Metabolic syndrome drugs. Metabolic syndrome statistics. Cholesterol test standards

Which significantly increases the risk of developing cardiovascular pathology, diabetes mellitus Type 2 and a number of other diseases. In essence, it is not a disease as such, but represents a group of risk factors that often occur together, increasing the likelihood serious illnesses.

The term "metabolic syndrome" was introduced relatively recently - in the 80s of the 20th century. This is one of the major health problems in many countries around the world. The number of adults suffering from metabolic syndrome reaches 25-30% in some countries. It is most common in countries East Asia, Latin America, USA, some European countries.

If previously metabolic syndrome was considered a disease of older people, now the percentage of young people suffering from it has increased. It is equally common among both men and women, but recently there has been an increase in incidence among women of reproductive age - this may be due to pregnancy, use oral contraceptives, polycystic ovary syndrome.

In addition to cardiovascular vascular diseases and diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome leads to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, a series oncological diseases, including breast, colon, and prostate cancer. A connection between metabolic syndrome and the occurrence of psoriasis and some neuropsychiatric disorders has also been revealed.

The mechanism of development of metabolic syndrome is not fully understood. Treatment of patients is sufficient difficult task. In some cases, a healthy lifestyle - proper nutrition, physical activity - reduces the risk of developing serious diseases.

Synonyms Russian

Metabolic syndrome X, Riven's syndrome, insulin resistance syndrome, "new world syndrome".

English synonyms

Metabolic syndrome X, cardiovascular metabolic syndrome, dysmetabolic syndrome, syndrome X, Reaven syndrome.

Symptoms

The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome is established when three or more of the following symptoms are present:

• abdominal obesity - waist circumference more than 94 cm in men and 80 cm in women;
• blood pressure above 130/80;
• increased levels of cholesterol in the blood;
• increased levels of triglycerides in the blood;
• increase in blood glucose concentration.

General information about the disease

The development of metabolic syndrome is based on: genetic predisposition, and a number of external factors: low physical activity, eating disorders. It is believed that the leading role is played by disruption of the functioning of adipose tissue and the development of insulin resistance.

A sign of metabolic syndrome is the so-called abdominal obesity. With him adipose tissue is deposited on the stomach and the amount of “internal” fat increases (this may not be visible from the outside). Abdominal fat has increased resistance to insulin, unlike subcutaneous fat.

Insulin is a hormone that is produced by beta cells of the pancreas and is involved in all types of metabolism. Under the influence of insulin, glucose penetrates into the cells of various tissues of the body, where it is used as an energy source. Excess glucose in the liver is stored in the form of glycogen or used for synthesis fatty acids. Insulin also reduces the breakdown of fats and proteins. If cell resistance to insulin occurs, the body requires more of this hormone. As a result, the level of insulin and glucose in the blood increases, and the utilization of glucose by cells is disrupted. Excessive concentrations of glucose damage the walls of blood vessels and disrupt the functioning of organs, including the kidneys. Excess insulin leads to sodium retention by the kidneys and, as a result, increases blood pressure.

Adipose tissue dysfunction plays an important role in the development of insulin resistance. In abdominal obesity, fat cells are enlarged and infiltrated by macrophages, which leads to the release of large amounts of cytokines - tumor necrosis factor, leptin, resistin, adiponectin and others. As a result, the interaction of insulin with receptors on the surface of cells is disrupted. An additional factor The development of resistance is obesity, since insulin can accumulate in fat cells.

Insulin resistance affects fat metabolism: the level of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), triglycerides increases, and the concentration of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) decreases. Low-density lipoproteins are a fraction of total cholesterol that is involved in the formation cell wall and in the synthesis of sex hormones. However, excess LDL (" bad cholesterol") can lead to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the wall of blood vessels and pathology of the cardiovascular system. Lipoproteins high density They are, on the contrary, “good” cholesterol. They are involved in the transfer of excess cholesterol back to the liver, and also prevent the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. With excess low-density lipoproteins and triglycerides, which occurs in metabolic syndrome, levels of “good” cholesterol (HDL) usually decrease.

In addition, with metabolic syndrome vascular wall becomes tougher, thrombotic activity of the blood increases, the amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines. All this further increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Thus, metabolic syndrome is a complex pathological conditions, which are closely related to each other. The process of development of metabolic syndrome is not fully understood.

In the absence of appropriate treatment, metabolic syndrome can lead to a number of serious diseases over several years: pathology of the cardiovascular system, in particular coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus. The likelihood of liver damage with the subsequent development of cirrhosis, kidney disease, and cancer also increases.

Who is at risk?

• Obese people.
• Leading a sedentary lifestyle.
• People over 60 years of age.
• Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus or those whose relatives suffer from it.
• People with cardiovascular diseases, high blood pressure.
• Women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of metabolic syndrome is based on examination data, medical history, laboratory results and instrumental studies. The main diagnostic criterion is abdominal obesity, however, it does not indicate the presence of metabolic syndrome on its own, but in combination with a number of additional symptoms confirmed by tests.

It is important to try to find out the cause of obesity, which may be associated, for example, with diseases of the endocrine system.

Laboratory research

• C-reactive protein, quantitative. This is an acute phase protein that is synthesized in the liver. Its concentration depends on the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines. It also takes part in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. In metabolic syndrome, its level is elevated.
• Plasma glucose. Metabolic syndrome is characterized by increased concentration glucose.
• Cholesterol – high density lipoproteins (HDL). This is a fraction of total cholesterol that prevents the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. In metabolic syndrome, HDL levels may be reduced.
• Cholesterol – low density lipoproteins (LDL). Participate in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. In metabolic syndrome they may be elevated.
• Total cholesterol - the totality of all fractions of blood lipoproteins, the main indicator fat metabolism. In metabolic syndrome it is usually elevated.
• Cholesterol – very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). They are formed in the liver and are carriers of phospholipids, triglycerides, and cholesterol. When released from the liver into the blood, they undergo chemical transformations with the formation of low-density lipoproteins. In metabolic syndrome, their VLDL content is increased.
• Triglycerides. Formed in the intestines from dietary fats. They are deposited in adipose tissue and consumed by cells as needed to obtain energy. In metabolic syndrome, triglyceride levels are elevated.
• Serum C-peptide is a protein that is cleaved from proinsulin during the formation of insulin. Measuring C-peptide levels allows you to estimate the amount of insulin in the blood. In metabolic syndrome, insulin levels and, accordingly, C-peptide levels are usually elevated.
• Microalbumin in urine are proteins that are secreted by the kidneys during pathology, such as diabetic nephropathy.
• Insulin is a pancreatic hormone, the level of which usually increases in metabolic syndrome, which is necessary to compensate for cell resistance to this hormone.
• Homocysteine ​​is an amino acid formed during the metabolism of methionine. An increase in its level promotes thrombus formation and the development of cardiovascular pathology.

Other research methods

• Blood pressure measurement. Metabolic syndrome is characterized by blood pressure above 130/85.
• Glucose tolerance test - measuring blood glucose levels before a glucose load (that is, before taking a glucose solution), as well as 60 and 120 minutes after it. Used to diagnose impaired glucose tolerance, which may occur in metabolic syndrome.
• Electrocardiography (ECG) is a recording of the potential difference that occurs during heart contractions. Allows you to evaluate the work of the heart, identify signs of acute or chronic diseases hearts.
• Angiography and computed tomography are imaging methods that allow one to assess the state of the cardiovascular system.

Treatment

The cornerstone of treatment for patients with metabolic syndrome is to achieve and maintain normal weight. Diet and exercise are used for this. Normalization of weight and a healthy lifestyle significantly reduces the risk of developing severe complications metabolic syndrome.

Medicines are used depending on the predominance of certain pathological changes: arterial hypertension, disorders of carbohydrate or lipid metabolism.

Prevention

• Balanced diet.
• Sufficient physical activity.
• Regular preventive examinations for people at risk of developing metabolic syndrome.

• Laboratory examination for metabolic syndrome
• Plasma glucose
• Cholesterol – high density lipoprotein (HDL)
• Cholesterol – low density lipoproteins (LDL)
• Total cholesterol
• Cholesterol – very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)
• Triglycerides
• Atherogenic coefficient
• Serum C-peptide
• Microalbumin in urine
• C-reactive protein, quantitative
• Insulin
• Homocysteine

Metabolic syndrome is a set of changes associated with metabolic disorders. The hormone insulin is no longer perceived by cells and does not perform its functions. In this case, insulin resistance or insulin insensitivity develops, which leads to impaired absorption of glucose by cells, as well as pathological changes in all systems and tissues.

Today, according to the 10th International Classification of Diseases, metabolic syndrome is not considered separate disease. This is a condition when the body simultaneously suffers from four diseases:

• type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Statistics on metabolic syndrome.

IN developed countries where the majority of the population leads a sedentary lifestyle, 10-25% of people over 30 years of age suffer from these disorders. In the older age group, the figures increase to 40%. So in Europe the number of patients exceeded 50 million people. Over the next quarter century, the incidence will increase by 50%.

Over the past two decades, the number of patients among children and adolescents has increased to 6.5%. This alarming statistic has been linked to carbohydrate addiction.

Metabolic syndrome predominantly affects men. Women are at risk of this disease during and after menopause. In women over 50 years of age, the risk of developing metabolic syndrome increases 5 times.

Unfortunately, modern medicine unable to cure metabolic syndrome. However, there is also good news. Most of the changes that develop as a result of metabolic syndrome are reversible. Competent treatment, proper nutrition and a healthy lifestyle help stabilize the condition for a long time.

Causes of metabolic syndrome.

The development of metabolic syndrome is based on insulin insensitivity - insulin resistance. This phenomenon can be caused by a number of reasons.

1. Genetic predisposition. In some people, insulin insensitivity is genetic. The gene that is responsible for the development of metabolic syndrome is located on chromosome 19. Its mutations can lead to
   • cells do not have enough receptors responsible for binding insulin;
   • receptors are not sensitive to insulin;
   • the immune system produces antibodies that block insulin-sensitive receptors;
   • the pancreas produces abnormal insulin.
   There is a theory that reduced insulin sensitivity is a result of evolution. This property helps the body survive hunger safely. But modern people When consuming high-calorie and fatty foods, such people develop obesity and metabolic syndrome.
2. Diet high in fat and carbohydrates– the most important factor in the development of metabolic syndrome. Saturated fatty acids, which come in large quantities with animal fats, contribute to the development of obesity. In addition, fatty acids cause changes in cell membranes, making them insensitive to the action of insulin. Excessively high-calorie nutrition leads to the fact that a lot of glucose and fatty acids enter the blood. Their excess is deposited in fat cells in the subcutaneous fatty tissue, as well as in other tissues. This leads to a decrease in their sensitivity to insulin.
3. Sedentary lifestyle. A decrease in physical activity entails a decrease in the speed of all metabolic processes, including the breakdown and absorption of fats. Fatty acids block the transport of glucose into the cell and reduce the sensitivity of its membrane to insulin.
4. Long-term untreated arterial hypertension. Causes impaired peripheral circulation, which is accompanied by a decrease in tissue sensitivity to insulin.
5. Addiction to low-calorie diets. If the calorie content of the daily diet is less than 300 kcal, this leads to irreversible metabolic disorders. The body “saves” and builds up reserves, which leads to increased fat deposition.
6. Stress. Prolonged mental stress disrupts the nervous regulation of organs and tissues. As a result, the production of hormones, including insulin, and the response of cells to them are disrupted.
7. Taking insulin antagonist drugs:
   • glucagon
   • corticosteroids
   • oral contraceptives
   • thyroid hormones
   These drugs reduce the absorption of glucose into tissues, which is accompanied by a decrease in insulin sensitivity.
8. Insulin overdose in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Incorrectly selected treatment leads to a large amount of insulin in the blood. This causes addiction to the receptors. Insulin resistance in this case is a kind of protective reaction of the body against high concentrations of insulin.
9. Hormonal disorders. Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ and secretes hormones that reduce insulin sensitivity. Moreover, the more pronounced the obesity, the lower the sensitivity. In women, with increased testosterone production and decreased estrogen, fats accumulate in a “male” type, vascular function is disrupted and development arterial hypertension. Decreased hormone levels thyroid gland in case of hypothyroidism, it can also cause an increase in the level of lipids (fats) in the blood and the development of insulin resistance.
10. Age-related changes in men. As we age, testosterone production decreases, leading to insulin resistance, obesity and hypertension.
11. Sleep apnea. Holding your breath during sleep causes oxygen starvation of the brain and increased production of somatotropic hormone. This substance contributes to the development of insulin insensitivity.

Symptoms of metabolic syndrome

1. Low physical activity and poor nutrition lead to disruption of the sensitivity of receptors that interact with insulin.
2. The pancreas produces more insulin to overcome the insensitivity of the cells and provide them with glucose.
3. Hyperinsulinemia develops (excess insulin in the blood), which leads to obesity, impaired lipid metabolism and vascular function, and increased blood pressure.
4. Undigested glucose remains in the blood - hyperglycemia develops. High concentrations of glucose outside the cell and low concentrations inside cause the destruction of proteins and the appearance of free radicals, which damage the cell membrane and cause premature aging.

Subjective sensations in metabolic syndrome

• Attacks of bad mood when hungry. Poor supply of glucose to brain cells causes irritability, attacks of aggression and bad mood.
• Increased fatigue. The loss of strength is caused by the fact that despite high performance sugar levels in the blood, the cells do not receive glucose and are left without nutrition and a source of energy. The reason for “starvation” of cells is that the mechanism that transports glucose through the cell membrane does not work.
• Selectivity in food. Meat and vegetables do not cause appetite; you crave sweets. This is due to the fact that brain cells need glucose. After consuming carbohydrates, your mood improves for a short time. Vegetables and protein food(cottage cheese, eggs, meat) cause drowsiness.
• Attacks of rapid heartbeat. Elevated insulin levels speed up the heart rate and increase the heart's output of blood with each beat. This first leads to thickening of the walls of the left half of the heart, and then to wear and tear of the muscle wall.
• Heartache. Cholesterol deposits in the coronary vessels cause cardiac malnutrition and painful sensations.
• Headache associated with narrowing of blood vessels in the brain. Capillary spasm occurs when blood pressure increases or due to vasoconstriction by atherosclerotic plaques.
• Nausea and loss of coordination caused by increased intracranial pressure due to impaired blood flow from the brain.
• Thirst and dry mouth. This is the result of oppression sympathetic nerves salivary glands with high concentrations of insulin in the blood.
• Tendency to constipation. Obesity of internal organs and high levels of insulin slow down the intestines and impair the secretion of digestive juices. Therefore, food lingers for a long time digestive tract.
• Excessive sweating, especially at night - the result of insulin stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.

• Abdominal obesity , fat deposition in the abdominal area and shoulder girdle. A “beer belly” appears. Fatty tissue accumulates not only under the skin, but also around internal organs. It not only compresses them, making their work difficult, but also plays the role of an endocrine organ. Fat releases substances that promote inflammation and increase fibrin levels in the blood, which increases the risk of developing blood clots. Abdominal obesity is diagnosed if the waist circumference exceeds:
  • in men more than 102 cm;
  • in women more than 88 cm.
• Red spots on the chest and neck. These are signs of increased blood pressure associated with vasospasm, which is caused by excess insulin.

  Blood pressure readings (without the use of antihypertensive drugs)

  • systolic (upper) blood pressure exceeds 130 mm Hg. Art.
  • diastolic (lower) pressure exceeds 85 mmHg. Art.

Laboratory symptoms metabolic syndrome

Biochemical blood tests in people with metabolic syndrome reveal significant deviations from the norm.

1. Triglycerides– fats without cholesterol. In patients with metabolic syndrome, their amount exceeds 1.7 mmol/l. The level of triglycerides increases in the blood due to the fact that with internal obesity in portal vein fats are released.
2. Lipoproteins high-density cholesterol (HDL) or "good" cholesterol. The concentration decreases due to insufficient consumption of vegetable oils and in a sedentary manner life.
   • women – less than 1.3 mmol/l
   • men – less than 1.0 mmol/l
3. Cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or “bad” cholesterol levels increased above 3.0 mmol/l. A large amount of fatty acids enter the portal vein from the adipose tissue surrounding internal organs. These fatty acids stimulate the liver to synthesize cholesterol.
4. Fasting blood glucose level more than 5.6-6.1 mmol/l. Body cells do not absorb glucose well, so its concentrations in the blood are high even after an overnight fast.
5. Glucose tolerance. 75 g of glucose is taken orally and the blood glucose level is determined after 2 hours. U healthy person During this time, glucose is absorbed, and its level returns to normal, not exceeding 6.6 mmol/l. In metabolic syndrome, the glucose concentration is 7.8-11.1 mmol/l. This suggests that glucose is not absorbed by cells and remains in the blood.
6. Uric acid more than 415 µmol/l. Its level increases due to a violation of purine metabolism. In metabolic syndrome, uric acid is formed during cell death and is poorly excreted by the kidneys. It indicates obesity and a high risk of developing gout.
7. Microalbuminuria. The appearance of protein molecules in the urine indicates changes in kidney function caused by diabetes mellitus or hypertension. The kidneys do not filter urine well enough, resulting in protein molecules getting into it.

Diagnosis of metabolic syndrome

Which doctor should I contact if I have problems with excess weight?

At an appointment with a doctor (endocrinologist)

Survey

At the appointment, the doctor collects anamnesis and compiles a medical history. The survey helps determine what causes led to obesity and the development of metabolic syndrome:

• living conditions;
• dietary habits, addiction to sweet and fatty foods;
• at what age did you become overweight?
• whether relatives suffer from obesity;
• presence of cardiovascular diseases;
• blood pressure level.

• Determining the type of obesity. In metabolic syndrome, fat is concentrated in the front abdominal wall, torso, neck and face. This abdominal obesity or obesity by male type. With gynoid or female obesity, fat is deposited in the lower half of the body: the hips and buttocks.
• Waist circumference measurement. The development of metabolic syndrome is indicated by the following indicators:
  • in men more than 102 cm;
  • in women more than 88 cm.
  If there is a hereditary predisposition, then the diagnosis of “obesity” is made at values ​​of 94 cm and 80 cm, respectively.
• Measuring the ratio of waist circumference to hip circumference (W/H). Their ratio should not exceed
  • in men more than 1.0;
  • in women more than 0.8.
  For example, a woman’s waist circumference is 85 cm and her hip circumference is 100 cm. 85/100 = 0.85 - this indicator indicates obesity and the development of metabolic syndrome.
• Weighing and measuring height. For this purpose, medical scales and a stadiometer are used.
• Calculation of body mass index (BMI). To determine the index, use the formula:

If the index is between 25-30, this indicates excess weight. Index values ​​over 30 indicate obesity.

For example, a woman’s weight is 90 kg, height is 160 cm. 90/160 = 35.16, which indicates obesity.

Treatment

Drug treatment of metabolic syndrome

Lifestyle with metabolic syndrome

• proper nutrition low in carbohydrates;
• moderate physical exercise.

Physical training for metabolic syndrome.

During exercise, the body burns fat reserves. In addition, metabolism accelerates, so even at rest, the body continues to process fats into energy.

Thanks to training, happiness hormones - endorphins - are produced in the brain. These substances not only improve your mood, but also help control your appetite and reduce cravings for carbohydrates. Therefore, when a feeling of hunger arises, healthy protein foods help overcome it.

Good mood and well-being, increased sensitivity to insulin and a slim figure and slowing down the aging process, increased performance - bonuses from regular exercise.

A few rules that will help you cope more effectively with obesity.

1. Have fun. Choose the sport that suits you. If classes bring joy, then you will not stop training.
2. Exercise regularly. Set aside time every day for physical activity. You must understand that your health depends on discipline in this matter. The optimal workout is 6 days a week for 60 minutes.
3. Choose suitable look sports.
   • For people over 50 years of age with poor circulation and heart disease, walking or Nordic walking with ski poles is suitable.
   • For people under 50, relaxed jogging.
   • At any age, swimming, cycling, skiing, and a rowing machine will help improve heart function.
4. Don't overwork yourself. Training should not be exhausting, otherwise it will have a detrimental effect on the immune system. Start with minimal load and gradually increase the duration and intensity of exercise.
5. Monitor your pulse. Fats are burned most effectively at a frequency of 110-130 beats per minute. Maximum heart rate: 220 minus age in years. For example, if you are 40, then dangerous indicator for you 220-40 = 180 beats per minute already. To monitor your heart rate during training, it is convenient to use a heart rate monitor.
6. Consider contraindications which depend on concomitant diseases and complications caused by metabolic syndrome. It is recommended to refrain from exercising if:
   • protein was detected in the urine;
   • blood pressure is significantly higher than your normal;
   • blood glucose level is above 9.5 mmol/l.

Anaerobic exercise or strength training(when muscles work under oxygen deficiency) help improve metabolism and reduce insulin resistance by increasing the number of glucose transporters. Strength exercises make muscle relief more noticeable, strengthen bones and joints, and allow you to become much stronger. Strength training is good for young men and women.

The exercises are performed at a fast pace and require significant effort. They call sharp pain in working muscles. This comes from the fact that muscle fibers micro-fractures appear in muscle tissue Lactic acid accumulates.

It is believed that these types of exercises increase insulin sensitivity, but they can only be performed by people with a healthy heart. Anaerobic exercises include:

• sprint running;
• swimming at a fast pace;
• cycling downhill;
• squats;
• push ups;
• lifting weights (exercises on exercise machines).

Aerobic exercise performed slowly with low or medium intensity. At the same time, the muscles are well supplied with oxygen and subcutaneous fat is burned. Aerobic exercise is also called cardio training, it prevents heart disease, improves lung function and helps fight stress. Aerobic exercises include:

• aerobics;
• dancing;
• treadmill;
• cycling or exercise bike.

A lightweight training option. If complications arise in the kidneys (nephropathy) or in the eyes (retinopathy), then use a light set of physical exercises. It does not cause an increase in pressure and does not increase the load on diseased organs. Lightweight training strengthens joints, improves coordination and activates metabolic processes.

During classes, dumbbells (or plastic bottles with water) weighing 300-500 g are used. The following types of exercises are performed:

• flexion and extension of biceps;
• raising your arms up;
• bending forward;
• raising your arms to the sides in a lying position.

Proper nutrition for metabolic syndrome.

The main goal of the metabolic syndrome diet is to limit the intake of carbohydrates and fats. This will help stop obesity and gradually get rid of excess weight.

Modern nutritionists are against fasting and low-calorie diets. In this case, a person is constantly haunted by a feeling of hunger, so only people with a strong will can adhere to such a diet. A diet with limited carbohydrates (low carb) is tasty and satisfying. A variety of dishes can be prepared from permitted products.

Low-calorie diets are being undermined immune protection from viruses and bacteria. This is due to the fact that the body does not receive enough proteins and vitamins necessary for the functioning of the immune system. A low-carbohydrate diet, on the contrary, strengthens the immune system and normalizes intestinal microflora, thanks to protein and fermented milk products, fruits and vegetables.

A low-carb diet should become a lifelong nutritional system. The calorie content of the daily diet is 1600-1900 kilocalories. You need to eat often 4-5 times a day, but in small portions. This diet helps avoid hunger.

• Not fatty varieties animal meat (veal, rabbit, skinless chicken) and poultry 150-200 g per day;
• fish and seafood 150 g;
• eggs – 1-2 per day in the form of an omelet or hard-boiled;
• low-fat dairy products;
• cottage cheese 100-200 g;
• low-fat and mild varieties hard cheese– limited to 30 g;
• low-fat beef sausages or boiled sausage 2 times a week;
• vegetables 25% raw, the rest stewed, boiled, baked, steamed (at least 400 g).

• unsweetened fruits and berries up to 400 g. Fresh, frozen or canned without sugar.
• sauerkraut, washed with water;
• porridge from pearl barley, buckwheat, barley, brown rice. 150-200 g per serving with the condition of limiting bread;
• first courses (250-300 g) in weak low-fat meat, fish or mushroom broth, vegetarian soups.
• wholemeal bread, products with bran up to 200 g;
• teas, fruit and vegetable juices sugarless;
• strip of dark chocolate, jelly and mousse, sugar substitutes;
• fluid intake is limited to 1.5 liters. This causes increased breakdown of fats in the body.

• confectionery products: sweets, cookies, cream products;
• baked goods, especially butter and puff pastries;
• fatty meats: pork, lamb, duck;
• canned food, smoked meat and fish, sausage, ham;
• rice, semolina and oatmeal, pasta;
• cream, sweet yogurt, fat cottage cheese and products made from it;
• margarine, cooking oil;
• raisins, bananas, grapes, dates and other sweet fruits;
• mayonnaise, fatty hot sauces, spices;
• sweet carbonated drinks, juices and nectars with sugar.

Sample menu for the day

Breakfast: buckwheat porridge with butter, hard-boiled egg or omelet, tea or juice.

Lunch: fruits.

Dinner: vegetable soup with sour cream (without frying and without meat), vegetable stew on vegetable oil, boiled meat, unsweetened compote.

Dinner: salad from fresh vegetables, baked or boiled fish 150-200 g, tea.

Second dinner: kefir or unsweetened yogurt.

Prevention of metabolic syndrome

What do we have to do?

• Eat right. Eat 5-6 times a day in small portions. You should not feel hungry. Otherwise, the body, when receiving nutrients, stores them in reserve, which contributes to the development of obesity.
• Move more. This helps burn calories and normalizes metabolism. Take every opportunity to be physically active: walk to work, take the stairs, wash the floor with your hands instead of a mop.
• Buy a gym or pool membership. The money spent will encourage you to attend classes.
• Massage and self-massage. This procedure normalizes blood circulation in tissues, especially in lower limbs, which makes cells more sensitive to the effects of insulin.
• Take a course of physical therapy: Pressure chamber, myostimulation, cryotherapy, mud therapy perfectly speed up the metabolism. A referral to a physical therapy room can be obtained from your attending physician.
• Hirudotherapy. Treatment with leeches improves all blood characteristics and normalizes blood flow, which is important for maintaining metabolism in the body.
• Monitor your cholesterol levels. After 40 years, check the level of “good” and “bad” cholesterol at least once a year so that, if necessary, start treatment in a timely manner.

What should you avoid?

• Hot herbs and spices, they stimulate your appetite and you will overeat regularly.
• Fast food. Don't eat on the go. Find time to eat a full meal.
• Alcohol and cigarettes. Bad habits further disrupt metabolism and increase the risk of developing metabolic syndrome.
• Physical inactivity. The less you move, the higher your risk of developing insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome is not a disease, it is a combination various symptoms and diseases.

Metabolic syndrome is currently considered the most important risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

Heart diseases and blood vessels are the most common cause of death worldwide.

Metabolic syndrome in women is the sum of different factors:

• Overweight (obesity).
• Disturbed balance of fat and cholesterol.
• Hypertension (arterial hypertension).
• Pathologically high blood sugar levels due to insufficient insulin.

These four factors play an important role in the development of vascular diseases. This is thought to double the risk of dying from a heart attack or stroke.

In addition, patients with metabolic syndrome are approximately five times more likely to develop diabetes mellitus (type 2).

Metabolic syndrome in women symptoms:

Symptoms of metabolic syndrome often go undetected for a long time because they themselves do not cause pain or discomfort.

A doctor diagnoses it by chance during a physical examination—or after a heart attack or stroke.

Factors to confirm metabolic syndrome:

• Obesity is clearly visible in metabolic syndrome. The most dangerous thing is obesity of the “apple” type with a beer belly. Less dangerous is the accumulation of fat on the hips - the “pear type”.
• Visceral fat (inside the abdomen) is very dangerous. It causes dangerous inflammation, affecting the elasticity of blood vessels and blood clotting.
• The liver then loses sensitivity to insulin. Fatty liver, inflammation, cirrhosis, and cancer occur.
• There is a danger of getting hypertension and heart attack.
• Obesity is the most important risk factor for metabolic syndrome.

Circumference or BMI (body mass index):

• Less than 18.5 – you need to get better.
• The norm is 18.5 to 24.9.
• 25.0 to 29.9 – period of pre-obesity.

BMI calculation: your weight on the scale in kilograms / height in meters squared. Example: your weight in the morning is 90 kg: your height in meters (1.60x1.60) = 35.15. We look at the table below - you have stage 2 obesity. Start taking better care of your health.

Average waist circumference figures range from 94 centimeters for men to 80 centimeters for women. Anything higher is dangerous.

Belly measurement:

• For women - no more than 88 centimeters.
• For men - no more than 102 centimeters.

Obesity degree:

Impaired fat metabolism, measured increased levels blood lipids:

• or low density.
• Good (HDL) cholesterol is beneficial.

Cholesterol test standards:

• You need to start monitoring yourself more closely when these numbers increase, except for good cholesterol. There are numbers, the higher the better.
• It is very difficult to achieve this - he reacts to sports.

High blood pressure:

• Even when treatment for high blood pressure has already been started, the risk factor for metabolic syndrome remains.
• High blood pressure can lead to headaches, dizziness, nosebleeds, and a feeling of heat in the head. It may occur without any discomfort.
• Figures above 130/80 should be alarming.

Insulin resistance:

• Increased fasting blood sugar levels or already a manifestation of type 2 diabetes. Let me remind you that the norm for fasting sugar is from 3.0 to 5.6 mmol/liter. Now the norm has been increased to 6.1 mmol/liter.
• All these signs are the consequences of modern lifestyle: lack of exercise, poor diet (too many foods with high calorie content, sugar).

Causes of metabolic syndrome in women:

1. Being overweight with excess belly fat increases your risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Thus, it is considered the most powerful provocateur of the disease.
2. With metabolic syndrome, the excretion of salts - especially salt (sodium chloride) - through the kidneys is impaired. High sodium levels in the body cause hypertension.
3. It not only damages organs, but also causes minor damage to the inner wall of the vessel.
4. It is believed that this keeps fat, cholesterol in them. Over the years, the cardiovascular system becomes increasingly damaged.
5. Another very serious reason is - hereditary factor. Cells remember everything, and this memory is passed on to generations.
6. We must not forget about smoking and alcohol - practically this hobby leaves no stone unturned in us, destroying our health to the ground.

Examination and diagnosis of women for metabolic syndrome:

It is better to identify the disease early, and not when you have a heart attack, stroke or the development of arteriosclerosis.

1. Installed hereditary diseases- diabetes, hypertension or lipid metabolism disorders.
2. Have there been heart attacks, was there loss of vision?
3. Measured blood pressure, measure waist circumference, weight.
4. A blood test is prescribed for sugar and cholesterol.
5. Find out the level of uric acid in the blood.
6. Urine analysis, including the presence of protein.
7. Liver enzymes ALT and AST will give a picture of fatty liver.

If diabetes is suspected, a glucose tolerance test is performed:

• First, they measure on an empty stomach - if the numbers are elevated, the patient is given a sugar solution of a certain concentration or glucose to drink.
• After two hours, glucose levels are measured again.
• The diagnosis of diabetes is made when the figure is 11.1 mmol/liter or 200 mg/dc.

Purpose of electrocardiography (ECG) and ultrasonography(ultrasound), the doctor can determine whether damage to the heart and other organs is already present.

In case of severely clogged blood vessels supplying the heart muscle, or after a heart attack, the ECG will show typical changes.

In turn, ultrasound technology makes it possible to easily detect irregularities in the contractions of the heart muscle.

The most important goal is to reduce visceral fat (abdominal obesity) by about 10 to 15 percent within the first year.

Limit total calories in food by adding vegetables, fruits, fiber, and greens for volume. We exclude all unhealthy foods: salty, fatty, sweets, flour, semi-finished products, smoked meats.

Quickly digestible carbohydrates containing fat and sweets (ice cream, cakes, buns, semi-finished flour products, candies, cookies) are reduced.

Fat no more than 25-30% of the norm (we count in all products). The most dangerous animal fat.

1. Saturated – 8-10% of total number fat
2. Polyunsaturated – less than 10% (unrefined oil is best).
3. Monounsaturated – 15%.

Reducing salt in the diet - cook without salt, add a little salt at the table sea ​​salt(less sodium). Swelling subsides, the load on the heart decreases, blood pressure and weight drop. 4-5 grams per day is enough.

A lot of dietary fiber(steamed bran, vegetables, salads, cabbage, you can use edible cellulose).

• Regular endurance training (at 60% of maximum performance) burns a lot of fat, making muscles more sensitive to insulin.
• At first, just walking or riding a bike is enough.
• Absolute abstinence from cigarettes and alcohol.
• Reduce stress in life as much as possible

If the diagnosis is confirmed, the main goal of treatment is to reduce the risk of secondary damage to all organs.

The main thing in treatment is not to let the disease run rampant in order to avoid any complications: vascular and circulatory diseases.

Treatment involves lifestyle changes:

• Lots of sports and exercise.
• low fat.
• Reduced weight and blood pressure.
• Normalization of blood sugar.

In people with impaired metabolism or very high cardiovascular risk concomitant drug therapy is required.

To lose weight if necessary:

In critical cases, the doctor may prescribe for emergency weight loss:

• Orlistat (binding of lipase in the stomach and intestines and absorption of fats). These drugs are Xenical, Orsoten.
• At the same time, fat is removed from the depot.
• Cholesterol is more difficult to dissolve, and its entry into the blood decreases.
• Visceral obesity decreases.

Reducing blood cholesterol:

Fibrates are one of the most important drugs for the treatment of high blood cholesterol. They help lower “bad” LDL and increase “good” HDL.

Fibrates:

• Fenofibrate.
• Gemfibrozil.
• Bezafibrate.
• Clofibrate.

Reduces triglycerides in the blood - taken on an empty stomach.

Statins:

• Atorvastatins.
• Simvastatins.
• Pravastatins.
• Rosuvastatins.
• Lovastatins.

Perfectly reduces bad cholesterol and total cholesterol, increases good cholesterol- are prescribed only by a doctor due to side effects.

High blood pressure:

• For treatment, so-called ACE inhibitors and ATP blockers are taken, which reduce the tension of the arterial wall, forcing the heart to overcome resistance.
• Sometimes two or three small doses of drugs with the same effect are prescribed. There are a lot of them, starting with lisinopril, enalapril, captopril and ending with new generation drugs that are updated very often.
• Supplemented with diuretics to reduce fluid in the blood and tissues.
• Calcium channel blockers.
• A-blockers.
• Selective b-blockers.

Details about treatment high blood pressure read .

All treatments and medications are prescribed by the doctor, taking into account all concomitant diseases and after a thorough examination.

Insulin resistance and high blood sugar:

Drugs - metformin or acarbose, increase the secretion of insulin from, improve the effect of insulin on cells. Both factors contribute to the fact that sugar from the blood is absorbed by cells.

Metformin:

• The main drug, which does not stimulate insulin production, is good at reducing insulin resistance. Your own tissues perceive their own insulin better.
• Reduces unclaimed insulin in the blood. The feeling of hunger will decrease, you will eat less, and your sugar will decrease.
• Slightly reduces the pressure in the blood vessels, decreases.

Surgery:

A fairly common method: bariatric surgery.

They do it for one purpose - to reduce food consumption.

General operations:

• Gastric banding.
• Gastrectomy (gastric tube, bypass).

They are made to save the life of a sick person.

Prognosis of metabolic syndrome in women:

• Good, stable treatment results can be achieved through exercise and diet changes.
• Many studies have shown that this behavior produces better results than taking medications.

Do what you can now to prevent metabolic syndrome in women. Don't start the disease.

Good luck!

The problem of metabolic syndrome (MS) today is reaching epidemic proportions in almost all civilized countries. Therefore, many international medical organizations have been seriously studying it for many years. In 2009, medical scientists compiled a list of certain criteria that allow diagnosing the development of metabolic syndrome in a patient. This list was included in a document called “Agreeing on the definition of metabolic syndrome,” which was signed by a certain number of serious organizations, in particular: World organization health (WHO) and International Association for the study of obesity.

The danger of metabolic syndrome

It is worth noting that a disorder of the body such as metabolic syndrome or insulin resistance syndrome is not a separate disease, but is a complex of pathological changes occurring in all systems human body on the background .

As a result of metabolic disorders, the patient suffers simultaneously from four diseases such as:

• 2 types;

This “bouquet” of diseases is very dangerous for humans, since it threatens the development of such serious consequences as: vascular, fatty degeneration of the liver, cerebral vessels, etc.

With MS, cells stop perceiving the hormone insulin, as a result of which it does not fulfill its purpose. The development of insulin resistance and insensitivity to insulin begins, after which cells poorly absorb glucose and pathological changes occur in all systems and tissues.

According to statistics, MS affects predominantly men; in women, the risk of being affected by this disease increases fivefold during and after.

It should be noted that there is currently no cure for insulin resistance syndrome. However, with a competent medical approach, rational nutrition and healthy way life is enough long time stabilize the condition. In addition, some changes that develop with this syndrome are reversible.

Causes of the occurrence and development of metabolic syndrome

First, let's figure out what role the hormone insulin plays in the human body? Among the many functions of insulin, its most important task is to establish communication with insulin-sensitive receptors located in the membrane of every cell. Through such connections, cells are able to receive glucose coming from the intercellular space. The loss of receptor sensitivity to insulin contributes to the fact that both glucose and the hormone itself accumulate in the blood, which is why MS begins to develop.

The main causes of insulin resistance - insulin insensitivity:

1. Predisposition at the genetic level. With a mutation of the gene responsible for the development of insulin resistance syndrome:
   • cells may not have enough receptors for insulin to bind to;
   • receptors may not be insulin sensitive;
   • the immune system can produce antibodies that block the functioning of insulin-sensitive receptors;
   • The pancreas may produce abnormal insulin.
2. High calorie food, which is considered one of the most important factors provoking the development of MS. Animal fats supplied with food, or more precisely those containing saturated fatty acids, in large quantities are the main cause of the development of obesity. By causing changes in cell membranes, fatty acids reduce their sensitivity to the action of insulin.
3. Weak physical activity, in which the speed of all metabolic processes in the body decreases. The same applies to the process of breakdown and absorption of fats. Fatty acids reduce the sensitivity of cell membrane receptors to insulin, thereby preventing glucose from being transported into the cell.
4. Chronic arterial hypertension, which negatively affects the process of peripheral circulation, which in turn reduces tissue sensitivity to insulin.
5. Low calorie diets. If the daily volume of kilocalories entering the body is less than 300 kcal, then the body has to accumulate reserves through increased fat deposition. The body begins a process of irreversible metabolic disorder.
6. Chronic. Long-term psychological stress negatively affects the process of nervous regulation of organs and tissues, resulting in hormonal disbalance. The production of hormones, including insulin, as well as the sensitivity of cells to them are disrupted.
7. Reception of such hormonal drugs, such as corticosteroids, glucagon, thyroid hormones and. They reduce the cell's ability to absorb glucose and at the same time reduce the sensitivity of receptors to insulin.
8. Hormonal imbalances. In the human body, adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that produces hormones that reduce the sensitivity of cells to insulin. Moreover, the more excess fat deposits, the lower the tissue sensitivity.
9. Age-related changes in males. The older the man, the lower the level of production male hormone- and a higher risk of developing obesity, hypertension and insulin resistance.
10. Stopping breathing during sleep (apnea). When breathing stops during sleep, oxygen starvation of the brain occurs and an intense release of somatotropic hormone, which produces the development of cellular insensitivity to insulin.
11. Wrong approach to treating diabetes– more insulin prescribed required norm. With a high concentration of insulin in the blood, receptor addiction occurs. The body begins to develop a kind of protective reaction against large amounts of insulin - insulin resistance.

Symptoms of metabolic syndrome

MS develops according to the following scheme. Weak physical activity and high-calorie diet provoke changes in the functioning of cell receptors: they become less sensitive to insulin. In this regard, the pancreas, trying to provide the cells with the glucose necessary for their functioning, begins to produce more insulin. As a result, an excess of the hormone is formed in the blood - hyperinsulinemia develops, which negatively affects lipid metabolism and vascular function: a person begins to suffer from obesity and high blood pressure. Since a large amount of undigested glucose remains in the blood, this leads to the development of hyperglycemia. An excess of glucose outside the cell and a deficiency inside leads to the destruction of proteins and the appearance of free radicals that damage the cell membrane, thereby causing their premature aging.

The process of changes that destroy the body starts imperceptibly and painlessly, but this does not make it any less dangerous.

External symptoms of MS:

1. Visceral (or upper) obesity, at which excess fat mass deposited in the upper half of the body and in the abdominal area. With visceral obesity, subcutaneous fat accumulates. In addition, adipose tissue envelops all internal organs, squeezing them and complicating their work. Adipose tissue, acting as an endocrine organ, secretes hormones that produce inflammatory processes and increasing the level of fibrin in the blood, which increases the risk of blood clots. As a rule, when upper obesity The waist circumference for men is over 102 cm, and for women – over 88 cm.
2. Constantly appearing red spots in the chest and neck area. This is explained. So, for obesity the indicators systolic pressure blood exceed 130 mm Hg. Art., and diastolic – 85 mm Hg. Art.

The patient’s feelings during the development of MS:

• outbursts of bad mood, especially when hungry. Bad mood, the patient’s aggression and irritability is explained by the insufficient amount of glucose entering the brain cells;
• frequent In MS, headache is the result of increased pressure or vasoconstriction through;
• which are caused by cardiac malnutrition due to cholesterol deposits in the coronary vessels;
• periodically increased heart rate. High concentration Insulin speeds up the heart rate, increasing the volume of blood ejected with each heartbeat. Subsequently, at the beginning, the walls of the left half of the heart thicken, and in the future, wear and tear of the muscle wall begins;
• severe fatigue associated with glucose “starvation” of cells. Despite the fact that in the blood, due to the low sensitivity of cellular receptors to insulin, the cells do not receive the glucose they need and are left without a source of energy;
• I really want something sweet. Due to glucose “starvation” of brain cells, preference is given to sweets and carbohydrates in food, which contribute to a short-term improvement in mood. With metabolic syndrome, a person is indifferent to vegetables and protein foods (meat, eggs, fermented milk products), after consumption of which drowsiness occurs;
• and impaired coordination of movements associated with, which occurs as a result of impaired blood flow from the brain;
• periodically occurring. High concentrations of insulin in the blood and obesity slow down the gastrointestinal tract;
• severe sweating, a feeling of unquenchable thirst and dry mouth. Sympathetic nervous system under the influence of insulin affects the salivary and sweat glands, oppressing them.

Methods for diagnosing metabolic syndrome

If you have a problem with insulin resistance syndrome, you should contact an endocrinologist. But since with this disease the human body simultaneously suffers from a variety of pathological changes, the help of several more specialists may be required: a cardiologist, a nutritionist or a therapist.

An endocrinologist conducts a survey and examination of the patient to make a diagnosis. To analyze exactly what reasons contributed to excess weight gain and the development of MS, a specialist must collect information on the following points:

• conditions and lifestyle;
• at what age did excess weight gain begin?
• does any of your relatives suffer from obesity?
• dietary features, food preferences (sweet and fatty foods);
• arterial pressure;
• whether the patient suffers from cardiovascular diseases.

When examining a patient:

1. The type of obesity is determined. Obesity can be of the male type (abdominal, visceral, upper) or female type(gynoid). In the first case, excess body fat accumulate in the abdomen and upper half of the body, and in the second - on the hips and buttocks.
2. Waist circumference (W) is measured. With the development of obesity, WC in men is more than 102 cm, and in women - over 88 cm. If there is a genetic predisposition, then obesity is diagnosed with WC: in men - 94 cm or more, in women - from 80 cm.
3. The ratio of waist circumference to hip circumference (W/H) is calculated.. In a healthy person, this coefficient, as a rule, does not exceed 1.0 for men and 0.8 for women, respectively.
4. Body weight is determined and height is measured.
5. Calculated (BMI), which is the ratio of the weight indicator and the height indicator.
6. The body is checked for the presence of (striae) on the skin. With sudden weight gain, the mesh layer of the skin is damaged and small blood capillaries are torn, while the epidermis does not lose its integrity. Externally, these changes appear as red stripes 2-5 mm wide, which become lighter over time.

Diagnosis of metabolic syndrome using laboratory tests

blood makes it possible to determine the presence of MS using the following indicators:

Metabolic Syndrome Statistics

As world statistics show, cardiovascular diseases cause the death of 16 million people every year. Moreover, most of these diseases arose against the background of the development of MS.

In Russia, more than half of the population is overweight, and almost a quarter of Russians are obese. Although these are not the worst indicators when compared with other countries, it is worth noting that the problem of high blood cholesterol, which provokes strokes and heart attacks, is very common among the Russian population.

Almost 75% of Russians die due to the development of diseases non-infectious, most of which arose due to metabolic disorders. This is due to changes in the lifestyle of the entire population on earth - little physical activity during the day and abuse of fatty and carbohydrate-containing foods. According to medical forecasts, in the next quarter century the number of MS sufferers will increase by approximately 50%.

Treatment options for metabolic syndrome

Treatment of MS with medications

Medicines are prescribed individually to each patient, taking into account the stage and cause of his obesity, as well as indicators biochemical composition blood. As a rule, the effect of prescribed medications is aimed at increasing tissue sensitivity to insulin, establishing metabolic processes and reducing blood sugar levels.

Lifestyle adjustments during the treatment of MS

For MS treatment to bring positive result It is very important to completely change your lifestyle and food culture. Regular exercise therapy along with a low-carbohydrate diet is effective remedy, which helps speed up metabolism and increase cell sensitivity to insulin.

The benefits of physical activity for the prevention and treatment of MS

Regular exercise therapy contributes not only to the effective burning of fat reserves, acceleration of metabolic processes and increased tissue sensitivity to insulin, but also to the production more endorphins - a hormone of happiness that improves mood and helps control appetite. Physical therapy is the key to higher productivity, rejuvenation of the body and a slimmer silhouette.

When playing sports, it is important to adhere to several simple rules, allowing you to more effectively cope with the problem of obesity:

Anaerobic (strength) and aerobic (cardio) exercises are most effective in the fight against obesity, especially if they are alternated daily.

Anaerobic exercise are performed at a fast pace and require significant effort during exercise. Strength training is good for young men and women and is contraindicated for people with cardiovascular problems.

Lifting weights in gym, as well as squats, push-ups, sprinting, downhill cycling and high-speed swimming perfectly strengthen bones and joints and noticeably outline muscle relief. In addition, it is strength exercises that most quickly increase tissue sensitivity to insulin.

At first, the duration of anaerobic training should not exceed 15 minutes per day. With each subsequent week, the duration of the exercises performed can be increased by 5-10 minutes.

Aerobic exercise, or are performed with less load and intensity than power exercises. They improve the functioning of the lungs and heart. During cardio training, subcutaneous fat is effectively burned. Aerobic exercises include dancing, exercise on a treadmill, exercise bike or bicycle, as well as aerobics. The duration of cardio training, as well as strength training, should not exceed 15 minutes at the beginning, and over time it can increase by 5-10 minutes weekly.

Therapeutic physical training using a lightweight set of exercises should be preferred if nephropathy (kidney problems) or retinopathy (eye complication) occurs. These exercises allow you to strengthen joints, activate metabolic processes and improve coordination of movements, without increasing blood pressure or loading diseased organs. Exercises are performed using dumbbells weighing 300-500 g. Dumbbells can be replaced plastic bottles filled with water. During the training process, you need to perform slow and smooth lifts of your arms, bending and straightening them, bending forward, and also in a lying position, you need to spread your arms to the sides. In total, three approaches are performed daily, 10 times with breaks of 10-15 minutes.

The basics of proper nutrition in the treatment of metabolic syndrome - diet

A low-carbohydrate diet is an essential element in the treatment of MS. Without limiting the amount of carbohydrates and fats consumed, it is impossible to stop the process of obesity. Modern nutritionists do not approve of either fasting or low-calorie diets, since the results from such methods, as a rule, are not long-term, may have side effects on health, and the process of losing weight itself requires considerable willpower from a person. When it comes to a low carb diet, great amount allowed products allows you to make dietary dishes quite filling and tasty, and the fight against obesity is an easy and healthy process.

Ideally, a low-carbohydrate diet should become a lifelong one, for which your body will thank you greatly - the immune system is strengthened, the intestinal microflora is normalized, and as a bonus you get a slim figure, youth and performance.

To avoid feeling hungry, you need to eat small portions 4-5 times a day, while the body should receive at least 1600-1900 kilocalories daily.

With a low-carbohydrate diet, the volume of carbohydrates consumed should be no more than 50% of the diet, and simple carbohydrates, which include confectionery and flour products, white rice, should be completely replaced with complex ones ( Rye bread with bran, brown rice, buckwheat). It is recommended to avoid salt, but sometimes you can include washed salt in your menu. sauerkraut, lightly salted cucumbers and lightly salted herring. To get rid of “bad” cholesterol, one serving of meat should include two servings of vegetable dishes with herbs.

Approved products for the treatment of MS:

Prohibited foods for the treatment of MS:

1. Protein group: fatty meats (lamb, pork, duck), smoked and canned foods, fatty dairy products.
2. Carbohydrate group: butter and puff pastries, confectionery products; oatmeal, semolina and rice porridge, pasta.
3. Fats: margarine and other fat used in cooking.
4. Fruits: You should not eat sweet and high-calorie fruits such as bananas, grapes, dates.
5. Beverages: sweet soda, juices and nectars with added sugar.

At most once every 1-2 weeks you can break your diet and include some of the prohibited foods in your diet, but it is important to remember in moderation.

Prevention of obesity and the development of metabolic syndrome

Health problems can be avoided if you remember about it in a timely manner and start changing your lifestyle for the better.

What actions should be taken to avoid the problem of obesity?

First you need to adjust your diet and make adjustments to your diet. If you eat food in moderate portions at least 4-5 times a day, then the feeling of hunger will never arise, which means the body will not need to store nutrients in reserve. Fast food should be excluded from the diet, hot spices and condiments, as well as alcoholic beverages and cigarettes.

In addition, you need to increase your physical activity during the day: walk more fresh air, give up the elevator and start climbing the stairs on your own, etc. You should also buy an annual subscription to classes in the pool or gym. Normal physical activity will help normalize all processes in the body and improve overall well-being.

Metabolic syndrome is based on tissue insensitivity to insulin (the main hormone responsible for absorption). This condition is called insulin resistance. The level of both glucose and insulin in the blood increases (hyperinsulinemia), but glucose does not enter the cells in the required quantity.

Despite the fact that some genetic susceptibility to metabolic disorders has been discovered, lifestyle disorders play an important role in the development of metabolic syndrome. Decreased physical activity and a high-carbohydrate diet are the main reasons why the incidence of metabolic syndrome is increasing. Metabolic syndrome affects about 25% of the population of Western countries. This disease is more common in men; in women, its frequency increases during the menopausal period.

Causes of the disease

For metabolic syndrome hormonal disorders contribute to the deposition of fat in the abdominal area, above the waist. Arises abdominal type obesity. According to recent research, adipose tissue itself contributes to the development of insulin resistance. However, not all components of the metabolic syndrome can be clearly linked and explained by insulin resistance; all have not been studied possible reasons and mechanisms of development of insulin resistance in abdominal obesity.

Symptoms of metabolic syndrome

Disorders united by the metabolic syndrome are asymptomatic for a long time and often begin to form in adolescence and young adulthood, long before clinical manifestation in the form of diabetes mellitus. arterial hypertension And atherosclerotic lesions vessels. Most early manifestations metabolic syndrome are dyslipidemia and. Of course, not all components of metabolic syndrome occur simultaneously:

Abdominal-visceral obesity (waist circumference more than 102 cm in men and more than 88 cm in women);
- insulin resistance with high insulin levels;
- dyslipidemia (a combination of hypertriglyceridemia, low level HDL CL and increasing the fraction of small LDL CL);
- arterial hypertension (blood pressure above 130/85 mm Hg);
- early atherosclerosis and ischemic.

Possible complaints: increased fatigue, apathy, shortness of breath, increased appetite, thirst, frequent urination, headache, dry skin, sweating.

Diagnostics

The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome is carried out by an endocrinologist. At the appointment, the doctor will conduct a thorough examination, measuring weight and waist circumference, measuring blood pressure, and collecting a history of the disease. Next, assign a row laboratory tests: detailed with determination of indicators of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, determination of insulin, sex hormones in the blood, etc.

There are diseases that can accompany metabolic syndrome and be its complications:

- ;
- overweight, especially abdominal type of obesity;
- arterial hypertension;
- ischemic disease heart disease, peripheral vascular disease;
- gout;
- polycystic ovary syndrome;
- erectile disfunction;
- fatty liver hepatosis.

If you notice symptoms of metabolic syndrome or you suffer from one of these diseases, you should be tested to rule out metabolic syndrome and, if necessary, undergo treatment. Early diagnosis of metabolic syndrome is primarily the prevention, prevention or delay of the manifestation of type II diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic vascular diseases.

Treatment of metabolic syndrome

How can a doctor help?

Treatment is prescribed depending on the degree metabolic disorders and those diseases that are detected in the patient. Treatment is aimed at correcting carbohydrate metabolism, reducing body weight, relieving arterial hypertension and symptoms of diabetes.

What can you do

When treating metabolic syndrome, it is extremely important to follow all doctor’s instructions exactly. Only in this case the correction of metabolism will be adequate.
Measures aimed at reducing the mass of abdominal-visceral fat are the second equally important condition of therapy. Activities can be divided into balanced diet and moderate physical activity. The diet is compiled taking into account body weight, age, gender, level of physical activity and food addictions sick. The consumption of fat and quickly digestible carbohydrates is limited. Introduced into the diet large quantities dietary fiber. Losing body weight leads to increased sensitivity to insulin, a decrease in systemic hyperinsulinemia, normalization of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, lowering blood pressure.