cramps. Expressed in involuntary contraction of muscle tissue. It is possible to fall into a coma and disorder of consciousness due to intoxication of the body;
6. Smell from the mouth. Owners may notice the smell of acetone or urine from their pet's mouth. This indicates severe intoxication and the need for urgent treatment.

It is important to understand that none of the above symptoms are characteristic of renal failure, since this disease does not have specific and unique symptoms.

Thus, if a cat is acting restless or too lethargic, he has poor appetite and high thirst - you should contact a veterinary clinic for examination by a doctor and further diagnosis of a possible disorder.

Stages

Doctors distinguish several main stages of kidney failure in a chronic type cat:

1. Early or latent stage. At this stage, the amount of creatine in the animal’s body does not change. The pet itself feels virtually no changes in kidney function or well-being.
2. Initial stage. Its characteristic features are changes in the pet’s well-being. Cats become more lethargic, lose weight sharply and have virtually no appetite. The animal may periodically vomit. This stage usually lasts several months.
3. Conservative stage of chronic renal failure. The normal filtration function of the kidneys rapidly declines. Cats may experience symptoms such as: dehydration, gastrointestinal disturbances, anemia.
4. Terminal stage. In this case, the animal’s blood contains an increased concentration of urea and creatine. The cat may suffer from seizures and have bad smell urine or acetone from the mouth. With prolonged progression of this stage, supporting the life of the animal is impossible without transplantation of a healthy organ.

Also, signs of the disease include:

• Bradycardia and tachycardia;
• Ulcers in the mouth and on the tip of the tongue;
• Softening of the skull bones ( front part);
• Change in kidney size;
• Increased blood pressure;
• Coma;
• Tremor;
• Epileptiform seizures;
• Lethargy;
• Poor coat structure;
• Immune depression;
• Poor blood clotting, etc.

All these and many other symptoms are characteristic of the chronic type of renal failure in cats.

Causes

This disorder begins to progress against the background of existing pathologies of the urinary tract, as well as due to somatic feline diseases. The main reasons identified by veterinarians are:

• Urolithiasis disease;
• Tumors of kidney tissue;
• Pyelonephritis;
• Diabetes mellitus and other metabolic diseases;
• Pathologies;
• Underdevelopment of kidney tissue.

A frequent case is that it is not possible to detect the cause of the disease even after tests and different types diagnostics

Treatment of chronic renal failure in cats

The most effective treatment for a pet is considered to be when the veterinarian has identified the cause of the disease. If the etymology of the disease is not clear, then it is not possible to create the correct course of therapy. The maximum available in such a situation is to maintain the general condition of the animal’s body for several years, without eliminating the source of the disease.

To maximize the effectiveness of treatment, monitoring of the animal's tests and regular laboratory checks of new blood and urine tests are required. According to the obtained indicators, the doctor makes adjustments to the therapy.

When the cause is identified, doctors most often prescribe infusions of electrolyte solutions. Also, cats are prescribed additional medicines to relieve unpleasant symptoms of nausea, dehydration, high blood pressure and anemia. If all these measures do not help the pet in any way, then doctors use surgical treatment or a device “ artificial kidney».

Medicinal herbs also often become one of the additions to basic treatment and prevention. Herbal infusions, mineral and vitamin supplements for cats also perfectly relieve obsessive symptoms.

Unfortunately, a successful outcome in the fight against this complex illness is possible only in the first two stages described above. The conservative and terminal stages are practically incurable and will most likely lead to the death of the pet if no action is taken good treatment kidneys in cats.

Diet

Diet is one of the most important elements in the fight against kidney failure in cats. Doctors recommend paying attention to three main points when changing your pet’s diet.

Protein

Water

Cats that have kidney failure often suffer from dehydration. This is due to the fact that kidney tissue does not retain fluid well in the body. Required amount water in the animal's body can delay the development of the disease. It is important for owners to maintain the necessary fluid balance and monitor this closely. Oddly enough, a larger amount of liquid enters the cat’s body through the food they consume. In this case, it is better to replace dry food with canned and wet analogues.

Phosphates

Limiting protein foods helps the animal feel healthy, but reducing phosphate intake can significantly prolong a cat's life. This diet is also excellent at protecting cats from progressive kidney failure and tissue damage.

Medicinal food

Medicinal feeds have fairly high quality indicators. Don't be alarmed if your veterinarian suggests trying food for a cat with kidney failure. The composition of such pet food has an excellent balance of all the most essential substances and can provide positive influence on the course of the disease.

Some owners have problems with their pets when it comes to changing food to medicinal. Veterinarians recommend making the transition smooth, gradually mixing medicated food into the cat’s usual dry food.

Also, if the cat flatly refuses a new diet, the veterinarian may prescribe additional medications, which can improve the animal’s appetite.

Care

Care has several important rules that should be followed to improve the general condition of the pet:

1. Observe proper diet;
2. Try to take your pet for regular checkups in a timely manner;
3. Do not interrupt the course of treatment prescribed by your doctor;
4. Provide sufficient water in the diet;
5. Support your pet's body with vitamin complexes and minerals;
6. Monitor your pet for deterioration in its condition. Pay attention to fur, appetite and behavioral characteristics.

These rules for caring for a sick pet will help relieve him of pain, poor health and significantly extend his life. Remember that the health of your cat depends only on your love and care.

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Kidney failure in cats: types of disease, proper diet

Kidney failure in cats is a serious disease in which the life of the animal depends on the speed of diagnosis and initiation of treatment. Therefore, at the first manifestations of this disease, you should take your pet to a veterinary clinic as quickly as possible. This will help avoid death and allow the animal to live a few more happy years.

What is kidney failure

With kidney failure, the cat feels depressed.

What is functional activity kidneys in the body:

• purification of blood from waste, decay products, toxins;
• fluid retention or removal of excess fluid;
• participation in saturating the body with hormones, minerals, vitamins and enzymes;
• regulation of blood pressure by decreasing or increasing the amount of sodium produced.

With normal functioning of the kidneys, excretion occurs from the body along with urine. harmful substances that enter it with food or drink or are produced by internal organs. If renal activity is impaired, any of the listed functions slow down or stop, resulting in intoxication of the body.

Cats by nature can tolerate discomfort for a long time, but this provokes serious complications. Therefore, you need to treat your pet with great attention. If any, even the most minor, signs of illness appear, you should immediately take him to the doctor. After all, the sooner you start treating kidney failure, the better the prognosis for recovery.

Often, PN in cats is accompanied by symptoms similar to other diseases: lethargy, depressed state, general weakness, vomiting, diarrhea. What should alert you: a small amount of urine, and sometimes the cessation of its excretion. The disease may be accompanied by rapid pulse, swelling on the body, pallor of the oral mucosa, the smell of urine or acetone from the mouth, low body temperature, and dehydration.

You can't say what it is character traits namely kidney failure, they are symptoms of other cat ailments. Only a veterinarian can make an accurate diagnosis based on the results of the examination. Under no circumstances should you give your pet any medications without consulting a specialist, this can cause damage. irreparable harm animal.

Causes of the disease

It is impossible to determine exactly what caused the disease.

There may be several reasons:

1. Heredity. For example, polycystic disease is microscopic cysts (capsules with liquid) on the kidneys; kidney tissue is gradually replaced by foreign tissue. A greater tendency to illness is observed in Persian cats or similar breeds.
2. Frequently occurring kidney inflammation.
3. Transferred infection.
4. Any poisoning.
5. Urolithiasis disease.
6. Any injury.
7. Undertreated acute failure.

There are many causes of kidney failure in cats.

Also at risk are cats with nephropathy, interstitial fibrosis, renal vascular pathology, amyloidosis, bleeding disorders, hypertension, peritonitis and other pathologies. Often, older cats, up to 8-10 years old, suffer from kidney failure. Kidney failure is largely due to the onset of the aging process.

In kittens or young cats, the cause of the disease may be heredity or genetic disorders. Often the owner himself is to blame: he may feed the pet low-quality food, not pay due attention to filling the cup with water, not pay attention to any infection and carry out treatment at home without consulting a doctor.

Types and stages of renal failure

Often this disease appears as a result of previous problems with the urinary system, chronic somatic diseases, after injury or a serious infection. Kidney failure can be acute or chronic.

Acute renal failure (ARF)

Acute is called acute because it appears overnight and develops rapidly. But there is also positive point: pronounced signs make it possible to quickly establish a diagnosis and begin treatment as soon as possible, which is a decisive factor in restoring the animal’s health.

This disease has three categories.

Acute renal failure develops very quickly.

The classification depends on the level at which the disturbance in the cat’s genitourinary system occurred:

1. Prerenal (“prerenal”) - occurs when blood pressure drops sharply and intrarenal blood circulation is disrupted due to shock after bleeding, poisoning, infection, heatstroke or as a result of dehydration, with heart failure.
2. Renal (“renal”) – occurs against the background of bacterial kidney infections, any inflammatory kidney disease and a system-wide infectious disease. One of the causes of renal failure may be damage to the tissue structures of the kidneys by various toxic substances, medications, snake venom, etc.
3. Postrenal (“postrenal”) – occurs if there is a blockage or compression of the urinary tract. For example, a developing tumor can compress.

Typically, prerenal and postrenal forms of acute renal failure have more favorable prognosis for recovery.

Chronic renal failure (CRF)

Chronic renal failure is a kidney pathology, which, unlike acute renal failure, develops over a long time, when the kidneys gradually lose their excretory (excretory) function. At this time, the cells that form the structure of the kidneys begin to die, and new ones are not formed. Quantity active cells is rapidly declining, which negatively affects the remaining ones, as the load on them increases. As a result, they also die off; if you look at the onset of the disease and do not start treatment in time, everything can end very sadly.

Chronic renal failure often occurs without any symptoms.

The danger of chronic renal failure in cats lies in the asymptomatic initial stage, but it is during this period that the pet can still be saved. Vivid signs diseases appear much later, when the process becomes irreversible, since the kidneys are already more than two-thirds damaged. A scar appears at the site of the affected tissue, the kidney shrinks and stops working. Mostly, chronic renal failure affects adult animals on the threshold of old age.

Stages of chronic renal failure:

1. Latent (hidden). External symptoms have not yet appeared, but abnormalities in the functioning of the kidneys have already begun. The best time to start treatment, but usually the owner is not yet aware of the impending disaster, and treatment does not begin.
2. Initial. May last for several months. Accompanied by slight malaise of the animal, decreased appetite, slight weight loss, and dull coat. A blood test done during this period will show negative deviations from the norm.
3. Conservative. At this stage, there is a noticeable deterioration in the cat’s well-being, she weakens before her eyes, drinks a lot and greedily, defecates frequently and copiously, and experiences a constant urge to vomit. Based on the symptoms and as a result of the examination, diagnosing chronic renal failure is not difficult.
4. Terminal. The most severe degree of the disease, there is an increasing deterioration in health. An ultrasound examination shows changes in the structure of the kidneys, their size is much smaller, and the blood has a high content of urea and creatinine. Continuing treatment at this stage is considered inappropriate, so as not to cause unnecessary suffering to the animal. As a rule, veterinarians advise euthanizing the cat.

The last stage of kidney failure cannot be treated.

How is kidney failure diagnosed?

For an accurate diagnosis, you should undergo the necessary examination with your cat, which includes:

• blood tests - general and biochemistry;
• general urine analysis;
• X-ray examination will help determine how much the size of the kidneys has changed, whether there is a tumor or stones in them;
• An ultrasound examination can show how the structure of the kidney tissue has changed and identify pathologies and deviations from the norm.

Treatment of the disease

After the examination and diagnosis, treatment measures corresponding to a specific type of PN are prescribed. For acute insufficiency, as well as for chronic, its own individual method treatment.

Therapy for acute renal failure:

• cleanse the blood of toxins using medicines;
• try to avoid anemia;
• stop vomiting, diarrhea;
• stabilize the pressure.

A competent veterinary clinic doctor will help resolve these issues. Only the veterinarian should make the appointment necessary medications, create a dosage schedule and calculate the dosage, taking into account the weight and age of the cat.

Treatment will be effective if it is started in a timely manner and the cause of the disease is eliminated. If identifying the causes of acute renal failure is difficult, there is a risk of relapse of the disease, which can make acute failure chronic.

Only a veterinarian can prescribe treatment for kidney failure.

Therapy for chronic renal failure

Chronic renal failure requires lifelong therapy, since, unfortunately, it is impossible to completely get rid of chronic renal failure, but you can slow down its development, thereby extending the life of your pet and easing suffering. The most important thing is to constantly monitor how the cat is feeling and carry out supportive measures, which are carried out only by a qualified veterinarian.

Cat nutrition during PN

Treatment of PN at any stage involves following a diet, taking medications, walking, etc. Nutrition plays a big role not only in the treatment, but also in the prevention of this unpleasant disease.

You must adhere to a certain diet. What to feed a cat with this diagnosis? All owners of sick pets face a similar question. If before the illness the cat was fed natural food, and she liked this food, now many foods need to be excluded from the diet, making the food dietary. It is unlikely that such a replacement will be to the taste of the animal.

What should not be in the diet of a sick cat:

• animal fats;
• any dairy products;
• liver;
• fish oil;
• sea ​​fish;
• fish roe.

Products with high content phosphorus and protein. Just a little white is allowed chicken meat. You should completely exclude carbohydrates; they are found in large quantities in cereals, pasta and flour products.

What can you feed a cat with PN?

Cats with kidney failure are fed special diets.

Any vegetables crushed to puree, diluted with low-fat chicken broth. But not every cat will eat such food. The best thing that can be recommended is to buy special food for cats or kittens with PN. Such medicinal food can not only feed the animal in a balanced manner, but also support diseased kidneys.

A cat is generally picky about its food, and a sick cat is even more so. In this regard, the owner tries to find medicinal food for his pet that will suit her taste, changing manufacturers and flavoring additives.

Below are some brands medicinal feed from trusted manufacturers:

1. Hill's k/dFeline - belongs to the category of dry food, which has a reduced content of protein, phosphorus and sodium. Increased amount of omega-3 fatty acids and B vitamins.
2. Purina Pro Plan – recommended for cats over 8 years of age. Slows down the development of chronic renal failure and fully satisfies the needs of cats with chronic renal failure.
3. Royal Canin Renal Special RSF 26 - contains a complete dietary ration with reduced phosphorus and protein, calcium and vitamin D.

Important. Before switching your pet to medicated food, consultation with a veterinarian is required.

Cats diagnosed with kidney failure can live long and relatively happy lives, but only with constant care from their owner.

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Kidney failure in cats - stages of the disease

What is kidney failure in cats? This is a certain condition of the kidneys in which they cannot cope with their main functions: removing harmful substances from the body and controlling water balance.

The greatest danger is the stage when the kidneys are significantly reduced. As a result, they are not able to produce a sufficient amount of urine, which causes intoxication of the body with subsequent death of the cat.

Types of disease

There are 2 types of kidney failure:

1. Acute renal failure (ARF). This is a reversible process; if therapy is started on time, recovery and future life cats.
2. Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a process in which the gradual and irreversible death of the nephrons of an organ occurs. The result is the death of the pet.

Acute stage of renal failure

Each of these types of disease has its own symptoms.

ARF occurs in cats with systematic diseases, after traumatic injury to the body. Provoking factors include prolonged fever, dehydration, and diseases leading to sepsis.

Acute renal failure develops in 4 stages:

• primary;
• impaired diuresis (urine excretion);
• restoration of diuresis;
• recovery.

Symptoms of acute renal failure:

1. At the initial stage, the signs are weakly expressed, but the animal is very lethargic and depressed. The cat is falling a lot blood pressure, which causes him to sleep a lot.
2. At the stage of impaired diuresis, signs of poisoning of the body with decay products appear. Diarrhea, cramps, and swelling are observed. If urine is released, it is mixed with blood and noticeable sediment. Heart function is often disrupted.
3. With timely treatment, the animal enters the third stage - normalization of diuresis. There is a gradual restoration of kidney function. A significant amount of urine is released, but it is of low density.
4. Recovery is the final stage in which the cat gradually returns to normal. This stage may drag on for several months. But if therapy is started on time, the prognosis is favorable.

If a course of drugs is not prescribed on time, there is a risk of a chronic process.

Chronic kidney damage

At the stage of chronic renal failure (CRF), there are also 4 stages, which are expressed by the following symptoms:

1. At the first (hidden) stage, the cat drinks a lot of water and gets tired quickly. This is due to insufficient kidney function and the accumulation of harmful substances in the body. The body tries to cope with excess toxins, and constant thirst appears. The cat's body temperature is decreasing.
2. At stage 2, there is increased urination, but the liquid is light in color: it removes practically nothing from the body except water and salt. As a result of kidney failure, they “shift” their function to other organs, for example, the gastric mucosa. The cat suffers from diarrhea and his breath smells bad.
3. The animal stops excreting urine. Signs of intoxication throughout the body increase, and hair begins to fall out. Periods of deterioration and improvement of health may follow each other.
4. The last stage, which ends with the death of the pet. The cat suffers from diarrhea and lack of urination. The smell of ammonia can be felt from a distance, the work of all organs gradually stops, and death occurs.

Since chronic renal failure develops over a long period of time, the largest percentage of cats suffering from it are older animals who have crossed the 7-year mark.

There is no single correct treatment regimen. Only a veterinarian can select therapy based on general clinical picture.

For selection proper treatment it is necessary to conduct a full examination. Urine and blood tests are prescribed. The method of X-ray diagnostics and ultrasound examination is used. Body temperature is measured and painful points are palpated.

Treatment of the disease

Complex treatment is usually prescribed. It includes:

• antibiotics;
• drugs for blockade nerve plexuses;
• droppers necessary to replenish fluid loss by the body;
• injections of multivitamins - vitamins A, D, E have a special role;
• drugs to normalize heart function;
• Dialysis is the artificial cleansing of the body from waste products.

Treatment may include drugs to stimulate appetite, red blood cell production - it all depends on the symptoms and causes of the disease.

Nutrition for an animal with kidney failure

A properly selected diet plays an important role in renal failure. The basic principles of such nutrition include:

1. Limiting phosphorus levels in foods.
2. Regulation of protein content in the diet.
3. Pet food must contain special “alkalinizing” components to maintain the body’s acid-base balance.

It is quite problematic to comply with all the requirements on your own, because ideal solution is the acquisition ready-made feed in the shop.

Renal Advanced for cats is a special feed additive for renal failure. It reduces hyperazotemia, normalizes functions digestive tract, reduces oxidative stress. For animals less than 2.5 kg per day, 1 dose is recommended, up to 5 kg - 2, and more than 5 - 3 servings daily.

It is preferable to mix the drug with wet food. If the animal is fed dry mixtures, it is recommended to moisten them a little. The course is 1 month, but it can be extended on the recommendation of a veterinarian. At correct use side effects not visible.

In any case, the prognosis for the development of the disease depends on many factors: the general state of the body’s immunity, the degree of organ damage, the timeliness of treatment, and compliance with the doctor’s prescription.

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Symptoms and treatment of kidney failure in cats

Kidney failure in a cat is so serious illness that delay in diagnosis and treatment can lead to death. To save an animal and extend its life for several years, you need to contact a veterinary clinic as soon as the first manifestations are noticed. of this disease.

What is kidney failure and why is it dangerous?

The kidneys are multifunctional and work in cooperation with the entire body:

• cleanse the blood of waste, decay products, and toxins;
• retain water or remove excess water;
• participate in the production of hormones, minerals, vitamins and enzymes;
• regulate blood pressure by decreasing or increasing sodium production.

When kidney function is impaired, any of these functions slow down or stop. This leads to metabolic disorders, malfunction of other organs and intoxication of the entire body.

Treatment of kidney failure in all cats is effective only at the very beginning. The more advanced the disease, the worse the prognosis for recovery. If you notice any signs, even minor ones, you need to contact a specialist as soon as possible.

Kidney failure in cats is accompanied by symptoms similar to other diseases, so a veterinarian can prescribe treatment only after a full examination and diagnosis.

No medications should be given to the pet on your own, nor should you carry out medical procedures yourself. A cat with kidney failure can only be treated qualified specialist.

Types of kidney failure

There are two types of kidney failure in cats: acute and chronic. They have similar signs, but develop differently.

Acute failure

Acute renal failure in cats occurs instantly and develops rapidly. The signs are clearly expressed, and this makes it possible to begin treating the disease at early stage what is important for full recovery and restoration of kidney function. The disease is divided into three types:

1. prerenal insufficiency, in which the kidney tissue is not changed, but the blood flow through it is reduced;
2. renal – tissues and structures of the kidneys are damaged;
3. the kidney tissue has no changes, but the urinary system is damaged (mechanical compression or blockage).

If acute renal failure recurs periodically, then the cat may develop chronic stage a disease that cannot be cured.

Chronic failure

With chronic deficiency, cell death or aging occurs in the kidneys. The number of working cells is reduced, and the remaining ones bear a heavy load. The process of dying is irreversible, and there are fewer and fewer working cells, and the load is increasing.

Chronic renal failure in cats (CRF) is dangerous because at the initial stage, when the pet can still be helped, the disease is asymptomatic. Symptoms begin to appear when the disease progresses and more than 2/3 of the kidneys are damaged.

Chronic renal failure in cats has four stages of development:

1. early stage when no symptoms are noticeable and treatment is usually not started during this period due to ignorance about the pet’s illness;
2. initial stage of chronic renal failure– the pet feels slightly unwell, appetite decreases, there is slight weight loss, and the coat becomes dull;
3. conservative stage – the animal’s well-being noticeably deteriorates, severe weakness, constant thirst, copious and frequent urination, high blood pressure, there may be vomiting and diarrhea;
4. terminal stage- This is a severe form of the disease. Bad feeling progresses, from cat's mouth may be strong smell acetone. At ultrasound examination there is a noticeable change in the structure - bumps are visible on the kidney, the layers are indistinct, the size of the kidneys is reduced. Terminal is the last stage of chronic kidney disease in cats.

Treatment of chronic renal failure in sick cats, regardless of the stage of development of the disease, is supportive. The disease cannot be completely stopped, but it can be slowed down. How long cats with chronic kidney disease live depends on many factors - at what point treatment was started, how responsibly the owner treats the health of his pet, general immunity animal. Age also plays a special role - small kittens and old cats suffer the disease very hard.

Causes

Kidney failure occurs for a variety of reasons:

• frequent renal inflammatory processes;
• past infectious diseases;
• some immune diseases;
• any types of poisoning;
• birth defects and disturbances in kidney function;
• stones or tumors in the kidneys or urinary system;
• injuries.

Most often, kidney failure occurs in older pets, aged 8-9 years. The aging process begins, and the kidneys cease to fulfill their filtering role. In young kittens, the disease may be due to heredity or genetic disorders. Sometimes deficiency can be due to the fault of the owner: the diet includes low-quality food, the pet does not have access to water, or an infectious disease is not cured in time.

Persian and abyssinian cats suffer from kidney failure more often than representatives of other breeds.

Symptoms of kidney failure

Symptoms of kidney failure are common to many other diseases. There are no specific signs. But if you notice at least one of the following symptoms, you need to contact a veterinary clinic to find out the cause:

• loss of appetite and, as a result, weight loss;
• rare or, conversely, too frequent urination;
• sudden urination in an unintended place;
• pain when urinating;
• urine is too dark or, conversely, too light and transparent;
• refusal of water or excessive thirst - it’s worth thinking about if your pet drinks more than 100 grams of water per 1 kg of weight per day, especially without active games and at normal air temperatures;
• inactivity, lethargy, apathy, drowsiness;
• vomit;
• diarrhea;
• anemia, which can be seen by pale mucous membranes;
• smell of ammonia from the mouth;
• visual impairment, which can be understood by the fact that when moving the cat does not notice obstacles in its path;
• dehydration of the body, which can be judged by too viscous saliva, dry and dull gums, dull and unkempt fur.

If kidney failure is indicated in a cat similar symptoms, then treatment is prescribed after a complete diagnostic examination at the veterinary clinic.

Diagnostic tests

Diagnosis of renal failure includes a number of examinations:

• a general and biochemical blood test, which determines whether there is an inflammatory process in the body, anemia, how high the level of urea and creatinine is, whether the microelements contained in the blood - phosphorus, calcium, potassium - correspond to the norm;
• general urine test to detect renal epithelium, bacteria, for compliance of the number of leukocytes with the norm, for the ratio between protein and creatinine;
• X-ray examination determines changes in the size of the kidneys, the presence of tumors or stones in them;
• ultrasonography shows the structure of kidney tissue, their modification, pathologies and other discrepancies with the norm.

If the results of these tests are not sufficient to determine an accurate diagnosis, additional testing may be required.

Treatment

When the diagnosis of kidney failure in cats is accurately established, treatment is prescribed in accordance with the type of disease. Acute and chronic failure require different approaches. In each specific case, individual therapy is prescribed.

In case of acute deficiency it is important:

• remove toxins from the blood;
• prevent anemia;
• eliminate side symptoms (vomiting, diarrhea, high blood pressure);
• normalize blood pressure.

To solve these problems, the veterinarian will prescribe medications, draw up a medication schedule and calculate the dosage based on the weight and age of the animal.

Therapy is effective when started on time and the cause of the disease is identified. If the cause of renal failure is difficult to identify, then there is a possibility that the disease will recur many times and after some time will develop into chronic failure.

For chronic renal failure, therapy should be lifelong. It is impossible to stop this type of disease, and the goal of the measures is to ensure that the cat lives as long as possible. A set of measures is aimed at slowing down the process of death of organ cells, eliminating symptoms, normalizing metabolism and improving the general condition of the animal. The cat will have to live under the constant supervision of a veterinarian, who will prescribe regular additional examinations and adjust the medications used and their dosage.

Diet

Feeding a cat with kidney failure is quite difficult. If the cat was previously on natural food, and feeding him was not a problem because of the variety of foods that he can and loves, now the food should consist of dietary dishes. The diet completely excludes many foods.

What not to feed:

• animal fats;
• any dairy products;
• liver;
• fish fat;
• sea ​​fish;
• caviar of any fish.

Nutrition should include a minimum of phosphorus and protein. You can feed your cat white meat chicken or turkey, but in minimal quantities.

The diet should exclude carbohydrates - cereals, flour products. During feeding, you can give vegetables crushed to a puree state, diluting them with low-fat chicken broth. Vegetables can be given in any quantity, but rarely can a cat be forced to eat them all the time.

The best option– buy ready-made special feed for cats or kittens with renal failure. Renal medicinal food not only helps to feed your pet in a balanced manner, but also has a beneficial effect on the kidneys.

In addition to the right food, you need to make sure that the water bowl is always in a place familiar to the cat.

Kidney diseases, along with oncology, heart pathologies and extensive injuries, most often cause death in animals. One of the leading indicators used to diagnose abnormalities in kidney function is creatinine in urine in cats. Pets cannot complain if something bothers them, so the owner often begins to sound the alarm already at the last stage of the disease. Regular veterinary examinations with comprehensive examination are the best prevention.

What is creatinine

Constant energy turnover in the body would be impossible without the creatine phosphate reaction, the end product of which is creatinine. The substance begins its journey in the renal parenchyma, then enters the muscles, blood and is excreted from the body in the urine. The amount of creatinine in the circulatory system of a healthy cat is always the same.

The normal level of creatinine in urine tests is about 10,000 µmol/liter, but this value can fluctuate greatly due to the characteristics of the body. Young and active cats will always have a higher rate than older cats. Its rapid increase or decrease indicates progressive renal pathology except for the following factors:

• overweight or underweight;
• deficiency of energy substances in the body - proteins, fats or carbohydrates;
• long-term low protein diet;
• extreme age marks.

Urinary creatinine levels in kidney disease

If creatinine is elevated in urine, most likely The cat has one of the types of nephropathy, which affects the kidney parenchyma and glomerular apparatus, or renal failure. With a simultaneous increase in the density of urine, they speak of damage not only to the kidneys, but also to the liver. Similar condition often accompanied by dehydration. To determine an accurate diagnosis, the veterinarian prescribes additional examination: blood test, ultrasound, x-ray.

To increase the chances of saving the animal, when any of the the following symptoms in a cat, you should visit a veterinarian as soon as possible:

• lethargy and general weakness;
• intestinal upset, vomiting;
• loss of appetite;
• blanching of mucous membranes;
• reduction in urine output or its complete absence for more than a day;
• smell of urine from the mouth.

All the signs mentioned above are characteristic of renal failure, and therefore are a good reason for getting tested. Along with creatinine, indicators such as urea and protein are of particular importance. A high concentration of the latter indicates severe proteinuria. Determining the urinary protein to creatinine ratio is important in monitoring cats with renal failure.

Features of treatment and prognosis

Treatment is prescribed based on the diagnosis, other concomitant chronic diseases and the general condition of the cat. For the most part, drugs are used to normalize water balance and metabolic processes, and maintain renal functions. In advanced stages of the disease, urgent hospitalization is indicated.

It is possible to restore kidney function provided that there are no dead areas and their replacement with connective tissue, so the prognosis can only be favorable in initial stages. To monitor the effectiveness of treatment, urine creatinine in cats is regularly rechecked.

Kidney pathologies in dogs are as common as in cats. The same methods are used for diagnosis and therapy. Any changes in behavior in both cats and dogs should be cause for concern. You should not punish an animal for going to the toilet in the wrong place if this has not happened before. Most likely something is bothering him.

Clinical blood test.

Test material: venous, capillary blood

Taking: When taking blood, it is necessary to follow the rules of asepsis and antisepsis in accordance with the instructions. If possible, blood is taken on an empty stomach into a clean (preferably disposable) tube with an anticoagulant (K3EDTA, K2EDTA, Na2EDTA, less commonly sodium citrate, sodium oxalate) (test tube with a green or lilac cap). Heparin should not be used! It is necessary to correctly calculate the amount of anticoagulant. After drawing blood, the tube should be mixed smoothly.
When drawing blood into a syringe, transfer it into the test tube immediately and slowly, preventing foaming. DON'T SHAKE!!!

Storage: Blood is stored for no more than 6-8 hours at room temperature, 24 hours in the refrigerator.

Delivery: Blood tubes must be labeled and tightly closed. During transportation, the material should be protected from harmful influence environment and weather conditions. DON'T SHAKE!!!

-exceeding the concentration of the anticoagulant causes wrinkling and hemolysis of erythrocytes, as well as a decrease in ESR;
- heparin affects the color and staining of blood cells, the count of leukocytes;
- high concentration of EDTA increases the number of platelets;
- intense shaking of the blood leads to hemolysis;
- a decrease in hemoglobin and red blood cells can occur due to the action of drugs that can cause the development of aplastic anemia (antitumor, anticonvulsants, heavy metals, antibiotics, analgesics).
- biseptol, vitamin A, corticotropin, cortisol - increase ESR.

Hemogram.

Leukocyte formula.

Leukocyte formula - the percentage of different forms of leukocytes in the blood (in a stained smear). Changes leukocyte formula may be typical for a particular disease.

Biochemical blood test.

Material to be tested: serum, less commonly plasma.

Taking: On an empty stomach, always before diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. The blood is taken into a dry, clean tube (preferably disposable) (tube with a red cap). Use a needle with a large lumen (without a syringe, except for difficult veins). The blood should flow down the wall of the tube. Mix smoothly and close tightly. DON'T SHAKE! DO NOT FOAM!
Compression of the vessel during blood collection should be minimal.

Storage: Serum or plasma should be separated as quickly as possible. Depending on the parameters required for research, the material is stored from 30 minutes (at room temperature) to several weeks in frozen form (the sample can be thawed only once).

Delivery: Test tubes must be signed. Blood should be delivered as quickly as possible in a cooler bag. DON'T SHAKE!
DO NOT deliver blood in a syringe.

Factors influencing results:
- with prolonged compression of the vessel, the concentrations of proteins, lipids, bilirubin, calcium, potassium, enzyme activity increase when studying
- plasma cannot be used to determine potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, etc.,
- it should be taken into account that the concentration of some indicators in serum and plasma is different
Concentrations in serum are greater than in plasma: albumin, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, uric acid, sodium, OB, TG, amylase
Serum concentration equal to plasma: ALT, bilirubin, calcium, CPK, urea
Concentrations in serum are less than in plasma: AST, potassium, LDH, phosphorus
- hemolyzed serum and plasma are not suitable for determining LDH, Iron, AST, ALT, potassium, magnesium, creatinine, bilirubin, etc.
- at room temperature after 10 minutes there is a tendency for glucose concentration to decrease,
- high concentrations bilirubin, lipemia and sample turbidity increase cholesterol values,
- bilirubin of all fractions is reduced by 30-50% if serum or plasma is exposed to direct daylight for 1-2 hours,
- physical activity, fasting, obesity, food intake, trauma, surgery, intramuscular injections cause an increase in a number of enzymes (AST, ALT, LDH, CPK),
- it should be taken into account that in young animals the activity of LDH, alkaline phosphatase, and amylase is higher than in adults.

Blood chemistry

Hormone research.

Material to be tested: blood serum (at least 0.5 ml for the study of one hormone), do not use PLASMA!

Collection: On an empty stomach, take blood into a clean, dry test tube (test tube with a red cap). Separate the serum immediately, avoid hemolysis!
When repeating tests, take blood only under the same conditions as before.

Storage, delivery: freeze the serum immediately! Re-freezing is excluded. Deliver on the day the material is collected.

Factors influencing results:
- concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) fluctuate throughout the day (max - early morning, min - second half of the day),
- estradiol, testosterone, progesterone, thyrotropin (TSH) - stable in serum at room temperature for 1 day, frozen for 3 days,
- for the study of sex hormones, you should avoid taking estrogens 3 days before donating blood,
- for the study of T4 (thyroxine), exclude drugs with iodine for a month, thyroid drugs for 2-3 days,
- before carrying out the analysis, you need to exclude physical activity and stress,
- lower the level of hormones: anabolic steroids, progesterone, glucocorticoids, dexamethasone, ampicillin, etc.,
- increase the level of hormones: ketoconazole, furosemide, acetylsalicylic acid.

Study of the hemostasis system.

Test material: deoxygenated blood(serum, plasma), capillary blood. Anticoagulant - sodium citrate 3.8% in a ratio of 1/9 (test tube with blue cap).

Collection: blood is taken on an empty stomach, with a wide bore needle without a syringe. The time for squeezing the vein with a tourniquet should be minimal. The first 2-3 drops merge, because... they may contain tissue thromboplastin. The blood is taken by gravity, slowly mixed in a test tube, DO NOT SHAKE!

Storage, delivery: the study is carried out immediately. Before centrifugation, the tubes are placed in an ice bath.

Factors influencing results:
- the exact ratio of the amount of blood and anticoagulant (9:1) is critical. If the volume of anticoagulant does not correspond to a high hematocrit value, the prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) increase,
- heparin, carbenicillin and exposure tissue fluid into the sample (during venipuncture) - increase clotting time,
- prothrombin time is increased by anabolic steroids, antibiotics, anticoagulants, acetylsalicylic acid in large doses, laxatives, a nicotinic acid, thiazide diuretics.

Hemogram of cats of different ages and sexes (R.W. Kirk)

Biochemical blood test in units. SI (norm for cats, R.W. Kirk)

Hello. Our background is written above, this is a continuation. If acute renal failure is treated immediately and correctly, then everything is curable, even the transition to chronic renal failure can be avoided. But... We were “treated” incorrectly (or rather, not treated). Valuable time was lost. This “treatment” only led to worsening, and as a result, doctors refused to treat us. Hospitals are very expensive for us, and there are only day-care facilities, which was not suitable for us at all (the cat has a hard time with moving (to be brought in and taken away), and even in his critical condition + we need to sleep 18 hours a day). We ourselves, THANKING YOUR ADVICE AND HELP, had to select a treatment regimen at our own risk and create a comfortable hospital for our pet at home.
As of 02/21/2017 we had:
Biochemical urine analysis dated 02/15/2017:
Protein – 3.0
Leukocytes – 500
Biochemical blood test dated 02/20/2017:
Creatinine – 2397.0 (normal 70-165)
Urea – 59.4 (normal 4.5-12.1)
Phosphorus – 4.76 (normal 1.1-2.3).
Ultrasound of the kidneys from 01/20/2017:
The pelvis is dilated
Kidneys are enlarged: left - 5.12x3.32x3.07, right - 6.11x3.16x3.68 (normal up to 3.2-3.3)
Left kidney cortex – 70.0mm, right – 56mm
No neoplasms
Signs of acute pyelonephritis
There may be mucus at the bottom of the bladder
Signs of chronic cystitis.
The condition of our cat Vanyusha.
Age 4.8 years, weight 3,800 kg.
The cat is cold, only the fur on top warms up, but the inside itself does not warm up. He has not eaten for 22 days; it is impossible to force anything into him due to bleeding ulcers in his mouth and very viscous saliva. Doesn't walk on his own, we hold him when he goes to drink. She’s lying down, but not sleeping, her eyes are open, her pupils are large, and sometimes they didn’t react. A state of shock also occurred (or was it a loss of consciousness?), when the cat did not react to anything, the body turned to stone. It was impossible to pour anything in, he simply wouldn’t swallow. He drank once a day, but a lot of 50-100 ml, after which he vomited. Pees on his own or for himself.
On February 20 and half of February 21, the cat was not given anything (they were not given), precious time was spent on trips to doctors, on tests and ultrasounds, on deciding what medications were needed and searching for them, on what dose was needed and how the infusion pump could be replaced at home. They understood that NaCl and homeopathy alone could not cure the cat and that something else had to be given. We searched and good people they helped us from the forums. For which I am deeply grateful to them from the bottom of my heart!
We needed:
Cure the ulcers so that he can be given medicines + give him the opportunity to start eating on his own.
Parenteral nutrition intravenously until he can eat fully on his own. We found IV drugs that we thought would suit us under our circumstances, but it was impossible to buy them quickly (they were only sold to order). This is what we were looking for: Aminosteril KE Nefro, if it is not there, then Nephrotect or Neframin (in a human pharmacy) - as far as I understand, they are indicated for acute renal failure and anemia.
Give drinks often, but little by little, so as not to vomit.
Cleanse the body of toxins.
Giving an antibiotic, despite the fact that the doctors said that it would kill our cat. We took risks, it was scary. In the first days, we gave minimal doses, since our cat was very weak (+ insurance against possibly incorrectly calculated doses).
Keep the cat warm at all times.
We acted according to circumstances and based on our information content.
It can be useful:
Formula – number of ml = number of drops divided by 20.
Measure – 1 drop = 0.05 ml, 1 ml = 20 drops.
All administered drugs should be slightly warm so as not to further cool the sick animal.
All drugs should be administered intravenously very slowly, 1 drop every 10 seconds. The slower the drip, the better.
With your help, we came up with the following treatment (we were treated from the evening of February 21 to the morning of February 27 - less than 6 days):
IV administration, buy from a human pharmacy.
1. Take saline solution NaCl-0.9% at the rate of 70 ml/1 kg. 260-280ml (18 hours) per day, drop 1 drop every 9-11 seconds (~ 100ml = 7 hours). In the evening, 100 ml of saline solution was dripped, and the remaining 100 ml was left in the morning for mixing with myacalc and the diluted solution was dripped, thus replacing the infusamate.
2. Miacalcic in ampoules of 0.3 ml diluted in 100 ml NaCl-0.9%. Drip for at least 6 hours. Ampoules are stored in the refrigerator. After each use, seal the open ampoule with a waterproof paper bandage and you can do this for 7 days; on the 8th day you need to open a new ampoule (according to Anastasia’s advice).
3. Kvamatel in ampoules 0.6 ml/1 time per day. Pour 5 ml NaCl-0.9% into powder and dissolve (all sold as a set). Take 0.7 ml from there with a syringe and add another 2-5 ml of saline solution (purchase separately). Drip/inject IV slowly over 2-30 minutes. Use the prepared solution once, do not store.
4. Glucose 5% (solution). I don’t know the dosage, I gave it intuitively, according to the patient’s condition. When the cat showed signs of dying (the body was stone, unbending, icy, the eyelids did not close, the pupils did not react) he only had about an hour to live. She urgently injected him with 80 ml of glucose intravenously (1 drop/8-10 seconds). He came to life. Then every day they dripped for an hour.
5. Prednisolone in ampoules (hormone) is taken according to a dosage reduction regimen.
I took this diagram from the Internet:
Days 1 and 2 0.2 ml in the morning and 0.15 in the evening
Day 3 0.1 morning and evening
Day 4 0.05 morning and evening.
Since our situation was critical and the drug needed to be given urgently, we gave it according to the following scheme:
Days 1 and 2 0.2 ml in the evening
Days 3 and 4 0.15 ml in the morning and 0.2 ml in the evening
Day 5 (02/27/2017) 0.15 ml in the morning and 0.1 ml in the evening
Next, the doctor adjusted our regimen to avoid this drug:
Day 6 0.15ml in the morning
Days 7 and 8 0.1 ml in the morning
Day 9 0.05ml in the morning (not needed U-100 = 1ml insulin syringe).
The first injection was administered intravenously in a slow stream, then in a drip (insulin syringe U-100 administered 1 division per 30 seconds).
Prednisolone helped us a lot; we could have taken Metypred (on Anastasia’s advice), but at that time we didn’t find it on sale.
6. Ciprofloxacin (solution) 15 ml, drop 1 time for 1 hour. I took 15 ml of antibiotic, diluted 15-50 ml with saline and dropped 1 drop every 10 seconds. Time: ~3.5 hours.
Buy from a veterinary pharmacy.
7. Vitam (vitamin solution) 5.0 ml/1 time per day. Keep refrigerated. You can mix with glucose and drip.
8. Travmatin 1.0 ml/1 time per day/5 days and Kantaren 1.0 ml/2 times per day. Can be stored in a syringe, you can mix them with each other before administration.
Pour in, smear. Everything was bought at a human pharmacy.
1. Phosphalugel 2ml/3 times a day. Give 1 hour before meals or 2 hours after. It is contraindicated in acute renal failure and chronic renal failure, but in our case it helped get rid of saliva, unpleasant odor and bleeding ulcers. I gave it 1-3 times a day, then stopped.
2. Apply Metrogyl denta to the gums 2-3 times a day. I washed my gums from saliva with a cotton swab until they were clean (I didn’t open my mouth). Then she dipped a cotton swab into the ointment and applied it (you can’t swallow the ointment, so don’t apply a lot of it).
3. Enterosgel 1/3 tsp. for 3 ml of water/3 times a day. Give 1 hour before meals or 2 hours after. It can cause constipation (or pain, as in our case from a long hunger strike), so you can give 2 ml of Vaseline oil several times a day.
4. Lespeflan (solution) 0.5 ml/3 times a day. Shake and dilute 1 ml of the drug with 3 ml of boiling water, leave for 2 hours in the dark for the alcohol to evaporate. Only this (weathered) solution can be given to cats. This drug was taken instead of lespefril, which could not be found anywhere. The cat is afraid of him like fire.
5. Diuretic collection “Golden Altai” series 2.5 ml/3 times a day. Leave 1 sachet per 100 ml of boiling water for 20 minutes, take after meals.
6. Oat decoction 2.5 ml/3 times a day. 0.5 tbsp. pour 100 ml of boiling water over the oats, bring to a boil and let it brew.
Food ROYAL CANIN RENAL and NF. 1/2 tsp. Dilute the pate through a fine strainer with water to 4 ml. I poured it in forcibly several times and spat it out. It didn't hurt anymore.
You also need to measure how many ml you go to the toilet per day to track how much fluid “goes in/out.” It is difficult to determine exactly, but you can roughly measure it with a syringe or spoons. I looked at the volume and copied it with water - I measured the water. You can weigh a dry cloth. Then, after the cat goes to the toilet, weigh it again and calculate the difference.
I didn’t have enough time to look for doctors (besides, there was some disappointment from their service), the priority was the selection of medications and dosage, there was no time to waste.
Tamara (from Moscow), who also advised us and helped us a lot, found a veterinary clinic in our city. We turned there on February 27, 2017 for a consultation and took control tests there.
At the doctor:
Biochemical blood test dated 02/27/2017 (different devices - the norm differs from the previous analysis):
Creatinine – 665 (normal 71-212)< предыдущего на 1732 за 6 дней,
Urea – 46.4 (normal 5.7-12.9)< предыдущего на 13 за 6 дней,
Phosphorus – 5.19 (norm 1.00-2.42) > previous by 0.43 in 6 days,
Globulin – 53 (normal 28-51) had not been measured previously.
A general blood test dated February 27, 2017, everything was normal, except for a low HCT (hematocrit) - 28.8% (normal 30.0-45.0). Hemoglobin also dropped, but within normal limits (its lower limit).
High blood pressure, body temperature 37.7, weight 3,300 kg (lost 0.5 kg in 6 days).
The doctor said that we treated correctly. I wanted to check if we had gone too far with the volume of IVs - according to the tests, everything was fine.
She adjusted our treatment and prescribed:
1. NaCl 0.9% - 200 ml + glucose 40% - 25.0 ml + calcium gluconate - 4.0 ml all in one bottle of saline solution and drop.
2. Rinse the catheter with vitamin B12 - 1 ml (0.5 mg).
3. Continue quamatel only 0.8 ml/1 time per day.
4. Replaced the antibiotic because we need another action. Ampicillin (500 mg) dilute 1 bottle with 5 ml NaCl (according to the instructions you need 10 ml), draw 0.8 ml from the bottle and administer intravenously. If (1000 mg), then dilute the bottle with 20 ml of NaCl and draw 1.6 ml from the bottle. Administer 2 times a day with an interval of 12 hours. Ampicillin may no longer be sold, so replace it with Sinulox 0.2 ml subcutaneously at the withers. Sinulox does not suit us because... This is a suspension that gets clogged in the needle and is injected painfully; I didn’t want to torment the cat with injections. We bought amoxiclav (the doctor approved it), the dosage is the same as ampicillin.
5. We remove prednisolone according to the scheme I wrote above.
6. Feed with another food - Hills i/d pate for sensitive digestion or Purina Proplan EN. Food for kidney glands is tasteless, but the cat must be forced to eat. We had not yet had time to buy new food; our cat began to eat on his own in the evening of that day. I didn’t even want to look at diet food, but I ate beef puree with pleasure. We "fooled" him - we put his favorite beef puree on the pate for the smell, in the end he ate 3 tbsp. The next day I ate 3 tablespoons of the same “hodgepodge”. 4 times a day.
7. To normalize Enap blood pressure, enalapril 2.5 mg 1 tablet. Give according to the scheme:
1/6 tab. crush and mix with water for exactly one sip (0.5 ml) 2 times a day – 5 days
1/4 tab. 2 times a day – 5 days
1/2 table 2 times a day – 5 days.
Monitor how you feel, if you become lethargic, then return to the previous dose for 5 days, if you become lethargic from 1/6 tablet, then give 1/8 tablet. Our cat became very lethargic after 3 doses. We went to change the catheter, but they were able to insert it only 3 times; no blood flowed out of the vein. I called the doctor, she said to stop taking this drug for now.
8. We refuse Metrogil Dent to avoid addiction. You can replace it with miramistin - irrigate the gums until the ulcers heal completely.
9. Vitamins were replaced with B12 and glucose 40% (according to tests, he lacks this).
10. Miacalcic was replaced with calcium gluconate.
This treatment is easier to maintain and leaves more free time. But the main thing is not this, but how our pet will react (heal).
Vanyusha’s kidneys are not performing one of their functions, we hope that they will start working. For now he is holding on thanks to IV drips.
Take note of our experience, as we took the experience of others, adjust it to suit your pet and get better.

Blood chemistry

Biochemical blood test is laboratory method research used in veterinary medicine that reflects functional state organs and systems of the animal body.

A biochemical blood test in cats requires certain preparation of the animal for the procedure. Blood is taken from the pet on an empty stomach before diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. A needle is inserted into the vein, through which blood is drawn. The resulting material is collected into a test tube and sent along with a referral to the laboratory.

Blood biochemistryin cats can help with:

Making a final diagnosis,

Determining the prognosis of the disease - the course and its further development,

Disease monitoring - monitoring the course and results of treatment,

Screening - detection of a disease at a preclinical stage.

The range of biochemical indicators is quite large. The main indicators for the study are: enzymes(molecules or their complexes that accelerate (catalyze) chemical reactions in living systems) and substrates(a starting product converted by an enzyme as a result of a specific enzyme-substrate interaction into one or more final products). The interpretation of the biochemical blood test in cats is based on the data of the studied enzymes and substrates.

The main indicators characterizing the enzymatic activity of the body are:

1. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)– found mainly in the liver cells of cats and when they are damaged enters the bloodstream. Therefore, when ALT increases, they speak of acute or chronic hepatitis, liver tumors, fatty liver. This enzyme is also found in the kidneys, cardiac and skeletal muscles.

2. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)- high activity of this enzyme is characteristic of many tissues. Determination of AST activity is used to identify disorders of the liver and striated muscles (skeletal and cardiac). When the cells of the above tissues are damaged, they are destroyed, which may indicate necrosis of liver cells of any etiology (hepatitis), necrosis of the heart muscle, necrosis or injury of skeletal muscles.

3. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)– The activity of this enzyme is found mainly in the liver, intestines and bones. The total activity of alkaline phosphatase in the circulating blood of healthy animals consists of the activity of liver and bone isoenzymes. Therefore, in growing animals, the bone ALP isoenzyme is elevated. But in adult animals, this increase indicates bone tumors, osteomalacia or active healing of fractures.

An increase in the level of alkaline phosphatase in the blood is also the result of a delay in the secretion of bile (cholestasis and, as a result, cholangitis). However, in cats, the half-life of circulating ALP is only a few hours, limiting the value of ALP testing as a marker of cholestatic disease.

The ALP isoenzyme, which is responsible for the activity of the latter in the intestine, is found mainly in the small intestine. On this moment in cats, it has not been sufficiently studied, therefore, when the activity of intestinal alkaline phosphatase changes, one can indirectly judge pathological processes Gastrointestinal tract.

In cats, an increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase and other liver enzymes is often found in hyperthyroidism, and a decrease in the latter in hypothyroidism.

4. Amylase - refers to digestive enzymes. Serum alpha amylase primarily originates from the pancreas and salivary glands. Enzyme activity increases with inflammation or obstruction of pancreatic tissue, which may indicate pancreatitis or acute hepatitis. However, in cats, traditional amylase tests for pancreatitis do not have sufficient diagnostic value. Also, an increase in amylase activity is observed in acute and chronic renal failure.

Other organs also have some amylase activity - thin and colon, skeletal muscles. Therefore, an increase in blood amylase may indicate intussusception, peritonitis.

The following substrates are of primary importance for clinical research:

1. Total protein. Proteins are essential components of all living organisms; they are involved in most life processes of cells. Proteins carry out metabolism and energy transformations. They are part of cellular structures - organelles, secreted into the extracellular space for the exchange of signals between cells, hydrolysis of food and the formation of intercellular substance.

The diagnostic value of this indicator is quite broad and can indicate complex processes occurring in the body. Promotion total protein observed with general dehydration of the body, infectious and inflammatory processes. Loss (decrease) occurs in diseases of the liver, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, which result in impaired protein absorption, as well as in the depletion of animals, nutritional dystrophy.

2. Albumin. Serum albumin is synthesized in the liver and makes up the largest portion of all whey proteins. Since albumin makes up the majority of the total blood protein, they have a close relationship with each other. Thus, an increase or decrease in total protein occurs due to the albumin fraction. Therefore, these indicators have similar diagnostic value.

3. Glucose. In the animal body, glucose is the main and most universal source of energy for metabolic processes. Glucose is involved in the formation of glycogen, nutrition of brain tissue and working muscles.

Glucose serves as the main indicator for diagnosing diabetes mellitus in animals, which develops as a result of absolute or relative deficiency of the hormone insulin. This, in turn, provokes the development of hyperglycemia - a persistent increase in blood glucose. A significant increase in blood glucose levels is also observed in chronic kidney disease.

An increase in glucose can also be observed under various physiological conditions: stress, shock, physical activity.

Hypoglycemia (low glucose levels) can occur as a result of acute necrosis of the liver or pancreas.

4. Urea - the end product of protein metabolism in animals. Found in blood, muscles, saliva, lymph.

IN clinical diagnostics determination of urea in the blood is usually used to assess the excretory function of the kidneys. Thus, a significant increase in urea levels is observed in cases of impaired renal function (acute or chronic renal failure). Shock or severe stress can also contribute to an increase in urea levels. Low values observed with insufficient protein intake in the body, severe liver diseases.

5. Creatinine - end product of protein metabolism. Most creatinine is synthesized in the liver and transported to skeletal muscles and then released into the blood, participates in the energy metabolism of muscle and nervous tissue. Creatinine is excreted from the body by the kidneys in the urine, so creatinine (its amount in the blood) - important indicator kidney activity.

High creatinine is an indicator of a rich meat diet (if there is an increase in the blood and urine), kidney failure (if there is an increase only in the blood). Creatinine levels also increase with dehydration and muscle damage. Low level observed with reduced meat consumption and fasting.

6. Total bilirubin. Bilirubin is one of the intermediate products of hemoglobin breakdown that occurs in macrophages of the spleen, liver and bone marrow. If there is difficulty in the outflow of bile (blockage bile ducts) and some liver diseases (for example, hepatitis), the concentration of bilirubin in the blood and then in the urine increases. A decrease in bilirubin levels occurs in bone marrow diseases and anemia.