What is old age? What is death? R76 Other abnormalities detected during immunological examination of serum. R60 Edema, not elsewhere classified

Part one of the medical death certificate is intended solely to record the morbid conditions that made up this chain. The top line of part 1 indicates the painful condition that directly led to death. On the lines below, one on each line - pathological conditions(if any) that led to the immediate cause. The underlying cause of death should be listed last in this vertical row. According to the rules of statistics, the condition recorded on the lowest completed line of part 1 of the certificate is taken into account in developing the causes of death, but only if it could lead to the occurrence of all conditions recorded in the certificate above it (“General Principle”). That is, only if the certificate is filled out correctly. Very often the deceased has a whole “bouquet” of various diseases. And although they could significantly influence the fatal outcome, nevertheless, only part II of the certificate is intended for their registration. It is completely unacceptable to indicate them in the first part of the certificate, since this may force the person involved in monitoring the completion of the certificate to independently select the initial cause of death for statistical development, since ICD-10, in case of incorrect completion of the medical death certificate, provides for a number of rules for selecting and modifying the initial cause of death, which are set out in detail in Volume 2. The need to re-select the initial cause of death in cases of incorrect filling out of the certificate not only complicates the work of the statistician, but also introduces a lot of subjectivity into the mortality statistics data, since only medical worker The person filling out the certificate has data that makes it possible to determine which of the diseases the deceased had played the main role in the emergence of a chain of painful processes that led to death. EXAMPLE 1: IN pulmonology department A 61-year-old patient was admitted in a state of status asthmaticus. Suffers from exogenous asthma caused by contact with dyes, which was the cause of the development of status asthmaticus. In addition, hypertensive (hypertensive) disease with congestive heart failure was diagnosed. Bronchopneumonia. History of chronic cholecystitis. Despite the therapy, it was not possible to stop the asthmatic condition. The patient developed total bronchial obstruction, respiratory failure, coma. The medical death certificate is filled out correctly: I. a) Coma. b) Status asthmaticus with total bronchial obstruction. c) d) II. Hypertensive disease with congestive heart failure. Code of original cause of death - J46.0 The medical death certificate is filled out incorrectly: I. a) Coma. b) Hypertensive disease. Congestive heart failure. Bronchopneumonia. c) Asthmatic status. Bronchial obstruction. d) II. Chronic cholecystitis. In the second, incorrect option of filling out the death certificate, the general principle of choosing the initial cause of death cannot be applied, since the condition recorded on line “c” could not lead to the development of the conditions indicated on line “b”, and for coding there may be Code I11.0 was used incorrectly. The intervention of the statistician is possible only if he believes that the condition selected by the doctor for statistical recording of the cause of death can be identified by another code that more fully reflects the entire clinical diagnosis. For example, in ICD-10 you can find categories that identify the combination of a number of conditions indicated on the certificate as causes of death. Such a single code (for two or more states) is preferred. Example 2. I. a) Intestinal obstruction. b) Femoral hernia. c) Code femoral hernia with obstruction - K41.3. EXAMPLE 3. I. a) Bronchopneumonia. . b) Pulmonary emphysema. c) Chronic bronchitis. Chronic obstructive bronchitis is coded - J44.8. EXAMPLE 4. I. a) Congestive heart failure. b) Dilatation of the ventricles of the heart. c) Hypertensive disease. Nephrosclerosis. II. Chronic pancreatitis in remission. Code hypertensive disease with predominant defeat heart and kidneys - I13.0. A medical death certificate should be filled out only after a final clinical or pathoanatomical diagnosis has been made, the construction of which is the same and includes:

The main disease (simple or combined), Complications of the main disease (all complications, including the immediate cause of death - a fatal complication), Concomitant diseases.

nosological unit, the action of which is recognized as leading in thanatogenesis or which theoretically has a higher probability fatal outcome, a nosological unit, which, due to existing epidemiological reasons, is of paramount importance when the priority of one of the nosologies is not established according to paragraphs. 1) and 2), preference is given to the one given first in the clinical or pathological diagnosis; demanded the largest number therapeutic and diagnostic measures and reflects the profile of the department medical institution, in which the deceased was located.

Ischemic infarction of the frontal lobe of the brain (I63.3 - additional code for use in the analysis of mortality from multiple causes).

2.2 Some comments from WHO,

regarding coding of underlying cause of death

The initial cause of death (main cause of death), indicated on the bottom completed line of the first part of the certificate, should be the most useful and informative for the statistical analysis of the causes of death. For example, coding diseases such as atherosclerosis or hypertensive (hypertensive) disease, the etiological role of which in the occurrence severe violations health is known, provides less useful information than coding such important manifestations and results of the disease as the forms of ischemic heart disease or cerebrovascular diseases, separated into independent nosological units. This also fully applies to such a condition as old age. Rubric R54 "Old Age" can be used to code the underlying cause of death only if the certificate does not indicate the presence of any other condition or disease that could be classified in any ICD class other than 18th, and the age of the deceased exceeded 80 years. EXAMPLE 9: I. a) Degeneration (dystrophy) of the myocardium. b) Old age. Code for senile degeneration (dystrophy) of the myocardium I51.5. If the underlying cause of death is indicated primary arterial hypertension(I10) and in the death certificate there is a mention of: coronary heart disease - code I20-I25 cerebrovascular disease - code I60-I69 acute nephritic syndrome - code NOO. - rapidly progressing nephritic syndrome - code N01. chronic nephritic syndrome - code N03. nephrotic syndrome - code N04.- unspecified nephritic syndrome - code N05. If the underlying cause of death is indicated hypertensive (hypertensive) disease with predominant damage to the heart(I11), kidney(I12) or heart and kidney(I13) and there is a mention on the death certificate of: coronary heart disease - code I20-I25 Secondary hypertension (I15) is not used to code the underlying cause of death. The reason that caused the development of secondary arterial hypertension. If the reason is not specified, code R99 “Other ill-defined and unspecified reasons of death". If the underlying cause of death is indicated cerebral atherosclerosis(I67.2) and the death certificate contains a mention of: cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction or stroke - code I60-I64 When cerebral atherosclerosis is reported as the underlying cause of death: unspecified dementia - code F01 Parkinson's disease - code G20 If the underlying cause of death is listed atherosclerosis(I70.-) and in the death certificate there is a mention of: hypertension - code I10-I13 coronary heart disease - code I20-I25 myocarditis unspecified - code I51.4 myocardial degeneration - code I51.5 cerebrovascular diseases - code I60-I69 Thus, rubric I70.- is extremely rarely used to code the main cause of death (only if it is the only one indicated on the medical death certificate, i.e. if it is filled out incorrectly). If the underlying cause of death is related to one or more other conditions listed on the certificate, and the ICD has a category identifying the combination of these conditions, that category is preferred. For example: Bronchitis, not specified as acute or chronic(J40), Simple and mucopurulent Chronical bronchitis (J41.-), Unspecified chronic bronchitis(J42) with reference to: emphysema - code J44.- other chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - code J44.- Pneumoconiosis(J60-J64) mentioning: respiratory tuberculosis - code J65 If the selected underlying cause of death is early form pathological condition for which the classification provides an independent heading “Consequences...”, and it is obvious that death was caused by the residual effects of this condition, and not its acute stage, are coded under the appropriate heading “Consequences...” of this condition. The following classification headings for “Consequences...” are provided: B90-B94, E64.-, E68, G09, I69.-, O97 and Y85-Y89. If on the death certificate the condition selected as the underlying cause of death is indicated as a "consequence of ...", it must be classified under the appropriate heading above, regardless of the length of time between the onset of the disease or injury and death. When, in the process of expert assessment of the correctness of filling out a death certificate, it is necessary to accept or reject one or another sequential series of events specified in part 1 of the certificate, it is necessary to be guided by the following provisions: Kaposi's sarcoma, Burkitt's tumor and any other malignant neoplasms of the lymphoid, hematopoietic and related tissues classified in headings C46.- or C81-C96 should be considered as a direct consequence of disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), when mentioned in the certificate. However, this assumption should not be made for other types of malignancies. Any infectious diseases classified in headings A00-B19, B25-B49, B58-B64, B99 or headings J12-J18 should be considered as direct consequence HIV disease listed on any part of the medical death certificate. Some postoperative complications(pneumonia of any type, bleeding, thrombophlebitis, embolism, thrombosis, sepsis, heart block, acute renal failure, aspiration, atelectasis and infarction) can be considered as a direct consequence of the operation, unless it is indicated that it was performed within 4 or more than weeks before death, and cannot be regarded as the underlying cause of death. Pneumonia or bronchopneumonia can be considered a complication of any disease. In particular, bronchopneumonia should be considered as an obvious consequence of debilitating diseases (such as malignancy and malnutrition) and diseases causing paralysis (such as brain and spinal cord injuries, cerebral hemorrhage or cerebral thrombosis and poliomyelitis), as well as infectious diseases and severe injuries. Records in which:

any hypertension (I10-I5) is indicated as a consequence of any neoplasm, with the exception of secondary hypertension in neoplasms endocrine glands, kidneys and carcinoid tumors; chronic ischemic disease heart (I25) is indicated as a consequence of any neoplasm; any cerebrovascular disease (I60-I69), indicated as a consequence of endocarditis (I05-I08; I09.1, I33-I38) with the exception of cerebral embolism in categories I65-I66 or intracranial hemorrhage (I60-I62).

causes of death related to individual classes of ICD-10

Class 1 Codes A40. - “Streptococcal septicemia”, A41. - “Other septicemia”, A46. - “Essipelas” may be used to code the underlying cause of death in cases where it is associated superficial injuries(any condition falling under the headings SOO, S10, S20, S30, S40, S50, S60, S70, S80, S90, TOO, T09.0, T11.0) or 1st degree burns. If they accompany more serious injuries, code the external causes of these injuries (class 20) and the nature of the injury (class 19). Postpartum sepsis is coded as O85. Umbilical sepsis and bacterial sepsis of the newborn are coded under NEC categories P38 and P36.-, respectively. Class 2 Coding of causes of death from cancer (not covered in these guidelines) is carried out in accordance with methodological recommendations“Basic principles of selection and coding of the initial cause of death of patients with malignant neoplasms” (Moscow 2001). Class 5 If the cause of death is alcoholism (documented), then the medical death certificate will code the variant of alcoholism according to ICD-10. It must be remembered that code F10.2 is given preference over codes F10.0 and F10.5. In turn, if in the death certificate, in addition to indicating chronic alcoholism (F10.2), there is a mention of such conditions as “Withdrawal state with delirium” ( delirium tremens), “Amnestic syndrome”, “Residual and delayed psychotic disorders” (alcoholic dementia, chronic alcoholic cerebral syndrome), in this case, code F10.2 is replaced by codes F10.4, F10.6 and F10.7, respectively. If the certificate indicates that the death resulting from alcoholism was due to liver damage (“ Alcohol disease liver” – K70.-) it is this nosological unit that is coded as the main cause of death. If the cause of death is drug addiction, the priorities for choosing the fourth character for the codes identifying it are similar to those above. If the cause of death of a person suffering from drug addiction was sepsis, which arose as a result of self-injection psychoactive substance, the variant of drug addiction is coded according to ICD-10.

Death - as a person considers it - does not exist. First of all, because there is no natural mechanism in the body that kills the flesh. But a person still dies... How does a person die?

The Law of Survival and Natural Death from Old Age

We are mistaken in our ideas about old age and death. The fact is that we see that everything living has a certain life span, and, in the end, dies. Including a person. But not a single scientist in the world, not a single scientific book will name a single chemical or physical reaction, not a single process in the human body leading to natural death. For the simple reason that these processes do not exist.

On the contrary, over millions of years natural selection, nature has perfected biological organisms, giving them a fantastic margin of safety.

Just think about the law of survival. - is the main law of biolife on the planet. And it only works to preserve life. All his activities are aimed only at overcoming the threat of death to the body. Life has no other law. This is determined by billions of years of natural selection. The only and the main objective biolife: preserving life. This is an axiom and does not require proof.

There is no natural mechanism of death. For this contradicts the very spirit of the law of survival. A biological organism is not capable of self-destruction.

It can be killed by microorganisms (diseases), chemicals (poisoning), predators, accidents, violent death, etc. All of these are only and only external factors that kill the body.

“But forgive me!” – the reader will say – “Open your eyes, author! Look around! And you will see that all living things around eventually die! And the man too!”

And he will be right.

What happens:

• There is no mechanism for the natural death of biological organisms.
• But biological organisms still die.

The mystery seems unsolvable

To solve it, you need to understand the nature of old age.

Causes of natural old age and natural death

The human body can be imagined as a perfect, compact chemical factory. Where the “workshops” are organs and tissues, and the “structural units” are their cells.

The function of the “structural unit” - the cell - is to provide other “workshops” of the “factory” with some chemical substance (for example: a hormone) or some action (compression - muscle cell). It is to perform this function that the cell exists. And as long as all the cells of the body perform their functions properly, the human body is “in health and prosperity.”

Let's call this cell function " function function».

But in order for a cell to properly perform its functions, it itself must maintain its integrity. Regularly receive “raw materials”, “spare parts” from other “workshops”, “machines” must be provided with “energy”, “preventative work” must be carried out, and so on... That is, the cell must maintain the integrity of its organelles, and restore them in time if they are subject to destruction. And if the destruction process has gone too far, the cell is replaced with a new one.

Let's call this cell function " regeneration function».

Only when the regeneration function is performed does the body cell successfully function and provide the body with. And the body itself survives safely. This mechanism has long been known to science as the “regeneration” mechanism and does not raise any doubts.

And what happens when some group of cells stops performing their functions properly. That is, it begins to provide its “products” in smaller quantities than necessary?

Cells that do not receive enough of this “product” also begin to work worse. And, in turn, not deliver enough of their “products”. The process is growing like an avalanche. And it will definitely affect regeneration processes: when the processes of destruction of cell organelles will increase, and the processes of their restoration will slow down.

As a result, we get decrepit organs and a decrepit organism. This is the fundamental process of “natural aging”.

Of course, nature, over many millions of years of natural selection, has developed defense mechanisms for this case as well. As a rule, the body finds a way to heal: how to restore the disturbed balance in the body.

The main thing is that we can see here, and that science does not see “point-blank”:

The processes of destruction of cell organelles, as well as destruction from “natural old age,” occur due to the cell not receiving the necessary chemicals. That is: the cell does not receive “spare parts”, “energy”, “lack of preventive maintenance”….

Now let's look at how regeneration processes change in the human body with changes in age.

1. First period – period of organism development . A fertilized egg - a zygote - at the first moment of its existence is divided into two cells. The next moment, these two cells are divided in half - four cells are obtained. The next moment, these four cells are divided into eight cells. And so on... Here we see an avalanche-like growing process of the emergence of new cells - or, in our opinion: an avalanche-like growing process of regeneration.

This dynamic does not last long and reaches its peak, probably somewhere in the period intrauterine development person (let's consider it this way - it is not important for our reasoning).

With the birth of a person, the opposite process occurs in his body: the processes of cell death begin. But quantitatively, the processes of regeneration far exceed the processes of death. Therefore, the body grows and develops.

Over time, the processes of cell regeneration slow down, and the processes of cell death speed up. And at some point they are quantitatively compared.

This the moment of full blossoming of man - his maturity .

2. From now on it begins the second period in the life of the human body - period of old age . Now the processes of cell death are increasingly exceeding the processes of cell regeneration. The human body is becoming increasingly decrepit. His organs - “workshops” - perform their functions worse and worse, supply the body worse and worse necessary substances. Finally, the moment comes when one of the organs completely ceases its activity. And the body dies.

It's there moment of death from old age .

So, we have examined the mechanism of “natural old age” and “natural death from old age”. And they came to the conclusion: “natural death” occurs as a result of systematic lack of cell intake the body needs the chemicals. But not as a result of some purposeful process of self-destruction of the body programmed in human genes.

Old age, as a purposeful mechanism formed by many millions of years of waste, does not exist.

The question arises: what then does not allow the “workshops” of our body to regularly supply each other with the necessary chemicals? The reasons are known. And all of them (except one) boil down to one thing: a person's disrespect for his body. Namely:

1. Abuse. Alcohol, drugs, tobacco, pickles, smoked foods, all sorts of “paste foods” - these are things that have not been included in the diet of biological organisms over the course of many millions of years of natural selection. Not to mention GMOs, all sorts of crap—what the food industry so stubbornly stuffs us with. And for what, the body, naturally, is not ready.

2. Excess. A person is clearly “overeating”: he eats more than what his body requires for normal functioning. The human body is also not ready for this for the same reason. It was formed over many millions of years in conditions of struggle for food, in conditions of constant lack of food.

3. Physical passivity. The human body needs to constantly move. All for the same reason, the established practice of many millions of years of natural selection. To survive, it was necessary to constantly move: either to catch up with food, or to run away - so as not to become food. This condition sounds like this: only in conditions of sufficient physical activity, our “workshops” - organs - will function properly and supply each other with the necessary substances.

4. Nervous stress. Human society, speech, verbal communication, nervous stress and so on... - the latest acquisitions in the evolution of the animal world. Just a few tens of thousands of years. Naturally, the human body has not yet had time to adapt to this “innovation”.

These are natural evolutionary “diseases” of Homo sapiens. And they ultimately lead to metabolic disorders. And, in the end, they can lead to the death of our body.

But, with all this, there are certain unique people in society who eat right, and do not allow themselves any excesses or abuses, and physical culture respected, and they don’t care about nerves... But they also live a little longer than usual and also die...

The main cause of natural old age and death

There is another cause of old age and death - the main cause.

But to understand it, you need to take a bold step: acknowledge the presence of a soul . Because no matter how hard you try, you can’t explain the main reason.” natural death from natural old age."

• If we recognize the binary essence of man: the presence of a soul and a body.
• If we recognize the primacy of the soul in this tandem.
• Then we get the main reason for “natural old age and death”: the soul does not need a long-lived organism.

But everything is in order. Let us first consider what the soul should be.

• Soul age- several hundred thousand years.
• Way of existence– . Starting with the simplest biological organisms, then more and more complex ones, then lower and higher animals. In man - the highest evolutionary link of biolife - the soul completes its development, and, in the end, will cease to need the body.
• Purpose of existence – collection of information about the surrounding reality. Only by collecting a “complete package” of information about the surrounding reality, about the laws of the universe, does the soul gain power and acquire power over the universe.

Having moved into a new body, “squeezing” out of it everything that it is capable of in order to collect necessary information, the soul leaves this body to move into a new one. The previous body dies.

That is why the age of lower biological organisms is so short. “They give me a scant amount of information.”

That is why man is the longest living biological form what he can give to the soul maximum amount information.

Therefore, primitive man lived only twenty to thirty years, and he was not able to give the soul much information.

(About the soul, what it “consists” of, the laws of its existence, its qualities and properties, the laws of its interaction with the body, its evolution - the reader can learn about all this in detail in the author’s book “Fundamentals of Psychology: Theory of Knowledge” ).

“But, forgive me, the author,” the reader will say, “with age, a person becomes smarter, wiser, more experienced... And with age, he can supply information to his soul in large quantities... Why does he die before reaching a hundred years of age?”

- "That's it: more experienced...“This is the stumbling block,” the author answers.

What destroys a person, does not allow him to live for more than a hundred years, is what raised him above the rest of the animal world - his brain. More precisely: the laws of how his brain works.

All the information that a person accumulates during his life is stored in his memory in the form of habits, character, experience...

Experience, we believe, is the main achievement of our old age. It is experience that makes us wiser, smarter... It is experience that allows maturity and old age to avoid the mistakes that youth so often makes...

But it is experience that does not allow us to live more than seventy to a hundred years.

The fact is that all information is stored in memory cells of the brain in the form sensory nerve centers. Just like it can be stored in the crystals of a computer's central processor.

But, unlike a computer, no force can “erase” this information from memory cells. You can’t erase it with one click of a button. Sensory nerve centers store received information forever. This information can only be destroyed along with nerve cells in which it is stored.

Hence the experience and habits that are difficult to change... - All this is there fixed data - fixed knowledge. Which, even if you have a stake on your head, can’t be changed by anything. This is the mechanism of how the brain works.

If information has been introduced into the brain, in the form of your experience, that it is indecent to relieve yourself in the middle of the street, there is no way you can convince it otherwise. But relieving yourself is a natural reaction of the body...

“Don’t go there!”, “Don’t do that!”, Don’t look like that!”, “Don’t say that!” - Which of us is free from such moral teachings? But this is what it is life experience. Don’t slurp at the table, don’t dress in bright, provocative colors, don’t interrupt your elders... - all this is our experience - “fixed opinions”.

Our entire life experience is a series of such “fixed data”. All information stored in the brain is fixed information. fixed opinion.

“Thou shalt not kill,” “thou shalt not steal,” “thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s wife”… these are also fixed opinions. With which we all agree, but which the soul - the spiritual essence - absolutely “doesn’t give a damn about”.

The soul needs absolutely complete information about phenomena. Including “kill” and “steal” and “covet your neighbor’s wife”... Only by possessing complete information about the phenomenon, the soul - the spiritual essence - can control this phenomenon and acquires power. Therefore, each of us - as a soul - has definitely known in the past or will know in the future murder and theft and adultery...

Alas, such is the inexorable logic of life...

So, in order to live forever, a person must be able to refuse fixed data. Be able to refuse the information that he has accumulated during his life. Be able to give up your habits, your character, your opinion, your “I”.

Alas, this is not possible today.

The mechanism of the brain does not allow this to be done. Which was formed and honed by evolution and natural selection over millions of years. And he allowed biolife to survive on the planet and rise to the peak of its development - the highest evolutionary link - man.

Man is a slave to his brain.

Now this mechanism has become an obstacle on the way further development person. An obstacle that a person must overcome and which he will definitely overcome in the relatively near future.

Let's conclude:

The entire complex of information is accumulated by a person during his life in the form of sensory nerve centers in the brain. This information contained in the sensory nerve centers is “fixed knowledge” that a person cannot change. It is “fixed knowledge” - in the form of sensory NCs of the brain - that is the main reason why the human soul causes the human body to age and die.

In order to get rid of the body that had become unnecessary, the soul created the mechanism of “natural old age and natural death.” It is the soul that gives the command to slow down the metabolism in the body. It is the soul that controls this process and kills the body when the time comes.

How can this happen?

How to achieve true longevity

The soul does not need to control every molecule in the human body. Soul - the spiritual essence of a person - controls the rate of chemical reactions in his body. It's enough. Direct confirmation of this is the dynamics of a person’s body temperature throughout his life.

The human body temperature is highest during childhood. This is a well-known truth. With age, body temperature tends to decrease. And it reaches its minimum during a person’s old age. This is also a well-known truth. No one will be surprised, for example, by the sight of an old man sitting in felt boots and a padded jacket on the rubble of his house in the June heat.

We all know from a school chemistry course that the higher the temperature, the higher the rate of chemical reactions. Having drawn a simple analogy between the dependence of the rate of chemical reactions on temperature and the dynamics of a person’s body temperature throughout his life, we get a stunning, simple conclusion:

Natural aging of the body occurs due to a slowdown in chemical reactions and a decrease in its body temperature.

That is: elevated temperature the body during human childhood provides high speed chemical reactions - metabolic processes - in the body. Cells recover very quickly in case of any violations.

Low body temperature during a person's old age does not allow chemical metabolic processes to occur at a sufficient speed. Many cells do not have time to recover and die. When this process goes too far, the organism dies.

The task of gerontology to increase life expectancy, therefore, is to increase the normal human body temperature.

But it's not that simple. To do this, you need to somehow “persuade” the soul not to reduce the rate of chemical reactions in the body.

Alas, this task is almost impossible today. Because our soul “absolutely doesn’t care” that we want to enjoy the delights of life longer. If we can no longer supply it with the information it needs (and this necessarily happens towards the end of life), then the soul inevitably frees itself from the body, which has become unnecessary.

But there is still a way out.

It is necessary to understand what kind of information the soul—the spiritual entity—needs. This can be achieved. For the soul does not just collect information at random. The accumulation of information by the soul is a purposeful process and it is subject to certain laws. Only a certain kind of information is accumulated, about certain aspects of reality. This is where the concept of ““ comes into play. (For details, the reader can familiarize themselves with these patterns in the article “).

A person must change completely. First of all - internally. He must completely change his habits, his worldview, his life goals - to become a completely different person.

A person has the power to change his destiny. But only knowing these patterns. Only knowing the laws of interaction between soul and body, knowing what kind of information “interests” your soul, can you purposefully change your destiny and receive true longevity as a reward.

Mortality statistics are one of the main sources of medical information; they provide reliable data on the health of the population. At the same time, mortality statistics can be used to judge the quality of diagnosis and treatment of the population. Our research has shown that the reliability of recording the causes of death in healthcare institutions is in the range of 35-65% and in the whole territory is 50% (Krasnoyarsk and Stavropol territories, Tula and Vladimir regions). FGU "CENTRAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF ORGANIZATION AND INFORMATION OF HEALTH CARE OF THE FEDERAL AGENCY FOR HEALTH AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT" Guidelines for coding causes of death. Moscow, 2008 Scientific editor – Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Leonov S.A.

The main errors when issuing a medical death certificate can be divided into three groups: - filling out - coding - choosing the initial cause of death. 17% - defects in organizing the process of collecting and processing, as well as presenting data on death 26% of errors were made due to insufficient clinical training of doctors 23% of errors were due to insufficient knowledge and skills in working with ICD-10 for coding Lopakov K.V. Assessing the reliability of coding causes of death. - "Social aspects of public health" June 2, 2011

Checking the quality of filling out medical death certificates in the Krasnodar Territory (December 2011, May 2012) Coding errors are common. Codes that are not recommended for coding the original cause of death are often used, which indicates a lack of systematic methodological work and a lack of control over the correct completion of the death certificate. Insufficient grounds for a reliable diagnosis. In 2011, an inaccuracy was discovered in the transfer of death certificate data to an electronic database

Main features and problems of ICD-10 Includes terms and their codes not only for nosological units, but also for syndromes, symptoms, etc. Classification and terminology are 21 years out of date Terms that are not accepted in domestic medicine are literally translated into Russian. Important information “scattered” in the 2nd volume and unclearly formulated (possibly due to translation defects)

Main features and problems of ICD-10 n In 1999, the WHO ICD-10 Update Reference Committee (URC) was established. Modifications to the classification that have been recommended following the URCs inception are uniquely identified and further defined as a major or minor change. Relevant changes in other language versions of ICD-10 and in related tools will also have to be made and disseminated by the appropriate authority. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

Main features and problems of ICD-10 Includes proposals ratified by the WHO-FIC Network at the annual meeting in Seoul, October 2009 Notes for use in underlying cause mortality coding I25.2 Old myocardial infarction Not to be used for underlying cause mortality coding. If the cause is not stated, code to Other forms of chronic ischemic heart disease (I25.8) - - chronic or with a stated duration of over 4 weeks I healed or old I25.2

Letter from the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia signed by Deputy Minister V.I. Skvortsova dated 14-6/10/2-178 Instructions on the rules for filling out, issuing, recording and storing a medical death certificate approved by order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated 782N Order of the Krasnodar Department of Health the edges

Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation Research Institute of Social Hygiene, Economics and Health Management named after. ON THE. Semashko RAMS Methodological manual “Use of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, tenth revision (ICD-10) in the practice of domestic medicine.” - M., 2002.

FGU "CENTRAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF ORGANIZATION AND INFORMATION OF HEALTH CARE OF THE FEDERAL AGENCY FOR HEALTH AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT" Guidelines for coding causes of death. Moscow, 2008 Scientific editor – Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Leonov S.A.

Principles of coding causes of death Cause of death statistics are based on the concept of the “original cause of death”, which was adopted at the International Conference of the Sixth Revision in Paris in 1948. The underlying cause of death is: the disease or injury that triggered the chain of events that directly led to death; the circumstances of the accident or act of violence that caused the fatal injury. This definition is dictated by the fact that, having built a chain of events leading to death, it is possible in some cases to influence it in order to prevent death.

Paragraph 19 of the “Causes of Death” section of the Certificate must be completed on the basis of primary medical documentation - a “post-mortem epicrisis”, the final part of which must clearly reflect the final diagnosis: the main clinical or pathological-anatomical diagnosis with complications, background, competing and concomitant diseases . The recording of causes of death is carried out in strict accordance with established requirements (letter of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated 14-6/10/2-178)

In each subparagraph of Part I, only one cause of death is indicated, and the line of subparagraph a), the line of subparagraphs a) and b), or the line of subparagraphs a), b) and c) can be completed. The line of subparagraph d) is filled in only if the cause of death is injury and poisoning; filling out part I of paragraph 19 of the Medical Certificate is carried out in the reverse order to the main disease with complications: the wording of the main disease is entered, as a rule, on the line of subparagraph c). Then 1-2 complications are selected, of which they make up a “logical sequence” and write them down on the lines of subparagraphs a) and b). In this case, the state written in the line below must be the cause of the condition written in the line above. It is allowed to select causes of death for the Medical Certificate in a different order, starting with the immediate cause; in part I of paragraph 19, only one nosological unit can be recorded, unless this is stipulated by special rules of ICD-10.

Part II of paragraph 19 includes other causes of death - these are those other important diseases, conditions (background, competing and concomitant) that were not associated with the original cause of death, but contributed to the occurrence of death. In this case, only those conditions are selected that had an impact on this death (they aggravated the underlying disease and accelerated death).

Statistical developments should be carried out not only for the initial, but also for multiple causes of death. Therefore, all recorded diseases (conditions), including section II, are coded in the Certificate. If possible, the entire logical sequence of interrelated causes is indicated. The underlying cause of death code is underlined. Codes for other causes of death are written opposite each line without underlining. In the column “Approximate period of time between the onset of the pathological process and death,” opposite each selected cause, the period of time is indicated in minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years. This information is necessary to obtain information about the average age of those who died at various diseases(states).

If the Certificate is completed in accordance with the established requirements and the logical sequence is followed, then in accordance with “ General principle» the underlying cause of death will always be on the lowest completed line of Section I. Only the underlying cause of death is included in the statistics, which sometimes does not coincide with the formulation of the final clinical or pathoanatomical (forensic) diagnosis

Block “Ischemic heart diseases” (I20-I25). The headings “Acute and recurrent myocardial infarction” (I21-I22) are acute forms of coronary heart disease. If myocardial infarction is diagnosed in a patient for the first time in life, it is coded as “ acute heart attack myocardial infarction" (I21), all subsequent myocardial infarctions in the same patient are coded as "repeated myocardial infarction", code I22. The duration of myocardial infarction is determined by ICD-10 and is 4 weeks, or 28 days from the onset of the disease.

With a combination of acute or repeated myocardial infarction and acute forms of cerebrovascular diseases with malignant neoplasm, diabetes mellitus or bronchial asthma, these diseases are considered the primary cause of death, and myocardial infarctions and strokes are considered their complications ICD-10 volume 2 p. 75

Main disease. Repeated large-focal myocardial infarction of the posterolateral wall of the left ventricle (about 3 days old), large-focal cardiosclerosis of the lateral wall of the left ventricle. Stenosing atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries of the heart ( Stage III, stenosis up to 75% of the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery). Main disease. Repeated large-focal myocardial infarction of the posterolateral wall of the left ventricle (about 3 days old), large-focal cardiosclerosis of the lateral wall of the left ventricle. Stenosing atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries of the heart (stage III, stenosis up to 75% of the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery). Background disease. Diabetes mellitus type II, moderate severity, in the stage of decompensation (blood glucose - ... from - date), diabetic retinopathy (according to the medical history), diabetic nephrosclerosis (arterial hypertension - clinically). Background disease. Diabetes mellitus type II, moderate, in the stage of decompensation (blood glucose - ... from - date), diabetic retinopathy (according to the medical history), diabetic nephrosclerosis (arterial hypertension - clinically). Complications. Acute general venous congestion of internal organs. Pulmonary edema. Complications. Acute general venous congestion of internal organs. Pulmonary edema. Concomitant disease. Follicular adenoma of the thyroid gland Concomitant disease. Follicular adenoma of the thyroid gland

Medical certificate of death 19. Cause of death Approximate period of time between the onset of pathology. process and death ICD-10 code of the initial and external cause of death I a) pulmonary edema 3 days I51.1 b) repeated myocardial infarction back wall 3 days I22.2 c) Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with multiple complications 12 years E10.7 d) - II -

Not used in the final clinical and pathological diagnoses, and are not coded as the initial cause of death, since they represent group and/or unspecified pathological conditions. Not used in the final clinical and pathological diagnoses, and are not coded as the initial cause of death, since they represent group and/or unspecified pathological conditions “myocardial degeneration” (code I 51.1), “myocardial degeneration” (code I 51.1), “acute coronary heart disease, unspecified” (code I 24.9), “acute coronary heart disease, unspecified” (code I 24.9 ), "atherosclerotic cardiovascular vascular disease, so described" (code I 25.0), "atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, so described" (code I 25.0), "chronic ischemic heart disease, unspecified" (code I 25.9), "chronic ischemic heart disease, unspecified" (code I 25.9 ),

Not used for coding the initial cause of death Asymptomatic myocardial ischemia (code I 25.6), asymptomatic myocardial ischemia (code I 25.6), angina pectoris (codes I 20.0 - I 20.9) are not used for coding the initial cause of death - their morphological substrate is diffuse small-focal cardiosclerosis, a synonym for which, as required by ICD-10, is “atherosclerotic heart disease” with code I 25.1, angina pectoris (codes I 20.0 – I 20.9) – their morphological substrate is diffuse small-focal cardiosclerosis, a synonym for which, as required by ICD-10, is “atherosclerotic heart disease” with code I 25.1,

Pathological processes that are complications of the underlying disease are not coded as the initial cause of death: Pathological processes that are complications of the underlying disease are not coded as the initial cause of death: current complications of acute myocardial infarction (codes I23.0 - I 23.8), current complications of acute myocardial infarction (codes I23.0 – I 23.8), heart failure (codes I 50.-), heart failure (codes I 50.-), variants of arrhythmias (codes I 44.-, I 45.-, I 47 .-, I 48, I 49.-), part pathological processes from the group “complications and ill-defined heart diseases” (codes I 51), variants of arrhythmias (codes I 44.-, I 45.-, I 47.-, I 48, I 49.-), part of the pathological processes from the group “ complications and ill-defined heart diseases" (codes I 51), acute cardiac aneurysm, pulmonary embolism, etc. acute cardiac aneurysm, pulmonary embolism, etc.

Chronic ischemic heart disease: post-infarction cardiosclerosis Code I25.2 does not apply as the initial cause of death, this state denotes myocardial infarction suffered in the past and diagnosed by ECG, currently asymptomatic. Post-infarction cardiosclerosis, code I25.8. Chronic cardiac aneurysm, code I25.3 Death occurs from congestive heart failure with or without thromboembolic syndrome or cardiac arrhythmias (septal scars).

Diffuse small-focal cardiosclerosis, a synonym for which according to ICD-10 is “ischemic cardiomyopathy” I25.5 Diffuse small-focal cardiosclerosis, a synonym for which according to ICD-10 is “ischemic cardiomyopathy” I25.5 Death occurs from congestive heart failure Death occurs from congestive heart failure

Pathoanatomical diagnosis Pathoanatomical diagnosis Main disease: Diffuse small-focal cardiosclerosis with myogenic dilatation of cavities, stenotic atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries (grade 3, stage IV, stenosis 60%). Main disease: Diffuse small-focal cardiosclerosis with myogenic dilatation of cavities, stenotic atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries (grade 3, stage IV, stenosis 60%). Complications: Chronic general venous congestion: brown induration of the lungs, muscat liver fibrosis, pulmonary edema Complications: Chronic general venous congestion: brown induration of the lungs, muscat liver fibrosis, pulmonary edema Associated diseases: Chronic calculous cholecystitis. Senile pulmonary emphysema. Associated diseases: Chronic calculous cholecystitis. Senile pulmonary emphysema.

The diagnosis of hypertensive disease is excluded in the presence, along with manifestations of symptomatic arterial hypertension, of the following organ pathology: The diagnosis of hypertensive disease is excluded in the presence, along with manifestations of symptomatic arterial hypertension, of the following organ pathology: congenital anomalies kidney; stenosis of the main trunk of the renal arteries; diffuse glomerulonephritis; chronic pyelonephritis; coarctation of the aorta; stenosing lesions of the carotid and vertebral arteries; adrenal tumors (pheochromocytomas, aldosteromas, corticosteromas); tumors of the spinal ganglia and nerve endings; pituitary tumors; chronic leukemia and erythremia.

Essential (primary) hypertension – I10 cannot be the main cause of death and is indicated in the certificate only in its second part as background disease in the presence of nosologies from the group of ischemic heart diseases (I20-I25) or cerebrovascular diseases (I60-I69). In this case, hypertension is considered as an underlying disease.

Medical certificate of death 19. Cause of death Approximate period of time between the onset of pathology. process and death ICD-10 code of the initial and external cause of death I a) cardiogenic shock 2 hours I 50 b) acute myocardial infarction of the anterior wall 2 hours I21.0 c) - d) - II Hypertension with predominant heart damage 15 years I.10.0

Nosological forms of hypertensive disease, identified by codes I11.-, I12.-, I13.-, may be the main cause of death and accordingly indicated in the first part of the certificate and coded, but only if there is no indication of the presence of coronary heart disease in the deceased (I20-I25) or cerebrovascular diseases (I60-I69).

Medical certificate of death 19. Cause of death Approximate period of time between the onset of pathology. process and death ICD-10 code of the initial and external cause of death I a) chronic heart failure 4 years I 50.0 b) hypertension with predominant heart damage 25 years I.11.0 c) - d) - II -

Block “Cerebrovascular diseases” (I60-I69). Block “Cerebrovascular diseases” (I60-I69). Headings for acute forms of cerebrovascular diseases (I60-I66) Headings for acute forms of cerebrovascular diseases (I60-I66) include the following acute conditions: include the following acute conditions: I60 Subarachnoid hemorrhage I60 Subarachnoid hemorrhage I61 Intracerebral hemorrhage I61 Intracranial hemorrhage I62 Other non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage I62 Other non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage I63 Cerebral infarction I63 Cerebral infarction

There are acute forms of cerebrovascular diseases lasting up to 30 days or within an episode of care medical care(order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia from) - headings I60-I66; There are acute forms of cerebrovascular diseases lasting up to 30 days or within an episode of medical care (order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia from) - headings I60-I66; Consequences of cerebrovascular diseases (heading I69) Consequences of cerebrovascular diseases (heading I69)

Main disease. Intracerebral hematoma in the area of ​​the subcortical nuclei of the right hemisphere of the brain. Atherosclerosis of the cerebral arteries (stage II, stenosis up to 50%). Main disease. Intracerebral hematoma in the area of ​​the subcortical nuclei of the right hemisphere of the brain. Atherosclerosis of the cerebral arteries (stage II, stenosis up to 50%). Background disease. Hypertension: concentric myocardial hypertrophy (heart weight - 430 g, wall thickness of the left ventricle - 1.8 cm, right - 0.3 cm), arteriolosclerotic nephrosclerosis. Background disease. Hypertension: concentric myocardial hypertrophy (heart weight - 430 g, wall thickness of the left ventricle - 1.8 cm, right - 0.3 cm), arteriolosclerotic nephrosclerosis. Complications. A breakthrough of blood in the cavity of the right lateral and third ventricles of the brain. Swelling of the brain with dislocation of its trunk. Complications. A breakthrough of blood in the cavity of the right lateral and third ventricles of the brain. Swelling of the brain with dislocation of its trunk. Accompanying illnesses. Large focal cardiosclerosis of the posterior wall of the left ventricle. Stenosing atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries of the heart (stage II, stenosis up to 50%). Accompanying illnesses. Large focal cardiosclerosis of the posterior wall of the left ventricle. Stenosing atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries of the heart (stage II, stenosis up to 50%). Medical death certificate. Medical death certificate. I. a) Swelling of the brain with dislocation of its trunk I. a) Swelling of the brain with dislocation of its trunk b) Breakthrough of blood into the ventricles of the brain b) Breakthrough of blood into the ventricles of the brain c) Intracerebral hematoma (I 61.0) c) Intracerebral hematoma (I 61.0) d) – d) – II. Hypertension (I 10). II. Hypertension (I 10).

Medical certificate of death 19. Cause of death Approximate period of time between the onset of pathology. process and death ICD-10 code of the initial and external cause of death I a) hemotamponade of the ventricles of the brain 3 days I 61.5 b) Intracerebral hematoma 4 days I 61.0 c) - d) - II Hypertension 15 years I 10

When acute forms of cerebrovascular diseases are combined with a malignant neoplasm, diabetes mellitus or bronchial asthma, these diseases are considered the initial cause of death, and acute forms of cerebrovascular diseases are considered their complications (ICD-10, vol. 2, p. 75)

Many medical institutions formulate the cause of death this way: - atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels, ICD code 10 I67.2 (forms of vascular pathology with codes I I 65.9, I66, I67, I68, I70, I72 cannot be the causes of death (letter of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated 6458- VS).Cerebrovascular diseases

Atherosclerosis Used to code the underlying cause of death Not used to code the underlying cause of death I 70.1 Atherosclerosis of the renal artery I 70.2 Atherosclerosis of the arteries of the extremities I 71 Aortic aneurysm I 70.0 Atherosclerosis of the aorta I 70.8 Atherosclerosis of other arteries I 70.9 Generalized and unspecified atherosclerosis

Use of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, tenth revision (ICD-10) in the practice of domestic medicine. Methodological manual, Moscow 2002. The diagnosis of “old age” can be used to code the original cause of death only if the certificate does not indicate the presence of any other condition or disease that could be classified in any ICD class other than 18 -th, and the age of the deceased exceeded 80 years. On this age group accounts for 44.5% of all deaths from diseases of cardio-vascular system. The certificate, as a rule, contains codes that are not allowed to be used to encode the original cause of death (myocardial degeneration I51.1, cerebral atherosclerosis I67.2, generalized atherosclerosis I 70.9), or records not substantiated by clinical data (ACMC).

Clinical diagnosis The underlying disease is coronary artery disease. Angina pectoris III FC CHF III IV FC according to NYHA Concomitant diseases Cholelithiasis. Pathological diagnosis Main disease: Diffuse small-focal cardiosclerosis with myogenic dilatation of cavities, stenotic atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries (grade 3, stage IV, stenosis 60%). Complications: Chronic general venous congestion: brown induration of the lungs, muscat liver fibrosis, pulmonary edema. Concomitant diseases: Chronic calculous cholecystitis. Senile pulmonary emphysema.

Medical certificate of death 19. Cause of death Approximate period of time between the onset of pathology. process and death ICD-10 code of the initial and external cause of death I a) chronic heart failure 5 years I50.0 b) diffuse small focal cardiosclerosis 16 years I25.5 c) - d) - II -

During the inspection of death certificates, it was revealed that all central district hospitals have appointed responsible doctors who check the correctness of filling out medical death certificates in the registry office. In regional institutions and institutions of the city of Krasnodar, responsible doctors must check the correctness of filling out the medical death certificate directly in their medical institution. Until now, this work has been carried out formally: the names of the responsible doctors on death certificates are constantly changing. During the inspection of death certificates, it was revealed that all central district hospitals have appointed responsible doctors who check the correctness of filling out medical death certificates in the registry office. In regional institutions and institutions of the city of Krasnodar, responsible doctors must check the correctness of filling out the medical death certificate directly in their medical institution. Until now, this work has been carried out formally: the names of the responsible doctors on death certificates are constantly changing. The correctness of filling can only be checked by doctors responsible for organizing the treatment and diagnostic process in a given institution (not counting the Bureau of Forensic Medicine) The correctness of filling can only be checked by doctors responsible for organizing the treatment and diagnostic process in a given institution (not counting the Bureau of Forensic Medicine examination) RECOMMENDATIONS based on the results of control checks: In order to increase the reliability and international comparability of information, when issuing medical death certificates, healthcare institutions should be guided by the instructions of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. In order to increase the reliability and international comparability of information, when issuing medical death certificates, healthcare institutions should be guided by instructional materials of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation Deputy. take the chief doctors under personal control correct execution and coding of death certificates issued, systematically conduct classes with attending physicians and doctors of FAPs on the correct execution and issuance of death certificates (as part of the work of KILI) Deputy. chief doctors take personal control over the correct execution and coding of death certificates issued, systematically conduct classes with attending physicians and doctors at FAPs on the correct execution and issuance of death certificates (as part of the work of KILI) Agree on the procedure for issuing medical care. certificate instead of the final one. Agree on the procedure for issuing honey. certificates in lieu of final

Was only 24 years old. After 100 years, this number doubled to 48 years. Now a newborn can live on average 76 years. Taking into account the latest discoveries in biology, scientists believe that this figure will remain unchanged for a long time.

Introduction

Today, the search for “rejuvenating apples” and the answer to the question of why a person ages is concentrated in the field of studying the genetic structure of cells, and less and less attention is paid to the role of stress and diets in people’s lives. Those who want to achieve immortality turn to anti-aging clinics, paying $20,000 each year for hormone therapy, DNA testing and space surgery. However, these experimental methods They don’t give any guarantees of immortality - they just promise to prolong life.

Let's find out together when and why a person ages, what are the signs and causes of aging, and how to slow down the aging process.

The concept of "aging"

The word "old age" is now associated with anti-aging cosmetics and surgical operations. This is due to the fact that modern science is more aimed at exploring outer space and inventing new technologies. They simply forgot about immortality.

But Dr. John Langmore, a professor at the University of Michigan, and his team looked inside the cells, into the very essence of human life. In particular, he studied the DNA molecule and discovered at its ends a chain of repeating pairs of enzymes, which were later called “telomeres.” They work as protective “caps” on the ends of chromosomes, which over time prevent the molecules from splitting in half, which leads to aging and death in humans.

What are "telomeres"

Scientists note that as a person gets older, the length of telomeric chains decreases. Eventually they become so short that cell replication causes fatal errors, or missing pieces, in the DNA sequence, interfering with the cell's ability to replace itself. This limit point, when a cell has lost its vital DNA code and cannot reproduce itself, is called the Hayflick limit. It is a measure of how many times a cell can make copies of itself before it dies.

Some cells in our body have a very high Hayflick limit. For example, the cells that are found inside our mouth and intestines are constantly being worn out and replaced. Indeed, they emerge to be able to grow telomeres even into adulthood. Then scientists became interested in why some cells prevent telomere growth with age, and others do not.

"Programmed" cells

Dr. Langmore, using physical, biochemical and genetic methods to study the structure and function of telomeres, has developed a cell-free system for reconstituting a functional model of telomeres using synthetic DNA. It also revealed the mechanism by which telomeres can “stabilize” and the conditions that lead to their instability.

Protein factors “responsible” for stabilizing chromosome ends have been cloned and studied. made it possible to directly visualize the structure of the telomere model. This interesting research has led to many promising discoveries.

Scientists have discovered an important enzyme that can “turn off” telomeres so that the DNA molecule can endlessly bifurcate. It's called telomerase. But as we get older, the amount of telomerase in cells decreases. This is the answer to the question of why the human body ages.

Five main theories

So, scientists have proven that death occurs due to the loss of a large number of cells. There are several theories that explain how the Hayflick limit is expressed in the cells of our body. Let's look at them in more detail:

1. Hypothesis about error. This theory identifies errors that can occur in chemical reactions during the production of DNA and RNA, since the metabolic mechanism is not 100% accurate. Cell death may result from these unresolved errors.

2. Theory free radicals. Answers the question of why a person ages in his own way. Left unchecked, they can damage the membranes that surround cells and cellular DNA and RNA molecules. This damage ultimately leads to cell death.

This theory is currently being hotly researched. Experiments on mice have shown that a 40% reduction in calorie intake doubles their life expectancy and reduces the number of free radicals. In addition, scientists have found that vitamins E and C absorb them well.

3. The cross-linking theory states that the aging of living organisms is caused by the random formation (through cross-linking) of “bridges” between protein molecules, which then interfere with the process of producing RNA and DNA. This cross-linking can be caused by many chemicals commonly found in cells through metabolism, as well as by pollutants (such as lead and tobacco smoke).

4. The brain hypothesis answers the question of why people age quickly in a different way. This occurs due to a “breakdown” in the homeostasis of body functions, especially in the control of the hypothalamus over the pituitary gland, which in turn causes a disorder in the control of the endocrine glands.

5. Autoimmune theory. It was proposed by Dr. Roy Walford in Los Angeles, who proposed that two types of protein blood cells immune system(B and T) lose their energy due to the “attack” of bacteria, viruses and cancer cells. And when B and T cells become faulty, they infect healthy cells body.

Why reasons and signs

At some point in life, often closer to age 30, the telltale signs of aging begin to become apparent. They can be seen in everything: wrinkles appear on the skin, the strength and flexibility of bones and joints decreases, the cardiovascular, digestive and nervous systems undergo changes.

So far, no one can say for sure why a person ages. But it has definitely been revealed that genetics, diet, physical exercise, diseases and other factors influence this process.

Let's take a closer look at the signs and causes of aging of the main body systems:

1. Cells, organs and tissues:

Telomeres, which are located at the ends of chromosomes inside each cell, prevent the DNA molecule from splitting over time;

Waste accumulates in cells;

Connective tissue becomes more rigid;

Maximum functional capacity of many

2. Heart and blood vessels:

The heart wall becomes thicker;

The heart muscles begin to work less efficiently, pumping the same amount of blood;

The aortas become thicker, stiffer and less flexible;

The arteries supply blood to the heart and brain more slowly, which is the reason why a person ages, the signs are obvious.

3. Vital functions:

It becomes more difficult for the body to control its temperature;

It takes longer for your heart rate to return to normal after exercise.

4. Bones, muscles, joints:

Bones become thinner and less strong;

Joints - more rigid and less flexible;

Cartilage in bones and joints begins to weaken;

Muscle tissue also loses its strength, this explains why a person ages and the reasons for this process.

5. Digestive system:

The stomach, liver, pancreas and small intestine produce significantly less digestive juices;

Movement of food through digestive system slows down.

6. Brain and nervous system:

The number of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord decreases;

Abnormal structures such as “plaques” and “tangles” can form in the brain, leading to deterioration in its performance;

The number of connections between nerve cells decreases.

7. Eyes and ears:

The retina becomes thinner and the pupils become stiffer;

Lenses less clear;

Walls ear canal become thinner and the eardrums become thicker.

8. Skin, nails and hair:

Skin will become thinner and less elastic as we age, which is the reason why people age in appearance;

Sweat glands produce less sweat;

Nails grow more slowly;

Hair turns gray, and some even stop growing.

Symptoms of aging

Exist general symptoms aging, which include:

Increased susceptibility to infections;

Slight decrease in growth;

Increased risk of getting heatstroke or hypothermia;

Bones break more easily;

Slouch;

Slow motion;

Reduced overall energy;

Constipation and urinary incontinence;

Slight slowdown in the thinking process and memory impairment;

Decreased coordination;

Deterioration of visual acuity and decrease in peripheral vision;

Hearing loss;

Sagging and wrinkling of the skin;

Graying of hair;

Effect of sugar

People who love sweets will be unpleasant to learn that sugar “accelerates” our old age. If you consume it in large quantities, you will soon quickly gain weight, and your body will become more susceptible to chronic diseases. They will, of course, slowly “introduce” themselves into a person’s life over a long period of time. However, every chronic disease negatively affects all cells in the body. Which is the reason why a person slowly ages.

Smoking

Even a child knows that smoking is harmful to health. In New Zealand, for example, 5,000 people die every year due to the adverse effects of smoking (including second-hand smoke). That's 13 people a day!

Every cigarette you smoke will add wrinkles to your face. And in combination with a large number sunlight It also promotes the appearance of dying cells on the skin.

Divorce

Yes, you read that right! Breaking up with someone you loved deeply certainly has a negative impact not only on your psychological condition, but also on appearance and health.

In 2009, scientists conducted a study with identical twins, which found that separated couples looked much older than those who had always been together.

Sun exposure

The sun's rays have a positive effect on the human body, but to a certain extent. They can cause wrinkles on the skin, then it will become clear why some people age faster than others.

Excess sun exposure can lead to elastosis (decreased skin elasticity) and the appearance of numerous age spots on the face.

Phobias and stress

Recent studies have found that personal phobias and experiences accelerate aging and add several years to your appearance. Chronic stress leads to constant release which has a negative impact on internal organs and fabrics. They also contribute to the formation of free radicals, which is the reason why people age quickly.

How to slow down your biological clock

1. Learn to manage your fears and cope with your emotions.

2. Limiting your calorie intake significantly slows down your aging. Preliminary results from studies in monkeys have shown that rational diets can “slow down” age-related physiological changes.

3. Exercise regularly. After all, they contribute to the release of growth hormones.

4. Try to get enough sleep every day. Only during sleep can we fully restore all our strength.

5. Relax. Choose a relaxation method that suits you. Perhaps it will be dancing, reading books, listening to music, or just taking hot baths.

In conclusion, we can all say that we will all grow old, whether we like it or not. But we now know how to slow down this process, even by cellular level. It is necessary not only to lead a healthy lifestyle, but also to minimize all factors that negatively affect our body.