Nootropic drugs without additional effects. Pharmacological group - Nootropics. Contraindications for use

Nootropic drugs include a large group of psychotropic drugs that help a person get rid of numerous effects on his nervous system. The newest nootropics are devoid of many of the dangerous side effects that were characteristic of the first generations of medicines, and are considered completely safe.

Modern nootropic drugs (neurometabolic stimulants) or simply nootropics are a large group of medicinal substances that have such an effect on the brain when its mental functions improve. As a result, the action of these drugs activates the thinking and memory ability (cognitive functions), increases the brain's resistance to the influence of negative exogenous factors - lack of oxygen, polluted atmosphere, toxins, stress and emotional overload, traumatic effects. In other words, they have an important ability to reduce neurological deficits.

The main principle of action of nootropics is based on their active participation in the metabolism and biological energetics of neurons, and is also carried out by influencing the mediators of neuroprocesses in the brain. In particular, they increase the level of adenylate cyclase in nerve cells and accelerate the production of ATP, which significantly affects cellular energy. The effect on the production of RNA and some proteins leads to the acceleration of plastic processes in the nervous system.

As a result of a series of metabolic transformations, serotonin is released, which is a catalyst for intracellular potassium and calcium ions. Adenosine triphosphoric acid helps maintain the speed of metabolic processes during oxygen deficiency, which reduces the risk of oxygen starvation. Finally, nootropics optimize glucose utilization.

The best nootropic drugs can have the following effects:

1. Stabilization of membranes by normalizing phospholipid and protein synthesis, as well as streamlining the structure of membrane cells.
2. Antioxidant capacity resulting from inhibition of free radical formation and lipid oxidation.
3. The antihypoxic effect is due to a decrease in oxygen consumption.
4. Neuroprotection is characterized by an increase in the resistance of neurons to the action of aggressive exogenous factors.
5. Improving blood microcirculation by improving the penetration of red blood cells through the vascular walls and blocking platelet production.
6. Improvement of electrophysiological patterns, which provides easier transmission of signals between the hemispheres, increased level of wakefulness and EEG power of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. This ultimately leads to optimization of integrative brain function.
7. Optimization of control of cortico-subcortical processes, information exchange between parts of the brain, and the formation of a memorable imprint. These effects provide improved attentiveness, mental reaction, memory, perception of information, and contribute to increased intelligence and cognitive functions.

When are nootropics prescribed?

Neotropic drugs were developed to treat brain dysfunction and were intended primarily for older people. The development of pharmacology in this direction has made it possible to significantly expand the abilities of nootropics, which makes it possible to use them in various branches of medicine (neurology, psychiatry, pediatrics, surgery, gynecology, etc.).

1. Dementia of various types, incl. for Alzheimer's disease, vascular and senile pathologies.
2. Cerebrovascular pathologies of a chronic nature.
3. Syndrome of psychoorganic damage.
4. Post-traumatic syndrome caused by poor circulation as a result of damage to the skull.
5. Severe intoxication.
6. Diseases caused by the penetration of neuroinfections.
7. Deviations of intellectual-mnestic, asthenic, depressive nature.
8. Neurotic type disorders.
9. Dystonia of the vegetative-vascular system.
10. Chronic alcoholism and associated pathologies such as encephalopathy, abstinence.
11. Mental retardation.

A child, like an adult, in some cases needs psychotropic therapy. Nootropic drugs for children are remembered in pediatrics for amino acid deficiency, leading to a deterioration in protein synthesis and, in general, disruption of metabolic processes. The reasons for prescribing such drugs are the following circumstances: a significant lag in the mental and speech development of the child; noticeable deviation in mental development; signs of congenital, perinatal disorders of the nervous system; cerebral paralysis; pronounced signs of attention deficit disorder.

New generation neotropics also cope well with some other diseases that are affected by processes occurring in the brain. According to the decision of a specialist, nootropic drugs can be used in the following conditions:

1. Elimination of manifestations of neuroleptic syndrome. Hopanthenic acid, Pantogam and other drugs can be used.
2. Treatment of stuttering and hyperkinesis. The drug Phenibut is effective.
3. For disorders of the urinary organs, Pantogam can be prescribed.
4. Glycine helps fight chronic insomnia.
5. For migraines, Pyritinol or Semax are recommended.
6. Such an unpleasant phenomenon as motion sickness and seasickness can be treated with Phenibut.
7. Complex therapy of ophthalmological problems often includes the use of Nicotinoil.

When problems might arise

Nootropics also have contraindications in circumstances where their use can cause negative consequences. They should not be taken if you are hypersensitive to the main active substance or any additional ingredient of the drug; pronounced course of renal failure, both in acute and chronic forms; at the acute stage of a hemorrhagic stroke; congenital Gettington's chorea associated with degenerative lesions of the central nervous system. Only in exceptional cases is it possible to prescribe drugs to pregnant women and nursing mothers. With extreme caution, nootropics are given to young children and only after reaching 1 year of age.

New nootropic drugs are quite easily tolerated by patients. However, individual reactions are possible in the form of such side effects - the appearance of an incomprehensible anxious feeling; temporary insomnia at night and craving for sleep during the day; irritability; blood pressure surges; dyspeptic disorders; allergic reactions of various types. Elderly people rarely experience cardiac problems, in particular heart failure, when taking nootropics.

What medications are there?

The list of nootropic drugs includes many drugs, divided into groups that differ in chemical composition, focus, and mechanism of action. The following main categories are distinguished.

Stimulators of metabolic processes in neurons:

1. Based on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The main representatives are Phenibut, Picamilon and Aminalon. An analogue is hopantenic acid.
2. Compounds based on pyrrolidone (racetams). The most common drugs are Piracetam and Phenylpiracetam. Derivatives such as Aniracetam, Oxiracetam and Pramiracetam may be prescribed.
3. Pantothenic acid derivatives – Pantogam.
4. When using the active substance dimethylaminoethanol, Acefen and Centrophenoxin are produced. Drugs such as Phenotropil and Meclofenoxate have gained popularity.
5. Preparations containing amino acids and peptides. The most famous are Glycine, Actovegin, Biotredin and Cerebrolysin. Popular neuropeptides are Noopept, Semax, Selank. Polypeptides include Cortexin, Cerebramin.

Drugs to reduce the effects of hypoxia. The best remedy is Hydroxymethylethylpyridine succinate.

Nootropics with the effect of vitamin-like substances or adaptogens. These include products based on folic and succinic acid, vitamins E and B15, and ginseng root. Idebenone stands out in this category.

Drugs to normalize the condition of blood vessels (vasotropes). They help get rid of cerebral problems. Stand out - Instenon, Cinnarizine. Vinpocetine may be prescribed.

Memory improvement is achieved by using nootropics from the following subgroups:

• cholinomimetic and anticholesterase drugs – Amiridin and Choline;
• hormonal-type drugs - Corticotropin, ACTH, as well as a number of drugs related to endorphins and enkephalins.

A significant difference in the effectiveness of nootropics is revealed when considering such a feature as the time of their development. Older or first-generation drugs continue to be used, but they have an increased risk of side effects. These drugs are mainly derivatives of Piracetam - most are racetams.

Most popular drugs

Currently, depending on the type of psychogenic deviation, first and second generation nootropics are used, as well as drugs from the latest developments. You can make an indicative list of the most popular nootropic drugs:

1. Piracetam or similar products (Lucetam, Nootropil). The form of administration to the body is oral tablets, intramuscular injections and intravenous droppers. The most characteristic effects are the normalization of metabolic processes and blood circulation. Considering that Piracetam belongs to the first generation of drugs, one can expect side effects such as an increase in platelet levels, leading to a deterioration in blood clotting.
2. Pramiracetam is available in tablet form. Although it is an older development, it has high cognitive properties, which helps improve memory. Has sedative abilities. Can be used for a long course of therapy. The drug should not be taken if you have kidney failure.
3. Cavinton. Analogs are Neurovin and Vinpocetine. In addition to neuralgia, this drug is recommended for some ophthalmological pathologies and hearing problems. The course of treatment is quite long – 2-7 months. During the acute phase of the disease, it is administered by injection, and as the disease weakens, a transition to tablets is made.
4. Phenibut. You can use its analogues - Bifren and Noobut. Release form: tablets, powder for injection solutions, capsules. This nootropic is effective for increasing mental response and physical performance, relieving stress, getting rid of anxious feelings and phobias, and improving sleep quality. Prescribed for hypoxia. Useful when traveling by water, because... eliminates the influence of pitching. The course of treatment lasts 30-40 days. The drug should not be taken simultaneously with sedatives and sleeping pills.
5. Hopantenic acid (often sold under the name Pantogam). Recommended to reduce motor excitability. A positive effect is detected within 25-30 days after the start of administration, but the full course can last 5-6 months.
6. Glycine. Best known as an anti-stress drug. Helps relieve excessive excitability and irritability. It has a pronounced sedative effect and also helps normalize metabolism in the body.
7. Cerebrolysin. It is used for serious damage to the central nervous system, incl. useful for Alzheimer's disease. It is most often administered by injection, and is most widely used in the treatment of post-traumatic syndrome and the consequences of stroke.
8. Encephabol. It can be prescribed to both adults and children, while in the latter case a suspension with additives that improve taste is used. The drug is a strong neuroprotector and antioxidant with high cognitive abilities.

Latest generation drugs

Pharmacology around the world is taking active measures to improve nootropics, resulting in more effective and safe drugs. The following nootropic drugs have gained popularity:

1. Phezam - used to normalize blood supply to the brain, improve protein metabolism and energy. It has vasodilating properties.
2. Phenylpiracetam – necessary during the period after stroke rehabilitation. It is often used to improve memory, concentration, and to eliminate convulsive phenomena.
3. Noopept is especially effective for normalizing cognitive brain functions, eliminating anxiety and phobias, and for chronic headaches of a neurogenic nature.
4. Selank – helps relieve stress and eliminate anxiety. It increases mental reaction, fights apathy and gloomy mood.

Nootropics also find a worthy place in child psychiatry and pediatrics. For babies, these drugs are available in the form of granules for making syrup or in the form of ready-made syrup. The most common use is for cerebral and encephalopathic disorders, as well as for significant retardation in intellectual development and lack of memory. For children, we can recommend stimulant drugs such as Picamilon and Cogitum, as well as drugs with a sedative effect - Cortexin and Phenibut.

Nootropics, the list of drugs of which today is represented by a wide range of drugs, date back to 1963. At that time, Belgian clinicians and pharmacologists managed to synthesize and use in medical practice the first drug from the group of nootropics - Piracetam.

Numerous studies have proven clinical improvements in patients of various groups with constant use of Piracetam, including increased memory and facilitation of learning processes.

In 1972, the term “nootropics” was coined to designate a class of drugs designed to improve the integrative functionality of the brain. In modern neurology, nootropic drugs are an integral part of the treatment of various disorders in children and adults.

Characteristics of the pharmaceutical group

Nootropics(from Greek noos - mind, thoughts and tropos - vector, direction) are widely used in neurological practice to positively influence the higher integrative functions of the brain. With the help of drugs, they correct some behavioral reactions in people and adults, increase resistance to stressful situations, learning ability, and chronic hypoxia. Other functions of the drugs are:

maintaining the energy structure of a neuron (nerve cell);

improving the functionality of the central nervous system;

activation of the plastic functionality of the central nervous system;

providing a pronounced neuroprotective effect;

normalization and stabilization of the cell membrane;

minimizes the need of nerve cells for oxygen.

The nootropic effect can be primary with a direct effect on neurons and secondary with an improvement in general cerebral circulation. There are two main groups of nootropics:

true (improvement of mnestic functions of the brain and nervous system);

combined action (combination of several functions simultaneously).

Synonyms of the pharmacological group of nootropics are cerebroprotectors, neuroregulators, neuroanabolics, eutotrophic, neurometabolic drugs. All terms reflect the general effect of the drugs - the ability to stimulate metabolic processes in the nervous structures of the human body.

Mechanism of action

Nootropic drugs directly affect the whole range of functional abilities of the brain, promoting their active activity. Thanks to adequate therapy, concentration improves and interactions between the right and left hemispheres are facilitated. It has been proven that the drugs rejuvenate the body and prolong the life of patients with a burdened clinical neurological history.

The biogenic origin of the drug significantly affects all processes of intracellular metabolism, stimulating protein synthesis, excretion of excess glucose, and ATP formation. The following mechanisms and effects of influence are distinguished:

membrane stabilizing effect;

antioxidant;

antihypoxic;

neuroprotective.

There is a significant increase in the brain's resistance to the negative effects of exogenous and endogenous factors. The effectiveness of the drugs is enhanced by the simultaneous use of angioprotectors and psychostimulants. The main category of patients who are prescribed nootropics are children and the elderly.

Main indications for use

Typical indications for prescribing nootropic drugs are the following conditions:

psychoorganic syndrome (dystrophic changes in nervous tissue of any origin);

alcoholism with withdrawal syndrome;

drug addiction;

neuroleptic syndrome (as a combination therapy);

neurotic or organic asthenia;

cerebrovascular insufficiency;

sickle cell anemia;

ophthalmological pathologies (complex therapy).

Neurogenic urinary disorders are treated with the help of nootropics. Nootropic drugs are a necessary measure for Parkinson's disease, ischemia, cerebral palsy, and epileptic seizures.

Contraindications and side effects

Nootropic drugs can be prescribed with relative contraindications at the discretion of the attending physician. Absolute contraindications include acute or chronic renal failure, pregnancy and lactation, complicated liver diseases, acute hemorrhagic stroke, hypersensitivity, severe psychomotor agitation. Side effects of the drug include the following conditions:

sleep disturbance, insomnia;

dyspeptic disorders;

increased excitability:

anxiety syndrome, panic attacks;

hypotension;

increased effect on hepatic or renal function;

convulsive syndrome, epileptic seizures;

loss of coordination, unsteadiness of gait;

redness of the face, feeling of heat;

severe iosinophilia;

hallucinations and confusion;

thrombophlebitis, febrile syndrome.

While taking the drug, allergic rashes on the body such as urticaria, itching, burning on the skin, mainly in the neck, face, and back are possible. If any discomfort occurs, it is recommended to stop treatment or adjust the daily dosage. Cases of drug overdose have not been registered.

Basic nootropic drugs

Which ones are better in the treatment of neurological diseases? The use of nootropic drugs can be combined or independent. Typically, nootropics are used as stand-alone therapy for minor disorders. The following drugs with proven effectiveness are widely used in neurological practice:

Piracetam.

Probably the most popular nootropic. The drug enhances metabolic processes in the brain. Used for the treatment of systematic dizziness and correction of dyslexic syndrome. In adult patients, the drug is used as a complex therapy for myocardial infarction, withdrawal syndrome for addictions of any origin. Doctors prescribe a remedy for the treatment of neuroinfections caused by viral agents.

Memoplant

One of the best herbal nootropics. The German drug Memoplant contains highly purified extract of Ginkgo biloba EGb 761®. Many preparations of ginkgo biloba contain a significant amount of harmful impurities - ginkgolic acids. Memoplant does not have this drawback, since it is cleaned during 27 production stages.
The drug increases the resistance of nervous tissue to oxygen deficiency and improves cerebral circulation. Effective for dizziness, noise in the ears or head, as well as decreased memory and performance.

Vinpocetine.


With constant use, the blood vessels of the brain dilate and microcirculation increases. The active substance of the drug ensures complete transport of oxygen to brain tissues and increases the absorption of nutrients. Vinpocetine has a pronounced neuroprotective and antioxidant effect. The treatment regimen changes from first administering intravenous solutions and then switching to tablet forms of the drug. Used as an adjuvant in antihypertensive therapy.

Phenibut.


High effectiveness is noted for functional disorders of the vestibular apparatus, sleep disorders, neurasthenia, and asthenic syndrome. Long-term use normalizes metabolic processes in brain tissue at the cellular level. The strengths of the drug are its psychostimulating ability and antioxidant effect. The drug is characterized by low toxicity and few side effects.

Fenotropil.


The drug belongs to a new generation of nootropics with a pronounced adaptogenic effect. Patients show resistance to stressful situations without causing drug dependence. Phenotropil is prescribed to patients with strong emotional and mental stress.

Fezam.


A nootropic directly intended to treat impaired blood circulation in the brain. Effective for serious diseases of the nervous system, circulatory disorders in the vascular system of the brain. In complex therapy, headaches with increased intracranial pressure are relieved, and the functioning of the organs of hearing and vision is improved. Fezam is prescribed for amnesia and is highly effective in hypoxic syndrome.

Cinnarizine.


A drug intended to strengthen the vascular walls of the brain during their dilatation (stretching). At the same time, blood pressure indicators remain within the usual norm. Effective in the prevention of motion sickness and vestibular disorders. Prescribed for chronic migraines, increased hypertension, accompanied by dizziness, tinnitus, and headache. Cinnarizine is used in adult women to reduce the symptoms of menopause.

Cerebrolysin.


The safety and effectiveness of the drug has been proven by numerous studies. Used as an adjuvant therapy against serious mental and neurological disorders. When the dosage is prescribed correctly, mental processes are activated, concentration and mood increase. Long-term use improves memory and increases learning ability.

Actovegin.


A drug classified as an antihypoxic nootropic. Used to treat metabolic disorders in the brain, promotes rapid healing of wounds. The drug is used as a complex therapy for radiation-induced skin lesions and diabetic polyneuropathy. Actovegin is available in the form of tablets, intramuscular, intravenous solutions and intra-arterial injections. There is also a form of the drug for topical use.

Nootropic drugs for the treatment of serious neurological disorders are used in adult neurological practice. When used as complex therapy, the likelihood of a decrease or increase in the activity of other drugs is taken into account.

The best nootropics for children

In pediatric practice, nootropics are used to treat mental retardation, to improve attention, speech development, and poor performance at school. Children's nootropic drugs have been widely used since 1952. The main reasons for prescribing are the following conditions in children of different ages:

cerebrovascular disease;

hypoxic syndrome in cerebral palsy:

poor speech development;

intellectual disability;

encephalopathy.

It has been proven that in childhood the tolerability of nootropic drugs is much better than in adults. The main medications for children are the following:

Piracetam(Nootropil, Cerebril, Lucetam, Oykamid).


Suitable for use in children over 1 year of age, available in tablets, ampoules, and capsules. Not prescribed for children with increased emotional excitability. The active substance has a beneficial effect on the brain, increases sensitivity to intellectual stress, stabilizes concentration, and promotes learning.

Pantogam.


An anticonvulsant drug suitable for children from the first days of life. It is sold from pharmacies in the form of syrups and tablets. It is used to treat cerebral palsy, improve the condition of autism, and schizophrenia. Pantogam is used for children with neurogenic or stress urinary incontinence. Also, with constant use, the child’s emotional background is normalized, especially with delayed mental and speech development. The likelihood of developing side effects is also reduced: drowsiness, allergic reactions, dyspeptic disorders.

Picamilon.

The drug, intended to dilate blood vessels in the brain, is an analogue of Piracetam in terms of active substance and effectiveness. Has a mild tranquilizing effect. It is sold from pharmacies in the form of injections for intravenous and intramuscular administration, in tablets. In pediatrics, it is prescribed to children from 3 years of age. The nootropic drug is especially effective under high emotional stress and increased physical and mental activity.

Phenibut.


The product belongs to the latest generation of drugs. Prescribed to children to stimulate the normal functioning of the nervous system, increase mental and intellectual activity, while helping to cope with overload. The drug has a low degree of toxicity and is suitable for children over 2 years of age. The main side effects include nausea, increased drowsiness, and dizziness. Available from pharmacy chains in the form of powder and tablets.

Pyritinol.


The drug is intended for the effect of mild sedation. Necessary for the treatment of depressive syndrome in adolescents, vegetative-vascular dystonia, and excessive fatigue. It is a complex drug for mental and mental retardation. Not recommended for use in children under 12 months. Despite its high activity, the drug has a number of side effects: loss of taste, dyspnea, polymyositis, nausea and dizziness.

Cinnarizine(Vertisin, Disiron, Cyrizin, Balcinnarzin, Cinnarone).


It is used in pediatrics to treat children over 12 years of age, but recently it has been used in children from 1 year of age. The drug has many side effects, from typical nausea to epileptic attacks, renal and liver dysfunction, and arterial hypotension. The effectiveness of the drug has not been proven. The drug is available in the form of capsules and tablets.

Semax.


The drug is widely used in pediatric practice due to its high efficiency and convenient pharmacological form. The drug eliminates excessive moodiness and emotional excitability. Side effects include dizziness, nausea, and irritation of the nasal mucosa. Used in children with delayed speech development and sleep disturbances.

Glycine.


The active ingredient is aminoacetic acid. The drug is well tolerated by young children and is effective against excessive emotional arousal. With long-term use, performance and learning ability are activated, night sleep is regulated, and concentration of attention increases. Glycine is suitable for treating children of any age.

Gammalon.


New from Japan, is a follower of Piracetam. A similar composition of Gammalon is contained in Aminalon, but the price of the drug is much lower. If the cost of a Japanese nootropic reaches 2,500 rubles. per package, then Aminalon costs 100-150 rubles. per package. The effectiveness of both drugs has not been studied or proven. The price and quality of the Japanese product is more of a marketing ploy.

Experts have different opinions about the effectiveness of nootropics in children. Some consider drugs to be indispensable tools in the treatment of any neurogenic disorders and psycho-emotional disorders. Others doubt the effectiveness of nootropic drugs due to the lack of clinical data for use in childhood. Basically, nootropic drugs are used for “calming” as an adjuvant treatment to basic treatment. All drugs are dispensed from pharmacy chains without a prescription.

List of the best nootropics

Which drugs are best to take in a specific clinical situation should be decided by the attending physician. Today, there are several of the most effective drugs that have found wide application in both pediatrics and adult practice for the treatment of diseases of a neurogenic nature:

Piracetam;

Nootropil;

• Cerebrolysin;

  Vinpocetine;

  Biotredin;

  Aminalon;

  Biotredin.

The effect of constant use of modern nootropic drugs begins only after a few months. As an independent drug, nootropics are used to prevent neurological diseases, decreased performance in adults, and impaired concentration.

Combined products

Among nootropics, there are drugs with a combined composition. Such products include two or more active components, which to one degree or another enhance or reduce the effect of each other. The main drugs in the series are:

Gamalate B6 (composed of pyridoxine hydrochloride, magnesium glutamate hydrobromide);

Omaron, Fezam, Evryza, Noozom (Piracetam and Cinnarizine, auxiliary components);

Neuronorm (active ingredients Piracetam and Cinnarizine);

Olatropil (Piracetam and GABA);

(Piracetam and Thiotriazolin).

All products are similar in effectiveness to Piracetam. Combination drugs are used for severe problems; similarly to popular drugs, they are used in monotherapy and in combination with other drugs.

All medications, despite the absence of side effects, require a doctor's prescription. Only on the basis of medical examination data can an accurate diagnosis be established, which will determine further adequate treatment.

• Piracetam (Nootropil)

The nervous system of a newly born person is still immature. It will be improved over the years. It is not surprising that caring parents peer closely at their baby - does he have any deviations?

Is your baby restless before bed? Sometimes the chin trembles, arms and legs twitch, does the baby spit up profusely and often, does he lag behind his peers in development? Does your toddler have a delay in speech development or does he not want to sit up and walk at the average time? All these symptoms can be a sign of either a natural immaturity of the nervous system for babies or a serious illness.

When the question arises, as they say, head-on, parents and pediatricians have no time to wait to see whether the alarming symptoms will go away over time.

After all, the older the child, the more difficult it is to correct deviations caused by neurological pathologies. In this situation, children are prescribed nootropic drugs. There is no need to be afraid - according to statistics, every third child is prescribed them.

What it is?

Nootropics are neurometabolic stimulants. Simply put, drugs that actively act on the higher mental functions of the brain, improve blood circulation and the functioning of the nervous system, and stimulate metabolic processes in nerve tissues. In the international classification, nootropic drugs do not have a separate group; they are combined with psychostimulants. But this is also no reason to worry.

Action

Nootropic action is based on several processes. They improve the energy state of nerve cells (neurons), accelerate processes occurring in the central nervous system, saturate the brain with oxygen, strengthen the membranes of nerve cells, and increase the speed of impulses in the brain. As a result, metabolic processes in the brain are significantly improved, memory is “strengthened”, and perception is “enlivened”. Nootropics also have a positive effect on the mechanisms of thinking and increase intellectual abilities. It is for this reason that nootropics received their second unofficial name - “cognitive stimulants.”

Nootropic drugs come in different classifications, there are more than 20 types in total. These are more than a hundred titles.

Indications for use

Nootropic drugs are prescribed to children for the following diseases and conditions:

• Retardation in the development of the child’s psyche,
• Delayed speech development
• The consequences of intrauterine suffering of the baby, during which the central nervous system was affected,
• Head injuries (concussions, TBI),
• Attention deficit disorder
• Various forms of mental retardation,

In addition, certain types of nootropic drugs will most likely be prescribed for severe stuttering, sleep disturbances in a child, urinary disorders, migraines, and severe dizziness. Nootropics are used to treat hyperkinesis (chaotic, convulsive, randomly occurring movements of the arms and legs in children), as well as to prevent motion sickness. In addition, nootropic drugs for the treatment of children are used in ophthalmology, toxicology, and traumatology.

Pros and cons

Despite their rather positive effects on the body, controversy and scientific discussions around nootropics do not subside. These drugs are widely used only in Russia and the countries of the former CIS. Probably because they began to be used in our medicine back in the middle of the 20th century. European and American doctors, for example, refuse to prescribe nootropics to their young patients.

The reason is that the effectiveness and benefits of nootropic drugs have not yet been scientifically proven. Although everyone agrees that there is no particular harm from them either. What then is the point of treating everyone and everything with nootropics, unless, of course, we are talking about the list of diseases indicated above? This opinion, in particular, is shared by the famous doctors Roshal and Komarovsky. Some experts even propose to transfer nootropic drugs from the category of medicines to the category of dietary supplements.

What medications can the doctor prescribe?

• The main and very first nootropic in history, the “founding father” of all other drugs in this family, is Piracetam. Most Russians and residents of the former CIS countries are familiar with it by other synonymous names: Nootropil, Cerebril, Lutsetam, Oikamid, etc.

Piracetam was synthesized more than half a century ago. The drug has a beneficial effect on the brain, stimulates memory, increases the ability to cope with intellectual stress, motivates learning, and promotes concentration. Available in capsules, ampoules and tablets. Piracetam is not recommended for children under one year of age. In addition, this drug is not suitable for children with psychomotor agitation.

Side effects from taking Piracetam include insomnia, impaired coordination of movements, irritability, and confusion.

• Another very popular drug among Russian pediatricians is Pantogam. It is a nootropic anticonvulsant. Available in the form of tablets and syrup. Your doctor can prescribe it for your baby from the first days of life.

  The medicine improves the condition of children with various forms of cerebral palsy, schizophrenia, and autism. In addition, Pantogam helps with urinary incontinence, childhood nervous tics, hyperactivity syndrome and delayed speech development. Side effects are kept to a minimum, including drowsiness and an allergic reaction to any component of Pantogam.

• Picamilon is a nootropic drug that dilates blood vessels in the brain, an analogue of Piracetam. Among other things, it has a psychostimulating and mild tranquilizing effect. Available in ampoules for intravenous and intramuscular administration and in tablets. Not recommended for children under 3 years of age.

  Picamilon is often prescribed to overly anxious, emotionally unstable children. In addition, this nootropic is taken to increase endurance under conditions of physical and mental overload, for example, by athletes.

Side effects include headache, nausea, itching. The drug should not be taken by a child with kidney problems.

• Phenibut is a modern nootropic that is often prescribed to children. It stimulates the activity of the nervous system, increases mental performance, improves memory, and helps schoolchildren cope with overload during the learning process. The tranquilizer effect helps relieve anxiety, irritability, and improve sleep. Available in tablets and powders. This drug is low-toxic, and therefore it is prescribed to children from 2 years of age. Side effects include dizziness, drowsiness, nausea.

• Pyritinol is a nootropic drug with a slight sedative effect. It is often recommended to take it for depression, vegetative-vascular dystonia, increased fatigue, and mental retardation. Suitable for children from 1 year. It has a fairly large list of side effects from nausea to polymyositis, dyspnea and loss of taste.

• Cinnarizine (synonyms Balcinnarzin, Vertizin, Disiron, Cinnarone, Cyrizin) is a nootropic, the instructions for use for which say that it is not recommended for children under 12 years of age. However, many doctors have long been prescribing this drug to babies under one year old, and claim its positive effects. However, the effectiveness of the drug has not been proven, but side effects have been recorded in patients. They are satisfied with this drug for serious reasons: disturbances in the functioning of the liver and kidneys, drop in blood pressure, headaches. Cinnarizine is available in capsules and tablets.

• Semax is one of the nootropic drugs loved by pediatricians. It is available in the form of nasal drops, and therefore it is convenient to use even for the youngest patients. Semax comes to the rescue in cases where children experience delayed speech development, sleep disturbances, hyperexcitability, and moodiness. Side effects include dizziness and irritation of the nasal mucosa.

• An excellent option would be the simplest aminoacetic acid, Glycine. It has all the benefits of nootropics, but without the scary side effects. Glycine is prescribed to children of any age. The drug regulates the processes of excitation and inhibition. As a result, the child’s attention increases, learning ability significantly improves, and night sleep normalizes.

It is almost impossible to list all the drugs of the nootropic family, there are a lot of them, and besides, the pharmaceutical industry does not stand still, and almost every year presents something new. It is profitable to look for new formulas in nootropic drugs, because these drugs are quite in demand by both adults and children.

• Among the “new products” I would like to mention the Japanese nootropic Gammalon. The cost of this drug exceeds the cost of its parent, Piracetam, by more than 100 times. A package of the drug from the Land of the Rising Sun costs about 2,500 rubles per package (100 tablets).

According to reviews on the Internet, it even helps children with severe forms of autism and cerebral palsy and alleviates their condition. But a number of doctors have doubts about Gammalon. The fact is that even a superficial analysis of the instructions for use to observant patients can tell that the Japanese “miracle medicine” contains only one amino acid - gamma-aminobutyric.

A nootropic with the same exact composition – Aminalon. Only it costs only 99 rubles. A practical approach to the issue suggests that Japanese Gammalon is simply a successful marketing ploy, especially since its effectiveness and benefits, like other nootropic drugs, have not yet been scientifically proven.

Conclusion about diagnostics in Russia

In Russia, a unique diagnostic practice has developed. Doctors at the clinic, for the sake of “reinsurance,” can make a neurological or even psychiatric diagnosis of any child with increased excitability, very active or anxious. By and large, if there was a person, there would be a diagnosis.

Doctors cannot be blamed for this. The Ministry of Health orders them to do so. After all, missing the onset of a disease is even worse. Parents begin to treat their child with nootropic drugs prescribed by a careful doctor, without actually knowing whether they are harmful. For a real-life disease, nootropics are effective, but in the case of medical “reinsurance,” the drug will bring absolutely nothing to a healthy child except probable “side effects.”

Doctors also do not have precise and uniform criteria for assessing the behavior of young children. Therefore, it is quite difficult to establish the line between an ordinary restless child and a child with a neurological disease.

Despite all diagnostic methods, the solution to the dilemma “Normal or pathological” falls on the shoulders of the doctor and will ultimately be determined only by him. And this is fertile ground for medical errors and those very “just in case” reinsurances.

The main principle of any doctor is “Do no harm,” and testing drugs on a child in search of the opportunity to finally get a list of drugs with proven effectiveness is, at the very least, short-sighted and unethical. It’s better to let laboratory animals fill up the statistics.

For more information about nootropics, see the following video.

Nowadays, to stimulate brain function and protect nervous reactions, new generation nootropic drugs are used, the list of which is so impressive that it takes up several pages. Basically, these are complex products consisting directly of a nootropic component and auxiliary substances that improve the nutrition of nerve cells - amino acids, vitamins, etc.

How do new nootropic drugs differ from old ones?

People have been using nootropic drugs for a long time and don’t even know it. For example, the simplest nootropic, choline, is found in eggs, meat, fish and seafood. By eating foods rich in animal protein, we stimulate the production of the hormone serotonin, which is not only responsible for the feeling of pleasure, but also has a beneficial effect on neural connections. The brain begins to work more actively, memory and thought processes improve. The simplest nootropics also include coffee, green tea, nicotine, and amphetamines. These are so-called brain stimulants. The well-known vitamin B6 and Glycine tablets also belong to this type of remedy; they improve metabolic processes in the spinal cord and brain.

In the mid-twentieth century, there was a major leap forward in the study of brain function. The following types of nootropic drugs have been developed, studied and classified:

• reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors;
• vasodilators and metabolic enhancers;
• stimulants;
• racetams.

There is another classification based on the origin of the main active substance and its functions, but it is quite complex and confusing, and therefore is of interest only to doctors. In addition, today racetams are mainly used in therapy. This is the basis of new generation nootropic drugs. Racetams are chemical structure derivatives of pyrrolidine. Here is a short list of the most popular drugs in this category:

• Piracetam;
• Oxiracetam;
• Etiracetam;
• Aniracetam;
• Pramiracetam;
• Nebracetam;
• Nefiracetam;
• Isacetam;
• Detiracetam;
• Dipracetam and others.

Unlike natural stimulants, these drugs have a very precise effect on certain areas of the brain, which allows them to be used not only to improve memory and intelligence, but also in the treatment of strokes, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. These are the most effective nootropic drugs.

Newest nootropic drugs

Since the newest drugs are combination drugs, they combine new generation racetams and excipients. Modern nootropic drugs such as:

• Diapiram;
• Orocetam;
• Yukamen;
• Thiocetam;
• Apik;
• Binotropil.

Most often, patients who have suffered a stroke are prescribed Phezam. This medicine is a combination of piracetam and cinnarizine. This antihistamine improves blood circulation in the brain and strengthens the walls of even the smallest vessels. Many It is considered the best nootropic drug. We agree with this statement, but we would like to note that other means have also shown themselves to be very good. In addition, almost all nootropic drugs have few contraindications and side effects, which greatly simplifies the prescription and use.

Elderly patients are better off giving preference to the latest combination drugs. But young people seeking to improve brain function can buy any racetam and supplement it with regular exercise and proper nutrition. The effect will be no worse, since the body responds to moderate physical activity by releasing serotonin and other hormones that have a beneficial effect on neural connections and the nervous system as a whole.

What are new generation nootropic drugs and how do they differ from other drugs in this group, what active ingredients do they contain and for what diseases and disorders are they indicated, rules for using nootropics.

New generation nootropic drugs are drugs that are responsible for stimulating the brain and its work, protecting nervous reactions. The list of new drugs in this group is quite large. As a rule, these are complex substances that consist of the nootropic component itself, as well as a number of additional ingredients, such as amino acids, antioxidants, vitamins, which improve the functioning of brain cells.

Features and types of new generation nootropics

People have been using nootropics in various forms since ancient times. The simplest and very first known nootropic is choline. The substance contains eggs, meat, fish, and seafood. After eating food that is rich in animal protein, the hormone serotonin is produced in the brain.

It is responsible for the feeling of pleasure and also has a positive effect on neuronal connections. The brain starts to work actively, memory becomes better, as do thought processes. Similar nootropic simple substances are found in green tea, coffee, nicotine, and amphetamines.

After nootropic drugs were developed and studied in the laboratory in the mid-20th century, a classification of these drugs was created: stimulants, reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, racetams, vasodilators, metabolic enhancers.

Currently, racetams are mainly used in medicine. These substances are the basis of new nootropic drugs. Racetams are a chemical structure that is derived from pyrrolidine. Today there are many different new generation pharmacological drugs.

Previously, in order to improve mental activity, plant components such as lemongrass, ginseng, and ginkgo biloba were widely used. These plants are still used as ingredients in nootropic drugs. Unlike natural stimulants, the latter have a more precise effect on specific areas of the brain.

This makes it possible to use new drugs not only to enhance memory and improve intelligence, but also in the treatment of more serious disorders and ailments, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Thanks to this, these drugs are considered the most effective among all nootropic drugs.

Composition and characteristics of the components of new nootropic agents

As a rule, such drugs contain two or more components that complement each other’s action. Often in the composition of new nootropic drugs you can find:

1. Dimethylaminoethanol. This is a substance that is actively involved in the synthesis of acetylcholine. Acts as an antioxidant, improves memory, mental abilities, and physical endurance.
2. Gamma-aminobutyric acid. The main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system. Takes an active part in brain metabolism, as well as in neurotransmitter processes.
3. Pantothenic acid (B5). Participates in metabolic processes of the brain, the synthesis of acetylcholine. Participates in the synthesis of neurotransmitters.
4. Pyridoxine (B6). This is a protein coenzyme that is involved in the uniform supply of glucose to the body’s cells and is involved in the processing of amino acids.
5. Vitamin B15. Helps eliminate cell hypoxia, has a vasodilating effect, and has a detoxifying property.
6. Vitamin E. Takes part in the synthesis of hormones, acts as an antioxidant, prevents the formation of blood clots, and helps muscles function normally.
7. Folic acid. Participates in the processes of DNA replication and cell division.

Beneficial properties of new generation nootropic drugs

According to the definition of the World Health Organization, the group of new generation nootropics should include drugs that have a direct activating effect on the learning process, memory, and mental activity. In addition, these drugs increase the brain’s resistance to various aggressive factors.

The general properties of new nootropic drugs are as follows:

• Improving thought processes - learning or cognitive functions;
• Increasing the speed of memorization and strength of data storage;
• Growth of intellectual activity, increase in the volume of intellectual abilities;
• Forgetting stressful conditions and information about various pains;
• Stimulation of metabolic processes in neural tissue, mainly in various pathologies, such as intoxication, injury, anoxia;
• Improving the impact on the mental state and higher nervous activity in morphological and functional pathologies;
• Increased resistance of the brain's thought processes to unfavorable factors of the internal and external environment: stroke, trauma, hypoxia.

New generation nootropic drugs do not affect the psyche and higher nervous activity of a healthy person.

Indications for the use of new nootropics

Let's take a closer look at the indications for taking new generation nootropic drugs to improve mental performance:

1. Psychoorganic syndrome. In medicine, it is understood as a broad group of diseases that manifest themselves in dystrophic changes in nerve tissue. These are the following illnesses: epilepsy, various types of dementia, Parkinson's disease, neuroinfections, cerebral palsy, ischemic stroke.
2. Chronic alcoholism, which is accompanied by withdrawal syndrome and delirium.
3. Addiction.
4. Asthenia of organic and neurotic origin, asthenoneurotic and asthenodepressive syndromes, VSD, migraine, sleep disorders, emotional lability.
5. Correction of neuroleptic syndrome.
6. Impaired proper urination of neurogenic etiology.
7. Somatic-vegetative disorders.
8. Neurotic and neurosis-like pathologies.
9. Chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency.
10. Sickle cell anemia.
11. Chronic psychopathologies, schizophrenia, childhood mental retardation, neurosis-like disorders, depression.
12. Organic brain syndrome of elderly people.
13. As part of the complex treatment of ophthalmological pathologies.

Side effects and contraindications of new nootropics

Each drug of the nootropic class has its own contraindications. In general terms the following can be distinguished:

• Pregnancy;
• Lactation;
• Individual intolerance to components;
• Psychomotor agitation;
• Bulimia;
• Kidney failure;
• Liver failure;
• Huntington's chorea;
• The period after acute hemorrhagic stroke;
• Severe renal dysfunction.

The mechanism of action of new generation nootropic drugs

Nootropic drugs directly affect a number of brain functions. As a result, the interaction between the hemispheres and the main centers of the cortex improves.

New generation medications increase the utilization of sugar, as well as the formation of ATP, and have a stimulating effect on the synthesis of RNA and proteins. The process of oxidative phospholation under their influence is suspended, and cell membranes are stabilized.

The mechanisms of action of new nootropics include:

1. Antioxidant;
2. Membrane stabilizing;
3. Neuroprotective;
4. Antihypoxic.

The advantage of this mechanism of action is that no irreversible changes occur in the cortex. With the ease with which racetam molecules bind to receptors, they become detached.

Additionally, since the human body does not produce racetams on its own, there are unlikely to be any byproducts that could cause negative effects. Thus, a powerful nootropic effect is achieved without side effects.

Each racetam has a unique formula that allows it to bind to specific neuroreceptors. As a rule, such drugs are used in groups in order to achieve a better effect.

The effectiveness of new generation nootropic drugs for older people increases if they are combined with psychostimulants and angioprotectors. This is how impaired intellectual functions are stimulated and corrected. For children, neurometabolic stimulants are recommended to combat mental retardation.

Instructions for use of new nootropics

Self-administration of new generation nootropic drugs without the advice of a doctor is prohibited. It is only permissible to use herbal medicines based on ginkgo biloba, lemongrass and other plants without prescription. Such drugs are more likely to be dietary supplements than medications.

There are many different drugs in this group. They have different shapes and directions of action. They are mainly produced in the form of tablets, capsules, injection solutions and suspensions.

It is worth noting that the maximum effectiveness of these medications is achieved only after several weeks or even months.

Review of new generation nootropics

The list of new generation nootropic drugs is quite extensive. As a rule, the newest drugs have a combination composition and combine racetams and excipients.

Popular means are:

• Fezam. It is a combination of piracetam and cinarizine. The medicine is in the form of capsules. Recommended as a remedy as part of complex therapy for the treatment of circulatory disorders in the brain. After its use, microcirculation in the brain improves, blood vessels dilate, vision and hearing improve. The drug eliminates the effects of hypoxia, relieves headaches, dizziness, and fights amnesia. As a rule, people who have suffered a stroke, encephalitis and various traumatic brain injuries are prescribed long-term use of Phezam. The price for a package of the drug (60 capsules) ranges from 170 to 250 rubles.
• Orocetam. Combination of piracetam and orotic acid. These are injections for intravenous administration. The drug helps overcome severe brain intoxication. Improves metabolic processes in brain cells. Activates the reparative and detoxification function of the liver. The price is about 50 rubles per ampoule of the drug.
• Thiocetam. Combination of piracetam and thiotriosaline. It comes in the form of tablets and injections. Used to improve cerebral blood circulation in the cerebral cortex. Often used to treat speech disorders and the consequences of alcohol intoxication. The price of the new generation nootropic drug Thiocetam is 540 rubles per package of 60 tablets.