What is the sequence of providing 1st aid in case of collapse. Collapse: emergency care (algorithm). Emergency care for collapse

With this disease, vascular tone drops sharply, so the cells receive much less blood. Emergency assistance in case of collapse is provided immediately, since in the absence of the necessary actions, death can occur due to an insufficient amount of oxygen received by the brain.

When is it appropriate to provide first aid for a collapse?

If a person has vascular collapse, it should be carried out as quickly as possible. This condition is expressed very clearly, it cannot be confused with any other disease. The symptoms are as follows:

1. A sudden and sharp deterioration in a person’s well-being, while there may not have been any external prerequisites for this phenomenon.
2. The appearance of causeless and very intense headache.
3. The darkness before the patient's eyes is expressed by the strong dilation of his pupils.
4. A person notices the appearance of tinnitus.
5. Pain syndrome in the heart area. Moderate discomfort may occur.
6. Severe weakness, often loss of orientation in space. This condition differs from fainting, since even when the person comes to his senses, he does not have the strength to get up quickly.
7. Decreased blood pressure.
8. The skin turns pale. This phenomenon occurs as quickly as the appearance of other signs of collapse. After several minutes without assistance, the skin becomes very moisturized and becomes cold. Then they become cyanotic.
9. There is a sharpening of facial features.
10. Changes in breathing appear. It becomes very frequent, and its sound is clearly audible, since it is carried out at an impetuous pace.
11. It is very difficult to feel the patient's pulse.
12. Often a person loses consciousness for a long time, and without rehabilitation measures he may not come to his senses.

First aid

Every person is capable of providing first aid in case of collapse. You don't have to be a doctor to do this. You should know how emergency care is provided in case of collapse. The algorithm of actions is quite extensive. You need to learn it and be able to implement it so as not to get confused when another person develops a critical condition.

If the correct actions are not followed, the negative condition will most likely end in death. When performing all the points, you must remember that any delay has a detrimental effect on the patient, so assistance should be provided quickly and decisively.

If a person collapses in a crowded place and it is inconvenient to provide first aid, it is necessary to position him correctly. The patient is placed in a supine position. He needs to be placed on his back and ensure balance. It is advisable to choose a hard surface without protrusions so as not to injure a person.

It is not advisable to transfer the patient to the bed, since its softness will interfere with further actions. If nothing even is found, you can lay the person on the floor, having first covered the surface with a cloth. You should bend your head a little. You can place a small pillow or other soft thing under it. The legs should be raised and locked in this position. You can place a bundle of some material under them by rolling up a voluminous roller. If there are no suitable things, one of those present can independently hold their legs in an elevated position.

List of necessary actions

1. Emergency care for collapse requires that everything that can compress the patient’s body and prevent him from breathing calmly must be removed or unfastened. It is necessary to remove the belt, unfasten the cuffs, and also the collar. You can remove as much clothing as possible, but you should do it all quickly.
2. Someone needs to call an ambulance while emergency care for the collapse is being carried out. If among those present there is a doctor or a person with experience in providing first aid, it is necessary that he be the one to deal with rehabilitation measures. If a person who is able to provide assistance is alone, then it is advisable to simultaneously call an ambulance and continue to take the necessary measures to restore consciousness to the patient.
3. There should be a lot of fresh air in the room. The window should be opened. If possible, inhale oxygen.
4. The patient benefits from warmth. Before the doctors arrive, it is necessary, if possible, to make the air in the room warm using a heater, and cover the patient with heating pads on all sides of the body.
5. It is brought to a person's nose. This can bring him to consciousness. If this remedy is not available, you can perform other actions aimed at activating brain activity. This is a massage of both earlobes, temples, and also the area where the depression is located above the upper lip.

Features of the assistance process

In case of collapse, which is a consequence of large blood loss, it is necessary to eliminate the cause of heavy bleeding as quickly as possible. A tourniquet is usually applied to prevent death once collapse occurs. The clinic where emergency care will take place after the doctors arrive is responsible for carrying out further treatment measures. When the patient comes to his senses, he should be given complete rest. You should not constantly ask him about his well-being. It is better to observe his condition from the side.

Prohibited actions

1. When emergency care is provided for collapse, the patient should not be asked to drink painkillers or take any medications that affect the dilation of blood vessels. This can lead to dire consequences and even death.
2. It is impossible to try to mechanically push liquid or any medications into the patient’s esophagus if he is sleeping. If the attempt is unsuccessful, a reflex cessation of breathing may occur.
3. Slap a person in the face, bringing him to consciousness. Often these actions do not improve the situation, but only increase the patient’s stress.

Relevance of medications for collapse

Drug treatment is usually prescribed by a doctor, but if those around you have the proper qualifications or if it is impossible to go to the hospital, you can choose the drugs yourself. When shock or collapse occurs, emergency care is very important. If medications are not available, you should immediately send someone to the pharmacy to get them. First, substances are introduced into the body aimed at normalizing blood circulation processes.

Basic medications for collapse

Typically, the first step is an intravenous infusion using drugs such as sodium chloride or Ringer's solution. There is no fixed quantity assigned. When determining the dose, you should be guided by the external signs of the patient:

1. The general condition of a person, a set of indicators that determine the viability and prognosis of the disease.
2. Skin tone. The complexion, in particular the nasolabial triangle, is especially important. It shouldn't be too pale. If the color is close to white, more vasodilator solution will be required.
3. Absence or presence of diuresis.
4. Blood pressure.
5. The frequency of heart beats, as well as the intensity of the pulse in different parts of the body.

Additional drugs

1. Anti-inflammatory drugs are needed. In case of collapse, it is advisable to administer the following drugs: "Metypred", "Triamcinolone" or "Prednisolone".
2. Vasopressors can also be administered intravenously.
3. The spasm should be relieved quickly. To do this, you can even introduce a regular solution of novocaine. If it is more convenient to give an injection intramuscularly, it is advisable to use Aminazine.

Emergency care in case of collapse is necessary, since an ambulance cannot always get there quickly. In order to be able to provide real help to a person, you should remember the set of instructions and, if necessary, follow them accurately. Often, providing assistance when collapse occurs is the only way through which a person’s life can be saved.

One of the most dangerous pathological conditions is collapse, which, having pronounced symptoms, leads to death without medical intervention.

A critical situation is caused by the state of the circulatory system: vascular tone drops, which affects a sharp decrease in the total volume of blood circulating throughout the body. The brain stops receiving the required amount of oxygen, so its cells begin to die quickly. Considering the critical condition of the patient, first aid in case of collapse is provided by eyewitnesses or relatives of the patient. The further prognosis of a person’s life depends on the correct actions of rescuers at the stage before hospitalization and the speed of arrival of doctors to the victim.

Factors provoking a dangerous condition

What is collapse? This term literally translates as “fallen.” This name is associated with the sharpness to a critical level during an attack.

There are 2 reasons that cause a critical condition:

1. Significant and rapid blood loss, due to which the total blood mass in the arteries and veins decreases;
2. The destructive effects of toxic or poisonous substances, the impact of which reduces the elasticity of the vascular walls, reducing the overall tone of the circulatory system.

The pathological process progresses rapidly, due to the constantly increasing hypoxia of all systems and organs. The brain stops receiving oxygen, without which it cannot work, so the pressure in the arteries decreases even more, which poses a direct threat to the patient’s life.

Let us list the factors that provoke the development of collapse:

• Excessive internal or external bleeding;
• With medications: neuroleptics, sympatholytics, adrenergic blockers;
• Toxic effects;
• Rapid change of body position for people who do not get out of bed due to illness;
• Low oxygen content in the room;
• Dehydration;
• Previously acquired infectious diseases;
• Puberty (more often in girls);
• Pathological disorders of the myocardium, for example, with;
• Heart disease: hemopericarditis.

Note!

The occurrence of collapse is most often associated with complications of infectious diseases or severe pathological conditions.

At risk are patients who have suffered from and those with adrenal dysfunction.

The severity of the victim’s condition during the development of an attack depends on several factors:

• Age characteristics (in younger children and old age, the pathology is more severe);
• The degree of adaptation of the victim’s body to damage;
• Emotional and psychological characteristics of the patient.

In order for first-aid for a collapse to be provided correctly, it is necessary to find out the disease or factor that caused the attack, evaluate the symptoms, and check the basic reflexes. Only after these conditions are met do emergency care for collapse begin.

Classification and features of the course of an emergency condition

The manifestations of collapse are divided according to several criteria. Doctors most often use the classification of emergency conditions according to the etiological factor. Let us consider the types and features of manifestations of collapse according to this division.

1. view. It is a consequence of infectious diseases caused by bacteria.
2. Toxic look. The appearance of collapse is associated with the effects of toxic substances on the human body. Most often, such lesions occur in connection with the professional activities of the victim.
3. Hypoxemic appearance. Meteorologically sensitive people are susceptible to such collapse during times of high atmospheric pressure or a small amount of oxygen in the air in the room.
4. Pancreatic view. Occurs due to injury or pathological changes in the pancreas.
5. Burn appearance. Caused by deep lesions of the skin as a result.
6. Hyperthermic appearance. Triggered by sunstroke or prolonged exposure to high temperatures.
7. Dehydration appearance. Caused by extreme dehydration of the body.
8. collapse. Occurs against the background of massive internal or external bleeding.
9. Cardiac () collapse. A dangerous condition is provoked.
10. Orthostatic collapse. It occurs due to a sudden change in body position in bedridden patients. However, manifestations of pathology can also occur in healthy people, especially in adolescence and childhood.
11. Plasmoragic type. The origin of the collapse is due to severe diarrhea.

A separate group includes the enterogenic type, or, as it is also called, fainting, which occurs in patients with gastrectomy after a heavy meal.

Characteristic symptoms

Before providing first aid for shock, fainting and collapse, you need to assess the condition of the victim.

The symptoms of an attack caused by a lack of circulating blood are pronounced. The main signs that the victim needs first aid are as follows:

• Sudden deterioration in general health;
• accompanied by dizziness;
• The victim feels weak, his vision becomes dark, and noise is heard in the ears;
• A barely audible but very rapid pulse;
• Reducing blood pressure to critical levels;
• The skin quickly turns pale, then turns blue;
• There is discomfort in the heart area;
• The patient feels cold and chilly;
• Frequent, intermittent and shallow breathing;
• Confusion of consciousness, which manifests itself in the patient’s complete indifference to everything that happens;
• The face is covered with cold sweat, the tongue is dry;
• Possible nausea, turning into;
• Sharpening of facial features.

In a very serious condition, if first aid is not provided in time for collapse, fainting will occur with the loss of all reflex movements or shock.

It should be noted that vascular collapse is a less dangerous pathology than. However, in this case, delay on the part of rescuers or a doctor will cost the victim his life.

Specifics of urgent actions

Before providing first aid for fainting and collapse, you must urgently call an ambulance, explaining in detail the condition of the victim.

Then pre-medical measures are carried out according to the following algorithm of actions:

• The patient is placed on a hard, flat surface on his back;
• You need to raise his legs by placing rolled-up clothes or a blanket under them;
• When bringing a person to consciousness, turn his head to the side;
• Provide the victim with the opportunity to breathe freely by unbuttoning or removing all oppressive clothing;
• If the attack occurred indoors, open all the windows so that there is free circulation of fresh air in the room;
• Place warm heating pads on the patient’s arms and legs;
• When or when a person is unconscious, bring a cotton swab soaked in ammonia to his nose;
• In the absence of medication, use the technique of rubbing the temples or earlobes.

If collapse was caused by injury and blood loss, emergency care begins with. After the victim has regained consciousness, and the doctors have not yet arrived, provide him with complete emotional and physical rest.

When first aid is provided for fainting and collapse, the following actions are prohibited:

• Offer the patient any medications;
• In an unconscious state, he is forbidden to pour water into his mouth;
• To bring a person to his senses by slapping his cheeks or shaking him.

Note!

The collapse caused by is stopped by twists and turns! Simply apply an ice pack to the injured area.

Medical assistance

First aid is provided by ambulance doctors. Their task is to restore natural blood circulation in the body. For these purposes, perform the following actions:

• Administration of intravenous sodium chloride or Ringer's solution;
• Use of glucocorticoids and antispasmodics;
• Intravenous administration of vasopressors.

The dosage and selection of drugs is carried out taking into account the following indicators:

• Color of the skin;
• Arterial pressure;
• Number and frequency of heartbeat;
• Presence or absence of diuresis.

After hospitalization, complex therapy is carried out, which is designed to affect the body in 4 directions.

• Eliminate factors that threaten the life of the victim;
• Block the causes that caused the state of collapse;
• Restore lost body functions;
• Prevent possible respiratory failure with oxygen therapy.

Despite the wide variety of types of pathological conditions that cause collapse, they are all extremely dangerous to human life and require immediate medical attention.

There are so many different diseases in the modern world that sometimes you don’t even suspect what problem will overtake you at the next stage of life. There are diseases that pose a great danger to our body, and sometimes to our lives. In some cases, with serious complications, collapse may occur, and emergency care will be needed urgently to save a person’s life.

What is collapse

In many diseases, a disruption may occur in the functioning of the autonomic nervous system, which is responsible for regulating vascular tone. In such situations, acute

During collapse, pressure drops as paresis of small vessels occurs. The volume of blood moving through them decreases sharply, and blood flow slows down. This leads to the fact that the brain ceases to receive the necessary amount of oxygen and nutrients. The same goes for the heart muscle.

In this condition, blood supply throughout the body is disrupted, which leads to metabolic disorders. Not only neuro-reflex disorders can lead to vascular insufficiency, but also toxic substances of a protein nature. This usually happens during infectious diseases, such as pneumonia, typhus, during a heart attack or severe blood loss.

Types of collapse

Depending on the clinic and pathogenesis, collapse is divided into three types:

1. Sympathotonic. This form of collapse is accompanied by increased tone of the sympathetic nervous system, which leads to spasm of the arteries throughout the body. Systolic pressure in such situations is normal or slightly elevated, and diastolic pressure is high. If such a collapse is observed, emergency care is required urgently so as not to develop more serious complications.
2. Vagotonic collapse. In this state, the parasympathetic system comes into tone. The arteries, on the contrary, dilate, diastolic pressure decreases, and bradycardia is observed. The cause of this condition is fear, fainting, hypoglycemic coma.
3. Paralytic. Most often it happens when the mechanisms that are responsible for regulating blood circulation are severely depleted. The vessels dilate, the pressure drops, and collapse occurs; emergency care comes down to normalizing, first of all, blood pressure.

Causes of collapse

Many reasons can cause a condition such as collapse:

If collapse occurs as a result of the above reasons, emergency care will depend on them. In each case the steps will be different.

Signs of collapse

As a rule, recognizing collapse is not difficult. Its manifestations are usually clear and bright, so it is almost impossible to confuse it with other diseases. The main symptoms of collapse include the following:

Providing emergency assistance in case of collapse should be carried out immediately in order to bring the person out of this state as quickly as possible.

Symptoms of collapse in children

The child’s body is much more sensitive to any malfunction in its functioning, so the onset of collapse can be accurately recorded. The symptoms are usually the following:

In such situations, emergency assistance for collapse in children is urgently required.

First aid for collapse

It may happen that your loved one needs help with collapse. No one is immune from this, so every person should have basic skills in providing it. Although the rendering algorithm is voluminous, anyone can remember it.

1. Call an ambulance.
2. In the event of such an attack, the patient must be placed on his back on a flat surface.
3. Unfasten the top buttons on the clothing, if any.
4. It is advisable to open the window in the room to allow more fresh air to enter.
5. The legs can be raised slightly to increase blood flow to the head.
6. Since there is a decrease in body temperature, the patient must be warmed with a heating pad.
7. Place a swab soaked in ammonia to your nose.
8. Introduce 0.1% solution of “Adrenaline”, 0.5% solution of “Ephedrine”.
9. If the collapse is caused by severe bleeding, then it must be stopped.
10. Provide the patient with complete rest.
11. In case of cardiac arrest, it is necessary to perform chest compressions in combination with artificial respiration.

We looked at what constitutes collapse. algorithm for its implementation - these issues were also touched upon by us, but there are other points that must be taken into account.

Prohibited during collapse

If you need to provide first aid to a person in case of collapse, this does not mean that all means are good. There are things you shouldn't do:

1. Under no circumstances should a patient be given heart medications, as they dilate blood vessels.
2. During this time, you should not try to pour a little water into your mouth or stuff a pill.
3. It is also not recommended to resort to slapping to bring a person to his senses.

Most often, minutes count in such situations, so even before the ambulance arrives, competent emergency care should be provided for fainting and collapse.

Drug therapy during collapse

The ambulance that arrives will certainly take the patient to the hospital. Help will be provided within its walls, but with the use of medications. First of all, intravenous infusions of sodium chloride are prescribed. The amount of the drug is determined according to the patient's condition. The doctor pays attention to the following signs:

As additional therapy the following is prescribed:

• Anti-inflammatory drugs, for example, Metipred, Prednisolone.
• Vasopressor drugs are administered intravenously.
• To quickly relieve spasms, Novocaine is administered.

After the patient’s condition returns to normal, treatment of the disease that provoked the collapse begins. You must always remember: if your loved one collapses, the emergency care you provide can save a life. That is why everyone should know the list of necessary actions during such a situation. Health to everyone, may such situations never happen in your life.

The human body can be called a well-oiled mechanism. That is why the slightest malfunctions in its work lead to the appearance of diseases, each of which has its own symptoms and characteristics.

Knowledge of the clinical picture of a certain disease, the causes of its occurrence, as well as the ability to provide first aid in case of collapse to oneself or others in a difficult situation will increase the chances of a successful recovery, and in some cases, save lives.

Collapse is a very serious pathological condition that requires immediate medical intervention. A sick person should be given first aid for collapse (pre-medical aid). In addition, you need to call an ambulance.

What is collapse?

This pathological condition is acute vascular insufficiency. The victim's venous and blood pressure sharply decreases, which is due to a decrease in the volume of blood circulating in the body, a deterioration in vascular tone, or a decrease in cardiac output. As a result, metabolism slows down significantly, hypoxia of organs and tissues occurs, and vital functions are inhibited.

As a rule, collapse is a complication of serious diseases or pathological conditions.

Causes, symptoms, types and first aid for fainting and collapse

In medicine, there are two main reasons that provoke a threat: the first is sudden heavy blood loss, which leads to a decrease in the amount of blood in the body; the second is exposure to pathogenic and toxic substances, when the tone of the vascular walls deteriorates.

Progressive acute vascular insufficiency provokes a decrease in the volume of blood circulating in the body, which, in turn, leads to acute hypoxia (oxygen starvation). Then vascular tone drops, which affects blood pressure (it decreases). That is, the pathological condition progresses like an avalanche.

It is worth noting that there are several types of collapse, and they differ in trigger mechanisms. Let's list the main ones: general intoxication; internal/external bleeding; sudden change in body position; acute pancreatitis; lack of oxygen in the inhaled air.

Symptoms

From Latin, collapse can be translated as “fall.” The meaning of the word directly reflects the essence of the problem - both arterial/venous pressure drops, and the person himself may faint. Despite the difference in the mechanisms of occurrence, the signs of pathology are almost the same in all cases.

What are the symptoms of a critical condition:

1. Dizziness;
2. Weak and at the same time rapid pulse;
3. Consciousness is clear, but the person is indifferent to his surroundings;
4. The mucous membranes acquire a bluish tint;
5. Skin elasticity decreases;
6. Cold and sticky sweat is released;
7. The skin turns pale;
8. Tinnitus appears, vision weakens;
9. Thirst, dry mouth;
10. Decreased body temperature;
11. Arrhythmia;
12. Hypotension;
13. Breathing is rapid, shallow;
14. Nausea, which may lead to vomiting;
15. Involuntary urination;
16. With a prolonged threat, loss of consciousness occurs, pupils dilate, and basic reflexes are lost.

A person’s life may depend on the timely provision of medical care. Measures taken at the wrong time lead to death. Some people confuse collapse with a concept such as shock. They differ significantly: in the first case, the person’s state does not change, in the second, excitement first occurs, and then a sharp decline.

Types and algorithm of appearance

Doctors classify this critical condition according to the pathogenetic principle, but more often there is a division into types according to the etiological factor, respectively, they distinguish:

1. Infectious-toxic – provoked by bacteria, occurs in infectious diseases;
2. Toxic – a consequence of general intoxication of the body. It can be triggered by professional conditions when a person is exposed to toxic substances, for example, carbohydrate oxides, cyanides, amino compounds;
3. Hypoxemic – appears at high atmospheric pressure or lack of oxygen in the air;
4. Pancreatic – provokes injury to the pancreas;
5. Burn – due to deep thermal damage to the skin;
6. Hyperthermic – after severe overheating or sunstroke;
7. Dehydration – loss of fluid in a large volume (dehydration);
8. Hemorrhagic - massive bleeding. Nowadays it is also called deep shock. This type can be triggered by both external and internal blood loss, for example, when the spleen is damaged, a stomach ulcer or ulcerative colitis;
9. Cardiogenic – provoke myocardial pathologies, for example, with angina pectoris or myocardial infarction. There is a risk of arterial thromboembolism;
10. Plasmoragic - loss of plasma due to severe diarrhea or multiple burns;
11. Orthostatic – occurs when the body position changes from horizontal to vertical. A similar situation can arise when staying in a vertical position for a long time, when the venous flow increases and the flow to the heart decreases. This phenomenon often occurs in healthy people, especially children and adolescents;
12. Enterogenous, or fainting, often occurs after a meal in people with gastrectomy.

A critical condition can occur due to poisoning with medications: antipsychotics, sympatholytics, adrenergic blockers. In children, this is more severe and can even occur against the background of influenza, intestinal infection, pneumonia, anaphylactic shock, adrenal dysfunction. It can even be provoked by fear and, of course, blood loss and injury.

Emergency care for collapse

When you see that a person is having an attack, you need to immediately call an ambulance and at the same time provide assistance to him. Doctors will be able to determine the severity of a person’s condition, if possible, establish the cause and prescribe primary therapy.

Providing first aid can improve the victim’s condition and even in some cases save his life.

What is the correct sequence of first aid in case of collapse:

1. The patient must be placed on a hard surface;
2. He needs to raise his legs by placing something under them;
3. Then they tilt their head back to make it easier for him to breathe;
4. It is necessary to unbutton the collar of the shirt, freeing the person as much as possible from restraining items of clothing, for example, a belt;
5. It is necessary to open windows/doors, etc. to provide the room with oxygen;
6. You need to bring a handkerchief/cotton dipped in ammonia to the person’s nose. You can also massage your temples, the dimple of your upper lip, your earlobes;
7. If possible, stop the bleeding.

Under no circumstances should the victim be given drugs that have a pronounced vasodilating effect. For example, these include Glycerin, Valocordin, No-shpa. It is also strictly not recommended to hit the cheeks or shake the head, bringing the person to his senses.

Collapse: medical emergency care, algorithm of actions

Non-hospital therapy is prescribed for infectious, orthostatic and other types caused by acute vascular insufficiency. But in the presence of bleeding, which is accompanied by hemorrhagic collapse, emergency hospitalization is necessary.

The sequence of therapy is carried out in several directions at once.

Collapse- acute vascular insufficiency, characterized primarily by a decrease in vascular tone, as well as the volume of circulating blood, is manifested by signs of brain hypoxia and inhibition of vital body functions.

As a result, the metabolic process slows down, hypoxia of organs and tissues begins, and the most important functions of the body are inhibited.

Collapse – a complication of pathological conditions or serious illnesses.

Collapse. Causes of occurrence?

Collapse may be a complication of acute impairment of myocardial contractile function, united by the concept of “small cardiac output syndrome,” which occurs in the acute period of myocardial infarction, with pronounced tachycardia, with deep bradycardia, with dysfunction of the sinus node, etc.

Shock, in contrast to collapse, is the body’s reaction to extremely strong, especially painful, irritation, accompanied by more severe disorders of the vital functions of the nervous and endocrine systems, blood circulation, respiration, metabolic processes and often the excretory function of the kidneys.

Collapse. Clinic

The skin turns pale, the mucous membrane of the lips, the tip of the nose, fingers and toes acquire a cyanotic tint. Tissue turgor decreases, the skin may become marbled, the face is sallow in color, covered with cold sticky sweat, the tongue is dry.

Body temperature is often low, patients complain of cold and chilliness. Breathing is shallow, rapid, less often slow. Despite shortness of breath, patients do not experience suffocation.

The pulse is soft, rapid, less often slow, weak in filling, often irregular; in the radial arteries it is sometimes difficult to determine or is absent. Blood pressure is low, sometimes systolic blood pressure drops to 70-60 mm Hg. and even lower, however, in the initial period of collapse in persons with pre-existing arterial hypertension, blood pressure may remain at a level close to normal.

Diastolic pressure also decreases. Superficial veins collapse, blood flow velocity, peripheral and central venous pressure decrease.

In the presence of heart failure of the right ventricular type, central venous pressure may remain at normal levels or decrease slightly; the volume of circulating blood decreases. Deafness of heart sounds, often arrhythmia (extrasystole, atrial fibrillation), and embryocardia are noted.

On ECG signs of coronary blood flow insufficiency and other changes are determined that are secondary in nature and are most often caused by a decrease in venous inflow and the associated disturbance of central hemodynamics, and sometimes by infectious-toxic damage to the myocardium.

Impaired cardiac contractility can lead to a further decrease in cardiac output and progressive hemodynamic impairment. There is oliguria, sometimes nausea and vomiting (after drinking), which with prolonged collapse contributes to blood thickening and the appearance of azotemia; the oxygen content in the venous blood increases due to shunting of the blood flow, metabolic acidosis is possible.

The severity of the manifestations of collapse depends on the underlying disease and the degree of vascular disorders.

The degree of adaptation (for example, to hypoxia), age (in older people and young children, collapse is more severe) and the emotional characteristics of the patient are also important. A relatively mild degree of K. is sometimes called a collaptoid state.

Depending on the underlying disease that caused K., the clinical picture may acquire some specific features. Thus, with collapse occurring as a result of blood loss, excitement is often observed at first, and sweating often sharply decreases.

The phenomena of collapse in toxic lesions, peritonitis, acute pancreatitis are most often combined with signs of general severe intoxication. Orthostatic collapse is characterized by suddenness (often against the background of good health) and a relatively mild course; Moreover, to relieve orthostatic collapse, especially in adolescents and young men, it is usually enough to ensure rest in a horizontal position of the patient’s body.

Infectious collapse develops more often during a critical decrease in body temperature; this occurs at different times, for example, with typhus, usually on the 12-14th day of illness, especially during an abrupt decrease in body temperature (by 2-4°), often in the morning.

The patient lies motionless, apathetic, answers questions slowly and quietly; complains of chills and thirst.

The face takes on a pale earthy hue, the lips are bluish; facial features become sharper, eyes are sunken, pupils are dilated, limbs are cold, muscles are relaxed. After a sharp drop in temperature, the forehead, temples, and sometimes the whole body are covered with cold, sticky sweat.

The temperature when measured in the armpit sometimes drops to 35°. The pulse is frequent and weak: blood pressure and diuresis are reduced.

Flow infectious collapse is aggravated by dehydration, hypoxia, which is complicated by pulmonary hypertension, decompensated metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis and hypokalemia. When a large amount of water is lost through vomit and feces due to food toxic infections, salmonellosis, rotavirus infection, acute dysentery, cholera, the volume of extracellular fluid decreases, incl. interstitial and intravascular. The blood thickens, its viscosity, density, hematocrit index, and total plasma protein content increase. The volume of circulating blood decreases sharply. Venous inflow and cardiac output are reduced. In infectious diseases, collapse can last from several minutes to 6-8 hours.

As the collapse deepens, the pulse becomes thread-like, it is almost impossible to determine blood pressure, and breathing becomes more frequent. The patient's consciousness gradually darkens, the reaction of the pupils is sluggish, tremor of the hands is observed, and convulsions of the muscles of the face and arms are possible. Sometimes the collapse phenomena increase very quickly; facial features sharpen sharply, consciousness darkens, pupils dilate, reflexes disappear.

Collapse. Symptoms

Prolonged forms can lead to loss of consciousness, dilated pupils, and loss of basic reflexes. Not rendering timely medical care may result in serious consequences or death.

Collapse. Diagnosis

Differential diagnosis concerns mainly the reasons that caused K., which determines the nature of care, as well as indications for hospitalization and the choice of hospital profile.

Collapse. Kinds

Collapse. First aid

Collapse. Emergency treatment (Algorithm)

Treatment of collapse has several directions :
1) Etiological therapy designed to eliminate the causes that caused the collapsive state. Stopping bleeding, general detoxification of the body, eliminating hypoxia, administering adrenaline, antidote therapy, and stabilizing the heart will help stop further deterioration of the patient’s condition.
2) Methods of pathogenetic therapy will allow you to return the body to its usual working rhythm as quickly as possible. Among the main methods, it is necessary to highlight the following: increasing arterial and venous pressure, stimulating respiration, activating blood circulation, administering blood substitutes and plasma, blood transfusion, and activating the central nervous system.
3) Oxygen therapy used for carbon monoxide poisoning accompanied by acute respiratory failure. Prompt implementation of therapeutic measures allows you to restore the most important functions of the body and return the patient to normal life.

Collapse – pathology caused by acute vascular insufficiency. Different types of collapse have a similar clinical picture and require urgent and qualified treatment, sometimes surgical intervention.

Collapse. Forecast

In severe diseases and acute poisoning, the prognosis often depends on the severity of the underlying disease, the degree of vascular insufficiency, and the age of the patient.

At insufficiently effective therapy for collapse may recur. Repeated collapses are more difficult for patients to endure.

Collapse. Prevention

It is important to take into account the characteristics of the pharmacodynamics of drugs (ganglionic blockers, neuroleptics, antihypertensive and diuretics, barbiturates, etc.), allergy history and individual sensitivity to certain drugs and nutritional factors.

Features of collapse in children

More often than in adults, collapse develops with toxicosis and infectious diseases, accompanied by high body temperature, vomiting, and diarrhea. A decrease in blood pressure and impaired blood flow in the brain occur with deeper tissue hypoxia and are accompanied by loss of consciousness and convulsions.

Since in young children the alkaline reserve in the tissues is limited, disruption of oxidative processes during collapse easily leads to decompensated acidosis. Insufficient concentration and filtration capacity of the kidneys and rapid accumulation of metabolic products make treatment of collapse difficult. and delay the restoration of normal vascular reactions.

Diagnosis of collapse in young children difficult due to the fact that it is impossible to find out the patient’s sensations, and systolic blood pressure in children, even under normal conditions, may not exceed 80 mm Hg. Art. The most characteristic of a child’s collapse can be considered complex of symptoms : weakening of the sonority of heart sounds, decreased pulse waves when measuring blood pressure, general adynamia, weakness, pallor or spotty skin, increasing tachycardia.

Therapy for orthostatic collapse, as a rule, does not require medications; It is enough to lay the patient horizontally without a pillow, raise the legs above the level of the heart, and unbutton the clothes.

Fresh air and inhalation of ammonia vapor have a beneficial effect. Only with deep and persistent collapse, with a decrease in systolic blood pressure below 70 mm Hg. Art. Intramuscular or intravenous administration of vascular analeptics (caffeine, ephedrine, mezatone) in doses appropriate to age is indicated.

For the purpose of prevention orthostatic collapse It is necessary to explain to teachers and coaches that it is unacceptable for children and adolescents to stand still for long periods of time on lines, training camps, and sports formations.

In case of collapse, due to blood loss and infectious diseases, the same measures are indicated as in adults.