Designation of parts of the human body. Traditional methods of treatment: an integrated approach. What organs are included in the abdominal cavity?

Heads, shoulders, knees and... lacrimal caruncle?

We are used to thinking that we know everything or almost everything about ourselves. But in the human body there is great amount parts of the body whose names we don’t even know. And now you have the opportunity for the first time to call a spade a spade and get to know the nameless parts of yourself.

Additionally, you will be able to impress people with your amazing knowledge of anatomy and physiology. And from now on it will be much easier for you to communicate with doctors (believe me, they also like to call things by their proper names).

Body part called glabella

Well hello, dear reader - meet Glabella! This is the place above the bridge of the nose and between the eyebrows. Its name comes from the Latin “glabellus,” which means “hairless,” but even the most beautiful people on the planet can have problems with hair in this part of the body. But wait... If Frida Kahlo can sport a unibrow and still become one of the world's greatest artists, then why should mere mortals care about some glabella hairiness? Perhaps you just need to invest in some good tweezers - and the problem is solved.

By the way, the glabella can be useful: if you pinch the skin on it with your fingers and it does not smooth out, this is a sign of dehydration. This simple test could one day save your life.

Has it ever seemed strange to you that you have been living for decades, but know absolutely nothing about own body? Or that you found yourself taking an exam on human anatomy, but did not prepare for it at all. In both cases, you need to catch up on lost knowledge and get to know the human organs better. It is better to see their location in pictures - clarity is very important. Therefore, we have collected pictures for you in which the location of human organs is easily traced and labeled.

If you like games with human internal organs, be sure to try it on our website.

To enlarge any picture, click on it and it will open in full size. This way you can read the fine print. So let's start at the top and work our way down.

Human organs: location in pictures.

Brain

The human brain is the most complex and least studied human organ. He controls all other organs and coordinates their work. In fact, our consciousness is the brain. Despite little knowledge, we still know the location of its main sections. This picture describes in detail the anatomy of the human brain.

Larynx

The larynx allows us to make sounds, speech, singing. The structure of this cunning organ is shown in the picture.

Major organs, chest and abdominal organs

This picture shows the location of 31 organs human body from the thyroid cartilage to the rectum. If you urgently need to look at the location of any organ in order to win an argument with a friend or take an exam, this picture will help.

The picture shows the location of the larynx, thyroid gland, trachea, pulmonary veins and arteries, bronchi, heart and pulmonary lobes. Not much, but very clear.

Schematic layout internal organs of a person from the trochea to the bladder is shown in this picture. Due to small size it loads quickly, saving you time to peek during the exam. But we hope that if you are studying to become a doctor, then you do not need the help of our materials.

A picture showing the location of human internal organs, which also shows the system of blood vessels and veins. The organs are beautifully depicted from an artistic point of view, some of them are signed. We hope that among those signed there are those you need.

A picture that details the location of the organs of the human digestive system and the pelvis. If you have a stomach ache, this picture will help you locate the source while the activated charcoal is working, or while you relieve digestive system in amenities.

Location of the pelvic organs

If you need to know the location of the superior adrenal artery, bladder, great psoas muscle or any other abdominal organ, then this picture will help you. It describes in detail the location of all organs of this cavity.

Human genitourinary system: location of organs in pictures

Everything you wanted to know about the genitourinary system of a man or woman is shown in this picture. Seminal vesicles, eggs, labia of all stripes and, of course, the urinary system in all its glory. Enjoy!

Male reproductive system

Main parts of the body

Torso: chest and abdomen

· Upper limbs: shoulder, elbow, forearm and hand: wrist, metacarpus and fingers.

· Lower limbs: thigh, knee, shin, foot: tarsus, metatarsus, toes.

The human body is located in 3 planes , mutually perpendicular to each other:

1) Sagittal plane (antero-posterior) - divides the human body into left and right parts.

2) Frontal plane (transverse) - divides the body into the front and back parts.

3) Horizontal plane - divides the human body into upper and lower parts.

Rotation of joints is possible due to movements in 3 axes:

1) Sagittal axis (antero-posterior). Abduction and adduction of limbs possible

2) Vertical axis. Inward and outward rotation possible

3) Frontal axis (transverse). The axis coincides with the frontal plane. Flexion and extension possible

Location of organs and body parts:

Medial - an organ lying closer to the middle of the body.

Laterally - an organ removed from the middle of the body.

A cell is a universal unit of “living”.

The cell is surrounded by a membrane membranes, which protects it, has the properties of semi-permeability and plasticity.

Internal environment cells have a gel-like structure in which they are located organoids cells.

Cells form textile , when they have a common origin, a common structure and perform a single function.

There are 4 types of fabric:

1. epithelial

2. connecting

3. nervous

4. muscular

Epithelial tissue - (epithelium, from the Greek epi - on, on top and thele - nipple) - border tissue lining the surface of the skin, cornea of ​​the eye, serous membranes, the inner surface of the hollow organs of the digestive, respiratory and genitourinary systems (stomach, trachea, uterus, etc.). Most glands are of epithelial origin.

Connective tissue- this is tissue that is not directly responsible for the functioning of any organ or organ system, but plays a supporting role in all organs, accounting for 60-90% of their mass. Most of the hard connective tissue is fibrous (from the Latin fibra - fiber): it consists of collagen and elastin fibers. Connective tissue includes bone, cartilage, fat and others. Connective tissue also includes blood and lymph. That's why connective tissue- the only tissue that is present in the body in 4 types - fibrous (ligaments), solid (bones), gel-like (cartilage) and liquid (blood, lymph, as well as intercellular, spinal and synovial and other fluids). Fascia, muscle sheaths, ligaments, tendons, bones, cartilage, joint, joint capsule, sarcolemma and perimysium muscle fibers, synovial fluid, blood, lymph, vessels, capillaries, fat, intercellular fluid, extracellular matrix, sclera, iris, microglia and much more - this is all connective tissue.

Nervous tissue- is a system of interconnected nerve cells and neuroglia, which provide specific functions of perception of irritations, excitation, impulse generation and transmission. It is the basis of the structure of organs nervous system, ensuring the regulation of all tissues and organs, their integration in the body and connection with the environment.

Muscle- tissues that are different in structure and origin, but similar in their ability to undergo pronounced contractions. They provide movement in space of the entire organism as a whole or its parts (for example, skeletal muscles) and the movement of organs within the body (for example, the heart, tongue, intestines).

Types of muscle tissue:

1) Cross-striped (striated) muscle

2) Striated cardiac muscle tissue

3) Smooth muscle tissue. Forms the walls of internal organs and blood vessels, contracts slowly and cannot be controlled.

Motor act:

1) Organs performing motor acts (skeleton, muscles)

2) Organs regulating the motor act (nervous and endocrine system)

3) Organs that help to perform a motor act (all other organs)

Skeleton

The human skeleton consists of an average of 206 bones

Tissue renewal occurs every 20-25 years

Skeletal functions:

1) Support. Muscle support

2) Motor. Moving in space using tubular bones

3) Protective. Flat Bones

4) Exchange. Chemical composition, calcium

5) Hematopoietic. Spongy bones and Bone marrow

Classification of bones:

Tubular:

· long

short (phalanxes of fingers)

Flat

Spongy (loose, porous)

* Vertebrae are mixed bones

Structure tubular bone:

Osteon- a complex of bone cylinders nested one inside the other containing mature cells bone tissue- osteocytes. An osteon is a unit of compact substance. In the center of the osteon there is a channel with blood vessels.

Osteocytes– mature bone tissue cells.

Osteoblasts are young osteoforming bone cells (diameter 15-20 microns), which synthesize intercellular substance - matrix . As the intercellular substance accumulates, osteoblasts become immured in it and become osteocytes.

Metaphysis- a section of long tubular bone located between the epiphysis and diaphysis. Due to the metaphysis, the bone grows in length in childhood and adolescence.

The bone is covered on the outside periosteum , to the outer layer of which the muscle tendon is attached. Inner layer periosteum contains young bone cells - osteoblasts , the division of which promotes bone growth in width. The periosteum is involved in the formation of callus during a fracture. Under the periosteum there is a compact substance, the unit of which is osteon. In the center of the osteon there is a canal with blood vessels. Behind the compact substance there is a spongy substance, between the crossbars of which there is red bone marrow.

* The growth and development of bones is determined by the work of muscles.

In places heaviest load the thickness of the compact substance increases.

Due to the thickening of the compact substance, the bone marrow cavity decreases.

In anatomy, along with the study of the structure of organs, their position is determined: the parts of the body in which the organs are located, the relative position of the organs, their projection onto the surface of the body (the boundaries of the organs) and other topographical data. These data are necessary when examining patients; they, in particular, make it possible to judge the localization of pathological processes.

The human body has the following parts: head, neck, torso, upper And lower limbs. The torso is divided into chest and abdomen; its back surface is called the back. Inside the body there are two body cavities separated by a diaphragm - the thoracic and abdominal, or abdominal cavity. Lower section The abdominal cavity is distinguished as the pelvic cavity.

The head is divided into two sections: facial and brain. Each upper limb consists of the upper arm, forearm and hand, and the lower limb consists of the thigh, lower leg and foot.

Body parts are usually divided into regions. To determine the boundaries of areas, as well as the boundaries of internal organs, conditional projection lines are drawn on the surface of the body through various landmarks (bones or parts thereof, pits, holes, etc.). For example, big practical significance has knowledge of the abdominal areas. Using two horizontal lines (one of them connects the lowest points of the tenth ribs, and the other - the anterior superior iliac spines), the abdomen is divided into three sections: the upper - epigastrium, middle - stomach and lower - hypogastrium. By means of two vertical lines drawn along the outer edge of the rectus abdominis muscles, each of these sections is divided into three areas (Fig. 21). In the epigastrium, the right and left hypochondrial regions and the epigastric region (epigastric region) are distinguished, in the womb - the right and left lateral areas of the abdomen and umbilical region, in the hypogastrium - the right and left groin areas and the pubic area.

To determine the boundaries (projection) of organs chest cavity and some organs of the abdomen use vertical lines conventionally drawn on the surface of the body (see Fig. 21). These lines include the parasternal line (drawn along the edge of the sternum), midclavicular (through the middle of the clavicle), anterior, middle and posterior axillary lines (through the anterior edge, middle and posterior edge of the axillary fossa, respectively), scapular (through the lower corner of the scapula), paravertebral (on the side of the spine), etc.

In anatomy, all organs, organ systems, and body parts have common names. Certain terms are also used to indicate the position of various anatomical formations, their shape, size, etc. The list of all anatomical terms constitutes the anatomical nomenclature. There is an International Anatomical Nomenclature for Latin(some of the terms are in Greek) and Russian anatomical nomenclature.

The international anatomical nomenclature currently in use was adopted at the VI International Congress of Anatomists in 1955 in Paris and is called the Paris Nomenclature (PNA). Additions to it were made at subsequent international congresses of anatomists. The Russian anatomical nomenclature was compiled in relation to the international one and approved by the VIII All-Union Congress of Anatomists, Histologists and Embryologists.

Latin and Russian anatomical nomenclatures include a large number of general terms used to describe various anatomical formations. These terms include terms that characterize the location and direction of body parts and organs. In this case, the human body is considered in vertical position with arms down and palms facing forward. Conventionally, mutually perpendicular planes are drawn through the body (Fig. 22): horizontal, frontal and sagittal. Horizontal the plane lies parallel to the horizon and divides the body into upper and lower parts. Frontal the plane is drawn in a vertical direction parallel to the surface of the forehead (frons - forehead); this plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections. Sagittal plane (sagitta - arrow) - also vertical, but divides the body in the anteroposterior direction into right and left parts. The sagittal plane passing through the middle of the body and dividing it into symmetrical right and left half, is called the median plane.

In addition to the planes, three mutually perpendicular axes are also drawn through the human body: vertical (top to bottom), frontal or transverse (from left to right), and sagittal (from front to back).

The main terms characterizing the location and direction of organs, their parts and parts of the body are the following: upper - superior and lower - inferior; proximal - proximalis (lying closer to the place where the limb departs from the body) and distal - distalis (lying further from this place); front - anterior and rear - posterior; ventral - ventralis (lying closer to the front surface of the body, venter - stomach) and dorsal - dorsalis (lying closer to the back surface of the body, dorsum - back); right - dexter and left - sinister; medial - medialis (lying closer to the median plane) and lateral - lateralis (lying further from it); internal - internus and external - externus; superficial - superficial and deep - profundus.

Anatomical nomenclature also contains many common terms for similar parts different organs. These terms include: body - corpus, process - processus, tubercle - tuber, head - caput, neck - collum, diaphysis - diaphysis (middle I part of the tubular bone), epiphysis - epiphysis (end of the tubular bone), hole - foramen, groove - sulcus, fossa - fossa, etc.