Vaccination DPT reaction in children. Lump after DDT. Side effects after

Complex vaccination DTP is included in the list of mandatory ones. It protects the body from three dangerous diseases: diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus. However, parents often have doubts about this vaccine, since it can cause a number of side effects. Below we will try to understand everything in detail possible consequences and complications, and we will tell you which side effects from DPT are considered normal, and which reactions you should be wary of.

How to prepare

It’s worth thinking about the body’s reaction after vaccination even before visiting the doctor’s office. Successful outcome The entire event will largely depend on your actions before vaccination. First of all, you need to think about allergic reactions. This is especially true for children with signs of diathesis and children prone to allergies. To minimize the risk of unwanted reactions, you can give your child antihistamines as a preventative measure.

It is advisable to start taking such medications 1-2 days before vaccination. At the same time, about the expediency antihistamine therapy You should consult your pediatrician. It is prohibited to prescribe this type of medication to children on their own. You can also protect yourself by performing an allergy test with the DTP vaccine. In this case, you will have to independently purchase one dose for analysis and, if the result is acceptable, buy another dose for the child from the same batch.

The main requirement for any vaccination is that the child must be absolutely healthy. Before vaccination with DTP, children must be examined to identify viral or bacterial infections, dysbacteriosis, exacerbation chronic pathologies And. d. To remove the question of your baby being infected with any disease, limit the child’s contact with peers and adults 2-3 days before vaccination.

On the day of the procedure, do not overfeed your baby. It is best to take your child to the clinic half-starved, feeding him the last time 1-2 hours before the doctor’s visit. Drinking regime should remain familiar. In addition, make sure that your child defecates before vaccination. Children are very sensitive to any changes and influences external factors. Make sure your child is not hot or sweaty before the injection.

Side effects after

Even if you follow all the rules and precautions, there is still a risk that your baby will experience certain side effects. Some you shouldn’t be afraid of, but there are also reactions that are important to identify instantly and provide the child with qualified help in a timely manner. At the same time, it is important for parents to understand the fundamental difference between side effects and complications after DTP vaccination. The latter are considered pathological consequences and they leave their mark on further development body. In turn, the side effects disappear without a trace and do not affect the appearance of any serious disorders.

Lungs

Reactions that do not affect the functioning of organs or systems and disappear within a few days are recorded in 30% of children after DPT. The statistics are quite impressive, but there is absolutely no need to be afraid of them. The most common symptom is elevated temperature. Most often, fever appears on the day of vaccination and goes away within 3-4 days. On average, the thermometer shows from 37°C to 39°C. Reducing the temperature is not only possible, but also necessary.

Some experts even recommend being proactive and giving your child paracetamol or ibuprofen even before scary numbers appear on the thermometer. If the fever rises to critical levels or the temperature lasts more than 4-5 days, the child must be shown to a doctor.

DTP is injected into the front or side of the thigh. Local reactions are expressed by redness, swelling and slight hardening of the tissue at the injection site. Due to slight inflammation And painful sensations Children may become a little irritable and whiny. Many children experience a lack of appetite after DTP. If your baby refuses the usual amount of food in the first days, do not try to force feed him. After some time, everything will fall into place when the body successfully deals with the vaccine.

Video “Problems after vaccination”

Moderate

Sometimes the above-mentioned side effects after the DTP vaccine are more pronounced. Then it is important to show the child to the doctor and bring him in medical card relevant entries. If serious side effects occur, subsequent doses of DTP may be contraindicated for the child. If the child’s injection site starts to hurt very much, then most likely he will start crying and being capricious. A condition is considered severe when the baby cries without a break for more than 3 hours. In this case, you should seek help from medical professionals, first giving painkillers in the form of ibuprofen or paracetamol.

More careful attention is required in cases where the injection mark becomes hard and the inflammation spreads to a diameter of more than 8 centimeters. Sometimes the pertussis component can trigger the development of a cough. Most often, such a side effect after DPT develops against the background of an existing respiratory tract pathology.

Complications

Most of all, parents are afraid of serious complications after vaccination, which can lead to very disastrous consequences. Unfortunately, there is a risk of getting them, but the percentage of cases is extremely low. On average, 1 to 3 cases are reported serious complications per 100,000 vaccinated children. After vaccination, children may develop seizures and other neurological disorders (impaired consciousness, involuntary nodding, twitching). Parents should be especially wary of such symptoms in the absence of fever.

An allergic reaction in the form of angioedema, urticaria or anaphylactic shock cannot be ruled out. It is worth noting that an allergic reaction to a vaccine usually develops within the first 20 minutes after the injection.

Therefore, it is advisable not to rush to leave the clinic and wait a few minutes, so that if dangerous symptoms doctors were able to provide timely assistance. Also, after vaccination, a child may develop encephalitis. Just like severe allergies require inpatient treatment and instant response.

Video “Actions after vaccination”

What should caring parents do after their child has received the polio vaccine? You will learn about this from Dr. Komarovsky in the video below.

Latin name: DTP Vaccine
ATX code: J07CA02
Active substance: Dead
microbial cells Bordetella pertussis
Anatoxinum diphthericum
Anatoxinum tetanicum
Manufacturer:"Biomed", "Microgen"
Russia
Conditions for dispensing from a pharmacy: Issued only
representatives of medical institutions

The DTP vaccine is comprehensively targeted against tetanus, whooping cough and diphtheria and produces immunity in 100% of patients receiving the vaccine. It is carried out according to the national vaccination schedule. Similar action has the drug "Infanrix", vaccination of which is paid for. Validity periods immune defense against tetanus and diphtheria - ten years, against whooping cough - approximately five to seven years. After this period it is necessary DPT revaccination. However, its implementation is quite hampered frequent development complications after vaccination, Negative consequences in the form of a cold, cough, swelling and pain at the injection site and a small amount of pertussis vaccine produced for adults and children over six years of age. When it is planned to get DPT, vaccinations against polio and hepatitis B are usually also given at the same time. Moreover, the duration of the hepatitis vaccination is approximately 8-10 years, and sometimes its effect remains, no matter how many years have passed.

Indications for use

The DTP vaccine is given to prevent tetanus, whooping cough and diphtheria in children aged three months to three years. According to the schedule, the ADS vaccine is used for children aged four to five years. Children over six years of age and adults are administered ADSM toxoid.

Composition of the drug

0.5 ml of the drug, equal to one vaccination dose, contains:

Dead microbial particles of Bordetella pertussis - 10 billion (4 MZU)
Inactivated and purified diphtheria toxoid - 15 FU (30 MIE)
Neutralized tetanus toxoid- 5 EU (60 MIE).

Additional components:

Aluminum hydroxide (sorbent) - 0.55 mg
Formaldehyde - 0.05 mg
Merthiolate (preservative) - 0.045 mg.

Medicinal properties

If you get vaccinated, it stimulates the body to produce specific antibodies to diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough viruses. The level of merthiolate in the blood decreases by half after 3–7 days, and after a month it drops to the original level.

Release forms

The cost of the vaccine is 158–193 rubles, but vaccinations with it are medical institutions install for free

Suspension for intramuscular injection looks like white liquid with a slightly yellow tint. When stationary, it separates into a clear solution and a loose sediment, which easily dissolves after shaking.

The drug is packaged in ampoules of 1 ml, which is two doses. One package contains ten ampoules along with instructions for use.

Mode of application

Vaccination is carried out within the time limits specified in the schedule, drawn up taking into account the comments outlined by WHO, and approved by the Ministry of Health. To avoid the development of complications, cough and other consequences, the child must be healthy and have no contraindications to the drug. As indicated in the instructions for use, the first vaccination is given three times with an interval of forty-five days. Reduction of deadlines is not allowed. Accordingly, the child is vaccinated at the age of three, four and a half and six months. Usually, vaccines against polio and hepatitis B are also given at the same time. If the baby does not have a fever, it is not prohibited to walk with him.

If due to fever, cough and infection, timely use of the next vaccination is impossible, it should be done immediately after successful completion of treatment. If for some reason he was not vaccinated before the age of four, the vaccination is carried out with ADS toxoid, as in the case if he has already suffered whooping cough. A second vaccination against hepatitis B is performed one month after the first one. And five months after the second one they give the third hepatitis vaccine.

Revaccination

DPT revaccination is performed for children aged one and a half years. If the first vaccination was not given according to schedule, DPT revaccination is carried out twelve or thirteen months from the date of administration of the third dose of primary vaccination. The following revaccinations are given with ADSM toxoid for children at seven and fourteen years old, and for adults every ten years.

Injection site

The vaccine is injected into the front outer part of the child's thigh, which can cause a lump at the injection site and other negative effects. To avoid allergic reactions and to reduce pain, you can apply Fenistil ointment to the leg. When the baby turns one and a half years old, injections are given at top part shoulder - deltoid muscle. Children after seven years of age can already have the drug administered under the shoulder blade.

Preparing for vaccination

Do not change the child’s diet a few days before the test.
Reduce the likelihood of occurrence allergic complications and the appearance of a compaction at the injection site. Why can you give your baby one calcium gluconate tablet per day for three days before and after vaccination?
Use an antihistamine as prescribed by your doctor, for example, Fenistil drops, to avoid allergic consequences
Stop taking vitamin D two to three days before your vaccination, as it can increase calcium concentrations in the body. Violations in metabolic processes can lead to the development of allergic consequences in the child and the formation of a lump at the injection site
Make sure your baby has a bowel movement within 24 hours before vaccination. IN otherwise can be used glycerin suppository or an enema
Limit your child's diet to reduce stress on the intestines
Avoid dehydration - give your baby enough water and do not wrap him up too much, as this can cause increased sweating.
One hour before vaccination and preferably for three hours after it, do not feed the child
Do not bathe your baby on the day of vaccination.

What to do after receiving the vaccine

Upon returning home, you should immediately give your child an antipyretic suppository “Paracetamol” as a prophylactic against the development of complications, infection, to prevent coughing and the appearance of a lump on the leg. If the temperature rises during the day, you can use another candle. And be sure to leave it overnight. At night, you need to measure the temperature again and, if necessary, you can insert a candle. To prevent allergic consequences, the baby should be given Fenistil drops.

As Komarovsky advises, suppositories should be placed at temperatures below 38°C. When it rises higher and is accompanied by cough and infection, it is better to continue treatment with Ibuprofen syrup. With absence positive effect It is advisable to use Nimesulide syrup or solution. It is necessary to give the baby food often, preferably with rehydration solutions. For example, “Rigidron”, “Humana electrolyte”. You cannot bathe him or walk him until his temperature drops. Elevated temperature after DTP vaccination can last up to five days.

Is it possible to bathe a child after vaccination?

To avoid infection through the injection site, the formation of a lump and the development of complications, children should not be bathed for 24 hours after vaccination. The next day you can bathe your baby at his usual time. If the temperature still persists, you can simply wipe it off damp towel, but it’s not worth walking.

Should I cancel my walks?

Dr. Komarovsky claims that if the baby does not develop a fever, you can walk with him. True, it is better to walk not in the yard where there are a lot of people, but somewhere in a sparsely populated place. While the child’s body produces antibodies to viruses, it is better for him not to contact other people, so as not to provoke the occurrence of infection, colds and coughs. For the same reason, the baby should not be bathed for 24 hours after vaccination.

During pregnancy and breastfeeding

The DPT vaccine is not used during pregnancy and lactation.

Contraindications

The vaccine cannot be given while the child has acute form any disease, intolerance to substances included in the vaccine or immunodeficiency that precludes the production of antibodies to viruses.

Children suffering from progressive diseases nervous system, or those who have had convulsions that are not accompanied by fever, are vaccinated with the ADS drug, which does not contain particles of pertussis microbes, which is why it is easier to tolerate.

If the baby’s seizures were noted during a rise in temperature, this cannot be an obstacle to the use of the vaccine, but requires special preparation to prevent any complications. If the baby has diathesis, vaccination is carried out during the absence of exacerbations. If he has an infection or acute respiratory infection, the vaccine is given after the end of the illness.

Precautionary measures

A child who has been vaccinated should be monitored for about thirty minutes so as not to miss the possible occurrence of allergic reactions and other complications. In this case, there should be funds at hand antishock therapy. Ampoules with broken seals, without markings, with cloudy or discolored liquid and persistent sediment cannot be used.

Cross-drug interactions

DTP and polio vaccines, as well as the hepatitis B vaccine, can be given at the same time. And other vaccinations included in the schedule, except BCG.

Side effects

The substances that make up the drug are designed to stimulate the body’s production of antibodies to certain viruses, so the immune reaction to DPT can be quite active. Most often, the leg begins to hurt. Induration and swelling may occur at the injection site. To relieve pain, you can apply Fenistil ointment, which has an anesthetic property. However, the effects appear within three days after vaccination. Therefore, complications that arise after this period are caused by other reasons. The reaction to the second and third vaccinations may no longer be as pronounced. But with revaccination (fourth vaccination) they may intensify local effects: compaction and pain at the injection site. The body's reactions to DTP vaccinations and polio are almost identical. In contrast, the hepatitis vaccine does not have significant negative consequences.

Typically, 30% of vaccinated people have a fever after DTP vaccination, and 20% may experience vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, their behavior becomes restless or, conversely, inhibited. In 15–25% of vaccinated people, a cough occurs, the injection site turns red, swells and hurts, and a lump can be felt on it. This is explained by the inflammatory reaction of the body; the lump formed at the injection site hurts, as evidenced by the baby’s crying and reluctance to step on the sore leg. In this case, you need to apply Fenistil ointment to your leg, which will relieve the pain.

If within two days after vaccination the child’s temperature rises to 40°C, the next two vaccinations are performed with the DPT or ADSM vaccine, since such a reaction to the DPT vaccine is already a complication.

Seal at the injection site

Induration and redness at the vaccine injection site are caused by the action of aluminum hydroxide, which promotes inflammation. Consequently immune cells The body begins to actively divide and create T-lymphocytes, which remember information about the produced antigens. If the diameter of the seal does not exceed five cm and the injection site does not hurt, and the child behaves actively and moves his leg freely, there is no reason to worry. He can be bathed the day after vaccination. Do not touch the lump, try to rub it or apply a compress, as this can lead to an abscess. Fenistil ointment should be applied to the injection site to relieve pain. If pus or blood appears from the lump, you should immediately call a pediatrician.

Lameness

Limping on the leg into which the injection was given is due to insufficient development muscle mass, as a result of which the absorption of the vaccine slows down. The baby's leg that was vaccinated hurts, and he tries not to step on it. In this case, massage can help. You can also apply Fenistil gel to the affected area. If the baby does not get up at all, you need to regularly do leg exercises for him in a lying position. You can bathe and rub your baby more often wet towel- this promotes muscle relaxation. You also need to take him for walks more often. fresh air, as much as needed. Usually the pain lasts no longer than a week.

Cough

Colds and coughs are not the body’s immune response to the vaccine, since a child’s immunity against ARVI begins to develop only after five years. A cough can occur as a result of incorrect actions of parents before and after vaccination, when the body does not have time to be distracted by additional infection. Therefore, it is better not to bathe children on the day of vaccination, so as not to introduce viruses through the wound.

Rash

A rash may appear on the skin around the injection site or throughout the body. If these are consequences that were caused by the vaccine, they disappear on their own, without any intervention. But in children prone to allergies, rashes are associated with certain foods included in their diet. In such cases, they are given “Suprastin” or “Fenistil” two days before the vaccination and, if necessary, within three days after it.

Overdose

No cases of overdose have been recorded.

Conditions and shelf life

The drug must be stored at a temperature of 2 to 8°C, which must also be observed during transportation. Use within one and a half years from the date of manufacture. Do not freeze.

Analogs

FSUE NPO Microgen, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, JSC Biomed, Russia
Price: RUR 79–83

Description: The drug ADSM consists of tetanus and diphtheria toxoids. It promotes the production of antibodies to tetanus and diphtheria viruses.

Pros:

ADSM vaccine has no age restrictions
Better tolerated than others similar drugs, which is why it replaces the DPT vaccine if children have a strong reaction to it.

Minuses:

ADSM vaccination is not recommended during pregnancy.
IN in rare cases Possible adverse reactions: fever, pain at the injection site, swelling, redness.

"Infanrix"

GlaxoSmithKline, Belgium
Price: RUR 482–509

Description: "Infanrix" contains tetanus, pertussis and diphtheria toxoids. The Infanrix injection is carried out for a fee and stimulates the development of specific immunity to tetanus, whooping cough and diphtheria.

Pros:

Infanrix is not as highly reactogenic as drugs containing whole viral cells.
A positive effect after the administration of Infanrix is achieved in 88% of those vaccinated.

Minuses:

After using Infanrix, side effects are possible in the form of fever, pain at the injection site, swelling, redness
Allergic reactions to Infanrix rarely occur: angioedema, rash, urticaria.

The DPT vaccine is intended for routine prevention of diseases - whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus. It forms in the child’s body specific immunity to these infections. However, complications are often discovered in children after vaccination. “Popular about health” will tell you in detail what consequences this can lead to DTP vaccine. Our readers will have the opportunity to read reviews from parents about this vaccine and its consequences.

DTP - what it contains?

To get some idea about the DTP vaccine, you need to understand what is included in its composition. The main components of this vaccine are purified tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, as well as a suspension of microbial pertussis cells. These viruses are sorbed on aluminum hydroxide. The drug also contains preservatives. Once in the child’s body, the vaccine causes an immune response, resulting in the formation of stable specific immunity to the listed pathogens and their toxins.

On the one hand, many are in favor of vaccination, considering it necessary measure to prevent life-threatening diseases. On the other hand, the consequences of vaccination can also be quite serious. Let's take a closer look at what complications may arise after the introduction of DTP in children.

Consequences of vaccinations in children

According to statistics, DTP vaccination leads to complications much more often than its foreign (Belgian) analogue, Infanrix. For every 15-50 thousand children there is one case with complications. They are divided into two types:

1. Local.
2. Systemic.

Local symptoms usually go away within a day or two after the injection. Systemic complications are more dangerous. Some of them may appear a month or even a year after vaccination.

Local complications

Most parents note that after DPT, the child experiences severe thickening and hyperemia in the area where the drug was administered. The swelling can reach more than 8 centimeters in diameter. In this case, the child feels pain in the leg. This complication is not dangerous to health, in addition, after a couple of days there is an improvement - swelling subsides, redness and pain gradually disappear. An allergic reaction also often occurs after a vaccine. The rash can be localized either at the site of vaccine administration or spread throughout the body. Now let's look at systemic complications.

Systemic complications

Systemic complications after vaccination may appear within 24 hours, 72 hours, or within a month after administration of the drug. However, in rare cases, it also happens that the consequences are visible much later, for example, afebrile convulsions, that is, those that occur without an increase in body temperature. Let's discuss all the consequences after DTP in detail.

1. Crying, screaming of a child that does not subside for 3 hours or more.
2. Temperature rises to 40 degrees.
3. Convulsions (both febrile and afebrile).
4. Digestive problems, stool upset.
5. Anaphylactic shock, urticaria.
6. The child loses consciousness.
7. Muscle tone decreases.
8. Headaches and muscle pain.
9. The baby is irritated and capricious.
10. Low blood pressure.
11. Enlarged lymph nodes.

The effects of vaccination listed above usually appear within 1-3 days after its administration. More serious problems if they occur, then for more than long term. It is worth monitoring your baby for a month in order to notice signs of complications in time:

1. Meningitis.
2. Encephalitis.
3. Decrease in the level of platelets in the blood.
4. Polyradiculoneuritis.
5. Afebrile seizures.

There are cases when children, after vaccination, lost their sight, hearing, and became disabled. This reaction child's body is possible, although doctors strongly deny this fact. Everyone's immunity is different - one baby easily tolerates the vaccine, but for another it can be deadly. What do parents say about this?

Adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine (DPT) is one of the first vaccines administered to children to build their immunity against bacterial infections such as whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus. The vaccine is quite allergenic and is difficult for the child to tolerate. To understand what kind of reaction to the DPT vaccine a baby may have after the injection, you need to carefully study the questions about the vaccine.

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What types of DTP vaccines are there?

Domestic DPT is administered to children free of charge at the clinic, but if parents wish, foreign analogues can be purchased:

Infanrix (Belgium);
Pentaxim (France);
Tetracoque (France);
Tritanrix.

DTP and Tetrakok are based on whole killed bacterial cells, causing diseases, and Infanrix contains only particles of the microorganism whooping cough and diphtheria and tetanus toxoids.

Pentaxim

Vaccines from:

diphtheria;
tetanus;
whooping cough;
polio;
hemophilus influenzae infection.

Prescribed to children who have reached the age of three months. Consists of three injections administered at intervals of one to two months.

Contraindications to Pentaxim are:

encephalopathy;
a strong reaction to a previous vaccine with a pertussis component;
hypersensitivity to the constituent components.

Acute infectious diseases with an increase in temperature are an indication for postponing vaccination.

Infanrix

Purified liquid vaccine for prophylaxis:

diphtheria;
tetanus;
whooping cough

Contraindications are:

intolerance to components;
encephalopathy from a previous vaccine with a pertussis component;
allergic reactions.

Use with caution in children with thrombocytopenia and poor clotting blood to avoid local bleeding.

There is a vaccine called Infanrix IPV, which includes DPT and polio. It has the same contraindications as Infanrix.

Tetrakok

Combined vaccination against:

diphtheria;
tetanus;
whooping cough;
polio.

Comprises:

DTP vaccines;
polio vaccinations.

Appointed by standard scheme: injection at three, four and a half and six months of age. There are no mercury-based preservatives in the composition, which reduces the number adverse reactions. A high degree of purification helps to avoid allergies and complications in 85% of children.

Contraindications include:

encephalopathy;
previous strong reactions for vaccines with pertussis component.

Use caution if you are allergic to streptomycin.

Tritanrix

Combined vaccine against:

diphtheria;
tetanus;
whooping cough;
hepatitis A;
hemophilus influenzae infection.

It is administered according to various schemes, which are chosen directly by the pediatrician. Indicated for immunization of children over six weeks of age.

Contraindications:

encephalopathy;
hypersensitivity to components;
reactions to previous vaccines.

Positive reviews from parents are more common about foreign vaccines. Domestic drug more toxic and causes unwanted reactions in children in more cases.

Advantages and disadvantages of combination drugs

Combination vaccines have a number of advantages over single vaccines.

These advantages are:

The ability to simultaneously administer several antigens without losing effectiveness and being absolutely safe. You can combine DPT with vaccinations against hepatitis, polio, and hemophilus influenzae. It cannot be used at the same time only with BCG (tuberculosis vaccine).
Convenient vaccination schedule.

One of the disadvantages is the high cost of vaccinations.

Mono-vaccines

In cases where combined vaccination is not possible, it is necessary to resort to monovaccines. This approach is not very convenient due to the increase in the number of injections, but it allows you to create individual card vaccinations with very flexible timing.

The following vaccines can be used together with DPT:

Imovax Polio;
Poliorix (for polio);
Engerix;
Regevak B (for hepatitis B).

Engerix – price from 195 rub. Impovax Polio – price from 225 rub. Poliorix – price from 3000 rub. Regevak B – cost from 849 rubles.

Advantages and disadvantages

If the child weak immunity or there are contraindications to combined use drugs, then the days for administration and medications are chosen by the pediatrician in accordance with the characteristics of the body. The main advantage of mono-vaccination is the variability of the vaccine delivery schedule.

When using mono-vaccines, mother and baby will have to visit the clinic larger number once.

The disadvantages include:

inconvenience in scheduling;
prescribing more injections.

Contraindications to vaccination

Before vaccination, the pediatrician must find out whether the child can be given an injection. There are a number of reasons that prevent children from being vaccinated.

Absolute contraindications are:

pathologies of the child’s nervous system;
convulsions and fever over 40 degrees;
allergy to a previous injection;
infantile spasms;
brain disorders;
epidemics of other diseases;
mental disorders;
trauma to the skull during childbirth.

Indications for postponing vaccination

There are also conditions in which vaccination is postponed for a period determined by the disappearance of pathologies or symptoms.

These indications are:

infectious or viral diseases;
exacerbation of chronic diseases;
disruption of intestinal bacterial flora;
underweight due to premature birth mothers;
severe reaction to previous injections.

You can also learn about the indications for postponing vaccination from an interview with Dr. Komarovsky, provided by the channel “Doctor Komarovsky. Interview".

Preparation for vaccination and preventive measures

Before receiving DTP vaccination, you should undergo a medical examination to prevent nervous system disorders and kidney failure. Doctors are required to issue a referral for blood and urine tests, as well as for examination by specialists.

Parents should know some rules to follow immediately before vaccination:

The vaccine is given on an empty stomach. You should not feed your child an hour before the injection.
Do not overheat the baby. Clothes chosen are light and made from natural materials.
The child must have a bowel movement 24 hours before vaccination.

Prevention consists of:

strict adherence to vaccination techniques;
strict compliance with the rules for transportation and storage;
compliance with contraindications;
tracking the intervals between vaccinations.

Reaction to vaccination.

Within three days after vaccination, the baby may experience a reaction to the DTP vaccine.

She may be:

normal;
heavy.

Let's look at each reaction in more detail.

Normal reaction to vaccination

The norm is an increase in body temperature to 38 degrees no longer than three days after DPT; it is the child’s body’s reaction to the administration of the drug. If there is a slight fever, you should simply give medicine for the temperature and monitor the baby’s further well-being.

The following symptoms may occur but are a normal immune response to the vaccine:

temperature up to 38.5°C;
redness of the skin and itching at the injection site;
baby's anxiety and increased moodiness;
decreased appetite;
sleep disturbance.

What to do if you have a reaction to a vaccine

The most common reaction on DTP - elevated temperature. It is recommended to give antipyretic drugs. If they do not help, then you should consult a doctor. You need to know that children should not be given Aspirin, as its use can lead to irritation of the stomach walls, bleeding due to blood thinning, or the development of Reye's syndrome. Children tolerate suppositories and suspensions best.

Redness is temporary and goes away quickly without outside intervention. To prevent scratching, you can apply a bandage.

Vomiting after vaccination is possible due to fever and is an uncharacteristic reaction. If it was a one-time event, then there is no reason to worry.

If the child is lethargic, do not overheat him or keep him busy. active games, feed heavily. General malaise will help relieve compliance temperature regime, quiet time, use of antipyretic and antiallergic drugs. In infants, it is recommended to reduce the portion of food.

Local reaction in the form of redness and itching is relieved antihistamines. If a child scratches the vaccination site, bandage it with a cotton cloth.

How the body reacts to each stage of vaccination

The response to the vaccine may increase with each subsequent vaccination. Possible fever, diarrhea, vomiting, cough, allergic manifestations. But complications can appear at any stage; it is worth remembering this and observing the child’s reaction.

If the child tolerated the first two injections well, then a third vaccination is given at six months. It is during this period that the protective reaction is fully formed and the body’s enhanced responses to the pathogen are possible. To make the vaccine better tolerated, it is placed only in the thigh, which facilitates rapid entry into the blood vessels and reduces the local reaction.

When to see a doctor

Very rarely, children have a severe reaction to DPT. In this case, it is recommended to contact a pediatrician or call an ambulance.

These symptoms are:

baby crying for more than three hours;
significant swelling at the injection site (8 cm or more);
the appearance of a festering abscess;
vomiting after every meal;
the temperature stays at 39 degrees and above;
change in skin color (yellow or pale with cyanosis);
symptoms uncharacteristic for DPT.

Possible complications

Complications can occur after any vaccine.

Adsorbed pertussis diphtheria tetanus vaccine can cause the following:

severe allergic manifestations;
pressure drop, severe weakness and pale skin. Cold hands and feet;
convulsions of various types;
central nervous system disorder.

Due to the possibility of allergies and other severe reactions, it is recommended to stay in the medical institution in order to provide the child with timely assistance from specialists.

The reaction to the DTP vaccine is included in the ICD-10 list (T 88.0). Code Z27.2 - the need for immunization against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and typhoid fever, paratyphoid.

Toxic reactions

Toxic reactions to DPT do not occur in all vaccinated people. They are due to the presence of aluminum compounds in the preparation. The following symptoms may appear:

skin hyperthermia;
intoxication of the body.

Nervous system lesions

The nervous system is very rarely affected.

This is expressed in the appearance of reactions such as:

epilepsy;
convulsions.

Complications due to incorrect injection technique

There are cases of incorrect vaccine administration. At incorrect insertion drug to a child, the following complications may occur:

compaction at the injection site;
introduction of infection.

Severe allergic manifestations

Allergic reactions are the most common complication from the use of DPT. There are mild manifestations, they do not cause severe harm body.

The most dangerous of all reactions are:

Quincke's edema;
anaphylactic shock.

If these symptoms appear, you should immediately call an ambulance.

DPT revaccination

For a lasting effect, one vaccination is not enough. Antibodies have different period existence, therefore revaccination must be performed.

The national vaccination calendar indicates the period for the first revaccination - one year from the third administration of the vaccine. If there were no medical outlets, then at this point the child will be one and a half years old. The second revaccination is carried out at seven years, the third at fourteen. All subsequent revaccinations occur at intervals of ten years.

Consequences of revaccination

If the first vaccination was without complications, then, most likely, the repeated vaccination will be well tolerated by the body. Usually the symptoms are the same, only milder.

The following reactions are possible in the first three days after revaccination; they are normal:

pain at the injection site;
elevated temperature;
swelling;
drowsiness;
redness of the limb;
loss of appetite, disruptions in the gastrointestinal tract.

Preventive vaccinations for children in Russia first began to be introduced in 1940. As soon as a child is born, he is already vaccinated in the maternity hospital. The main vaccinations that must be given are the vaccine against tuberculosis, polio, measles, hepatitis and the DPT vaccine.

We will look in detail at what DPT is, why it needs to be done, at what age it is administered, and what complications there may be.

DTP is an adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine.

From the transcript it is clear that the vaccine is a simultaneous prevention of the three most dangerous childhood infections: whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus.

These diseases give severe complications, which can remain with the child for life, and are also one of the main causes of child mortality. DTP vaccination is carried out not only in Russian Federation, but also in almost all countries of the world.

DTP is a cloudy liquid. Consists of killed cells of dangerous pathogens: fine particles germs whooping cough, tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid.

In Russia, both the domestic DPT vaccine and proven imported vaccine are used.

The mechanism of action of the vaccine is aimed at creating artificial immunity in the baby, because the child is not yet able to independently fight such infectious diseases. The baby did not receive the necessary antibodies from the mother during intrauterine development and during lactation.

After the vaccine is administered, foreign agents immediately enter the bloodstream, creating an imitation of the disease. The body begins to develop immunity to infections. Production is activated protective factors, antibodies, interferons, phagocytes.

Thus, blood cells (leukocytes) remember the microbial agent, and if the child gets sick, or tetanus, then he the immune system will be able to overcome the disease.

Types of DTP vaccine

In medicine, there are 2 types of DPT vaccine:

Cellular . Cellular vaccines contain whole cells of killed bacteria and viruses containing toxoid. This type of vaccine is used if the child has not had diphtheria, whooping cough, or tetanus. Used to develop your own active immunity.
Acellular. Contains particles of killed microbes, viral organisms. Used if the child has had an infectious disease. IN school age the vaccine is re-administered. The vaccine supports the child’s already developed immunity, which is good prevention.

Drug names

The vaccine is produced in ampoules or disposable syringes of 0.5-1 ml. The main drugs used to vaccinate children: Pentaxim, Infanrix.

DPT

Drug for intramuscular administration. Consists of dead cells of whooping cough, diphtheria toxoid, tetanus. Available in the form of a cloudy suspension in an amount of 1 ml. Manufacturer: Russia.

Infanrix and Infanrix IPV

Infanrix - suspension for intramuscular injections in an amount of 0.5 milliliters. Contains toxoids of diphtheria, whooping cough, and tetanus. Used for primary vaccination and revaccination.

The drug Infanrix IPV is a suspension for intramuscular administration in an amount of 0.5 ml. Contains diphtheria, whooping cough, and tetanus toxoids. Manufacturer: Belgium.

Infanrix is used both for primary immunization in children and for revaccination.

Side effects of Infanrix:

redness, thickening, burning, lump at the injection site;
pain, lameness of the leg;
increased body temperature, which lasts up to 3 days;
runny nose, sore throat;
lethargy, drowsiness, tearfulness;
pain in the gums and teeth;
allergic reaction.

Side effects after the administration of Infanrix occur in almost all children, especially after the initial administration.

To alleviate side effects, you should follow the doctor’s recommendations: do not walk on the day of vaccination, do not swim, if the temperature rises, give an antipyretic, if an allergic reaction develops, it is recommended to take an antihistamine, if a lump, thickening, or redness appears, take alcohol compress.

Contraindications to the administration of Infanrix:

heat;
teething;
ARVI, runny nose, bronchitis;

Pentaxim

The drug Pentaxim is available in a disposable syringe in a volume of 1 ml. Contains toxoids of whooping cough, tetanus, diphtheria. Manufacturer: France. Pentaxim consists of three injections, each 0.5 ml. It is administered at intervals of 1 to 3 months.

Side effects of Pentaxim:

compaction, lump, redness at the injection site;
increased body temperature, lasts from 1 to 3 days;
runny nose, sore throat;
lameness in the leg;
pain in the gums and teeth;
allergic reaction;
irritability, tearfulness, lethargy.

The severity of complications after the administration of Pentaxim can be controlled with antihistamines, antipyretics, and applying an alcohol compress to the area of the lump, lump, or redness at the injection site. After administering Pentaxim, it is not advisable to walk outside, swim, or touch the injection site.

Contraindications to the administration of Pentaxim:

heat;
teething;
ARVI, runny nose, sore throat, signs of intoxication;
severe concomitant pathology.

Infanrix and Pentaxim are the most common immunization drugs.

Vaccination schedule

DTP vaccination is administered according to the schedule. First DTP vaccination must be done at 3 months. Introduction preventive vaccinations It is recommended to carry out according to schedule. If the baby has contraindications, the doctor may delay immunization for two weeks or more.

At 3 months.
At 4-5 months, that is, exactly 30-45 days depending on general condition and the consequences of the first vaccination.
In six months.
At 1.5 years.
At 6 or 7 years old.
At 14 years old.

Vaccination at the ages of 6 and 14 years is carried out in order to support the child’s immunity. Subsequently, DTP is given to an adult every 10 years.

The pediatrician at your place of residence warns you about the need for vaccination. However, it is up to parents to keep track of the vaccination schedule.

Method of administration

The DTP vaccine is always administered intramuscularly into gluteal muscle. Some pediatricians believe that for children under 1.5 years of age, the vaccine should be injected into the deltoid muscle, in the upper third of the shoulder.

Their opinion is justified by the fact that in young children the buttocks have a large layer of fat and the drug can get into it. This provokes a number of complications at the injection site, such as hematoma, local inflammatory reaction, swelling, and lump. In any case, both methods of administering the vaccine are considered effective.

Technique for administering DTP

The administration of DTP in children is carried out by the procedural nurse V vaccination room children's clinic. The injection site is treated with an alcohol cotton ball so as not to introduce microbes into the body from the surface of the skin.

The drug is injected into the gluteal (deltoid) muscle. The injection site is treated with the same cotton alcohol ball. This standard rules administration of injections, which medical staff are obliged to comply with.

How to prepare for DTP vaccination

In most cases, DTP is difficult for the child to tolerate, and can even cause complications if not properly prepared. To minimize the risk of complications, the doctor gives recommendations before vaccination.

For vaccination the following conditions must be met:

the child must be healthy;
vaccination is not given to a hungry person and full stomach, one hour after eating;
the child must go to the toilet;
the child should be normally dressed, he should not be hot or cold.

Additionally, the pediatrician will prescribe medication preparation. This will protect against possible complications and unwanted reactions:

2 days before vaccination and 2 days after it is recommended to take antihistamines (Fenistil, Suprastin). The dosage is prescribed by the doctor depending on the age of the child. Antihistamines will help prevent the development of an allergic reaction and diathesis.
DPT can cause a rise in temperature. Therefore, it is worth preparing in advance antipyretic drug(syrup, rectal suppositories).
On the day of vaccination, you should not bathe your child or walk outside. This can cause a rise in temperature. The temperature in children, like other side effects, subsides within 1-3 days.
The pediatrician will definitely obtain written consent from the mother (father, guardian) for vaccination.

Contraindications to DTP

In the presence of absolute contraindications You can't vaccinate a child at all. Otherwise, a reaction to the DTP vaccine is possible. Such complications include:

convulsive syndrome;
diseases of the nervous system;
immunodeficiency, HIV infection;
tuberculosis;
hepatitis;
blood clotting disorder;
hypersensitivity to the components of the DTP drug;
if children have developed a severe allergic reaction to a previous vaccination.

Relative contraindications, that is, temporary ones, delay the time of vaccination. A pediatrician may postpone vaccination in the following cases:

acute respiratory viral infections;
exacerbation of chronic diseases;
increased body temperature;
symptoms of intoxication: vomiting, nausea, general weakness, malaise, anxiety, the child is lethargic;
loose stools, colic;
teething;
runny nose, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis;
the child did not eat due to lack of appetite.

Complications and side effects of DTP

The development of complications is not associated with the place of manufacture of the drug. Both imported and domestic vaccines They are quite high quality and have proven themselves well among pediatricians.

Subject to the rules of preparation for vaccination side symptoms will pass quickly, within 1-3 days. There are children who tolerate DTP vaccination well.

Severe complications develop if the vaccine was given in the presence of absolute contraindications.

In this case, DPT can provoke:

heavy allergic reaction: anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema, urticaria;
infectious-toxic shock;
convulsions;
neurological symptoms.

As a rule, severe complications develop almost immediately after the drug is introduced into the child’s body. That is why the pediatrician, after vaccination, recommends sitting for some time (from 15 minutes to an hour) near the treatment room, so that in case of complications, immediate medical assistance is provided.

If severe side symptoms develop later, you should immediately call an ambulance.

How to provide first aid to a child?

An abscess, lump, lump, and burning sensation appeared at the injection site. Prepare an alcohol compress and apply for 10-15 minutes.
An allergic reaction developed. Give to the child antihistamine according to the regimen recommended by the doctor.
The temperature rose. An antipyretic should be given or a rectal suppository should be given. The child should not give any injections on his own. It can only make things worse.
Redness appeared at the injection site. Prepare an alcohol compress and apply to the area of redness for 10-15 minutes. Be sure to contact the children's clinic at your place of residence.

DTP and walk

Many mothers cannot understand why they can’t walk outside after DTP? What can happen and what are the dangers?

In fact, there is nothing scary about walking after DTP. Pediatricians do not recommend walking outside, because after vaccination a decrease in immunity occurs. The child reacts to every sneeze in his direction. The child has an increased risk of developing respiratory diseases, runny nose, and bronchitis. Therefore, on the day of a serious vaccination, it is not advisable to walk on the street.

There is also a risk of developing complications after DPT: fever, runny nose and other acute respiratory diseases. It is not recommended for your child to walk outside in hot, sunny, or frosty weather.

Autism as a consequence of DTP

No matter how safe vaccines are, all parents are concerned about the serious consequences. There are many stories that say that DPT develops autism in a child.

Most pediatricians will say that autism and DPT have no connection. There is also a circle of supporters that autism in a child can be provoked by known foreign drugs, including combined Infanrix, Pentaxim.

Autism is a congenital, hereditary disease. This disease is characterized by isolation, the inability to adapt to society, and indifference to everything that happens. All symptoms of autism depend on the severity of the disease.

Factors and diseases that contribute to the development of autism include:

phenylketonuria;
meningitis;
complication after infectious diseases;
poisoning with toxic substances.

DTP becomes a provoking factor for autism only if there is concomitant pathology The child has.

Lump after DTP

What to do if a lump appears at the injection site? It can be in the form of a compaction, soft, with accompanying redness of the skin, and the leg may hurt. Don't panic. First of all, report the complication to your local pediatrician. Follow all his recommendations. Do not touch the bump under any circumstances. If the doctor advises you to make an alcohol compress, do it.

Poliomyelitis after DTP

Today, pediatricians prescribe simultaneous vaccinations. At one time, DTP and polio vaccination are introduced into the child’s body. For any caring mother, such an innovation is terrifying. This is understandable, because the combination gives many complications. It rarely happens that a child who has received several vaccinations feels good.

Poliomyelitis is scary infection, which is fatal in most cases. To prevent it, a polio vaccine has been developed.

Contraindications to polio vaccination:

heat;
teething;
ARVI, runny nose, bronchitis;
severe concomitant pathology.

To ease the side effects of polio vaccination, follow your doctor's instructions: do not take your child for walks, do not bathe him, and give him the recommended medications.

Polio vaccination schedule:

At 3 months.
At 4.5 months.
In six months.
At 18 months, at this age you need to get your first polio booster vaccination.
At 20 months.
At 14 years old, at this age you need to carry out the third booster vaccination of polio.

DTP is one of the heaviest childhood vaccinations, as it is characterized big amount side effects. The temperature after vaccination increases in almost all children. This is why it is so important to be well prepared for vaccination. You should tell your pediatrician about all complaints and follow his recommendations.

Before vaccination, the doctor will definitely examine the baby, measure body temperature, examine the throat, gums, abdomen, skin. At the slightest DTP contraindications will be delayed for some time. Most often for 2 weeks.