How much heh is in roasted sunflower seeds. Flour products, cereals and grains. What not to include in your diet

Bread unit (BU) is an integral concept in the lives of people with diabetes. XE is a measure used to estimate the amount of carbohydrates in foods. For example, “a hundred gram chocolate bar has 5 XE”, where 1 XE: 20 g of chocolate. Another example: 65 g of ice cream in bread units is 1 XE.

One bread unit is 25 g of bread or 12 g of sugar. In some countries, it is customary to count only 15 g of carbohydrates per unit of bread. That is why you need to carefully study the XE tables in products; the information in them may vary. Currently, when creating tables, only carbohydrates digestible by humans are taken into account, while dietary fiber, i.e. fiber – excluded.

Counting bread units

A large amount of carbohydrates in terms of bread units will cause the need for more insulin, which must be injected in order to suppress postprandial blood sugar and all this must be counted. A person with type 1 diabetes must carefully examine their diet to determine the number of grain units in foods. The total dose of insulin per day and the dosage of “ultra-short” and “short” insulin before lunch directly depend on this.

The bread unit should be counted in those products that a person will consume, checking the tables for diabetics. When the figure is known, you should calculate the dose of “ultra-short” or “short” insulin, which is injected before eating.

To count bread units as accurately as possible, it is best to constantly weigh your food before eating. But over time, diabetic patients evaluate products “by eye.” This assessment is quite sufficient to calculate the insulin dose. However, purchase small kitchen scales could be very helpful.

Glycemic Index of Foods

At diabetes mellitus What matters is not only the amount of carbohydrates in food, but also the speed of their digestion and absorption into the blood. The slower the body digests carbohydrates, the less they increase sugar levels. Thus, the maximum value of blood sugar after eating will be lower, which means that the impact on cells and blood vessels will not be as strong.

(GI) – is an indicator of the effect of food on the level of glucose in a person’s blood. In diabetes mellitus, this indicator is as important as the volume of bread units. Nutritionists advise consuming more products foods with a low glycemic index.

There are known foods that have a high glycemic index. The main ones:

• Sugar;
• Carbonated and non-carbonated drinks;
• Jam;
• Glucose tablets.

All of the sweets listed above contain virtually no fat. In diabetes, they can be consumed only if there is a risk of hypoglycemia. IN Everyday life The listed products are not recommended for diabetics to consume.

Consumption of bread units

Many representatives modern medicine It is recommended to consume carbohydrates that are equivalent to 2 or 2.5 bread units per day. Many “balanced” diets consider it normal to take 10-20 XE of carbohydrates per day, but this is harmful for diabetes.

If a person wants to lower their glucose levels, they reduce their carbohydrate intake. It turns out that this method is effective not only for type 2 diabetes, but also for type 1 diabetes. It is absolutely not necessary to believe all the advice that is written in articles about diets. It is enough to purchase an accurate glucometer that will show whether certain foods are suitable for consumption.

That's it now large quantity Diabetics try to limit the amount of bread units in the diet. Products with high content proteins and natural healthy fats. In addition, vitamin-rich vegetables are becoming popular.

If you stick to a low-carb diet, within a few days it will become clear how much you have improved. general health, and blood glucose levels decreased. This diet frees you from the need to constantly look at the tables of bread units. If you consume only 6-12 g of carbohydrates for each meal, then the number of bread units will be no more than 1 XE.

With a traditional “balanced” diet, a diabetic suffers from instability of blood sugar, and is often also used. A person needs to calculate how much insulin is required for 1 unit of bread to be absorbed. Instead, it is better to check how much insulin is required to absorb 1 g of carbohydrates, rather than a whole unit of bread.

Thus, the fewer carbohydrates consumed, the less insulin required. After starting a low-carb diet, the need for insulin decreases by 2-5 times. A patient who has reduced their pill or insulin intake is less at risk of hypoglycemia.

Table of bread units

Flour products, cereals and grains

All cereals, including whole grain products (barley, oats, wheat) contain a fairly large amount of carbohydrates. But at the same time, their presence in the diet of people with diabetes is simply necessary!

To prevent cereals from affecting the patient’s condition, it is necessary to control the level of glucose in the blood in a timely manner, both before and after meals. It is unacceptable to exceed the norm of consumption of such products while eating. A table will help you calculate bread units.

Milk and dairy products

Dairy products and milk are a source of animal protein and calcium, which is difficult to overestimate and should be considered a necessity. These products contain almost all vitamins in small volumes. However, dairy products contain the most vitamins A and B2.

IN dietary nutrition Low-fat dairy products should be preferred. It is better to avoid whole milk completely. 200 ml of whole milk contains almost a third daily value saturated fat, so it is better not to consume this product. It is best to drink skim milk, or prepare a cocktail based on it, to which you can add pieces of fruit or berries; this is exactly what the nutrition program should be.

Nuts, vegetables, legumes

Nuts, legumes and vegetables should always be included in the diet of diabetics. Foods help control blood sugar, reducing the risk of complications. In the vast majority of cases, the risk of developing cardiovascular disorders. Vegetables, grains and grains provide the body with such important microelements, like protein, fiber and potassium.

Ideally consumed as a snack raw vegetables and it will help to practically not count it. It is harmful for diabetics to overindulge in starchy vegetables, as they are high in calories and contain a large amount of carbohydrates. The number of such vegetables in the diet must be limited; the calculation of bread units is shown in the table.

Fruits and berries (with pit and peel)

For diabetes mellitus, it is allowed to consume most of the existing fruits. But there are exceptions, these are grapes, watermelon, bananas, melon, mango and pineapple. Such fruits increase the level of glucose in a person’s blood, which means their consumption should be limited and not eaten every day.

But berries are traditionally an excellent replacement sweet desserts. For diabetics, strawberries, gooseberries, cherries and black currants are best - the undisputed leader among berries in the amount of vitamin C for every day.

Beverages

When choosing drinks, like any other product, you need to examine the amount of carbohydrates in the composition. Sugary drinks are contraindicated for people with diabetes, and diabetics do not need to count them; no calculator is needed here.

A person with diabetes must maintain their satisfactory condition by drinking enough clean drinking water.

All drinks should be consumed by a person with diabetes, taking into account their glycemic index. Drinks that a patient can drink:

1. Clean drinking water;
2. Fruit juices;
3. Vegetable juices;
4. Milk;
5. Green tea.

The benefits of green tea are truly enormous. This drink has a beneficial effect on arterial pressure, having a gentle effect on the body. Moreover, green tea significantly reduces cholesterol and fat levels in the body.

Sweets

Typically, sweet foods contain sucrose. This means that diabetics should not consume sweet foods. Nowadays, product manufacturers offer wide choose a variety of sweets based on sweeteners.

GI - glycemic index of the product- speed, with which the carbohydrates contained in it increase blood sugar levels. Maximum GI for glucose = 100%, on this basis all carbohydrates are divided into:

GOOD - with low GI up to 50% (recommended for use in diabetes types 1 and 2)

MEDIUM - average GI 50-70% (can be used on a limited basis if you have diabetes)

BAD - with a high GI above 70% (not recommended for diabetes)

The GI of a product is affected by:

1. Form of the product - if the product is crushed, then its digestion will be faster, and accordingly the GI will be higher. For example, the juice of 1 apple will raise blood sugar faster than an apple eaten whole

2. The presence of fiber, proteins and fats - they slow down the absorption of carbohydrates

3. Cooking method: for example, GI boiled potatoes higher than fried. DO NOT overcook cereals and pasta, this will artificially increase their GI

4. Food temperature: For example, frozen desserts have a LOWER GI than the same fruit in its regular form.

There is a GI table in which 100% is taken GI white bread . Be careful. In this table, GI products are given relative to glucose.

It is IMPORTANT to know that PROTEIN foods have an effect on blood sugar. When consumed LARGE quantity protein (meat, fish, chicken, seeds), as a result of the process of GLUCONEOGENESIS, blood sugar levels increase. Hyperglycemia in in this case always delayed - after 3-4 hours, because Digesting protein foods takes longer than digesting carbohydrates. There is a “poker deck rule”: a piece of meat the size of a poker deck may not be counted as XE by us, because will not have a significant effect on blood sugar. Approximately 100 g of meat (chicken, fish) without bones = 1 XE. If we eat a large portion, we need to check our blood sugar after 3-4 hours and inject short-acting insulin to lower it. An extended bolus is set on the pump for a period of 3-4 hours and taking into account the planned amount of protein food.

PRINCIPLES OF CALCULATION OF XE:

I. ACCORDING TO THE TABLE. If you have a product that is in the XE table, then you simply divide the serving weight of this product for the weight of this product = 1 XE, which is indicated in the table. In this case, divide the WEIGHT OF THE PORTION BY THE WEIGHT of the product containing 1 XE.

For example:
We weighed an apple without a core of 150g, in the table the apple has a net weight of 120g = 1XE, so we simply divide 150 by 120, 150:120 = 1.25 XE is contained in YOUR apple.
weighed black bread (not Borodinsky or Aromatic) 50g, in the table 1 XE = 25 g of black bread, which means in your piece 50:25 = 2 XE
weighed 250 g of grated carrots, 180 g of carrots = 1 XE, which means your portion contains 250:180 = 1.4 XE.

Do not neglect small portions that do not contain 1 XE; very often, when adding these portions, you get 1.5 or more XE, which must be taken into account when calculating the insulin dose. Always count those HE-shki, they raise your blood sugar!

II . BY COMPOSITION. Now about products that are not in the XE table, or that are in the table, but their composition differs depending on the manufacturer. In this case, you need to look at the amount of CARBOHYDRATES per 100g of product, calculate how many carbohydrates are contained in a serving, and divide it by 12. In this case, DIVIDE THE NUMBER OF CARBOHYDRATES in a SERVING by 12.
For example, let's take our favorite cracker. Let's say 100g of cracker contains 60g of carbohydrates. You weighed 20 g. We know that 1 XE is 12 g of carbohydrates.
We count (60:100)*20:12 (since 1 XE contains 12 g of carbohydrates), it turns out that 20 g of this cracker contains 1 XE.

For example, Activia curd, 100 g contains 15 g of carbohydrates, the weight of the curd is 125 g, 1 XE contains 12 g of carbohydrates.
We count (15:100)*125:12= 1.6 XE. In this case, you CANNOT round HE! you need to count all XEs together, and only after that calculate the dose short insulin for the entire amount of XE. In this example, if you add the same 250 g of grated carrots to the curd, then together with the curd you will get 3 XE, and if you rounded it up - 3.5 XE, you would inject extra insulin, and there would be hypoglycemia!

DO NOT CONFUSE calculation options!!!

We count in the TABLE - DIVIDE WEIGHT by WEIGHT
We count BY COMPOSITION - DIVIDE THE CARBOHYDRATES in a given portion BY 12.

To quickly determine how many grams of a product one bread unit will contain, you need to divide 1200 by the amount of carbohydrates in 100 g of this product. For example, 100g Goute chips contain 64g carbohydrates. 1200:64=19 g in 1 XE.

III . CALCULATION OF READY DISHES. When cooking at home, you need to add up the carbohydrates that the ingredients of the dishes contain. Here both calculation options are used. For example, we make cheesecakes

400 g of cottage cheese (per 100 g 3 g of carbohydrates in composition) = 12 g of carbohydrates = 1 XE
2 eggs - 0 XE
4 tbsp. spoons of flour (60 g) = 4XE
3 tbsp. spoons of sugar (45 g) = 3 XE
salt to taste

TOTAL: in cheesecake mass 8 XE
YIELD: 560 g cheesecakes
We fried, weighed ALL the cheesecakes and divided them into 8XE.
It turns out that 560:8 = 70 g of cheesecakes = 1 XE, we weighed our portion of 200 g, which means this portion contains 200:70 = 3 XE.

A bread unit (XU) is a measure used to calculate the amount of carbohydrates in food when preparing a menu for a diabetic. 1 unit is equal to 10-12 g. digestible carbohydrates, 25 gr. of bread. One unit gives an increase in glycemia by approximately 1.5-2 mmol/l.

The patient is required to keep track of consumed foods containing carbohydrates and remember which carbohydrates quickly (sugar, sweets) and which slowly (starch, fiber) raise blood sugar levels.

Bakery products

Cereals, pasta, potatoes

Dairy

Bean products

Vegetables

Fruits and berries

Dried fruits

Nuts

Sweets and sweeteners

Drinks, juices

Ready meals

Bread units at McDonald's, fast food

Calculation and use of XE

A patient with diabetes needs to count bread units in order to calculate the correct insulin dosage. The more carbohydrates you plan to consume, the higher the hormone dosage. To absorb 1 XE eaten, you need 1.4 units of short-acting insulin.

But basically, bread units are calculated using ready-made tables, which is not always convenient, since a person must also consume protein food, fats, minerals, vitamins, so experts advise planning your daily calorie content according to the specific gravity of the main foods consumed: 50–60% are carbohydrates, 25–30% are fats, 15–20% are proteins.

A diabetic's body should receive approximately 10–30 XE per day, the exact amount directly depends on age, weight, and type of physical activity.

The largest portion of food containing carbohydrates should be consumed in the first half of the day; the division of the menu should depend on the insulin therapy plan. In any case, no more than 7 XE should be consumed per meal.

Absorbed carbohydrates should mainly be starches (cereals, bread, vegetables) - 15 XE; fruits and berries should account for no more than 2 units. On simple carbohydrates no more than 1/3 of total number. At normal level glucose in the blood between main meals, you can consume a product that contains 1 unit.

Glycemic index of foods

With diabetes, it is not only the presence of carbohydrates in a certain product that matters, but also how quickly they are absorbed and enter the bloodstream. The smoother the carbohydrate is digested, the less the increase in blood glucose occurs.

GI (glycemic index) – impact factor various products nutrition on blood glucose levels. Products with great glycemic index(sugar, candy, sweet drinks, jam) should be excluded from your menu. It is allowed to consume only 1-2 XE of sweets to relieve hypoglycemia.

If you have diabetes, it is important to regulate the amount of carbohydrates you consume. This measure is dictated by metabolic disorders.

To calculate and control the carbohydrate load, bread units are used, which help to correctly plan the daily diet.

What is HE?

Bread unit is a conventional measurement value. It is necessary for counting in your diet, to control and prevent hyperglycemia.

It is also called a carbohydrate unit, and in common parlance – a diabetic measuring spoon.

The calculus value was introduced by a nutritionist at the beginning of the 20th century. The purpose of using the indicator is to estimate the amount of sugar that will be in the blood after eating.

On average, a unit contains 10-15 g of carbohydrates. Its exact figure depends on medical standards. For a row European countries XE equals 15 g of carbohydrates, whereas in Russia it is 10-12. Visually, one unit is half a piece of bread with a thickness of up to a centimeter. One unit increases to 3 mmol/l.

Information! To absorb one XE, the body requires 2 units of the hormone. determined taking into account the consumption of units. This ratio (1 XE to 2 units of insulin) is arbitrary and can fluctuate within 1-2 units. The dynamics are affected by the time of day. For example, the optimal distribution of XE during the day for a diabetic looks like this: in the evening hours - 1 unit, in daytime– 1.5 units, in the morning – 2 units.

A thorough calculation of indicators is, to a greater extent, important when. The dosage of the hormone depends on this, especially ultra-short and short acting. The main attention is paid to the proportional distribution of carbohydrates and the total calorie content of food. Accounting for grain units has great value when quickly replacing one food product with another.

Almost a quarter of T2DM diseases were caused by excess fat. Patients with this type must also closely monitor caloric intake. At normal weight it can not be counted - it does not affect glucose levels. Content energy value always indicated on the packaging. Therefore, there are no difficulties with calculations.

How to count correctly?

Counting grain units manual method, based on data from special tables.

For exact result products are weighed on scales. Many diabetics already know how to determine this “by eye”. The calculation requires two points: the content of units in the product, the amount of carbohydrates per 100 g. The last indicator is divided by 12.

The daily norm of bread units is:

• at overweight – 10;
• for diabetes – from 15 to 20;
• at sedentary life – 20;
• in case of severe physical labor – 30;
• when gaining weight – 30.

It is recommended to divide the daily dose into 5-6 parts. The carbohydrate load should be higher in the first half, but not more than 7 units. Indicators above this mark increase sugar. Attention is paid to the main meals, the rest is divided between snacks. Nutritionists recommend that people with diabetes consume 15-20 units. This carbohydrate content covers the daily requirement.

A diabetic's diet should include moderate amount cereals, vegetables and fruits, dairy products. Full table should always be nearby; for convenience, you can print it out or save it on your mobile phone.

The unit system has one significant drawback. It is inconvenient to compose a diet - it does not take into account the main components (proteins-fats-carbohydrates). Nutritionists advise distributing calories as follows: 25% protein, 25% fat and 50% carbohydrates of the daily diet.

Glycemic index

To create their diet, patients with diabetes take into account.

It shows the potential for glucose to rise when consuming a particular food.

For his diet, a diabetic should select those with a low glycemic index. They are also called proper carbohydrates.

In products with moderate or low index metabolic processes happen smoothly.

Food with high index due to rapid absorption, it also quickly transfers glucose into the blood. As a result, it harms the diabetic and increases the risks of hyperglycemia. Juices, jam, honey, drinks have a high GI. They can only be used when hypoglycemia is relieved.

Note! XE, calorie content and glycemic index should not be confused with each other. The last two indicators are not related to each other at all. The right carbohydrates contain calories. Their quantity and appropriateness of intake are considered from the general angle of nutrition and diet strategy.

The complete table of glycemic indices of foods can be downloaded.

Products that are not taken into account when calculating

Meat and fish contain no carbohydrates at all. They do not participate in the calculation of grain units. The only point that requires consideration is the method and recipe of preparation. For example, rice and bread are added to meatballs. These products contain XE. One egg contains about 0.2 g of carbohydrates. Their value is also not taken into account, since it is not significant.

Root vegetables do not require calculation procedures. One beet small size contains 0.6 units, three large carrots – up to 1 unit. Only potatoes are included in the calculation - one root vegetable contains 1.2 XE.

1 XE according to the portion size of the product contains:

• in a glass of beer or kvass;
• in half a banana;
• ½ cup apple juice;
• in five small apricots or plums;
• half a head of corn;
• in one persimmon;
• in a slice of watermelon/melon;
• in one apple;
• in 1 tbsp. flour;
• in 1 tbsp. honey;
• in 1 tbsp. granulated sugar;
• in 2 tbsp. any cereal.

Indicator tables in different products

Special tables for calculations were developed. Their carbohydrate content is converted to grain units. Using the data, you can control the amount of carbohydrates when eating.

Ready meals:

Dairy products:

Cereals, potatoes, pasta:

Bakery products:

Sweeteners and sweets:

Note! The weight of the fruit in the table is indicated taking into account the seeds and peel.

Fast food portions:

Dried fruits:

A patient with diabetes needs to regularly calculate bread units. When monitoring your diet, it is worth remembering foods that quickly and slowly raise your glucose levels.

The caloric content of dishes and the glycemic index of foods must also be taken into account. A properly formulated diet will prevent sharp jumps sugar throughout the day and will have a beneficial effect on overall health.

Bread units - These are units of measurement of carbohydrate intake for patients with diabetes. What are grain units and why are they needed? Let's close another one White spot in our knowledge about diabetes in this article. Good health to everyone! Today I decided to talk about the mysterious bread units, which many have heard about, but not everyone has any idea what they are. I won’t lie, before even for me it was a real dense forest. But everything fell into place over time. Once again I am convinced that everything comes with experience.

So, bread units are mainly used by patients with type 1 diabetes, but this does not mean that they cannot be used by patients with type 2. To put it simply in simple words, a bread unit is a standard for measuring the amount of carbohydrates consumed. In short, this indicator is also called XE.

Let me start with the fact that each product consists of fats, proteins, carbohydrates and ballast substances, which can, for example, include fiber. For a patient with diabetes, one component is important - carbohydrates, which directly increase blood sugar levels. Proteins and fats can also increase sugar levels, since they are substrates for the synthesis of carbohydrates already inside the body. But this process is long and in some patients it does not matter, especially in children. Although not everyone thinks so, and I will tell you about it someday, so

Why are grain units grain

This unit is called a bread unit because it is measured by a certain volume of bread. 1 XE contains 10-12 g of carbohydrates. Exactly 10-12 g of carbohydrates are contained in half a piece of bread, cut 1 cm wide from a standard loaf. If you start using bread units, I advise you to decide on the amount of carbohydrates: 10 or 12 grams. I took 10 grams in 1 XE, it seems to me that it’s easier to count. Thus, any product containing carbohydrates can be measured in bread units. For example, 15 g of any cereal is 1 XE, or 100 g of an apple is also 1 XE.

How to calculate how much XE is in a certain product? Very simple. Each product package contains information on the composition. It indicates how many carbohydrates, fats and proteins are contained in 100 g of this product. For example, we take a package of bread, it states that 100 g contains 51.9 carbohydrates. Let's make a proportion:

100 g of product - 51.9 g of carbohydrates

X gr. product - 10 g carbohydrates (i.e. 1 XE)

It turns out that (100*10)/51.9 = 19.2, i.e. 19.2 g of bread contains 10 grams. carbohydrates or 1 XE. I’m already used to counting like this: I divide 1000 by the amount of carbohydrates of a given product in 100 g, and it turns out as much as you need to take the product so that it contains 1 XE.

There are ready-made various tables, where the volume of food is indicated in spoons, glasses, pieces, etc., containing 1 XE. But these numbers are imprecise and approximate. So I calculate the number of units for each product. I calculate how much product you need to take, and then weigh it on a culinary scale. I need to give my child 0.5 XE of an apple, for example, I measure 50 g on the scales. You can find a lot of such tables, but I liked this one, and I suggest you download it.

TABLE OF COUNTING BREAD UNITS (XE)

1 BREAD UNIT = 10–12 g carbohydrates

* Raw. Boiled 1 XE = 2-4 tbsp. spoons of product (50 g) depending on the shape of the product.

* 1 tbsp. spoon of raw cereal. Boiled 1 XE = 2 tbsp. spoons of product (50 g).

* 6-8 tbsp. spoons of berries, such as raspberries, currants, etc., correspond to approximately 1 glass (1 tea cup) of these berries. About 100 ml juice (no added sugar, 100% natural juice) contains approximately 10 g of carbohydrates.

You will find it tedious and difficult. This is true at first, but after a few days of constant training you begin to remember, and you no longer need to count, but only weigh a certain amount of food on the scales. After all, we basically consume the same set of products. You can even create such a table of constant products yourself.

What are bread units for?

Therefore, it turns out that everyone has their own dose of insulin, but an approximate coefficient can be calculated. What kind of coefficient this is and how to calculate it, I will tell you in another article, which will be devoted to selecting the dose of insulin. Bread units also allow us to estimate how many carbohydrates we consume per meal and throughout the day.

If you have diabetes, this does not mean that you need to completely deprive yourself of carbohydrates, because we need them so that the body receives energy to survive. If, on the contrary, we overeat carbohydrates, then knowledge about XE will not harm us at all. Each age has its own norm for carbohydrate consumption.

Below I provide a table that shows at what age how much carbohydrates should be consumed in bread units.

So, for adults with type 2 diabetes who are not taking insulin, counting bread units is also needed to know if you are overeating carbohydrates. And if this is the case, then you should reduce your consumption to age norm taking into account body weight.

Let's say everything is clear with type 1 diabetes. What about type 2 diabetics? Suppose you have already calculated how much you eat at each meal during the day, and this number is more than the norm, and then the sugars are not very good. How to apply this knowledge in practice? This is where you can “play” with the amount of carbohydrates by starting to reduce them or replace them with foods with a low glycemic index. By the way, I already wrote about the glycemic index and even gave you a table to download in the article. You can, of course, count with spoons, cut bread by eye, etc., but the result will be inaccurate, today they cut so much, and tomorrow it will be different.

Everything is clear here. You had 25 XE per day, remove 5 XE and see what happens, not right away, but over several days. However, do not change the mode physical activity and taking medications.

It seems that this is all I wanted to say about bread units. I tried to explain to you about them, but if you don’t understand something, then ask in the comments. I would like to know your opinion about the article, was this knowledge useful to you? Will you use them in the future?