Vitamin preparations characteristics, features of action and use. Vitamins: types, indications for use, natural sources. Multivitamin medicines

Health is a priceless gift, carefully presented to every person by Mother Nature. Even the World Health Organization admits that only 30% of health depends on medical factors, of which 15% is due to genetics and another 15% to the level of medical care. The remaining 70% is directly related to a person’s lifestyle: his behavior, inclinations, habits and, of course, nutrition. A balanced diet plays an important role in maintaining full functioning, growth, development and physical abilities. However, in addition to traditional nutrients, which include proteins, fats and carbohydrates, vitamins can also be considered vital substances.

These substances are organic low-molecular compounds that are components of about 150 enzymes. That is, without vitamins, not a single physiological process is possible. In addition, vitamin complexes increase the body’s resistance to external factors, including viral and bacterial infections, help to adapt to a dynamic environmental situation, cope with stress and fatigue. These substances control metabolism, hormone synthesis, energy exchange, maintenance of performance and full functionality. Therefore, an insufficient supply of vitamins sooner or later leads to a complete malfunction of the body and deterioration of health.

Unfortunately, not all vitamins can be synthesized in the body independently - most of them come from outside. Plus: some of them cannot accumulate in cells, so intake must be regular and complete. Adequate intake of vitamins depends primarily on a well-designed diet, including natural sources of these substances: vegetables, fruits, cereals, nuts and other plant products. Of course, modern pharmacology produces many synthetic additives and medications that are analogues of natural extracted substances, however, replacing the correct vitamins natural origin, which are absorbed naturally and without problems, they still cannot.

Classification of vitamins

The modern classification of vitamins includes two conditional groups: water-soluble and fat-soluble. This criterion is based on physical properties substances: some of them are better accepted by the body when taken in liquid or natural form, and some only in combination with vegetable oils. Therefore, before considering the question of what vitamins the body needs and how they can be obtained, it is worth deciding on the classification of these substances, because their optimal digestibility and maximum benefit depend on this.

What vitamins are fat soluble?

Obviously, fat-soluble vitamins are substances that actively dissolve in fats and are absorbed in this form in the body. It is noteworthy that these components can accumulate in adipose tissue, creating a fairly large reserve in case of subsequent nutritional deficiency. Having reached a certain level, they enter the liver and are gradually excreted in the urine. Therefore, a deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins in the body is much less common than an excess.

Nevertheless, it is impossible to completely exclude hypo- and hypervitaminosis of these substances. An overdose most often occurs with a single consumption of an extremely large dose, however, with a balanced diet, such a condition is almost impossible. The same applies to the disadvantage - a harmonious menu and a correct lifestyle minimize the possibility of encountering a similar condition.

Fat-soluble vitamins: names

Water-soluble vitamins: list of substances

Along with fat-soluble vitamins, there are also water-soluble vitamins, which, accordingly, dissolve in water. These substances are easily absorbed into the cells of the intestinal tract and from there enter the general bloodstream, spreading throughout the body. The main sources of such components are plant foods, which should be on the table every day. This approach to menu planning is primarily due to the fact that water-soluble vitamins cannot accumulate in the body - the maximum period for which they are retained is only a few days, after which the molecules are safely excreted in the urine. Due to such transit properties, hypovitaminosis of this group of substances is much more common than an excess of fat-soluble vitamins. But if necessary, it is possible to make up for their deficiency quite simply - water-soluble substances are absorbed very quickly.

The list of water-soluble vitamins is longer than that of fat-soluble substances. The most significant of them are presented in the table:

Vitamin-like substances

When talking about vitamins, it is impossible not to at least briefly mention vitamin-like substances. On the one hand, their molecules are completely different from most vitamins: they have a complex structure, which is why in most cases they are used only as extracted herbal ingredients. In addition, the body needs them in minimal quantities, however, completely excluding them from the daily diet is unforgivable and risky.

Although vitamin-like substances themselves do not belong to the category of vital substances, their lack negatively affects metabolism in general and the activity of other vitamins in particular. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that sources of these components are also present in the daily menu.

As for the most popular vitamin-like substances, these include:

Natural sources of vitamins

In order to provide the body with everything necessary substances, it is not at all necessary to swallow pills, dietary supplements and other pharmaceutical products - best vitamins Nature has already prepared for us, making sure that people can get all the necessary components from plant foods. This approach has no disadvantages: natural substances are easily absorbed and do not cause side effects or allergic reactions. How to create a diet to get everything you need from food and maintain your health? Focus on the list, including the names of vitamins and their sources!

The right vitamins are natural! List of products that must be consumed

1. . This vitamin is responsible for cell division, skin restoration, hormone regulation, protein breakdown and other vital processes. Many people believe that a plant-based diet is not able to provide a person with vitamin A. In fact, this is not so: there are more than enough plant sources of this substance, you just need to properly formulate the diet. Eat more often legume products(dry bread, peas), green vegetables, carrots, pumpkin, spinach, apples, peaches, grapes, apricots, melon and you won’t know what hypovitaminosis A is.
2. . Antirachitic vitamin regulates the absorption of calcium in the intestines, which means that without it it is impossible to ensure health bone structures. In principle, the supply of this vitamin from the outside is not so necessary - it is synthesized in sufficient quantities by the body under the influence of sunlight, and then stored in the liver with a reserve sufficient for about six months. However, if the cloudy weather continues, try to support the body by regularly consuming algae or natural (not thermophilic!!!) yeast - they are irreplaceable sources of calciferol.
3. Vitamin E. It’s not for nothing that tocopherol is called the “reproduction vitamin” - first of all, it controls the production of sperm in men and the regulation of the cycle in women. In addition, vitamin E prevents the formation of tumors, acting natural antioxidant, improves the transport of oxygen by blood cells, prevents dryness and irritation of the skin. The largest amount of tocopherol is found in nuts and vegetable oils. For example, just 40 g of sunflower oil contains the daily dose of vitamin E for an adult.
4. Vitamin K. This substance affects the processes of thrombosis and blood clotting, normalizes metabolism, restores the functioning of the excretory system and maintains the normal state of bone structures. And although most of vitamin K is synthesized by the intestinal microflora, it would be a mistake to diminish the importance of the part that comes from the outside. To maintain naphthoquinone at the proper level, be sure to eat green leafy vegetables, cabbage, green tomatoes and lettuce - they contain this vitamin in sufficient quantities.
5. Vitamin B1.Thiamin supports the nervous system, promotes high resistance to stress, and also improves memory and stimulates digestion processes. Sources of vitamin B1 can primarily be cereals (rice, buckwheat, oats).
6. Vitamin B2. Riboflavin, or growth stimulant, is responsible not only for proportional development in infancy, but also for the proper condition of hair, nails and skin. In addition, this vitamin has a positive effect on nervous system. You can get it by eating rye bread, cereals and broccoli.
7. Vitamin B6. Pyridoxine has a beneficial effect on the activity of the liver, nervous system and hematopoiesis. Plant foods rich in vitamin B6 include whole grains and beans.
8. Vitamin B9. Folic acid is required to normalize hematopoietic processes. This vitamin is especially necessary for expectant mothers both during pregnancy planning and in the first trimester - its deficiency negatively affects the formation of the neural tube of the embryo. You can ensure a normal supply of vitamin B9 with: green peas, spinach and savoy cabbage.
9. . Perhaps the most controversial vitamin in a vegetarian diet. This is what they refer to when talking about insufficiency plant nutrition. However, this opinion does not stand up to even the slightest criticism: a sufficient part of B12 is synthesized by the intestinal microflora, so everything that is necessary for normal level This vitamin in the body helps maintain the health of the gastrointestinal tract. And if for some reason this is temporarily not enough, you can get the missing part of cyanocobalamin from a special diet for vegans, enriched with vitamin B12 (vegetable oils, soy and corn products).
10. . Ascorbic acid known to everyone firsthand since childhood. This vitamin is especially important for the proper formation of cells and tissues, normal condition teeth and bones, adequate absorption of iron, and therefore for hematopoietic processes. You can get it from black currant, kiwi, rose hips, citrus fruits, leafy vegetables and other natural sources.
11. Vitamin H. Biotin has a positive effect on appearance skin, nails, hair, and also normalizes blood sugar levels. Natural sources of this substance are tomatoes, soybeans and brown rice.

Taking vitamins daily is the key to health and longevity

With knowledge of what vitamins are needed to stay healthy and how you can get them, it will be easy for you to formulate correct menu to provide the body with everything necessary to maintain normal functioning. Do not neglect these recommendations, because without a normal supply of vitamins, a full life is in principle impossible. Nature has already prepared for you everything that is most necessary and valuable; all you have to do is use this gift correctly. remember, that best treatment– this is prevention!

Vitamins are a large group of organic compounds of different chemical natures. They are united by one important feature: without vitamins, the existence of humans and other living beings is impossible.

Even in ancient times, people assumed that to prevent certain diseases it was enough to make certain adjustments to the diet. For example, in ancient Egypt they treated “night blindness” (impaired twilight vision) by eating liver. Much later it was proven that this pathology is caused by a lack of vitamin A, which large quantities present in the liver of animals. Several centuries ago, it was proposed to introduce acidic foods into the diet as a remedy for scurvy (a disease caused by hypovitaminosis C). plant origin. The method was 100% justified, since in the usual sauerkraut and citrus fruits contain a lot of ascorbic acid.

Why are vitamins needed?

Compounds of this group take an active part in all types of metabolic processes. Most vitamins perform the function of coenzymes, i.e. they work as enzyme catalysts. These substances are present in food products in fairly small quantities, therefore they are all classified as micronutrients. Vitamins are necessary for the regulation of vital functions through the body's fluids.

The study of these vital organic compounds is carried out by the science of vitaminology, which is at the intersection of pharmacology, biochemistry and food hygiene.

Important:Vitamins have absolutely no calorie content, so they cannot serve as a source of energy. Structural elements They are also not necessary for the formation of new tissues.

Heterotrophic organisms obtain these low molecular weight compounds mainly from food, but some of them are formed during the process of biosynthesis. In particular, in the skin under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, vitamin D is formed, from provitamins-carotenoids - A, and from the amino acid tryptophan - PP (nicotinic acid or niacin).

note: symbiotic bacteria that live on the intestinal mucosa normally synthesize a sufficient amount of vitamins B3 and K.

A person’s daily need for each individual vitamin is quite small, but if the level of intake is significantly lower than normal, then various pathological conditions develop, many of which pose a very serious threat to health and life. Pathological condition, caused by a deficiency of a certain compound of this group, is called hypovitaminosis.

note : vitamin deficiency involves a complete cessation of vitamin intake into the body, which is quite rare.

Classification

All vitamins are divided into 2 large groups according to their ability to dissolve in water or fatty acids Oh:

1. TO water soluble include all compounds of group B, ascorbic acid (C) and vitamin P. They do not tend to accumulate in significant quantities, since possible excesses are excreted with water naturally within a matter of hours.
2. TO fat-soluble(lipovitamins) are classified as A, D, E, and K. This also includes the later discovered vitamin F. These are vitamins soluble in unsaturated fatty acids - arachidonic, linoleic and linolenic, etc.). Vitamins of this group tend to be deposited in the body - mainly in the liver and adipose tissue.

Due to this specificity, a lack of water-soluble vitamins is more often noted, but hypervitaminosis develops mainly in fat-soluble vitamins.

note: Vitamin K has a water-soluble analogue (vicasol), synthesized in the early 40s of the last century. To date, water-soluble preparations of other lipovitamins have also been obtained. In this regard, such division into groups is gradually becoming quite arbitrary.

Latin letters are used to designate individual compounds and groups. As we studied vitamins in depth, it became clear that some are not individual substances, but complexes. The names currently used were approved in 1956.

Brief characteristics of individual vitamins

Vitamin A (retinol)

This fat-soluble compound helps prevent xerophthalmia and impaired twilight vision, as well as increase the body's resistance to infectious agents. The elasticity of the epithelium of the skin and internal mucous membranes, hair growth and the rate of tissue regeneration (restoration) depend on retinol. Vitamin A has pronounced antioxidant activity. This lipovitamin is necessary for the development of eggs and the normal course of spermatogenesis. It minimizes Negative consequences stress and exposure to air pollution.

The precursor to retinol is carotene.

Research has shown that vitamin A prevents the development oncological diseases. Retinol ensures normal functional activity of the thyroid gland.

Important:Excessive intake of retinol from animal products causes hypervitaminosis. An excess of vitamin A can lead to cancer.

Vitamin B1 (thiamine)

A person must receive thiamine every day in sufficient quantities, since this compound is not deposited in the body. B1 is needed for the normal functioning of the cardiovascular and endocrine systems, as well as the brain. Thiamine is directly involved in the metabolism of acetylcholine, a nerve signal mediator. B1 is able to normalize the secretion of gastric juice and stimulate digestion, improving the motility of the gastrointestinal tract. Protein and fat metabolism largely depend on thiamine, which is important for tissue growth and regeneration. It is also needed for splitting complex carbohydrates to the main source of energy – glucose.

Important:The thiamine content in products decreases noticeably during heat treatment. In particular, potatoes are recommended to be baked or steamed.

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

Riboflavin is necessary for the biosynthesis of a number of hormones and the formation of red blood cells. Vitamin B2 is needed for the formation of ATP (the “energy base” of the body), protection retina from the negative effects of ultraviolet radiation, normal fetal development, as well as tissue regeneration and renewal.

Vitamin B4 (choline)

Choline is involved in lipid metabolism and lecithin biosynthesis. Vitamin B4 is very important for the production of acetylcholine, protection of the liver from toxins, growth processes and hematopoiesis.

Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)

Vitamin B5 has a positive effect on the nervous system, as it stimulates the biosynthesis of the excitation mediator - acetylcholine. Pantothenic acid improves intestinal peristalsis, strengthens protective forces body and accelerates the regeneration of damaged tissues. B5 is part of a number of enzymes necessary for the normal course of many metabolic processes.

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

Pyridoxine is needed for normal functional activity of the central nervous system and strengthening the immune system. B6 is directly involved in the process of biosynthesis of nucleic acids and the construction of a large number of different enzymes. The vitamin promotes the complete absorption of vital unsaturated fatty acids.

Vitamin B8 (inositol)

Inositol is found in the eye lens, tear fluid, nerve fibers, as well as in sperm.

B8 helps reduce cholesterol levels in the blood, increases the elasticity of vascular walls, normalizes gastrointestinal motility and has a sedative effect on the nervous system.

Vitamin B9 ()

A small amount of folic acid is produced by microorganisms that inhabit the intestines. B9 takes part in the process of cell division, biosynthesis of nucleic acids and neurotransmitters - norepinephrine and serotonin. The process of hematopoiesis largely depends on folic acid. It is also involved in the metabolism of lipids and cholesterol.

Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)

Cyanocobalamin is directly involved in the process of hematopoiesis and is needed for the normal course of protein and lipid metabolism. B12 stimulates tissue growth and regeneration, improves the condition of the nervous system and is used by the body in the creation of amino acids.

Now everyone knows that ascorbic acid helps strengthen the immune system and prevent or alleviate a number of diseases (in particular, colds). This discovery was made relatively recently; Scientific evidence for the effectiveness of vitamin C in preventing colds appeared only in 1970. Ascorbic acid is deposited in the body in very small quantities, so a person needs to constantly replenish the reserves of this water-soluble compound.

The best sources are many fresh fruits and vegetables.

When there are few fresh plant products in the diet during the cold season, it is advisable to take “ascorbic acid” in tablets or dragees daily. It is especially important not to forget about this for weakened people and women during pregnancy. Regular intake of vitamin C is essential for children. It takes part in the biosynthesis of collagen and many metabolic processes, and also promotes detoxification of the body.

Vitamin D (ergocalciferol)

Vitamin D not only enters the body from the outside, but is also synthesized in the skin under the influence of ultraviolet radiation. The connection is necessary for the formation and further growth of a full-fledged bone tissue. Ergocalciferol regulates the metabolism of phosphorus and calcium, promotes the excretion heavy metals, improves heart function and normalizes the blood clotting process.

Vitamin E (tocopherol)

Tocopherol is the most powerful antioxidant known. It minimizes the negative effects of free radicals on cellular level, slowing down the natural aging process. Thanks to this, vitamin E can improve the functioning of a number of organs and systems and prevent the development of serious diseases. It improves muscle function and accelerates reparative processes.

Vitamin K (menadione)

Vitamin K affects blood clotting, as well as the process of bone tissue formation. Menadione improves the functional activity of the kidneys. It also strengthens the walls of blood vessels and muscles and normalizes the functions of the digestive tract. Vitamin K is necessary for the synthesis of ATP and creatine phosphate - the most important sources of energy.

Vitamin L-Carnitine

L-Carnitine is involved in lipid metabolism, helping the body obtain energy. This vitamin increases endurance, promotes muscle growth, lowers cholesterol levels and improves the condition of the myocardium.

Vitamin P (B3, citrine)

The most important function of vitamin P is to strengthen and increase the elasticity of the walls of small blood vessels, as well as reduce their permeability. Citrine is able to prevent hemorrhages and has pronounced antioxidant activity.

Vitamin PP (niacin, nicotinamide)

Many plant foods contain niacin, and animal foods contain this vitamin present in the form of nicotinamide.

Vitamin PP takes an active part in the metabolism of proteins and helps the body obtain energy from the utilization of carbohydrates and lipids. Niacin is part of a number of enzyme compounds responsible for cellular respiration processes. The vitamin improves the condition of the nervous system and strengthens the cardiovascular system. The condition of the mucous membranes and skin largely depends on nicotinamide. Thanks to RR, vision improves and normalizes arterial pressure at .

Vitamin U (S-methylmethionine)

Vitamin U reduces histamine levels due to its methylation, which can significantly reduce the acidity of gastric juice. S-methylmethionine also has an antisclerotic effect.

Do I need to take vitamin supplements regularly?

Of course, many vitamins should be supplied to the body regularly. The need for many biologically active compounds increases with increased stress on the body (with physical work, playing sports, during illness, etc.). The question of the need to start taking one or another complex vitamin preparation is decided strictly individually. Uncontrolled use of these pharmacological agents can cause hypervitaminosis, that is, an excess of one or another vitamin in the body, which will not lead to anything good. Thus, taking the complexes should only be started after prior consultation with your doctor.

note: The only natural multivitamin is breast milk. For babies, no synthetic drugs can replace it.

It is advisable to additionally take some vitamin preparations for pregnant women (due to increased needs), vegetarians (many compounds are obtained from animal foods), as well as people on a restrictive diet.

Multivitamins are necessary for children and adolescents. Their metabolism is accelerated, since it is needed not only to maintain the functions of organs and systems, but also for active growth and development. Of course, it is better if a sufficient amount of vitamins comes from natural products, but some of them contain the necessary compounds in sufficient quantities only in a certain season (this mainly applies to vegetables and fruits). In this regard, it is quite problematic to manage without pharmacological drugs.

Vitamin A (Retinol) is a representative of the class of fat-soluble vitamins that can accumulate in the body. Necessary for vision and bone growth, healthy skin and hair, normal functioning of the immune system, etc. pure form unstable, found in both plant foods and animal sources.

Vit. A was discovered in 1913. Then two groups of scientists, independently of each other, found that the yolk chicken egg and butter contain a certain substance that stimulates the growth of animals.

After this, during the First World War, numerous cases of xerophthalmia and keratophthalmia, dryness and pathological keratinization of the sclera and cornea of ​​the eyes were described. At the same time, the relationship between these diseases and deficiency was noted butter in the diet.

The substance isolated from butter was initially designated as fat-soluble factor A. Later, in 1916, it was renamed vit. A. In 1921, signs of vitamin A deficiency were described, in 1931 the structure of the vitamin was described, and in 1937, vit. A was obtained in crystalline form.

Varieties

In addition to Retinol Vit. A includes a group of vitamers, substances similar in chemical composition and by the effect it produces. These substances are called retinoids. In addition to Retinol (vit. A 1), this includes its derivatives:

• Retinal is the aldehyde form of vit. A 1
• 3-dehydroretinol (Vit. A 2) – trans-isomer of Retinol
• 3-dehydroretinal is the aldehyde form of vit. A 2
• Retinoic acid is the acidic form of vit. A 2
• Retinyl acetate, retinyl palmitate are ether derivatives of Retinol.

These are just the basic forms. Along with them, there are many other retinoids that occur naturally or are formed in the body of humans and mammals during metabolic reactions. The functions of many of them remain poorly understood. Based on the name of the main component, A 1, this vitamin is usually called Retinol.

Physical properties

The chemical name of Retinol is trans-9,13-Dimethyl-7-(1,1,5-trimethylcyclohexen-5-yl-6)-nonatetraen-7,9,11,13-ol (as palmitate or acetate). Formula – C 20 H 30 O. This chemical compound is prismatic crystals yellowish color with a specific odor and melting point 64 0 C.

It dissolves well in fatty substances and other organic solvents - ethyl and methyl alcohols, dicyclohexane, dichloroethane. Practically insoluble in water. Unstable during external environment– is destroyed by atmospheric oxygen and solar ultraviolet radiation. Other substances from the retinoid group have similar properties.

Physiological action

• Metabolism

With its participation, many redox reactions are carried out in the body. It regulates all types of metabolism. It stimulates protein biosynthesis and activates many enzyme systems.

• Immunity

Retinol is an excellent immunomodulator. It enhances the phagocytic activity of leukocytes, stimulates the production of antibodies, and participates in the synthesis of interferon and lysozyme. Thus, it strengthens the immune system and increases the body’s resistance to many types of bacterial and viral infections. It is also an excellent antioxidant that prevents free radical damage to tissues. The antioxidant and immunostimulating effect leads to the fact that atypically changed cells are recognized in time, destroyed, and cancerous tumors are not developing.

• Skin and mucous membranes of internal organs

Vitamin A normalizes growth and division epithelial cells, prevents excessive keratinization. Also stimulates collagen synthesis. As a result, the barrier resistance of the mucous membranes of the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract and genitourinary system to the action of pathological agents. Under its influence, the skin becomes elastic, without wrinkles, swelling, age spots and other signs of aging.

• The cardiovascular system

Reduces the formation of low-density cholesterol, which is responsible for the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Being an antioxidant, it prevents sclerotic and dystrophic changes in the myocardium.

• Musculoskeletal system

Increases the strength of ligaments, bones, cartilage. Promotes bone growth in length.

• Endocrine system

Retinol is involved in the synthesis of adrenal and sex hormones. It also reduces the level of thyroxine when it is overproduced by the thyroid gland.

• Reproductive system

In men it stimulates spermatogenesis, in women it provides normal course menstrual cycle. During pregnancy, this vitamin, along with other factors, shapes growth and proper development fetus

• Visual system

It has a tremendous impact on the state of the visual analyzer. Retinal is part of Rhodopsin. This visual pigment provides light sensitivity to the rod receptors of the fundus. Retinol's precursors, carotenoids, moisturize the cornea and sclera, preventing their pathological keratinization (hyperkeratosis) and the development of cataracts. This vitamin also maintains proper function macular spot– the place of greatest visual perception of the retina.

Daily requirement

In this table, IU are international units that reflect the activity of the drug. As for Vit. And, here 1 IU corresponds to 0.3 mcg.

Signs of Deficiency

A typical manifestation of vitamin A deficiency is the so-called night blindness or hemeralopia, deterioration of twilight vision. Also on the part of the eyes, keratomalacia and xerophthalmia will be noted, manifested by softening, dryness of the cornea, redness of the sclera with pathological lacrimation. In this case, visual acuity will be reduced, and cataracts will often form.

The skin is dry, flaky, with an unhealthy color, pustular rash and reduced elasticity. On such skin they are created favorable conditions for various dermatitis, psoriasis, eczema.

The barrier function of the mucous membranes of internal organs decreases. In combination with low immunity this will be accompanied by frequent bronchitis, pneumonia, erosive-inflammatory processes in the gastrointestinal tract, inflammation of the genitourinary system with urinary incontinence.

The reproductive system suffers - it is disrupted menstrual cycle in women, men complain of erectile dysfunction and early ejaculation. Male and female infertility often occurs.

General weakness appears increased fatigue, drowsiness during the day and insomnia at night. On the mental side, unmotivated irritability, anxiety and depression are noted. The risk of malignant tumors increases, especially breast cancer, and for smokers and those who often suffer from colds, lung cancer.

Predisposes to deficiency:

• lack of intake of Retinol and carotenoids from food
• diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in which its absorption is impaired
• deficiency of other nutrients, in particular zinc, Vit E (Tocopherol), Vit B 4 (Choline).

Vitamin deficiency, as a rule, develops with a combination of these unfavorable factors.

In addition, some conditions increase the need. This:

• physical exercise
• psycho-emotional stress
• period of growth and puberty
• X-ray studies
• taking cholesterol-lowering medications
• diabetes
• staying in an area with a hot climate
• increased load on the visual analyzer (long sitting at the computer, watching TV)
• alcohol abuse
• pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Vitamin A rich foods

Retinol enters the body with food. Contents vit. And in 100 g of food products:

It's easy to see that greatest number vit. And it is found in animal products, while there is not so much of it in greens and vegetables. Although you should not rely entirely on the data from the table. The fact is that in most well-known products, vitamin A is not represented by Retinol, but by its predecessors, provitamins, carotenoids.

These substances include alpha, beta and gamma carotene. The most active of them is beta-carotene. This is a natural pigment of bright red color, which is transformed during metabolic processes.

There is especially a lot of beta-carotene and other carotenoids in vegetables and fruits that have an orange-red color. Red carrots are not rich in vitamin A, as many believe, but in its provitamin, beta-carotene. In general, carotenoids are found mainly in plant foods, while animal foods are rich in Retinol - milk, cheese, cod liver and mammalian liver, egg yolk. In addition, beta-carotene is many times weaker in its activity than Retinol - 12 mcg of this provitamin is equivalent to 1 mcg of Retinol.

Synthetic analogues

The most commonly used in clinical practice are Retinol acetate and Retinol palmitate. These medications are available in the following dosage forms:

• dragee 3300 IU
• capsules with oil solution for oral administration 3300 IU
• capsules with oil solution for oral administration 5000 IU
• capsules with oil solution for oral administration 33000 IU
• film-coated tablets 33000 IU
• solution for external use 3.44%, 100,000 IU/ml
• injection solution 0.86%, 25,000 IU/ml
• injection solution 1.72%, 50,000 IU/ml
• injection solution 3.44%, 33,000 IU/ml.

Injections oil solutions They are done only intramuscularly, they are given into a vein under no circumstances! External solution is used in the treatment skin diseases, and drugs for internal use - for the prevention of vitamin A deficiency and the treatment of related conditions.

To prevent the development of hypervitaminosis A, you must carefully follow the dosages determined by the doctor. Typically, drugs containing 3300 IU are used for preventive purposes, and “heavier” dosage forms are used for therapeutic purposes.

Along with Retinol acetate and palmitate, vitamin A is present in many vitamin-mineral complexes, including:

• Supradin,
• Duovit,
• Complivit,
• Vitrum,
• Aevit, and many others.

In addition to pharmaceuticals Vit. It is included in many dietary supplements and cosmetics for skin and hair care. Unlike natural Retinol, which quickly breaks down, synthetic retinoids are more stable and retain their properties for quite a long time.

Indications for use

Along with the prevention and treatment of vitamin A deficiency, synthetic retinoids in the composition complex treatment used for the following conditions:

• eye diseases with damage to the eyelids, sclera, cornea, retina - hemeralopia, retinitis pigmentosa, keratomalacia, xerophthalmia and keratophthalmia
• stomach and intestinal diseases, consequences transferred operations on the gastrointestinal tract with impaired absorption of vit. A
• skin diseases and injuries - eczema, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, neurodermatitis, mild burns and frostbite
• acute and chronic infections, incl. influenza, pneumonia, bronchitis, childhood infectious diseases (measles, scarlet fever, chicken pox, and etc.).
• rickets in children
• malignant skin tumors, leukemia.

Metabolism

Absorption of Retinol, which is part of foods and drugs, occurs in the upper parts of the small intestine. Food contains esterified Retinol (in the form of esters) or carotenoids. In the intestinal lumen, under the action of pancreatic and small intestinal enzymes, Retinol esters are destroyed (hydrolyzed, emulsified) to form free Retinol.

Next, in the mucous membrane of the small intestine, with the participation of specific enzymes, esters of Retinol fatty acids are synthesized again. In this form, it enters the lymph and is delivered to the liver. Here it is deposited in the form of the ester compound Retinyl Palmitate. In addition to the liver, vitamin A is deposited in the lungs, kidneys, retina, adrenal glands, mammary glands, and adipose tissues.

But still, the main depot is the liver - up to 80% of vit is stored here “in reserve”. And in the form of Retinyl palmitate. In case of insufficient receipts or increased consumption, these reserves may last for 2-3 years. If necessary, Retinol is released from the liver with the participation of zinc and binds to the protein transthyretin. Next, it is delivered to the cells of organs and tissues, where it combines with retinol binding protein (RBP), which is also synthesized by the liver.

Being on chemical structure alcohol, Retinol destroys cell membranes. Therefore, before entering the cell, Retinol is transformed into Retinal and Retinoic acid. Compared to Retinol, these compounds are softer and do not have a destructive effect on cells. Carotenoids are absorbed in the intestines 6-12-24 times worse (depending on the type). Their transformation into Retinal occurs in the cells of the small intestine with the participation of a specific enzyme containing iron.

The activity of this enzyme depends on the condition of the thyroid gland. If its function is insufficient (hypothyroidism), this process will be disrupted, and unutilized carotenoids will accumulate in the body. In this case, pseudojaundice will be noted - coloring of the skin and mucous membranes in a rich yellow color.

Vit. And it is better absorbed in combination with fats and proteins. Therefore, fasting, restrictive diets, hobby plant foods– all this complicates the absorption of vit. And it contributes to its deficiency. The absorption of Retinol is also difficult in diseases of the liver, gallbladder and pancreas, when its emulsification and hydrolysis are impaired. The unabsorbed part of vit. And in the form of various metabolites it is removed through the kidneys and intestines.

Interaction with other substances

• Zinc

Promotes the release of vitamin A from the depot. Therefore, against the background of a deficiency of this mineral, activation will be slow.

• Dietary fats and proteins

Facilitate the absorption of vitamin A in the small intestine.

• Vegetable oils, laxatives

Being fat soluble, vit. And it easily dissolves in these substances and is removed from the intestines. That's why regular intake vegetable oils will lead to malabsorption.

• Enterosorbents

They also interfere with the absorption of Retinol.

• Vit. E (Tocopherol)

Prevents destruction. Therefore, vitamin deficiency. E is often accompanied by a deficiency of vit. A. For this reason, it is advisable to take both vitamins together.

Signs of hypervitaminosis

Due to the ability to accumulate, the daily dose of Retinol for children should not exceed 900 mcg, and for adults – 3000 mcg. Eating only food rich in vit. And, it is unlikely to cause hypervitaminosis A.

Although one remarkable case was described in medical practice, when a group of polar researchers decided to feast on the liver of a polar bear. In harsh climate conditions, the body of this animal has adapted to accumulate vit. And in huge quantities. And since the main depot of the vitamin is the liver, the polar explorers received real Retinol poisoning, and most of the unfortunate people died. But such cases are unique and are not the rule.

Basically, hypervitaminosis A develops with an overdose of synthetic retinoids or when they are combined with foods rich in vitamins. A. The main signs of hypervitaminosis A:

• abdominal pain, diarrhea
• nausea, vomiting
• general weakness
• hepatomegaly and splenomegaly - enlargement of the liver and spleen in size
• redness and itching of the skin, sweating at night
• pseudojaundice
• hair loss, dandruff
• drowsiness, insomnia
• bleeding gums, ulcerations in the mouth
• tenderness and swelling of soft tissues
• muscle cramps
• confusion.

Pregnant women have an overdose of vit. And it can provoke a teratogenic effect - disruption of embryonic development and the appearance of deformities in the fetus.

The trouble is that due to some similarity in manifestations, hypervitaminosis A can be mistaken for its deficiency. And then, instead of stopping taking the vitamin and changing the nature of the diet, on the contrary, they increase its dosage and take food rich in Retinol and carotenoids. To prevent this from happening, if you experience any alarming symptoms, you should consult a doctor and undergo the necessary laboratory tests.

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Almost all vitamins enter the body through food products, mainly of plant origin. Only two vitamins are synthesized independently - vitamin D and vitamin K. Therefore, the role of vitamins in the treatment of diseases and the state of human health in general is difficult to overestimate.

The most important functions of vitamins in the human body are the regulation of metabolism and participation in the formation of enzyme systems. Vitamin preparations are used in the treatment of many diseases. Let's consider the biological role of vitamins in the treatment of diseases.

The role of vitamins in treating disease and maintaining health

Vitamins are low-molecular compounds of organic origin found in food and necessary for human life. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is necessary for the treatment of B1-beriberi polyneuritis, alcoholic polyneuritis, radiculitis, muscular dystrophies and paresis.

Vitamin B 2 (riboflavin) acts as a medicine in the treatment of heliosis (damage to the mucous membranes oral cavity, skin in the corners of the mouth and around ears), B 2 -vitamin deficiency stomatitis, glossitis (inflammation of the tongue) and keratitis (inflammation of the cornea).

The role of vitamins in the treatment of diseases. Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine) is prescribed for toxicosis of pregnancy, neuroses, parkinsonism, skin diseases, hypochromic anemia.

Vitamin B 12 (cyanocobalamin) should be taken to normalize the cellular composition of the blood, with pernicious (malignant) anemia and hyperplasia (excessive growth) of the bone marrow. This vitamin is involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids in the human body.

Folic acid (vitamin B c) plays an important role in the treatment of macrocytic (due to vitamin B 12 deficiency) anemia, sprue disease (intestinal disease) and megaloblastic anemia (one of the types of decreased hemoglobin).

Vitamin PP (nicotinic acid) is necessary for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, pellagra, separate forms psychoses and neurodermatitis.

Vitamin P (rutin) is intended for the prevention and treatment of diseases associated with its deficiency, hemorrhages in the retina, hemorrhagic diathesis, rheumatism and septic endocarditis(damage to heart valves), infectious diseases, etc.

Vitamin C plays an important role in the treatment of diseases and preventative health. For preventive purposes, it is prescribed during pregnancy and postpartum period, and for medicinal purposes - for infectious diseases, intoxications, dystrophies, for the treatment of scurvy, slowly healing wounds and bone fractures, hemorrhagic diathesis and nephropathies of pregnant women.

Biological role vitamins in the human body

Vitamin H (biotype) is used in the treatment of seborrhea, furunculosis and other skin diseases.

Vitamin A (retinol) preparations are used for hypovitaminosis A, eye diseases (xerophthalmia, keratomalacia, retinitis pigmentosa), skin lesions and diseases (burns and frostbite, wounds, eczema, ichthyosis, inflammatory processes of the skin). Vitamin A plays an important role in a comprehensive disease management program upper section respiratory systems s, rickets, gastritis, cirrhosis of the liver, as well as for the prevention of stone formation in the urinary system and gallbladder and bile ducts. This vitamin is found in fish oil.

Preparations of the keratin group, for example beta-carotene, are necessary for the general stimulation of immune mechanisms and the prevention of acute respiratory diseases, with gastritis and peptic ulcer stomach, as well as in pathologies of the cardiovascular system.

Vitamin D has 2 significant chemical modifications (D 2 and D 3); the D 2 form is more physiologically active. Vitamin D plays an antirachitic role in the body and is involved in the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus.

Vitamin E (tocopherol) plays an important role in the treatment of the following diseases: muscular dystrophies, prevention of spontaneous abortions, treatment of diseases of the reproductive (reproductive) system.

Vitamin K is involved in the synthesis of prothrombin (blood plasma protein for clotting), prescribed for bleeding associated with hypothrombinemia (decreased blood clotting), liver diseases, and is widely used in obstetrics and gynecology. surgical practice.

What vitamins are there?

Total known 20 various vitamins.

According to the chemical classification of vitamins, there are water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins. Water-soluble vitamins include vitamins of group B (B!, B 2, B 6, B 12, BC), PP, C, P and H, and fat-soluble - A 1, D 2, D 3, E and K.

In 1911, the scientist K. Funk proposed to introduce the term “vitamin”, meaning additional factors food, and isolated the group of B vitamins. In subsequent years, the study of vitamins and their importance for the body has progressed steadily.

There are some conditions and diseases in which treatment with vitamins is contraindicated or treatment should be carried out, but with great caution.

An example is the possibility of prescribing retinol to pregnant women (only after the 3rd month of pregnancy), as well as to patients with nephritis and cardiovascular failure.

Thiamine is contraindicated for people suffering from drug intolerance or people prone to developing an allergic reaction.

Vitamin B 6 is used with caution in the treatment of peptic ulcers, coronary heart disease, severe forms of liver disease, and vitamin B 12 is contraindicated in acute thromboembolic diseases, erythrocytosis (increased content of red blood cells in the blood). Ascorbic acid, when used for a long time, can inhibit the function of the insular apparatus of the pancreas; therefore, control over its condition is important during vitamin therapy. The use of vitamin C is contraindicated in diabetes mellitus and patients with a tendency to thrombosis, increased coagulability blood, thrombophlebitis.

Nicotinic acid preparations should not be prescribed to patients with liver failure, for gout, peptic ulcers, diabetes.

Tocopherol is used with caution for the treatment of persons with a history of myocardial infarction and severe form cardiosclerosis.

Vitamin K preparations, such as Vikasol, are not used for thromboembolism and increased blood clotting.

Vitamin D is contraindicated for liver and kidney diseases, active form of pulmonary tuberculosis, peptic ulcer, organic heart pathology, hypercalcemia (increased calcium levels).

The use and role of vitamins in medicine

When there is insufficient intake or synthesis of any vitamin in the body, a condition called hypovitaminosis occurs, or its more severe form - vitamin deficiency.

The reasons for the development of hypovitaminosis can be:

Increased need the body in vitamins;

Lack of vitamins in food;

Inability of the digestive tract to absorb vitamins;

Accelerated removal of vitamins from the body; disruption of the synthesis of vitamins (D and K) in the body.

In this case, the use of certain groups vitamins to compensate for hypovitaminosis. Vitamins are delivered to the body through a specially selected (balanced) diet, which includes foods rich in vitamins, as well as as part of single preparations and vitamin complexes.

The introduction of vitamins into the body along with food is possible if it is satisfactory. functional state, difficult to dose. It is impossible to deliver vitamins with food without passing through the gastrointestinal tract, i.e. parenterally. The simplest and most convenient way of introducing a vitamin preparation into the body is considered enteral (oral).

An exception is made for hypovitaminosis, manifested by disruption of the functioning of the digestive tract in the form of diarrhea syndrome.

When prescribing a specific vitamin preparation, the dosage is calculated based on the body's daily need for the vitamin. This optimal amount increases by 4-5 times.

3.5.2. Vitamins (pharmacology)

Vitamins are various substances chemical structure necessary for the normal functioning of the body. The word “vitamin” comes from the Latin “vita” - life and “amine” - a nitrogen compound, i.e. vital amine Thanks to their enormous activity, even in small doses, they regulate biological processes in all tissues and cells. Vitamins are part of coenzymes involved in metabolism, the absorption of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, in enzymatic reactions that normalize digestion, the functions of the cardiovascular system, nervous reactions, the processes of growth, development, and the formation of hormones.

Vitamins increase the ability to work and the body’s resistance to infections and various diseases. Each vitamin performs its specific function.

Most vitamins are not synthesized in the body and must be constantly supplied with food. In the skin, when exposed to ultraviolet rays, only vitamin D 3 is synthesized, as well as by intestinal microflora - vitamin K, vitamin B 12, folic acid.

Vitamins are required by the human body in very small quantities, which depend on age, living conditions and nutrition, weather conditions of the area, and the presence of diseases. The need for vitamins increases during pregnancy, during physical and mental stress, stressful situations, when using antibiotics and in other cases.

Sometimes, with adequate nutrition, the body may lack vitamins due to impaired absorption. When there is a lack of certain vitamins in the body, pathological processes, called hypo- or avitaminosis.

In medical practice, vitamins are used mainly as means replacement therapy for hypo- and avitaminosis, in doses close to the daily requirement, as well as for their prevention. The nonspecific effect of vitamins is also used, when they eliminate not only vitamin deficiency, but also themselves influence physiological and pathological processes in the body. Then they are introduced into the body in large doses.

Vitamins are classified according to their physical and chemical properties into water-soluble and fat-soluble. Individual vitamins and their medicines have a letter and biological name.

In medical practice, chemically pure vitamins obtained synthetically, extracts from plants and animal tissues containing vitamins are used as drugs.

Fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamin A (retinol, axerophthol ) performs various functions in the body:

Increases resistance to infections;

Strengthens the walls of blood vessels and the mucous membrane of the digestive and respiratory systems;

Regulates growth in children;

It is part of the pigment in the retina of the eye, thanks to which we see in dim lighting;

Affects some aspects of the body's immune reactions;

Plays a protective role in the development of neoplasms, slowing down the growth of diseased cells.

A lack of vitamin A leads to dry skin (“ goose pimples"), mucous membranes, conjunctiva and cornea, visual impairment, especially at night (hemeralopia), decreased resistance to infections, impaired growth, functions of the gastrointestinal tract and genitourinary system.

The human body receives vitamin A from animal products: egg yolks, milk, sour cream, butter, liver, fish fat etc. Moreover, it is absorbed only in the presence of fats. In products of plant origin, it is found in the form of its provitamin – carotene (orange pigment). Exist a, b and g -carotene isomers. The most active is b -carotene. In the body, it is broken down to form two molecules of vitamin A. Foods rich in carotene are carrots, lettuce, spinach, peppers, tomatoes, apricots, melon, rowan, etc.

Available in the form retinol acetate And retinol palmitate.

Drugs are used for hemeralopia, infectious and skin diseases, frostbite, burns, gastric ulcers, bronchopulmonary diseases, liver and kidney pathologies, delayed dental development, etc.

In case of overdose, there may be vomiting, sweating, increased intracranial pressure, increased body temperature.

Vitamin D– calciferol. There are several types of vitamin D (D 1, D 2, D 3, D 4, and D 5). Practical significance have vitamin D 2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D 3 ( cholecalciferol). Vitamin D is produced in human skin under the influence of ultraviolet rays.

Vitamin D regulates the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus, stimulates the absorption of these substances from the intestines and delays excretion through the kidneys, promoting their deposition in growing bones. Children who do not receive enough vitamin D from food develop rickets (bone deformation occurs, the structure of teeth is disrupted, muscle hypotension occurs, and the child’s overall development lags behind). In adults, vitamin D deficiency can cause osteomalacia and osteoporosis.

Vitamin D is found in the liver and adipose tissue of fish, caviar, yeast, egg yolk, butter.

Medicines of vitamin D 2 and vitamin D 3 for the treatment and prevention of rickets, to accelerate the healing of bone fractures, for osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and bone tuberculosis.

For the prevention of rickets in premature babies and those who are on artificial feeding ergocalciferol is prescribed from the second week of life, and for full-term newborns who are at breastfeeding, Medicines are prescribed 2-3 months after birth. Pregnant women are recommended to take vitamin D to prevent osteomalacia.

In case of an overdose, hypervitaminosis D occurs, which manifests itself in demineralization of bones, mineralization of soft tissues, vascular calcification, calcium deposition in the kidneys, heart, lungs, intestines, while the functions of the corresponding organs are disrupted, convulsive syndrome is observed, headache. Treatment of D-hypervitaminosis consists of withdrawing vitamin D and prescribing glucocorticoids (accelerate the breakdown of vitamin D), magnesium and potassium drugs (vitamin D antagonists), diuretics, vitamin A.

Vitamin E– tocopherol. Regulates reproductive processes (promotes the formation of gonadotropins, regulates spermatogenesis and the development of a fertilized egg), the metabolism of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, improves the absorption of vitamin A, and participates in the regulation of oxidative processes. It is a strong natural antioxidant that protects cell membrane substances from oxidation. Gerontologists claim that vitamin E is the “elixir of youth.”

Vitamin E is found in almost all foods. It is especially abundant in vegetable oils (sea buckthorn, sunflower, corn, cottonseed, soybean), lettuce, green beans, green peas, oats, rose hips, etc.

Hypovitaminosis E causes degenerative changes in various organs and tissues (heart, liver, gonads, skeletal muscles), the menstrual cycle and the normal course of pregnancy are disrupted; embryos experience hemorrhages and intrauterine death occurs; hemolysis, thrombus formation occurs, and capillary permeability increases. Changes in the thyroid gland and nervous system are possible.

In medical practice they use tocopherol acetate, which is obtained from vegetable oils and synthetically. It is prescribed to premature babies, malnutrition in children, spontaneous abortions, some types of infertility, muscular dystrophies, angina pectoris, hemolytic anemia, menopause, radiation sickness, etc.

Vitamin K(phylloquinone – K 1 and menaquinone – K 2) regulates blood clotting, participates in the formation of prothrombin in the liver, increases the strength of capillary walls, affects metabolism and the synthesis of a number of enzymes. Vitamin K is widely distributed in nature. Contained in vegetables, spinach, pine needles, cabbage, sea buckthorn, rose hips, nettle leaves, corn silk, legumes and other plants. Among animal products, liver is the source of vitamin K. Vitamin K is also synthesized by microorganisms of the large intestine.

The absorption of vitamin K is impaired when there is a sharp decrease in the flow of bile into the intestines, which is observed with cholelithiasis, hepatitis and other liver diseases.

With a deficiency of vitamin K in the body, blood clotting decreases, a tendency to bleeding is detected, and hemorrhagic diathesis develops.

WITH therapeutic purpose vitamin K 1 medicine is used – phytomenadione And synthetic analogue vitamin K 3 – vikasol (menadione).

They are administered for bleeding and hemorrhagic diathesis associated with hypoprothrombinemia, and for an overdose of anticoagulants indirect action(neodicoumarin, phenindione), for various bleedings, hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, gastric ulcer and duodenum, for the treatment of frostbite, burns, bedsores.

Vitamin Fis the sum of unsaturated fatty acids. It is important for lipid metabolism and stimulates the processes of regeneration of damaged tissues.

Included in the drug Linetol, which is used internally for the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis, externally for burns, radiation injuries skin, etc.

Rosehip oil,Sea buckthorn oil also contain vitamin F , are used externally for burns, trophic wounds, bedsores, and internally for the treatment of gastric ulcers.

Water-soluble vitamins

Vitamin B 1(thiamine) normalizes the absorption of carbohydrates, protein, fat, mineral metabolism, nervous system functions, gastric motility and gastric juice secretion, blood circulation, improves protective organism's functions, promotes its growth.

Vitamin B 1 is contained in products of fatty and vegetable origin: cereal grains, wholemeal bread, bran, rice husks, peanuts, potatoes, tomatoes, cabbage, carrots, lean pork meat, kidneys, liver, egg yolks. In the body, thiamine is converted into thiamine diphosphate (cocarboxylase), which is a cofactor for enzymes that regulate carbohydrate metabolism.

With thiamine hypovitaminosis, the nervous system suffers most pronouncedly: polyneuritis develops, irritability, insomnia, fast fatiguability, the sensitivity of the skin on the lower and upper limbs. In the absence of vitamin B1 in food, a serious illness develops take it: stabbing pains in the heart area intensify, progressive pain and weakness appear in the muscles of the legs, then the arms, the gait changes, first becomes shaky, then the muscles atrophy and paralysis of the legs and arms occurs. The functions of the cardiovascular system are also impaired, and dyspeptic symptoms are observed.

Synthetic drugs are used for medical purposes Thiamine bromide, Thiamine chloride. They are prescribed for diseases of the nervous system, polyneuritis, heart disease, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, pneumonia, skin lesions of nervous origin, fatigue, nervous exhaustion. When thiamine is introduced into the body, allergic reactions may occur, which more often occur when vitamin B 1, B 2 and vitamin B 12 are administered together in one syringe.

Cocarboxylase– a coenzyme formed in the body from thiamine. Has a regulating effect on metabolic processes, especially carbohydrates. Improves trophism nerve tissue, helps to normalize the function of the cardiovascular system. It is used for circulatory failure, ischemic heart disease, peripheral neuritis, liver and kidney failure, etc. Allergic reactions are possible.

Vitamin B 2(riboflavin) is part of flavin enzymes that regulate redox processes, carbohydrate metabolic processes, normalizes vision, growth processes, and hemoglobin synthesis.

Vitamin B2 is found in yeast, wheat seeds, corn, beans, green peas, hazelnuts and walnuts, egg whites, meat, fish, liver, eggs, etc.

At reduced content or the absence of vitamin B2 in food, tissue respiration is inhibited, general weakness, headaches appear, appetite worsens, performance decreases, central nervous system functions are disrupted, and convulsions appear. The mucous membrane of the mouth and lips becomes inflamed, and weeping, painful cracks form in the corners of the mouth.

Redness, burning of the mucous membrane of the eyes, lacrimation, impaired twilight vision are observed, photophobia, conjunctivitis, and blepharitis appear.

Riboflavin is used for hemeralopia, conjunctivitis, cataracts and other eye diseases in the form of eye drops, for the treatment of heart diseases, digestive organs, infectious diseases, anemia, in obstetric practice, etc.

Riboflavin is excreted from the body by the kidneys and colors urine light yellow.

Vitamin B 3(vitamin PP, nicotinic acid) is part of the enzymes involved in cellular respiration, protein metabolism, redox reactions, improves carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, reduces cholesterol levels in the blood; normalizes the functions of the liver, heart, gastrointestinal tract (strengthens gastric secretion, intestinal motility); regulates higher nervous activity person.

Vitamin PP is found in flour, potatoes, yeast, fish, carrots, currants, etc. Its activity is manifested in combination with vitamins C, B 1, and B 2.

Vitamin B3 deficiency in humans leads to the development of pellagra, characteristic features which are the three “Ds”: diarrhea, dementia(mental and memory disorders - from lat. de – from, mens – mind) and dermatitis(inflammatory processes develop in the skin and oral cavity).

Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are used as a specific agent for the prevention and treatment of pellagra. In addition, it is prescribed for gastrointestinal diseases (gastritis, colitis), liver diseases (hepatitis, cirrhosis), slow healing wounds, ulcers, atherosclerosis. Nicotinic acid and combined drugs “Nikoverin”, “Nikoshpan”, as well as xanthinol nicotinate are used for spasms vessels of the extremities, kidneys, brain.

Nicotinic acid in combination with calendula officinalis medicines can be used to treat malignant tumors in the digestive canal.

After taking nicotinic acid, dizziness, dilation of superficial vessels, especially the face and upper half of the torso, a feeling of a rush of blood to the head, rash, and a drop in blood pressure when administered quickly into a vein are possible. Long-term use vitamin PP leads to disruption fat metabolism and fatty liver. Nicotinamide exhibits a vasodilator effect to a lesser extent and does not cause side effects.

Vitamin B 5(pantothenic acid) is part of enzymes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, the synthesis of acetylcholine, and corticosteroids.

It is widespread in nature. The richest food sources of pantothenic acid are liver, kidneys, egg yolk, fish roe, peas, and yeast. In the human body, vitamin B 5 is produced in significant quantities by E. coli, therefore pantothenic acid deficiency is not observed in humans.

In medical practice they use Calcium pantothenate(orally, locally and parenterally), obtained synthetically. Medicines are prescribed for polyneuritis, neuralgia, allergic reactions, burns, toxicosis of pregnancy, respiratory diseases, circulatory failure, etc. The toxicity of the drug is low, and sometimes dyspeptic symptoms can be observed.

Panthenol in the form of aerosols, ointments, gels, they are used topically to accelerate wound healing, for burns, cracks, trophic ulcers, wounds, dermatitis and other skin lesions.

Vitamin B 6(pyridoxine) in the form of the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate is involved in many processes of nitrogen metabolism and affects lipid metabolism and histamine metabolism. It is involved in hematopoiesis, improves liver function, increases the acidity of gastric juice, and is necessary for the normal functioning of the central and peripheral nervous system.

Vitamin B 6 is found in brewer's yeast and unrefined grains. cereal crops, in meat, liver, fish, fruits, vegetables, buckwheat, etc. Partially synthesized by intestinal microflora.

Vitamin B6 deficiency is rare in humans. It can occur in children with long-term use antibiotics, sulfonamide drugs, anti-tuberculosis drugs from the group of isonicotinic acid hydrazide (isoniazid, etc.), which inhibit the synthesis of pyridoxal phosphate. With a lack of vitamin B 6, drowsiness and irritability increase, general weakness appears, the skin of the face around the eyes, the mucous membrane of the tongue, and lips become inflamed, the nervous system is upset, even to the point of convulsions (especially in children).

Available for medical use Pyridoxine hydrochloride. It is prescribed for a lack of vitamin B 6 while taking isoniazid drugs, antibiotics, etc., for toxicosis of pregnancy, anemia, nervous disorders, atherosclerosis, for the treatment of parkinsonism, radiculitis, hepatitis, a number of skin diseases and other pathologies.

The drugs are usually well tolerated; in some cases, allergic reactions (rash, etc.) are possible.

Vitamin B 12(cyanocobalamin) participates in fat and protein metabolism, prevents fatty degeneration of the liver, improves hematopoiesis, oxygen absorption by tissues, and central nervous system functions. The synthesis of vitamin B 12 in nature is carried out by microorganisms. In humans and animals, it is synthesized by the intestinal microflora, from where it enters the organs, accumulating most of all in the liver and kidneys.

Vitamin B 12 is found mainly in products of animal origin - meat, liver, kidneys, egg yolk, and dairy products.

With a lack of vitamin B 12 in the body (with pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract and impaired absorption of vitamin B 12), hyperchromic (megaloblastic) anemia develops. In this case, the digestive tract (achylia, mucosal atrophy) and the nervous system (paresthesia, gait disturbance) also suffer.

For medical use receive Cyanocobalamin by microbiological synthesis method. It is not absorbed when taken orally. Used parenterally for malignant and other types of anemia, dysfunction of the nervous system, hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver, radiation sickness, sprue, dystrophies in children, Down's disease, cerebral palsy and other diseases.

The drug is usually well tolerated. At hypersensitivity Allergic reactions, nervous excitement, and tachycardia may occur to the drug.

Available Oxycobalamin,Cobamamide.

Vitamin B c(folic acid) is an integral part of the B complex of vitamins. It is formed in the body by intestinal microflora. Together with vitamin B 12, it stimulates erythropoiesis and participates in the synthesis of amino acids, nucleic acids, purines and pyrimidines.

Contained in green leaves of plants - lettuce, spinach, onions, beets, parsley; legumes, cereals, yeast, beef, fish, liver.

Folic acid comes from food in a bound state. In the intestines it is broken down and absorbed. With intestinal diseases and other absorption disorders, its deficiency in the body occurs. At the same time, it develops inflammatory process the mucous membrane of the mouth, tongue, blisters and ulcers appear; digestion, the process of hematopoiesis, and the formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow are disrupted, leading to macrocytic anemia.

Folic acid is used orally, often with vitamin B12, for various types of anemia, sprue, and intestinal diseases.

Vitamin B 15(pangamic acid) regulates the absorption of oxygen by tissues, adrenal function, and improves lipid metabolism. It is a donor of methyl groups.

In medical practice they use Calcium pangamate orally for atherosclerosis, hypoxia, hepatitis, alcohol intoxication, coronary insufficiency, pneumonia, skin diseases.

Table 4Classification of essential vitamins and the daily requirement for them for an adult

Vitamin C(ascorbic acid). Its importance for the human body is very great. Its main effects are associated with participation in redox processes and tissue respiration. It is a carrier of hydrogen and activates the activity of many enzymes. Vitamin C is involved in the formation of connective tissue substances and normalizes the permeability of the walls of capillaries of blood vessels; stimulates blood clotting, improves iron absorption; promotes the synthesis of antibodies, interferon, increases resistance to infections, stimulates the synthesis of steroid hormones. Ascorbic acid is not formed in the body and is consumed continuously, so it must be consumed with food daily.

Vitamin C is found mainly in plants - vegetables, fruits, berries. There is a lot of it in green onions, black currants, tomatoes, horseradish, garlic, cabbage, oranges, rose hips, lemons, pine needles and other plants. Vitamin C is easily destroyed by exposure to light, sunlight, and high temperature.

With a lack of vitamin C, there is general weakness, headaches, fatigue, cyanosis of the lips, decreased ability to work, resistance to infections, and hypochromic anemia, the skin becomes dry, bleeding gums appear, pain in calf muscles, minor hemorrhages, apathy, palpitations, irritability. In severe cases - vitamin deficiency (scurvy).

Ascorbic acid is used for the prevention and treatment of hypo- and avitaminosis, for bleeding, infectious and allergic diseases, chemical intoxication, atherosclerosis, anemia, increased stress and other conditions. The drugs are administered orally and parenterally. In therapeutic doses, ascorbic acid is well tolerated. When large doses are administered, insulin production by the pancreas is inhibited and blood pressure increases.

Vitamin P– a group of flavonoids (bioflavonoids) that affect the permeability of capillary walls and have antioxidant properties. Flavonoids with P-vitamin activity (rutin, quercetin, etc.) are found in many plants, especially rose hips, green buckwheat, tea, lemons and other citrus fruits, sophora, and walnuts.

Vitamin P drugs are used ( Rutin,"Ascorutin") with increased capillary fragility, hemorrhagic diathesis, radiation sickness, allergic reactions, overdose of anticoagulants, salicylates, infectious diseases. Prescribed internally.

Vitamin U(methylmethionine sulfonium chloride) is an antiulcer factor. Contained in cabbage, tomatoes, asparagus. Apply vitamin U (from Latin ulcus – ulcer) orally for gastric and duodenal ulcers, gastritis, ulcerative colitis.

Multivitamin medicines

Medical industry different countries ready-made dosage forms are produced (tablets, dissolvable tablets, chewable tablets, dragees, capsules, syrups, etc.), including a complex of various vitamins, often with the addition of macroelements (calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus), microelements (iron, copper, zinc, fluorine, manganese, iodine, molybdenum, selenium, nickel, vanadium, boron, tin, cobalt, silicon) and various other additives.

Multivitamin drugs are recommended for hypovitaminosis, malnutrition, increased mental and physical activity, decreased performance, overwork, pregnancy, to increase the body's resistance to infections, etc.

Multivitamins: “Aevit”, “Tetravit”, “Revit”, “Pentovit”, “Antioxycaps”, “Hexavit”, “Undevit”, etc.

Multivitamins with macroelements: “Berocca”, “Pikovit”, etc.

Multivitamins with microelements: “Biovital”, “Triovit”, “Oligogal- Se "etc.

Multivitamins with macro- and microelements: “Pregnavit”, “Supradin”, “Oligovit”, “Teravit”, “Unicap-T, M”, etc.

Control questions

1. Classification of vitamins. What is hypovitaminosis?

2. The effect of retinol on the skin, mucous membranes, vision. Indications for use.

3. Biological role of ergocalciferol for the human body.

4.What effect does tocopherol acetate have on the body? Its application.

5. The role of phylloquinone in the process of blood clotting.

6.The effect of thiamine on the nervous system, cardiovascular system, indications for use.

7. The role of riboflavin in the function of mucous membranes and tissue respiration processes.

8. The effect of nicotinic acid on blood vessels, mucous membranes, skin and the nervous system. Indications for use.

9.For what indications is pyridoxine hydrochloride prescribed?

10. The role of cyanocobalamin and folic acid in the pharmacotherapy of anemia.

11.Pharmacodynamics of ascorbic acid. Its influence on the permeability and elasticity of blood vessels, the immune system, and hematopoiesis. Indications for use.

12.In what cases is rutin used?

Tests for consolidation

1. Fat-soluble vitamins include:

a) Retinol b) Thiamine c) Tocopherol d) Phylloquinone e) Riboflavin

f) Ascorbic acid

2.Retinol (vitamin A):

a) Is a water-soluble vitamin b) Used for hemeralopia c) Formed in the intestines from carotene d) Used for rickets

3.Ergocalciferol (vitamin D):

a) Has a steroid structure b) Formed in the intestines

c) Used for the treatment and prevention of rickets

d) Is an antioxidant

D) Destroyed under the influence of ultraviolet rays

4.Note the types of action characteristic of thiamine:

a) Cardiotonic b) Neurotropic c) Immunosuppressive

d) Antioxidant

5. For pellagra, it is advisable to prescribe:

a) Tocopherol b) Retinol c) Thiamine d) Nicotinic acid

e) Nicotinamide

6.Ascorbic acid:

a) Activates the synthesis of GCS b) Helps increase capillary permeability c) Increases the body's adaptive capabilities d) Inhibits redox reactions

7.Vitamins synthesized in the body:

a) Cholecalciferol b) Tocopherol c) Phylloquinone d) Riboflavin

e) Vitamin C

a) Ascorbic acid b) Riboflavin c) Thiamine d) Retinol acetate e) Pyridoxine

9. What vitamin supplements used for keratitis and hemeralopia?

a) Riboflavin b) Retinol c) Rutin d) Nicotinic acid

10. Indications for the use of tocopherol:

a) Disorders of the reproductive system in women and men b) Skeletal muscle dystrophy c) Myocardial dystrophy

d) Vascular atherosclerosis e) Osteoporosis

Right answers:

1 – a, c, d;

2 – b,c;

3 – a,c;

4 – a, b;

5 – g,d;

6 – a,c;

7 – a,c;

8 – c, d;

9 – a, b;

10 – a, b, c, d;