Presentation on space exploration. World history of space exploration: powerpoint presentation Presentation on the topic of human space exploration

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Space exploration

In 1957, on October 4, a launch vehicle called Sputnik was launched into space in the city of Baikonur, which entered low-Earth orbit. This is the very first object in the world launched into low-Earth orbit. This event became the impetus for further space exploration not only in the USSR, but throughout the world.

A month later, on December 3, the USSR launched the second satellite, on board which was a dog named Laika. This was the first launch of a living creature into space; before that, it was assumed that any creature would not be able to bear the loads and there was a possibility that it would burst from the pressure.

In 1959, on September 12, the automatic station “Luna-2” was launched into space towards the Moon. The very next day, a Soviet pennant depicting the coat of arms of the USSR was installed on the surface of the Moon. The first spacecraft landed on the moon. A month later, the Luna-3 station was sent to the Moon, which took the first photographs of the Earth from the far side of the Moon.

In 1960, two dogs, Belka and Strelka, were sent into space. They were in space for one day and came back. This was the first orbital flight into space in history.

On April 12, 1961, one of the most important moments in the history of astronautics occurred. The first man was sent into space - Yuri Gagarin, who not only visited space, but also returned intact. The first words he uttered as he ascended into space were: “I see Earth. How beautiful she is!

The United States was not going to lag behind in the space race, and on May 5, 1961, it launched the Mercury space capsule into orbit with astronaut Alan Shepard on board. On May 25, 1961, American President John Kennedy, concerned about the development of the space race, promised that by the end of the decade an American astronaut would land on the Moon.
The first American to complete suborbital space flight. Shepard performed his second space flight as commander of the Apollo 14 spacecraft, the lander of which landed on the surface of the Moon.

Dezik and Gypsy

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, several launches were carried out in the Soviet Union reaching altitudes of over 100 km. On July 22, 1951, the dogs Dezik and Tsygan made a suborbital flight on the P-1B, which became the first animals successfully returned from space. The R-1B flights were intended as preparatory programs for the secret program Project VR-190 for suborbital flights of astronauts, which, according to official data, was cancelled, although some supporters of conspiracy theories claim that unsuccessful manned flights were nevertheless carried out in 1957-1959.

Tereshkova made her space flight (the world's first flight of a female cosmonaut) on June 16, 1963 on the Vostok-6 spacecraft; it lasted almost three days. At the same time, the Vostok-5 spacecraft, piloted by cosmonaut Valery Bykovsky, was in orbit.
On the day of her first flight into space, she told her family that she was leaving for a parachute competition; they learned about the flight from the news on the radio.
Tereshkova survived 48 revolutions around the Earth and spent almost three days in space, where she kept a logbook and took photographs of the horizon.
The next woman's flight into space
Svetlana Savitskaya, took place 19 years later,
in August 1982.

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The first step towards the exploration of outer space was taken on March 18, 1965, when pilot-cosmonaut Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov was the first earthling to step outside the spaceship.

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Lunar program

After a series of failures and retreats, American scientists and engineers have finally reached the finish line. The Apollo 11 spacecraft delivered the crew to the Moon, and on July 20, 1969, the famous astronaut Neil Armstrong was the first earthling to set foot on the surface of another planet. The words he said at the same time went down in history: “One small step for a person, but what a giant leap for all mankind!” The landing of American astronauts on the Moon was watched by millions of television viewers in all countries of the world.

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Several crews of American astronauts landed on the Moon, but in the 1970s, space programs began to refocus on launching uninhabited vehicles into outer space, both for scientific purposes and to create a space “shield.” Flights of the Voyager spacecraft into the depths of our solar system began in 1977.

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Space travel is incredibly expensive

American scientists in the late 1970s and early 1980s developed the space shuttle - a reusable spacecraft that launches like a rocket and lands like a jet. The first flight of the space shuttle Columbia took place in 1981. The shuttles provided scientists with unprecedented opportunities to conduct experiments in space. The smooth progress of the space program was interrupted by tragedy on January 28, 1986, when the Challenger shuttle exploded seconds after the launch procedure. All seven crew members were killed in the explosion.

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Grechanova Larisa Nikolaevna Municipal educational institution "Secondary school No. 4"

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Gagarin said “let’s go” and the rocket flew into space. This was a risky guy! Since then the era began.

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Yuri Gagarin's smile is immortal. She became a symbol. Gagarin smiled to the whole world. He smiled at our planet, rejoiced at the sun, forests and fields. And he said: “Having flown around the Earth in a satellite ship, I saw how beautiful our planet is. People, let us preserve and increase this beauty, and not destroy it!...” Yes, she's beautiful. And our beautiful and small planet, the only one where there are flowers, streams, birches, where there is laughter and smiles and love, must be protected!

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Of all the planets in the solar system, Mars is most similar to Earth. There are volcanoes and plains on the surface of the planet. Here, like on Earth, there are four seasons. Temperatures on Mars are usually low, but summers can be quite warm. There is an assumption that life once existed on Mars. Dry seas and river beds on the surface of Mars indicate that there was once water on the planet, and water, as we know, is the source of life. Perhaps some forms of life have survived to this day. Maybe on this planet life is at a higher level than on Earth, maybe - so far only in the simplest forms. Scientists have not yet provided us with direct evidence of any life. But I think these discoveries are not far off.

Grechanova Larisa Nikolaevna Municipal educational institution "Secondary school No. 4"

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October 4, 1957 is considered the beginning of the space age of mankind. On this day, an artificial earth satellite was launched into orbit for the first time in our country.

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Gagarin said: “And tomorrow?... Settlements on the Moon, travel to Mars. Scientific stations on asteroids, communication with other civilizations. All this is the future. Maybe not so close, but real. And we will not be upset that you and I will not become participants in long-distance interplanetary expeditions. Let's not envy the people of the future. They will, of course, be very lucky; things that we can only dream about will become familiar to them. But we were also very lucky. The happiness of the first steps into space.”

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Already many thousands of years ago, looking at the night sky, man dreamed of flying to the stars. Myriads of flickering night luminaries forced his thoughts to be carried away into the vast expanses of the Universe, awakened his imagination, and forced him to think about the secrets of the universe. Centuries passed, man acquired more and more power over nature, but the dream of flying to the stars remained as unrealizable as thousands of years ago. Legends and myths of all nations are full of stories about flights to the Moon, Sun and stars. The means for such flights proposed by popular imagination were primitive: a chariot drawn by eagles, wings attached to human hands. One can recall many writers, inventors, researchers, scientists who described the possibilities of human penetration into outer space. The very first stories about such travels belong to the Roman writer of Greek origin, Lucian. He lived in the city of Samosata, in what is now Syria, in the 2nd century AD. There are two works by Lucian in which he described travel into space. There are things in them that are worth mentioning. First of all, modes of transportation. There are two of them: the first is with the help of a bird's wing, the second is to use the power of a typhoon. People have long observed typhoons and tornadoes and were amazed at their power. Lucian described how a typhoon rips a ship out of the sea, spins it around and lifts it into outer space. This is pure fiction, but this is where the history of fantastic literature begins.

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It is impossible not to mention one more name. At the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th century, the astronomer Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) lived in Germany. He was the first to describe the movement of planets in the solar system. But it didn't bring him money. And since he had to live on something, the scientist compiled star horoscopes for important people. So, he discovered the laws of planetary motion, on the basis of which he compiled planetary tables. Laid the foundations of the theory of eclipses. He invented a telescope in which the objective and eyepiece are biconvex lenses. But there was one idea that he had been working on for many years - a flight to the moon. Now this work would be called a science fiction work. It is only 20-25 pages, but it is accompanied by voluminous commentaries, on which the scientist spent ten whole years. Johannes Kepler was the only person who reliably described what a person would encounter on the Moon. For example, he gave such precise optical characteristics (length of the shadow, etc.) that it seems as if the scientist carried out the measurements there. In his work, Kepler named twelve sciences, the development of which could give a person the opportunity to rise into space and reach the Moon. In the 17th century, a fantastic story by the French writer Cyrano de Bergerac about a flight to the moon appeared. The hero of this story reached the Moon in an iron strip, above which he constantly threw a strong magnet. Attracted to it, the strip rose higher and higher above the Earth until it reached the Moon. Jules Verne's heroes went from a cannon to the moon. The famous English writer Herbert Wales described a fantastic journey to the Moon in a projectile, the body of which was made of a material not subject to gravity. One of the first illustrations for Jules Verne's book "From a Gun to the Moon". Various means for carrying out space flight have been proposed. Science fiction writers also mentioned rockets. However, these missiles were a technically unreasonable dream. For many centuries, scientists have not named the only means at a person’s disposal with which one can overcome the powerful force of earth’s gravity and be carried into interplanetary space.

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In our country, many people thought about space: N. I. Kibalchich (1853-1881), F. A. Tsander (1887-1933), Yu. V. Kondratyuk (1897-1942). They were engaged in theoretical research, working for the future. The project of the revolutionary Nikolai Ivanovich Kibalchich (1853-1881) deserves special attention. Sentenced to death for participating in the assassination attempt on Tsar Alexander II, while in prison, N.I. Kibalchich drew a diagram of the jet aircraft he had conceived. In his project, N.I. Kibalchich developed an aeronautical device based on the dynamic rocket principle, considered the fuel supply system to the combustion chamber and the principle of flight control by changing the engine tilt. N.I. Kibalchich’s project lay in the secret archives of the gendarmerie department for about forty years. Only in 1918 it was published in the magazine “Byloe”. Two years after the execution of N. I. Kibalchich, in 1883, the then unknown teacher Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) in his manuscript “Free Space” put forward a bold idea about the possibility of using the jet principle of jet propulsion to fly into space . And also in this manuscript he developed a schematic diagram of an apparatus that ensures a person’s presence in outer space. So, K.E. Tsiolkovsky, the great Russian scientist, was a simple high school teacher in Kaluga. His scientific interests ranged from natural philosophy to aviation, airship engineering and rocketry. Secondary school No. 6, where in 1918-1921. taught by K.E. Tsiolkovsky. By the end of the 19th century, a number of engineers, scientists, and thinkers independently came to the conclusion that the most reasonable and effective way to fly into extraterrestrial space was to use the jet principle of propulsion.

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Later, he formulated his idea of ​​​​creating a liquid-fueled multi-stage rocket designed for human flight outside the Earth. K. E. Tsiolkovsky noted the advantages of rocket engines at high speeds. In his writings, the scientist gave a diagram of an interplanetary rocket, pointing out the benefits of using liquid fuel. He determined the efficiency of the rocket and studied the influence of air resistance on its movement. The mathematical dependencies and formulas derived by Tsiolkovsky substantiated the real possibility of using rockets to overcome the forces of gravity and explore outer space. He later wrote: “I will be glad if my work encourages others to further work.” Memorial house-museum of K.E. Tsiolkovsky. Tsiolkovsky published his works himself. They were not widespread and therefore did not receive much public recognition. Tsiolkovsky did not conduct any experiments, but many of his theoretical developments turned out to be correct. He was a pioneer of astronautics, many decades ahead of his era. In 1895, in his essay “Dreams about the Earth and the Sky and the Effects of Universal Gravitation,” K. E. Tsiolkovsky substantiated his idea of ​​achieving the speed necessary to lift off from the Earth and showed the possibility of creating an artificial Earth satellite. Fame came to Tsiolkovsky only in the last years of his life. In Kaluga, the city where Tsiolkovsky lived, his museum is now open.

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In 1911, Tsiolkovsky uttered his prophetic words: “The planet is the cradle of the mind, but you cannot live forever in the cradle... Humanity will not remain forever on Earth, but in pursuit of light and space, it will first timidly penetrate beyond the atmosphere, and then conquer the entire circumsolar space " With his works, K. E. Tsiolkovsky largely determined the rational paths for the development of astronautics and rocket science. State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics named after. K.E. Tsiolkovsky. View from a hot air balloon. Hall of scientific biography of K.E. Tsiolkovsky State Museum of Culture. Kaluga. Monument to K.E. Tsiolkovsky in Mira Square.

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The idea of ​​exploring and developing outer space also captured one of the pioneers of rocketry, the talented Russian scientist Friedrich Arturovich Zander (1887-1933). Even in his youth, he became acquainted with the work of K. E. Tsiolkovsky “Exploration of World Spaces with Jet Instruments”, became interested in rocket science and astronautics and devoted his entire life to them. F. A. Zander went down in the history of science as an enthusiast, a passionate propagandist of the ideas of space flight, who began practical work in the field of astronautics. In 1921, F. A. Zander presented his project of an interplanetary spaceship-airplane to the Moscow conference of inventors. In the 20s of the twentieth century in Germany, a number of scientific works devoted to rocket technology were published by Hermann Oberth. He should also be considered one of the pioneers of rocket technology. At the same time, the American researcher and engineer Robert Goddard (1882-1945) not only was engaged in theoretical research, but also created rocketry. He was an extraordinarily talented inventor. In 1926, he carried out the first launch of a rocket using liquid fuel. Although the rocket was small and underpowered, Goddard's experience was of great importance. He is the author of works on the theory of astronautics and liquid rockets, as well as many inventions in various fields of rocketry. Robert Hutchings Goddard Subsequently, a group of German specialists, which included Wernher von Braun (1912-1977), worked on the creation of liquid-fuel rockets with some success. During Nazi Germany, his work acquired an exclusively military focus. He was one of the leaders of the German military research center in Peenemünde in 1937-1945, where the V-2 rocket (V-2) was developed. The creation of rocketry proceeded in parallel in two directions: for space flights and for military purposes. In the 1930s, these directions came closer and practically merged. They are closely studied by groups of scientists and engineers in the USA, Germany and Russia. The V-2 rocket is a prototype of the first intercontinental and space rockets

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This guided projectile was used at the last stage of the Second World War to shell cities in Great Britain and Belgium. The V-2 is the direct predecessor of modern American space rockets, since after the end of the war most German specialists in this field continued their work in the United States. Since 1945, Wernher von Braun also worked in the USA, where under his leadership the Redstone and Jupiter rockets, the Explorer series of satellites, Saturn launch vehicles, and the Apollo spacecraft were developed. In our country, the creation of rocket and space technology was led by Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (1907-1966), the Soviet designer of the first rocket and space systems, the founder of practical cosmonautics, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Under the leadership of S.P. Korolev, ballistic and geophysical missiles, artificial earth satellites, satellites of various directions ("Electron", "Molniya-1", "Cosmos", "Zond", etc.), spacecraft "Vostok", " Voskhod", which for the first time in history made human space flights and spacewalks. Wernher von Braun (left) Sergei Pavlovich Korolev

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Outer space with all the celestial bodies and particles of matter found in it is called cosmos. For the ancient Greeks, the word “cosmos” meant “order.” Space is the same as the Universe. The space closest to Earth is called near-Earth space. This is where spacecraft first penetrated. The space age of mankind began on October 4, 1957. On this day, the world's first Soviet artificial Earth satellite was launched into low-Earth orbit from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. It was designed simply. But it was from this satellite that humanity’s endless journey into the Universe began. The second satellite was launched a month later on November 3, 1957. Who was on board? Many are sure that the first living creatures from Earth to fly into space were the legendary dogs Belka and Strelka. Is it so? The names of the first dogs who gave their lives in the name of science were kept a deep secret during the birth of Soviet cosmonautics. The names of the people who conducted experiments with them were also classified. In 1948, Soviet scientists were instructed to prepare experiments on animals. For what? These were experiments in space medicine. And their goal was immediately clearly defined: can a person fly into space? A laboratory was created. The laboratory did not have a special name; everything was classified. Only fifteen people worked there. And in 1951, the first dogs began to be launched. They were launched to altitudes from one hundred to four hundred and fifty kilometers on so-called high-altitude rockets. The head cabin separated and descended with the dog by parachute. On board the rocket there were devices to monitor the condition of the “pilots”. These experiments were carried out at the Kapustin Yar training ground, which was located somewhere in the Astrakhan steppes. First of all, scientists studied how weightlessness affects the body. True, the first flights lasted only a few minutes, and it was difficult to draw accurate conclusions. In 1955, Oleg Glazenko was entrusted with the preparation of animal flights on an artificial satellite.

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The rockets have already reached altitudes of 450 kilometers. Weightlessness in such flights lasted up to eight minutes. Scientists were faced with the task of identifying everything that a person will encounter in space and developing a life support system that would guarantee the preservation of the astronaut’s health. And for unforeseen emergency situations, rescue systems were needed. During vertical launches, rocket escape systems have already been created using ejection, spacesuits and parachutes. By the way, the first spacesuits, as well as pressurized cabins, were made for animals. How were these dogs selected? These were ordinary dogs that were caught on the streets and sent to kennels, from where scientists received them for experiments. All without exception are outbreds. They are very active and, as experts say, stable, able to adapt to difficulties - this is their difference from purebred dogs. But what's wrong with a yard dog? It is “not linear,” meaning one dog’s reaction is very different from another. This is because their life experiences are too different. When selecting dogs, the first thing they looked at was their weight: only small animals, 4-5 kilograms, were suitable. The size of the aircraft did not allow launching, for example, a shepherd dog. Before Gagarin, about three dozen dogs flew on rockets, and about ten more on artificial satellites. In addition to dogs, scientists released mice, rats, guinea pigs, monkeys, flies, plant seeds... It was something like Noah's Ark. But the dogs were the first. The Americans began experimenting with animals two years earlier in 1949. The first American "astronauts" were tiny squirrel monkeys, then they conducted experiments with mice. And what was the name of the first Soviet cosmonaut dog? The very first dogs - astronauts survived and returned to Earth. They flew into space on a high-altitude rocket. There were two of them - Gypsy and Desik. The flight was suborbital. Having reached an altitude of 87 km, the pressurized cabin in which the dogs were located was unfastened from the launch vehicle and parachuted to the ground. Both four-legged heroes felt great after landing. Before the flight, like other dogs, they underwent serious training. They were accustomed to wearing special clothing with sensors and weaned off claustrophobia so that they could calmly stay in a closed cabin. There was only one thing they could not get used to - weightlessness. It is impossible to create it on earth...

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At that moment, powerful intercontinental ballistic missiles were being created (for military purposes, of course), with the help of which it was possible to launch a satellite into orbit. So, a dog named Laika went into orbit on the second satellite on November 3, 1957, and the first one was without passengers. Laika had been preparing for the flight for almost ten years. Laika died because the artificial satellite did not yet have a system for descending to the ground... And after Laika’s flight it became clear that there would not be long to wait for a man to go into space. But it was only necessary to conduct a few more experiments with animals.

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Some dogs have flown into space several times. For example, one of these astronauts is Zhulka. When launched, it was given different, more euphonious names. On one flight she was called Pearl, on another - Pushinka. So pretty, fluffy, white, sharp-nosed... She was a real heroine, she flew three times - twice on rockets, and the third on a satellite ship, the predecessor of the ship on which Gagarin flew. And if trouble had not happened, it would have been Zhulka, and not Belka and Strelka, who would have flown around the Earth first. But it didn’t work out. Her third flight in December 1960 was unsuccessful. Due to a technical failure, the satellite did not enter orbit. In such cases, the device was intended for destruction. The fact is that satellites and other spacecraft were equipped with a self-destruction system - simply put, they exploded. But, fortunately, the system did not work and the dog remained alive. The satellite fell in Siberia, in the Podkamennaya Tunguska region. He lay in the taiga for two days until rescuers reached him through the deep snow. The dog suffered a lot: during the fall she was spun and spun, and then two more days in the cold without water and food... And Zhulka was “written off” from space, sent to a well-deserved rest. Oleg Glazenko took her to his home. So Zhulka lived with him for fourteen years... And the first successful orbital flight was actually made by Belka and Strelka. The ship they were flying on had all the systems necessary for human flight. They spent the whole day in a state of weightlessness. Belka and Strelka After Belka and Strelka, the dogs that flew into space were Mushka, Pchelka, Chernushka, and the last, before Gagarin, in March 1961, was Zvezdochka. Future cosmonauts were brought to the cosmodrome to watch her flight. Gagarin himself watched Zvezdochka to make sure that a flight into space could go safely for a person. Also, after the flight of Belka and Strelka, mushrooms, microbes, guinea pigs, and even turtles began to be launched into space. For example, the first flyby of living creatures on the Moon - few people know about this - was carried out by our Soviet turtles on the Zond-5 rocket. They returned to Earth, splashing down in the Indian Ocean.

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Many experiments were carried out before scientists were able to guarantee the safety of human flight into space. For the first time in history, the goal was not just to minimize risk, but to practically eliminate it. Of course, it is impossible to guarantee complete safety of space flights, but it is possible to take all reasonable measures to minimize the risk. And it was done! The training of the first group of cosmonauts was very difficult. Doctors played it safe. Future cosmonauts had to experience greater difficulties on Earth than in flight. Psychologically, it was easier for them in space, although not always... Yuri Gagarin, for example, wrote in his report on the first flight that it was harder during the descent than during training. What does a person experience when he is in zero gravity? The first impressions of weightlessness are very peculiar - illusions arise. This was described very well by the second cosmonaut of the planet, German Titov. His observations provided food for research in several directions at once. Before Titov's flight, scientists did not know much. His first sensation: the instrument panel is floating upward, and the astronaut himself is turned upside down. Some people have a feeling of falling while flying... All this makes a difficult impression on emotional people. Unfortunately, unpleasant physical sensations also appear: nausea begins, sometimes vomiting occurs, any turn of the head causes dizziness, the face becomes pale, covered with drops of sweat. To date, more than 500 people have flown into space, so there are already statistics. No more than 10 percent of them experienced the encounter with weightlessness very acutely. Moreover, it was noticed that if nothing is done, then after a few hours the discomfort disappears. Scientists have recorded the only case where discomfort associated with weightlessness lasted for an astronaut for 10 days. When returning to Earth, all the same symptoms are repeated, but it is no longer weightlessness, but gravity that acts.

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The whole world knows the name of the first person to fly into space - Yuri Gagarin. Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin (1936-1968) - USSR pilot-cosmonaut, colonel, Hero of the Soviet Union. Graduated from the Air Force Engineering Academy. N.E. Zhukovsky. Yuri Gagarin participated in the education and training of cosmonaut crews. He is an honorary member of the International Academy of Astronautics. Died during a training flight on an airplane. A crater on the far side of the Moon is named after Gagarin. On April 12, 1961, for the first time in the history of mankind, he committed For us, cosmonauts, prophetic words about space exploration will always be programmatic, will always call us forward. Yu. A. Gagarin Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin flight into space on the Vostok spacecraft. Having flown around the globe, after 1 hour and 48 minutes he landed safely in a given area of ​​the Soviet Union. The day of the first space flight in history - April 12, 1961 - is now celebrated as Cosmonautics Day. Other astronauts later flew on similar single-seat spacecraft. Only a few months passed, and on August 6 of the same year, the Vostok-2 spacecraft was launched with pilot-cosmonaut German Stepanovich Titov. Vostok-2 made 17.5 orbits around the Earth and spent 25 hours and 18 minutes in space flight. German Stepanovich Titov Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin

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Vostok launch vehicle. A thorough study of the scientific data obtained in these two flights made it possible just a year later - in August 1962 - to take a new big step forward. Launched one after another (with an interval of one day), the Vostok-3 and Vostok-4 spacecraft with pilot-cosmonauts Andriyan Grigorievich Nikolaev and Pavel Romanovich Popovich made the first group flight into space. Vostok 3 made more than 64 revolutions around the Earth and spent 95 hours in space flight. Vostok 4 completed more than 48 orbits and spent 71 hours in space flight. This flight proved that the cosmonaut training system developed by our scientists allows them to develop such physical qualities that ensure normal life activity and full performance during a long space flight. This was the main result of the flight. On June 14, 1963, the Vostok-5 spacecraft went into orbit with pilot-cosmonaut Valery Fedorovich Bykovsky. Valery Bykovsky spent five days in space; in 119 hours he circled the Earth 81 times.

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And after it, the Vostok-6 satellite was launched, piloted by the world’s first female cosmonaut, Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova. The world's first female astronaut spent 71 hours in space and made 48 orbits around the Earth. With her flight, she convincingly proved the equal opportunities of women in such a difficult and complex undertaking as space exploration. Valery Fedorovich Bykovsky Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova A new stage in the exploration of the vast expanses of the Universe in the USSR was the launch on October 12, 1964 of the three-seater Voskhod spacecraft. The ship's crew consisted of three people: the ship's commander, engineer-colonel Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov, a research fellow, candidate of technical sciences, Konstantin Petrovich Feoktistov, and doctor Boris Borisovich Egorov. Three specialists from different fields conducted extensive space research. The Voskhod ship is significantly different from the Vostok type ships. Its orbit lay higher; for the first time, the cosmonauts flew without spacesuits, and landed without leaving the cabin, which was smoothly lowered by the “soft landing” system and literally “softly placed” on the surface of the Earth. The new television system transmitted from the ship not only an image of the astronauts, but also a picture of the observations. And already in 1965, pilot-cosmonaut Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov, while in space, for the first time in the world stepped out of a ship into outer space, moving 5 meters away from it. The joint Soviet-American space experiment Soyuz - Apollo, abbreviated as ASTP, was of great importance for the development of astronautics and international cooperation. Preparations for it have been carried out in the USSR and the USA since 1972. It provided for the launch of ships and their subsequent docking in space. The systematic study and exploration of outer space began.

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Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov made his first space flight on March 18 - 19, 1965 as the second pilot of the Voskhod-2 spacecraft. On March 18, 1965, he was the first in the world to perform a spacewalk. During the exit he showed great courage, especially in an emergency situation when a swollen space suit prevented the astronaut from returning to the spacecraft. The spacewalk lasted 12 minutes 9 seconds. When the spacecraft returned to Earth, the orientation system failed and the cosmonauts, manually orienting the ship, landed in an emergency area. The flight lasted 1 day 2 hours 2 minutes 17 seconds. After completing the space flight, he continued training in the cosmonaut corps. Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov The Soyuz series ships are very complex and multi-purpose engineering structures. On the outside of the instrument compartment, in addition to the antennas, there are solar panels resembling wings. These batteries, which have an area of ​​14 square meters, recharge the onboard chemical electric batteries, which provide the entire ship with electricity. In January 1969, the most important event in the world history of astronautics took place: the Soyuz-4 and Soyuz-5 spacecraft docked in space, forming the first experimental orbital station. The station crew included: V. Shatalov, A. Eliseev from Soyuz-4 and B. Volynov, E. Khrunov from Soyuz-5.

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Since mid-1960, the United States concentrated its efforts on the Apollo program, which aimed to send a man to the Moon. It came to fruition in July 1969, when Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin left Eagle, the Apollo 11 lunar module, and took their historic “first little step” on the lunar surface. After collecting samples of lunar rocks, leaving behind the recording equipment, the two astronauts returned to the lunar module and joined the third member of the expedition, Michael Collins, who flew around the Moon in the command compartment. During the exploration of the Moon under the Apollo program, a Saturn rocket was used, which carried the lunar, command and service modules. The lunar self-propelled cart was on three Apollo missions (15, 16, 17) and was used by astronauts to move along the surface of the Moon over considerable distances. Its speed was 8-16 km/h. The photograph of the lunar landscape taken by Apollo 11 shows several surface features that appeared to the astronauts. By lunar standards, this area is considered flat. Photograph of the lunar landscape During the Apollo 11 flight, Armstrong and Aldrin installed a lunar seismometer, similar to those used on Earth, but more sensitive because the Moon is seismically “quiet.” The device quickly failed, but similar instruments installed by other Apollo expeditions showed that weak seismic vibrations are often observed on the Moon. Edwin Aldrin's footprint on the lunar surface was less than 2.5 cm deep. The photo shows the Apollo 11 landing site.

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By observing from space, we learn a lot about the Earth, the planet on which we live. Little was previously known about the earth's atmosphere, especially its upper layers. With the help of spacecraft, it was possible to establish that the earth's atmosphere extends much higher and at high altitudes it is much denser than previously thought. But from space you can not only successfully study the Earth. Scientists also became interested in studying the Earth's satellites. One of them is the Moon. Valuable data have been obtained on lunar soil, its chemical composition and physical properties in different areas of the lunar surface. So, on July 20, 1969 at 20:17 GMT, the American spacecraft Apollo 11 made a soft landing on the surface of the Moon. For the first time, a person stepped on the surface of another celestial body. During this time, automated spaceships flew past every planet in the solar system except Pluto, entered the orbit of Jupiter and Saturn, flew through a comet, landed on an asteroid, and automated all-terrain vehicles drove (and are still driving) on ​​the surface of Mars. However, for more than 30 years, like hundreds of thousands of years before, man’s foot has only stepped on the Earth. Although this will probably change soon enough: if everything works out, then first there will be the Moon again, and then Mars. Neil Armstrong takes his first step on the moon

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Man explores space in order to work in it: conduct scientific research, and in the future work in space factories - install structures in orbit, carry out repairs, refueling and maintenance of spacecraft. Astronautics has already revealed many secrets of the Universe. Probably, in the coming decades, flights will be made to all the main celestial bodies of the Solar System - the Sun, all planets and satellites, asteroids, comets. Interplanetary flights will begin, and then interstellar flights. There is no limit to man's daring plans!

Space exploration. Space.

• Outer space (cosmos) - relatively empty areas of the Universe that lie outside the boundaries of the atmospheric and celestial tel. Contrary to popular belief, space is not completely empty space - it contains a very low density of some particles (mainly hydrogen), as well as electromagnetic radiation and interstellar matter.

• Alexey Leonov was born on May 30, 1934 in the Kemerovo region in the family of a miner. At the age of 9 I went to primary school. After 4 years, the family moved to the father’s place of work in the city of Kaliningrad (formerly Königsberg). In 1953, the young man graduated from high school and received a good matriculation certificate.

• If the Sun were the same size as a front door, then the Earth would be the size of a dime.
• Earth is the third planet from the Sun, located at a distance of about 150 million km (93 million miles) or one AU.
• A day on Earth takes 24 hours (this is the time it takes the Earth to complete one revolution on its axis). The Earth makes a complete revolution around the Sun (a year on Earth) in approximately 365 days.
• Earth is a rocky planet, also known as a terrestrial planet, with a solid surface and the presence of mountains, valleys, canyons, plains and more. The Earth differs from other terrestrial planets in the presence of an ocean that covers 70% of the land.
• The Earth's atmosphere is made up of 78% nitrogen (N2), 21% oxygen (O2) and 1% other elements - the perfect balance for life. Many planets have an atmosphere, but only Earth has air.
• The Earth has one satellite - the Moon.
• The Earth has no rings.
• Many spacecraft orbit the Earth and together help us study our home planet.
• The earth is an ideal place to live.
• Earth's atmosphere protects us from falling meteorites, most of which disintegrate in our atmosphere before they hit the planet.