Complications from vaccinations in children. Complications after vaccination - general information. Vaccination calendar or injections for the future of children

Often, DTP vaccination in children causes all sorts of complications, which is why parents of children begin to worry when the time for vaccination approaches. Most FAQ this is what the consequences of vaccinations may be, and what side effects to expect, etc. Of course, vaccinations have negative consequences, you can’t argue with that. But we must take into account that the consequences of refusing vaccinations can be much worse.

Many people in modern world They don’t even know about such serious and terrible diseases as diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus. All this is because we were vaccinated on time in childhood. Vaccination against diphtheria and others previously listed diseases, contains inactivated (inactive) viruses. DTP stands for: A – adsorbed (acellular vaccine) against K – whooping cough, D – diphtheria, C – tetanus.

• The diphtheria vaccine itself may not have the “K” (whooping cough) component. Because after DPT side effects The actions are difficult for the baby to tolerate; re-vaccination can be carried out with the ADS-m or ADS vaccine.
• But it must be taken into account that diphtheria vaccination without the “K” component is administered only during revaccination. If the baby has not received a “full” vaccination, ADS-m is not given. The opinion of experts is clear: if you need to vaccinate against all three “sicknesses,” then deciding on your own and excluding any component is irresponsible.
• The negative consequences of vaccinations accompany almost all little people. There is an opinion that the DTP vaccine is much more difficult to tolerate by children than imported vaccination(Infanrix), the instructions of which allow revaccination every 10 years. And here Russian analogue You can only inject until you are 4 years old. Then the "K" component must be excluded.

Every parent tries his best to keep his child healthy and healthy, and any side effects make moms and dads nervous. A 2-month-old newborn should receive protection against tuberculosis (BCG vaccination) before DPT. This means that even the BCG vaccine has side effects. The diphtheria vaccine, a domestic DPT vaccine, can be tolerated by an infant with minor normal consequences.

• The DTP vaccine is injected into the leg (femoral part), the effects of the vaccination can be local and general. Local side effects are manifested in the fact that the leg after DPT may hurt a little, or rather the injection site may swell and turn red.
• Compaction after DTP is normal. But a bump after DTP can occur due to improper administration and an infection, when it appears and high temperature- Consult a doctor immediately. The swelling should not be more than 8 centimeters, and the reddened “prick” can last for about 3 days, but no more.
• In general, from DPT temperature 39 degrees is also normal. But keep in mind that DPT causes pain in the leg and elevated temperature makes the baby behave very restlessly, cry and sleep poorly, possibly indigestion. The main thing is to try to constantly monitor the baby’s condition. If the temperature persists after three days and your leg hurts from a slight touch, then you should call a doctor.

Complications after DTP

If the place DTP vaccinations If it turns very red and the swelling does not subside for a long time (more than 2-3 days), then this manifestation can be recorded as a complication. Also, the injection may cause another disease.

Against the background of such immunoprophylaxis, the immune system of the little ones is weakened, since all efforts are aimed at forming a stable response to viruses. Because of this, the baby can pick up another infection, it could be ARVI or something more serious.

The main thing you need to know and take into account is that in DPT composition includes non-living viruses. This means that your child will not be able to get sick from the infections contained in the vaccine. In general, any vaccination, be it DTP hepatitis, mumps, BCG, forces the body to fight, but does not infect it.

• As a rule, a complication can arise if the baby was not healthy, even the slightest increase in temperature (growing teeth), runny nose, sore throat, seasonal or food allergy may provoke undesirable consequences.
• The action of the pertussis component can provoke in case of allergies - urticaria, Quincke's edema, anaphylactic shock. Loss of consciousness and thrombocytopenia are also possible. By refusing the “K” vaccine, you risk your baby’s health.
• Whooping cough causes a spasmodic cough, which is very difficult to recognize and try not to confuse with other “mild” infections that affect the respiratory tract. But if you are worried about your child’s reaction to “K,” then warn the doctor, and in this case, the baby will be given a foreign analogue or ADS-m, which are easier to tolerate.

When is DTP vaccination necessary for children?

DPT schedule Designed for four-time administration to babies up to 2 years old.

• The first immunoprophylaxis is carried out for the first time at 3-month-old toddlers;
• The second is 4.5 months, i.e. after 1.5 months;
• The third - for six-month-old babies;
• But the fourth in a year - it turns out to be 1.5 years, if DTP terms were not violated.

In a year, the baby should be vaccinated against mumps (mumps), measles and rubella, it turns out that this event occurs between the third and fourth immunization against tetanus and diphtheria. As a rule, you will have to protect yourself from mumps (mumps) 2 times.

The second time mumps - the vaccine will have to be administered to the baby at five or maximum six years of age. Mumps – the vaccine does not cause any significant complications, the maximum is weakness, poor appetite at the baby's in rare cases redness of the throat and fever.

If you want your baby not to suffer and undergo all vaccinations as quickly as possible, you can purchase a foreign one instead of the domestic one combination drug Pentaxim or Infanrix IPV. This is almost the same pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine only plus polio (5 in 1).

A one-time introduction of five components, no matter how strange it may sound, causes fewer complications than immunoprophylaxis without polio. Separate polio vaccination consequences and severe complications, as a rule, does not cause, but the baby will have to do it 2 times in an inactivated form (vaccination) and 4 times in a live form (orally in the form of drops).

In general, the question is: which vaccine is better? There is no definite answer; here you need to build on financial capabilities and general condition baby's health. If you come for vaccination as planned, you will be given domestic drug, if you are able, you can buy a foreign analogue at a pharmacy and bring it to the clinic so that they can make it for you. The main thing is to pay attention to the production date and expiration date.

Preparing for DTP vaccination

Some special actions There is no preparation for immunoprophylaxis. You just have to understand that vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough often causes side effects in little people.

And you shouldn’t bite your elbows and blame yourself if some reactions are more pronounced than normal. But this only applies if the symptoms do not stop for more than 72 hours. IN otherwise call immediately ambulance or a doctor.

In general, before immunization, make sure that your child is completely healthy. If there are no external manifestations diseases, get tested, at least a general blood test. If any deviations from the norm are detected, then immunization should be postponed. As soon as the result of the re-test is good, feel free to go to the clinic.

Children's immunity after DTP

• By observing how your baby tolerates immunization, you can judge whether the baby’s body responded or not to the injected virus. During a three-month period, toddlers are deprived immune defense, which they received at birth (for several days).
• From this it turns out that any reaction of the body, be it temperature, redness or swelling, is evidence that the toddler’s body has responded to foreign organism and the immune system begins to work.
• If consequences of DTP and complications after vaccination are not noticed, then this is not a reason to rejoice and think that the baby got off so easily. This is only a reason to doubt the quality of the drug. And in this case, the baby will have to undergo this entire procedure again. But only after tests have been performed to exclude concomitant diseases.

As mentioned earlier, the baby will have to be immunized 4 times. To develop a stable barrier to the development of a complicated form of infection. After two years, the child will need to repeat the procedure at 4-6 years of age, then the last “children’s” revaccination after 8-10 years.

Doctor Komarovsky's opinion

Opinion about DTP Komarovsky expressed an unequivocal statement, as in principle do all pediatricians. Nowadays, we can’t live without immunization. And if there are no special reasons for refusing it, then everyone should take it. The pediatrician also tries to warn parents, as we did in our article, that reactions to immunization are inevitable. And don't confuse the normal ones side effects the body to the virus introduced into it, and severe complications.

Also, the advice of pediatricians and Komarovsky himself is that immunization is indicated only for healthy children, and no special preparation is needed in advance. If your child has allergies, your doctor may prescribe antihistamines. You don’t need to follow a special diet either, just try not to introduce new foods that can trigger food allergies.

DPT vaccination – Dr. Komarovsky’s School

Contraindications

Only a doctor can give a complete medical exemption from immunization. But strangely enough, there are many diseases that are a reason to refuse immunoprophylaxis. If the baby was born with any abnormalities, then the decision to refuse it should be based on a confirmed diagnosis. An independent and groundless decision to refuse vaccination, and all responsibility lies solely with the parents.

The main contraindication may be:

1. Blood diseases (hemoglobinopathy, hemangioma, thrombocytopenia, etc.);
2. CNS lesions;
3. Immunodeficiency (agammaglobulinemia with B-cell deficiency, Down syndrome, HIV, etc.).

If the baby is suffering seasonal allergies, then you need to wait until all the symptoms stop. Also, summer is not the best vaccination period for children with allergies. But if the baby itself reacts strongly to external stimuli, pollen, animal hair, certain foods, then this condition is the main contraindication.

Simple antihistamine tablets can't get by here. In such cases, careful analysis and testing of vaccine components should be carried out. If the analysis is confirmed, then feel free to refuse and take a medical exemption from vaccinations.

Under no circumstances listen to friends who scare you with horror stories about tetanus and whooping cough. Every organism is highly individual. What is good for one may be bad for another. And if a child suffering from allergies receives a vaccine, then it is possible dire consequences, even death.

Therefore, do not do like everyone else, but undergo a thorough examination and pass all the necessary tests and tests. Mindlessly following the majority can cause you to lose the most precious thing you have in life.

1. Checking your general health does not only apply to allergy sufferers; even the slightest cold should be ruled out. And only after complete confirmation that the little one and you yourself are healthy, you can safely perform this very important procedure.
2. Adults should also not forget that immunity from these diseases loses its effectiveness after 10 years. So if you are over 25 years old and have not had a revaccination, then you can do it with your child. The only people who are contraindicated are nursing and pregnant women.
3. In general, any vaccines need a repeat, so after reading this article, think about whether the time has come for you to get vaccinated and protect yourself, your children and loved ones from serious infectious diseases. Moreover, vaccinations will be much easier to tolerate than in infancy.

Who should not be vaccinated? – Doctor Komarovsky

Vaccines are not holy water. This is immunobiological active drug, causing certain changes in the body - desirable, with the goal of creating immunity of the vaccinated person to a given infection, and undesirable, that is, adverse reactions.

Adverse reactions

The term “adverse reactions” refers to reactions of the body that are not the purpose of vaccination and that occur as a result of vaccination. In the case of vaccinations, adverse reactions are divided into local, occurring at the injection site (redness, soreness, thickening), and general, affecting the body as a whole (fever, malaise, etc.).

Adverse reactions during vaccinations - normal reaction body to the introduction of a foreign substance. As a rule, this is a reflection of the process of developing immunity.

Naturally, an increase in body temperature to 40 °C cannot be a favorable sign, and such reactions are classified as severe adverse reactions. Along with complications, they are subject to strict reporting and must be reported to the authorities that control the quality of vaccines. If many such reactions occur to a given production batch of the vaccine, then this batch is removed from use and is subject to repeated quality control.

Unfortunately, side effects often occur in children after vaccinations. Adverse reactions after vaccination can be both local and general character. There are also frequent cases of allergic reactions to vaccinations, and especially severe ones (for example, anaphylactic shock and collapse) require resuscitation measures. What consequences of vaccinations can occur in children - you will find out on this page.

Adverse reactions of the body to the introduction of an antigen

Vaccine- this is an immunobiological active drug that causes certain changes in the body - Desirable, with the goal of creating immunity of the vaccinated person to a given infection, and undesirable, that is, adverse reactions.

The term “adverse reactions” usually refers to undesirable reactions of the body that are not intended for vaccination and that occur after vaccination.

What reactions may occur after vaccinations? Types of reactions to vaccinations are usually divided into local, occurring at the injection site (redness, soreness, thickening), and general, that is, those that affect the entire body as a whole - increased body temperature, malaise, etc.

In general, side effects of vaccinations are a normal reaction of the body to the introduction of a foreign antigen, and in most cases they reflect the process of developing immunity. (For example, increased body temperature.)

If the side effects from vaccination are not severe, then in general this is a favorable sign in terms of developing immunity. For example, a small lump that appears at the site of vaccination with the hepatitis B vaccine indicates that the process of developing immunity is active, which means that the vaccinated person will actually be protected from infection.

Usually side effects for children for vaccinations inactivated vaccines(DTP, ADS, hepatitis B) occur on the 1-2 day after vaccination and go away on their own, without treatment, within 1-2 days. After vaccination with live vaccines, reactions may appear later, on the 2nd to 10th day, and also go away without treatment.

The frequency of reactions after vaccinations in children has been well studied. It is no secret that the rubella vaccine, which has been used abroad for more than 30 years, causes approximately 5% general reactions. The hepatitis B vaccine, which has been used for more than 15 years, causes about 7% of local reactions.

Local adverse reactions to vaccinations

Possible local reactions to vaccination include redness, induration, pain, swelling, which are significant and significant. Local reactions also include urticaria and enlargement of lymph nodes close to the injection site.

The greater the volume of injected foreign substances, the greater the strength of the inflammation. Numerous clinical trials vaccines involving control groups, when participants were administered ordinary water for injection as a control drug, showed that even to this “drug” local reactions occur, and with a frequency close to that for the experimental group where the vaccines were administered. That is, the cause of local reactions to a certain extent is the injection itself.

Sometimes vaccines are designed to deliberately cause local after-effects in children. It's about on the inclusion in vaccines of special substances that are designed to cause inflammation in order to more cells immune system“acquainted” with the vaccine antigen. This is done to ensure that the strength of the immune response is higher.

Examples of such vaccines are the DTP, ADS, and hepatitis A and B vaccines. Adjuvants are usually used in inactivated vaccines, since the immune response to live vaccines is already quite strong.

The method of vaccine administration also affects the number of local reactions. All injectable vaccines are best administered intramuscularly, and not into the buttock (you can get into sciatic nerve or into subcutaneous fat).

The muscles are much better supplied with blood, the vaccine is better absorbed, and the strength of the immune response is greater. In children under 2 years of age best place for grafting is the anterolateral surface of the thigh in its middle third.

For children over two years of age and adults, it is best to graft into the deltoid muscle of the shoulder. The injection is made from the side, at an angle of 90 degrees to the surface of the skin. With subcutaneous administration of vaccines, the frequency of local reactions (redness, thickening) will obviously be higher, and the absorption of vaccines and, as a consequence, the immune response may be lower than with intramuscular administration.

Common adverse reactions to vaccinations

A common consequence after vaccination may be a rash. Why does a rash appear after vaccination? Possible reasons three - reproduction of the vaccine virus in the skin, allergic reaction, increased bleeding that occurred after vaccination.

A mild, quick rash (caused by vaccine virus multiplying in the skin) is a normal, common adverse reaction to vaccination with live virus vaccines such as measles, mumps, and rubella.

A pinpoint rash that occurs as a result of increased bleeding (for example, in rare cases there is a temporary decrease in platelet count) may reflect either a temporary lesion of the blood coagulation system or be a reflection of a more serious pathology, for example hemorrhagic vasculitis(autoimmune damage to the walls of blood vessels), and is already a post-vaccination complication.

An increase in body temperature up to 40 °C is usually considered a special type of severe adverse reactions. Such reactions, along with complications, are subject to strict reporting and must be reported to the authorities that control the quality of vaccines.

If many such reactions occur, then this series of vaccine is removed from use and is subject to repeated quality control.

When live vaccines are administered, it is sometimes possible to almost completely reproduce a natural infection in a weakened form. An indicative example is vaccination against measles, when on the 5-10th day after vaccination a specific post-vaccination reaction is possible, characterized by an increase in body temperature, symptoms of acute respiratory infections, a peculiar rash - all this is classified as “vaccinated measles”.

Allergic reactions to vaccinations in children and other complications

Unlike adverse reactions, vaccination complications are unwanted and quite severe conditions that occur after vaccination. Eg, sharp drop blood pressure(anaphylactic shock) as a manifestation of an immediate allergic reaction to any component of the vaccine. Anaphylactic shock and collapse require resuscitation measures.

Other examples negative consequences vaccinations are seizures, neurological disorders, allergic reactions of varying severity, etc.

Post-vaccination complications are extremely rare. The frequency of complications such as encephalitis in measles vaccine, is 1 in 5-10 million vaccinations, a generalized BCG infection that occurs when incorrect insertion BCG, - 1 per 1 million vaccinations; vaccine-associated polio - 1 per 1-1.5 million OPV doses administered.

With the infections themselves, which vaccinations protect against, these same complications occur with a frequency that is orders of magnitude greater.

Unlike post-vaccination reactions, complications rarely depend on the composition of vaccines, and their main causes are considered to be:

• violation of vaccine storage conditions (overheating for a long time, hypothermia and freezing of vaccines that cannot be frozen);
• violation of the vaccine administration technique (especially important for BCG, which must be administered strictly intradermally);
• violation of instructions for administering the vaccine (from non-compliance with contraindications to the administration of an oral vaccine intramuscularly);
• individual characteristics of the body (unexpectedly strong allergic reaction in children to vaccination upon repeated administration of the vaccine);
• addition of infection - purulent inflammation at the injection site and infection, in incubation period who were vaccinated.

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Post-vaccination reactions are those that occur after a preventive or therapeutic vaccination.

They are usually due to the following reasons:

– introduction of a foreign biological substance into the body;

– the traumatic effect of vaccination;

– exposure to vaccine components that are not important in the formation of a specific immune response: preservative, sorbent, formaldehyde, residues of the growing medium and other “ballast” substances.

Responders develop characteristic syndrome in the form of general and local reactions. In heavy and moderate severity In cases, performance may be reduced or temporarily lost.

General reactions: increased body temperature, feeling unwell, headache, sleep disorders, appetite, pain in muscles and joints, nausea and other changes that can be identified using clinical and laboratory methods examinations.

Local reactions can manifest themselves in the form of pain at the injection site, hyperemia, edema, infiltration, lymphangitis, as well as regional lymphadenitis. With aerosol and intranasal methods of drug administration, local reactions can develop in the form of catarrhal manifestations from the upper respiratory tract and conjunctivitis.

With the oral (by mouth) method of vaccination possible reactions(in the form of nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, stool upset) can be classified as both general and local reactions.

Local reactions can manifest themselves as individual of these symptoms, or all of them. Particularly high local reactogenicity is characteristic of vaccines containing sorbent when administered using the needle-free method. Pronounced local reactions largely determine the intensity of the body’s overall reaction.

General reactions when administered with killed vaccines or toxoids reach their maximum development 8-12 hours after vaccination and disappear after 24 hours, less often - after 48 hours. Local reactions reach their maximum development after 24 hours and usually last no more than 2-4 days . When using sorbed drugs administered subcutaneously, the development of local reactions proceeds more slowly, maximum reactions are observed 36-48 hours after vaccination, then the process enters the phase subacute course, which lasts up to 7 days and ends with the formation of a subcutaneous painless compaction (“depot” of the vaccine), which resolves in 30 days or more.

When immunizing with toxoids, the scheme of which consists of 3 vaccinations, the most intense general and local reactions of a toxic nature are observed during the first vaccination. Repeated immunization with drugs of a different type may be accompanied by more severe reactions of an allergic nature. Therefore, if severe general or local reactions occur during the initial administration of the drug in a child, it is necessary to register this fact in his vaccination card and subsequently this vaccination do not carry out.

General and local reactions during the administration of live vaccines appear in parallel with the dynamics of the vaccination process, while the severity, nature and time of occurrence of reactions depend on the characteristics of the development of the vaccine strain and the immunological status of the vaccinee.

General reactions of the body are assessed mainly by the degree of increase in body temperature as the most objective and easily recorded indicator.

The following scale for assessing general reactions has been established:

– a weak reaction is recorded at a body temperature of 37.1-37.5 ° C;

– average reaction - at 37.6-38.5 °C;

– strong reaction - when body temperature rises to 38.6 ° C and above.

Local reactions are assessed by the intensity of development of inflammatory and infiltrative changes at the site of drug administration:

– an infiltrate with a diameter of less than 2.5 cm is a weak reaction;

– from 2.5 to 5 cm - reaction medium degree;

– more than 5 cm - strong local reaction.

Strong local reactions include the development of massive edema more than 10 cm in diameter, which sometimes forms when sorbed drugs are administered, especially using a needle-free injector. Post-vaccination development of infiltrate, accompanied by lymphangitis and lymphadenitis, is also regarded as a strong reaction.

Data on the reactogenicity of the vaccine used are entered in the appropriate column of the vaccinated person’s medical record. After each vaccination, after a strictly established time, the doctor must evaluate the reaction of the vaccinated person to the injection of the drug, and record the post-vaccination reaction or its absence. Such marks are strictly required when using live vaccines, reactions to the introduction of which are an indicator of the vaccine’s effectiveness (for example, when vaccination against tularemia).

Considering that the severity of vaccination reactions is largely determined by the intensity and duration of the fever, they use modern methods prevention and treatment of post-vaccination reactions. For this purpose, antipyretic drugs are used (paracetamol, acetylsalicylic acid, brufen (ibuprofen), ortofen (voltaren), indomethacin and other drugs from the class of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). Of these, the most effective are voltaren and indomethacin.

Prescribing medications in the post-vaccination period can significantly reduce the severity of vaccination reactions when using highly reactogenic drugs
or completely prevent their development during immunization with weakly reactogenic vaccines. At the same time, the functional state of the body is significantly improved and the performance of vaccinated individuals is maintained. The immunological effectiveness of vaccination is not reduced.

The drugs should be prescribed in therapeutic doses, simultaneously with vaccination and until the disappearance of the main clinical symptoms vaccination reactions, but for a period of at least 2 days. It is also extremely important to take medications regularly (3 times a day).

Irregular use of pharmacological agents or their administration late (more than 1 hour after vaccination) is fraught with complications clinical course post-vaccination reaction.

Therefore, if it is impossible simultaneous use vaccines and medicine They should be prescribed only to persons with already developed reactions, i.e., treatment of vaccination reactions should be carried out, which should last for at least 2 days.

Possible post-vaccination complications, their prevention and treatment

Post-vaccination complications are not typical normal flow vaccine process pathological reactions, causing pronounced, sometimes severe violations body functions. Post-vaccination complications are extremely rare.

Main reason post-vaccination complications is the altered (or perverted) reactivity of the body that precedes vaccinations. The body's reactivity may be reduced due to the following reasons:

– due to constitutional features;

- due to the characteristics allergy history;

– due to availability chronic lesions infections in the body;

- due to postponed acute illness or injury;

- in connection with others pathological conditions, weakening the body and promoting it hypersensitivity to allergens.

A standard vaccine preparation introduced into the body, as a rule, cannot cause post-vaccination complications, since it is subject to reliable multi-stage control before release.

During the procedure of its administration, a prophylactic drug may appear immediate cause post-vaccination complications due to violation of vaccination technique (incorrect dose (volume), method (place) of administration, violation of asepsis rules) or when using a drug that was stored in violation of the established regime. For example, increasing the dose of the administered vaccine, in addition to gross mistakes, can occur when the sorbed drugs are poorly mixed, when people immunized with the last portions receive an excess amount of sorbent, and therefore antigens.

Severe reactions in the nature of post-vaccination complications can occur when a number of live vaccines are administered to people who are sensitized to this infection (tularemia, brucellosis, tuberculosis) and have not been examined with skin tests allergic status.

Anaphylactic shock

Reasons acute development endotoxic or anaphylactic shock can be caused by sensitization of the body, violation of the rules of storage and transportation of a number of vaccines, which lead to increased decay of bacterial cells of live vaccines and to desorption of components in sorbed preparations. The administration of such drugs is accompanied by rapid entry into circulatory system excess amounts of toxic products resulting from cell breakdown and modified allergens.

The most reliable and effective way prevention of post-vaccination complications is mandatory compliance with the rules of vaccination at all stages, starting with control of vaccine preparations, competent selection of persons,
subject to vaccination, examining them immediately before the procedure and ending with monitoring the vaccinated in the post-vaccination period.

The medical service must be ready to provide emergency care in the event of acute post-vaccination complications, fainting or collapsed reactions not related to the effect of the vaccine. To do this, in the room where vaccinations are carried out, there should always be medications and tools necessary to assist with anaphylactic shock (adrenaline, ephedrine, caffeine, antihistamines, glucose, etc.).

Exceptionally rare, but most severe post-vaccination reaction is anaphylactic shock, which develops as an immediate allergic reaction.

Clinic

The clinical picture of anaphylactic shock is characterized by violent developing disorders activities of the central nervous system, progressive acute vascular insufficiency(collapse, then shock), breathing disorders, sometimes convulsions.

The main symptoms of shock are; sharp general weakness, anxiety, fear, sudden redness and then paleness of the face, cold sweat, chest or abdominal pain, weakening and increased heart rate, a sharp decline blood pressure, sometimes nausea and vomiting, loss and confusion, dilated pupils.

Treatment

If signs of shock appear, the following actions must be taken immediately:

– immediately stop administering the drug;

– apply a tourniquet to your arm (if the drug was injected into it, this will prevent the drug from spreading throughout the body);

– put the patient on the couch, give a pose with his head bowed low;

– vigorously warm the patient (cover with a blanket, apply heating pads, give hot tea);

- provide him with access to fresh air;

– inject 0.3-0.5 ml of adrenaline (in 2-5 ml isotonic solution) to the injection site and 0.3-1.0 ml additionally subcutaneously (in severe cases- intravenously, slowly).

At very in serious condition intravenous drip administration of a 0.2% solution of norepinephrine in 200-500 ml of a 5% glucose solution is indicated at the rate of 3-5 ml of the drug per 1 liter. At the same time, any antihistamine (diphenhydramine, diazolin, tavegil, clemastine, etc.) is administered intramuscularly, or intravenously - calcium chloride, subcutaneously - cordiamine, caffeine or ephedrine. In acute heart failure - intravenously 0.05% strophanthin from 0.1 to 1 ml in 10-20 ml of 20% glucose solution, slowly. The patient must be given oxygen.

If there is no result from these measures, apply hormonal drugs intravenous drip (3% prednisolone or hydrocortisone in 20% glucose solution).

Persons with developed anaphylactic shock are hospitalized at the first opportunity in a hospital using special intensive care transport. If such a patient is not provided with timely medical care, anaphylactic shock can lead to death.

Endotoxic shock

Clinic

Endotoxic shock is extremely rare with the introduction of live, killed and chemical vaccines. Its clinical picture resembles anaphylactic shock, but it develops more slowly. Sometimes hyperemia with severe intoxication can quickly develop. In these cases, the administration of antipyretic, cardiac, detoxification and other drugs is indicated. Immediate hospitalization of the patient is necessary.

Allergic reactions from the skin are more often observed with the introduction of live vaccines and manifest themselves in the form of extensive hyperemia, massive edema and infiltration. A variety of rashes appear, swelling of the mucous membranes of the larynx, gastrointestinal tract and mouth may occur. These phenomena occur soon after vaccination and, as a rule, pass quickly.

Treatment

Treatment consists of prescribing antihistamines and anti-itch medications. The use of vitamins A and group B is indicated.

Neurological post-vaccination complications

Neurological post-vaccination complications can occur in the form of lesions of the central (encephalitis, meningoencephalitis) and peripheral (polyneuritis) nervous system.

Post-vaccination encephalitis is an extremely rare phenomenon and is most often observed in children who are vaccinated with live viral vaccines. Previously, they most often occurred during immunization with the smallpox vaccine.

Local post-vaccination complications include changes that are observed during subcutaneous administration of sorbed drugs, especially when using a needle-free injector, and occur as a cold aseptic abscess. Treatment of such infiltrates comes down to physiotherapeutic procedures or surgery.

In addition to the listed complications, other types of post-vaccination pathology may be observed, associated with an exacerbation of the underlying disease that the vaccinated person suffered from, which occurs in a latent form.