Size and weight of a normal thyroid gland. What is the thyroid gland and types of thyroid diseases

Thyroid gland - hormones and their functions are extremely necessary for the human body. Together with the immune system and nervous system, the thyroid gland is involved in regulating the activity of all internal human organs.

In hormones thyroid gland every cell and tissue of the body needs. Failure of thyroid function has serious consequences.

Structure of the thyroid gland

The thyroid gland is considered an organ internal secretion, its main functions are the development and interaction with all systems. Thyroid hormones and functions are closely connected with certain parts of the brain: hypothalamus And pituitary gland, which influence its functions and vice versa. The organ also has a second name - thyroid gland.

The thyroid gland is located on the front of the neck, slightly below the Adam's apple. The shape of the iron resembles a butterfly. The mass of the thyroid gland in each person is 30-60 g.

Interesting! The weight and size of the thyroid gland depend on diet, medications and age. For example, in case of accumulation of hormones thyroid increases in size, as happens in women during menstruation or pregnancy.

The gland consists of three parts:

right lobe;
left lobe;
isthmus .

The fourth part, the pyramidal lobule, is also part of the thyroid gland, but only in 1/3 of the world's population. The lobule is a remnant of the organ on the basis of which the gland developed during human evolution.

On rear parts The thyroid gland contains two paired glands. The parathyroid gland is oval in shape and weighs no more than 1 g.

Connecting to the larynx, the gland can move when swallowing or tilting the head. The thyroid gland receives blood faster than others throughout the body. The role of the thyroid gland in human existence is of great importance, which is why a person at birth has a fully formed organ.

What does the thyroid gland consist of? The thyroid gland has a complex structure. The thyroid gland consists entirely of follicles, small vesicles filled with a thick liquid - colloid. Along the edges of the follicles there are cells - thyrocytes.

Iodinated hormones, produced by these cells, accumulate in the colloid to immediately enter the bloodstream when needed. Between the cells and follicles that fill the thyroid gland are parafollicular cells.

Interesting! The location of the thyroid gland does not depend on gender characteristics. Therefore, despite the different physiology in women and men, the thyroid gland is located in the same place.

What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

The gland produces two types of hormones:

iodinated hormones;
thyrocalcitonin.

Calcitonin, a substance produced by follicular cells, is involved in the regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. The hormone is responsible for the excretion of calcium from bone tissue.

Iodinated hormones include triiodothyronine And thyroxine. The first hormone produced by the gland consists of 3 iodine molecules, and the other hormone - of 4, respectively, they are defined as T3 hormone and T4 hormone.

Hormone function does not occur in the body if it does not receive enough iodine. This is why it is necessary to consume iodine-containing foods. The amino acid tyrosine, supplied with food, is important for thyroid function, as it promotes the formation of the hormones T3 and T4.

Thyroid activity

The hormones secreted by the thyroid gland and their functions are monitored by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. What are these parts of the brain responsible for? The first controls hormone levels. If there is a deficiency of thyroid hormones, the thyroid gland begins to produce thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).

TRH acts on the pituitary gland, which produces thyroid-stimulating hormone, which regulates thyroid function and stimulates the synthesis of T3 and T4. When thyroid hormones exhibit biological activity, parts of the brain inhibit their production and function.

Functions of iodinated thyroid hormones:

Through food, the body receives iodine, which is absorbed in the intestines.
When iodine reaches the thyroid gland, it dissolves in its cells.
The gland produces a special prohormone, thyroglobulin, which is necessary for the successful formation of the hormones T3 and T4, which then enter the blood.

The thyroid gland is interconnected with all systems of the human body. Without thyroid function, internal organs cannot function.

The main functions of thyroid hormones:

Actively participate in the creation of red blood cells.
Control energy metabolism. Hormones normalize metabolism and heat levels.
Promote the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Thanks to which a person does not gain weight.
Responsible for the reproductive system. Thyroid hormones affect the functions of germ cells, which is very important during puberty, conception, and childbearing.
Regulate cellular metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. This function affects the development of bone tissue. For example, in various bone injuries, calcitonin serves as a driver: it helps calcium act on the problem.
Affect the functions of the central nervous system. A lack of any thyroid hormone is noticeable in children who are developmentally delayed: intelligence decreases and cretinism develops.
Depends on the emotional state of a person: excitability, irritability, insomnia.

Interesting! Human growth and development is regulated by the thyroid gland. When its function decreases, growth stops.

Functional disorders of the thyroid gland

Dysfunction in the thyroid gland is characterized by the degree of functional activity of its hormones:

euthyroidism;
hypothyroidism;
hyperthyroidism.

Structural changes in the gland

When reversible changes occur in the structure of an organ without affecting its functions, it occurs. With the structural modification of the thyroid gland, all internal organs and systems work as expected, without visible failures. Euthyroidism is characterized by the proliferation of thyroid tissue, but the amount of hormones remains normal.

This state of a person does not indicate his absolute health, since the violation structural functions The thyroid gland is considered to be in a borderline position. An increase or decrease in the amount of hormones can occur at any time.

In this situation, it is important to monitor for signs of thyroid dysfunction. Euthyroidism lasts a short time and is manifested by the following symptoms:

insomnia, weakness after waking up;
increased emotional imbalance: irritability, excitability;
disturbances in the pumping function of the heart;
weight loss for no apparent reason;
neck compression.

When thyroid hormones are not enough

Reduced thyroid hormone function is characteristic of hypothyroidism. The function of the thyroid gland is weakened when the human body receives little iodine or substances that destroy the action of thyroid hormones.

IN in rare cases hypothyroidism occurs due to certain medications or removal of the thyroid gland. IN childhood hypofunction of the gland affects growth and development: observed stunting And mental development , disproportionate growth , cretinism .

A decrease in the function of the thyroid gland and its hormones has the following external manifestations:

weight gain that is not affected by diet or exercise;
increased fatigue, general weakness;
depressive state: a person is nervous and worried a lot;
changes in the menstrual cycle, inability to conceive;
body temperature is below normal;
dry skin, dandruff, itching, swelling of the skin, legs and face;
decreased heart rate;
constantly cold extremities even in a warm room;
muscle and joint pain;
decreased memory and reaction speed.

Increased hormone production

Increased production of thyroid hormones is associated with hyperthyroidism. Excessive secretion of the thyroid gland is characterized by the following conditions:

bias eyeballs(bulging eyes, exophthalmos);
weight loss with increased appetite;
changes in the menstrual cycle;
rapid heartbeat and increased blood pressure;
dryness skin;
hair loss;
diarrhea;
constant nervous excitement.

Interesting! Diseases such as toxic and (Bazedow-Graves, Plummer diseases), viral and autoimmune thyroiditis, as well as excess hormonal or iodine-containing drugs are characterized by hyperfunction of the thyroid gland.

Diagnostic test

The level of gland hormones can be determined using a blood test. To put correct diagnosis and prescribe treatment, the doctor must examine the patient, refer him for x-rays and ultrasound.

Considering the severity of the patient, the endocrinologist may prescribe to the patient additional examination changes and functions of the thyroid gland using computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. CT and MRI make it possible to determine the location of the gland, its size and the presence of nodes.

Thyroid hormone levels

Problems with thyroid function are more common in women than in men. This comes from the fact that the female body works in cyclic mode: birth, feeding, raising children. The ovaries, uterus, mammary glands and thyroid gland simultaneously work with these processes. Therefore, the norm of gland hormones is different between the sexes.

The indicators in the table presented may vary slightly, as different laboratories carry out their own analysis methods.

Table of hormone levels in women:

Disorders of the thyroid gland can be treated if you consult a doctor promptly. Prescribing special medications and regularly monitoring laboratory parameters will help restore the previous functions of the thyroid gland.

Causes of thyroid dysfunction and preventive measures

Thyroid underfunction syndrome occurs for several reasons:

heredity;
nervous excitement;
unfavorable environmental factors;
nutrition.

It is those foods that a person consumes daily that directly affect the functions of the thyroid gland. Deficiency of iodine, selenium and fluorine in air, water, food affects the function of the gland. Modified and additive stabilizers in food products negatively affect general state thyroid gland.

In order to prevent the development of hormone imbalance in the thyroid gland, you need to monitor your diet: it should be complete and fortified.

The daily requirement of iodine for an adult is 150 mcg.

Iodine is found in seafood products fresh vegetables and fruits, juices, clean water, sunflower oil. Tyrosine can be found in sufficient quantities in milk, peas, eggs, peanuts, and beans.

At the same time, it is important to use honey instead of sugar; if allowed, eat porridge and bread made from wholemeal flour.

And limit your consumption:

smoked and canned products;
fatty foods;
hot spices and seasonings;
alcoholic and carbonated drinks.

Natural red wine in moderate amount provides beneficial influence on the body and the functioning of the thyroid gland in particular.

A nutritious and balanced diet helps normalize the functioning of the thyroid gland, preventing the risk of disease and serious consequences.

Thyroid (glandula thyroidea) - unpaired organ, located in the anterior region of the neck at the level of the larynx and upper section trachea. The gland consists of two lobes - the right (lobus dexter) and the left (lobus sinister), connected by a narrow isthmus. The thyroid gland lies rather superficially. In front of the gland, below the hyoid bone, there are paired muscles: the sternothyroid, sternohyoid, omohyoid, and only partly the sternocleidomastoid muscle, as well as the superficial and pretracheal plates of the cervical fascia.

The posterior concave surface of the gland covers the lower parts of the larynx from the front and sides and top part trachea. The isthmus of the thyroid gland (isthmus glandulae thyroidei), connecting the right and left lobes, is usually located at level II or III of the tracheal cartilage. In rare cases, the isthmus of the gland lies at the level of the first tracheal cartilage or even the arch of the cricoid cartilage. Sometimes the isthmus may be absent, and then the lobes of the gland are not connected to each other at all.

The upper poles of the right and left lobes of the thyroid gland are located slightly below the upper edge of the corresponding plate of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx. The lower pole of the lobe reaches level V-VI tracheal cartilage. The posterolateral surface of each lobe of the thyroid gland is in contact with the laryngeal part of the pharynx, the beginning of the esophagus and the anterior semicircle of the common carotid artery. The parathyroid glands are adjacent to the posterior surface of the right and left lobes of the thyroid gland.

From the isthmus or from one of the lobes, the pyramidal lobe (lobus pyramidalis) extends upward and is located in front of the thyroid cartilage, which occurs in approximately 30% of cases. This lobe sometimes reaches the body of the hyoid bone with its apex.

The transverse size of the thyroid gland in an adult reaches 50-60 mm. The longitudinal size of each lobe is 50-80 mm. Vertical size The isthmus ranges from 5 to 2.5 mm, and its thickness is 2-6 mm. The mass of the thyroid gland in adults from 20 to 60 years old is on average 16.3-18.5 g. After 50-55 years, there is a slight decrease in the volume and weight of the gland. The weight and volume of the thyroid gland in women is larger than in men.

Externally, the thyroid gland is covered with a connective tissue membrane - fibrous capsule(capsula fibrosa), which is fused with the larynx and trachea. In this regard, when the larynx moves, the thyroid gland also moves. Connective tissue septa extend into the gland from the capsule - trabeculae, dividing the gland tissue into lobules, which consist of follicles. The walls of the follicles are lined from the inside with cubic-shaped epithelial follicular cells (thyrocytes), and inside the follicles there is a thick substance - colloid. The colloid contains thyroid hormones, consisting mainly of proteins and iodine-containing amino acids.

The walls of each follicle (there are about 30 million of them) are formed by one layer of thyrocytes located on the basement membrane. The size of the follicles is 50-500 microns. The shape of thyrocytes depends on the activity of synthetic processes in them. The more active functional state thyrocyte, the higher the cell. Thyrocytes have a large nucleus in the center, a significant number of ribosomes, a well-developed Golgi complex, lysosomes, mitochondria and secretion granules in the apical part. The apical surface of thyrocytes contains microvilli immersed in a colloid located in the cavity of the follicle.

The glandular follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland, more than other tissues, has a selective ability to accumulate iodine. In the tissues of the thyroid gland, the concentration of iodine is 300 times higher than its content in the blood plasma. Thyroid hormones (thyroxine, triiodothyronine), which are complex compounds of iodinated amino acids with protein, can accumulate in the colloid of follicles and, as necessary, be released into the bloodstream and delivered to organs and tissues.

Thyroid hormones

Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism, increase heat exchange, enhance oxidative processes and the consumption of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, promote the release of water and potassium from the body, regulate the processes of growth and development, activate the activity of the adrenal glands, sex and mammary glands, have a stimulating effect on the activity of the central nervous system. nervous system.

Between the thyrocytes on the basement membrane, as well as between the follicles, there are parafollicular cells, the tips of which reach the lumen of the follicle. Parafollicular cells have a large round nucleus, big number myofilaments in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, Golgi complex, granular endoplasmic reticulum. These cells contain many granules of high electron density with a diameter of about 0.15 μm. Parafollicular cells synthesize thyrocalcitonin, which is an antagonist of parathyroid hormone - the hormone parathyroid glands. Thyroid calcitonin is involved in the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus, reduces the calcium content in the blood and delays the release of calcium from the bones.

Regulation of thyroid function is ensured by the nervous system and thyroid-stimulating hormone of the anterior pituitary gland.

Embryogenesis of the thyroid gland

The thyroid gland develops from the epithelium of the foregut in the form of an unpaired median outgrowth at the level between the I and II visceral arches. Until the 4th week of embryonic development, this outgrowth has a cavity, and therefore is called the thyroglossalis duct (ductus thyroglossalis). By the end of the 4th week, this duct atrophies, and its beginning remains only in the form of a more or less deep blind hole at the border of the root and body of the tongue. The distal section of the duct is divided into two rudiments of the future lobes of the gland. The developing lobes of the thyroid gland shift caudally and take their normal position. The preserved distal section of the thyroglossal duct turns into the pyramidal lobe of the organ. Reducing sections of the duct can serve as rudiments for the formation of accessory thyroid glands.

Vessels and nerves of the thyroid gland

The right and left superior thyroid arteries (branches of the external carotid arteries), and to the lower poles of these lobes - the right and left inferior thyroid arteries (from the thyrocervical trunks subclavian arteries). The branches of the thyroid arteries form numerous anastomoses in the capsule of the gland and inside the organ. Sometimes the so-called inferior thyroid artery, which arises from the brachiocephalic trunk, approaches the lower pole of the thyroid gland. Venous blood from the thyroid gland flows through the superior and middle thyroid veins into the internal jugular vein, and through the inferior thyroid vein into the brachiocephalic vein (or into the lower part of the internal jugular vein).

Lymphatic vessels of the thyroid gland drain into the thyroid, preglottic, pre- and paratracheal The lymph nodes. The nerves of the thyroid gland arise from the cervical nodes of the right and left sympathetic trunks (mainly from the middle cervical node, along the course of the vessels), as well as from vagus nerves.

The influence of hormones on the vital functions of the human body is in no way comparable to the size and weight of the endocrine gland. The main gland that regulates metabolic processes in the body, the thyroid, is a very small organ in volume. The weight of the thyroid gland ranges from 5 grams in newborns to 25-30 grams in adults. Moreover, in women the thyroid gland is always larger in volume and heavier than in men. Despite such a modest size of the weight of the thyroid gland, the substances it produces can radically change a person’s fate, ruining not only the figure, but also significantly reducing the quality of life.

How does the thyroid gland affect a person’s weight?

The thyroid gland produces three types of hormones:

T 3 – triiodothyronine;
T 4 – thyroxine;
Calcitonin;
Somatostatin and serotonin are produced in smaller quantities, which also affect metabolic processes in the body.

T3 and T4 are considered the most essential among all thyroid hormones, since they act as catalysts for the breakdown of nutrients entering the body and are responsible for their absorption by the body.

Of all thyroid diseases, three main groups are known:

Normal;
Low (hypothyroidism);
Increased (hyperthyroidism).

With normal production excess weight not from the thyroid gland, but from completely different factors. First of all - increased consumption carbohydrates (passion for overeating) and from passive sedentary lifestyle life. But pathologies that directly affect changes in blood levels have the most direct impact on body composition.

Hypothyroidism – causing weight problems

How does the thyroid gland affect weight?? If excess thyroid function accelerates metabolism - metabolism. All carbohydrates, proteins and fats that enter the body are quickly broken down, absorbed and excreted from the body, but if T3 and T4 are insufficient, the opposite picture is observed - the metabolic process in the body slows down sharply. The first symptoms of hypothyroidism are retention of excess fluid in the body - swelling of the face, limbs, and excess weight gain unprovoked by excess food intake.

The main source of energy is carbohydrates. During normal metabolism, they are broken down and used to ensure the functioning of the body. The excess turns into fats, which are stored as a reserve. An imbalance between the body's energy needs and the rate of absorption of nutrients leads to the fact that not even a large number of The food taken by the patient is not spent on maintaining life processes, but turns into useless fats. In addition to the patient’s wishes, his body weight begins to increase.

How to fight weight with thyroid diseases

Independent general preventive measures:

Diets;
Reducing the amount of food consumed;
Increased physical activity for hypothyroidism.

They not only do not achieve an effect, but can be harmful, since as a result of self-medication, a person fights not with the cause that generates the increase in excess volumes, but with the consequence of much deeper processes in the body. At this time, the progression of a dangerous disease is possible, the gradual manifestation of symptoms that affect vital important systems, such as the central nervous system or the genital area.

The most effective means The key to combating excess body weight is to consult an endocrinologist in a timely manner. This is especially true for women who have crossed the forty-year mark in life. It is this category that accounts for up to 75% of patients with hypothyroidism. Having passed a blood test for the content of T3 and T4, the patient immediately receives an answer to the main question - about their level in the blood. What happens next is determined by the doctor. Usually it is enough to adjust the level thyroid hormones that affect weight, how body weight is normalized and overall well-being is improved. In approximately 2/3 of the population, thyroid problems are caused by a deficiency of the microelement iodine in food and water. IN for preventive purposes iodine-containing drugs, foods rich in this element and artificially iodized and fluoridated table salt are prescribed.

Age after 40 years almost always entails a decrease in a person’s physical activity. Turn on physiological mechanisms, promoting the deposition of fatty tissue, a person becomes fat. If these age-related changes pathology is superimposed, weight gain with sick thyroid gland happens much faster. To neutralize the effects of age-related and pathological factors, it is necessary to follow a diet that maximally limits the intake of carbohydrates into the body.

The basis of this diet is protein and plant foods. Abundance of low-calorie fiber, vitamins, microelements contained in fresh plant foods– vegetables and fruits help speed up metabolic processes. The work of the gastrointestinal tract is stimulated - intestinal motility increases, and excess difficult-to-digest food is removed from the body. Vitamins act as catalysts. Their effects on metabolism may be comparable to those of the thyroid gland, but do not replace them.

Independent choice of diet to reduce excess weight due to the thyroid gland during treatment of hypothyroidism is harmful and dangerous. This should be done by a nutritionist. Many vegetables and fruits contain increased amounts of trace elements and organic acids and salts, which can cause side effects with excessive consumption - gout, calcification and stone formation in the bile and bladder, allergic reactions.

“Mono-diets” are especially harmful - when excessive consumption of any one product is offered as a panacea:

Kefir;
Apples;
Nut kernels;
Raw food.

Any diet should be balanced, reasonable, monitored by periodic analyzes of the content of hormones and microelements in the blood and urine. It is almost impossible to achieve this at home.

Cure of hypothyroidism usually entails normalization of the patient's well-being. When the endocrinologist is satisfied with the condition of the gland, maintaining the optimal level no longer depends on him, but on the patient.

The thymus gland (thymus or thymus gland) is an organ of human immunity and hematopoiesis, responsible for the synthesis of certain types of white blood cells. The gland is located directly behind the sternum in the upper mediastinum. An atypical arrangement of thymus lobules in the thickness of the thyroid gland, in the fatty tissue, is rare. posterior mediastinum or between the muscles of the neck. This arrangement is called aberrant and occurs in a quarter of the world's population. Predisposing factor for aberrant location thymus gland- This birth defects hearts.

The organ has a pinkish-gray color and a soft consistency with a lobular structure. A healthy thymus consists of two large lobes and has the shape of a fork with two teeth, which gave rise to the second name of the organ. A damaged gland can change its shape. The lobes are covered on top with a connective tissue capsule with bridges extending into the thickness of the gland. Bridges separate the lobes into smaller lobes. The weight of the gland in a newborn and infant is about 15-17 g, the size does not exceed 4-5 cm, and the thickness is 0.5 cm. The thymus reaches its maximum size at the beginning of puberty - 8-16 cm in length, and the weight doubles times. After this, in adults the gland gradually undergoes reverse development - involution - and practically merges with the fatty tissue surrounding it. Involution can be physiological (age-related) and accidental - due to stressful effects on the body.

The blood supply to the thymus is carried out by the branches of the internal thoracic artery, aorta and thyroid arteries. The outflow of blood occurs through the internal thoracic and brachiocephalic veins. Innervated by branches of the vagus nerves and the sympathetic trunk.

Histology of the thymus

The thymus develops from the ectoderm and contains cells of epithelial and hematopoietic origin. Conventionally, the entire substance of the thymus gland is divided into cortex and medulla. The cortex contains:

cells that form the blood-thymus barrier - supporting cells;
stellate cells that secrete hormones;
“nanny” cells, between the processes of which T-lymphocytes develop and mature;
T lymphocytes are white blood cells;
thymic macrophages.

The medulla contains a large number of maturing T-lymphocytes. When these cells pass through all stages of their development, they are sent into the bloodstream through venules and veins, ready to carry out immune function.

Thus, the T lymphocyte appears and begins to mature in the cortex, and then, as it matures, moves into the medulla. This process lasts about 20-22 days.

As they move from the cortex to the brain and from the brain to the general bloodstream, T-lymphocytes undergo selection - positive and negative selection. During this process, cells “learn” to recognize foreign and distinguish their own from foreign. According to scientists' research, only 3-5% of T cells go through both stages of selection and enter the systemic circulation. Selection allows you to determine which cells fully perform their function and which do not need to be released into the bloodstream.

What processes does the thymus regulate?

The main role of the thymus is the differentiation and maturation of T-cell immune cells - T-lymphocytes. Proper development and the selection of these cells leads to the formation of many receptors for foreign substances and, as a result, to an immune response upon contact with them.

The second function of the thymus gland is the synthesis of hormones, such as:

thymosin;
thymulin;
thymopoietin;
insulin-like growth factor-1;
thymic humoral factor.

Thymic hormones influence the function of T lymphocytes and the degree of their activity. A number of studies have shown the activating effect of thymic hormones on the central nervous system.

Thymosin

This hormone is a polypeptide protein, synthesized in the epithelial cells of the organ stroma and performs functions such as:

regulation of the development of the musculoskeletal system by controlling calcium metabolism;
regulation of carbohydrate metabolism;
increased synthesis of pituitary hormones - gonadotropins;
increased synthesis of T-lymphocytes before puberty;
regulation of antitumor protection.

If its activity or secretion is insufficient, T-cell failure develops in the human body - up to the absolute absence of cells. Clinically, this is manifested by a sharp decrease in protection against infections, the dominance of severe and atypical forms infectious diseases.

Thymopoietin

Thymopoietin is a peptide hormone of 49 amino acids. It is involved in the differentiation and maturation of T cells in the cortex and medulla and determines in which of several types of T-lymphocytes a particular cell matures.

Another function of the hormone is to block neuromuscular transmission. It also has the property of immunomodulation - this is the ability of the hormone, if necessary, to suppress or enhance the synthesis and activity of T cells.

Timulin

The protein hormone thymulin influences the final stages of T-cell differentiation. It stimulates cell maturation and recognition of foreign agents.

From common influences on the body, there is an increase in antiviral and antibacterial protection by increasing the production of interferons and enhancing phagocytosis. Also, under the influence of thymulin, tissue regeneration is accelerated. The determination of thymulin is decisive in assessing the effectiveness of treatment of thymus diseases.

Other hormones

In its own way chemical structure Insulin-like growth factor-1 is similar to insulin. Regulates the mechanisms of differentiation, development and growth of cells, participates in glucose metabolism. In muscle cells, the hormone has growth-stimulating activity, is able to shift metabolism and promote increased fat burning.

The thymic humoral factor is responsible in the body for stimulating the proliferation of lymphocytes.

Diseases of the thymus gland

Diseases of the thymus gland practically do not occur in adults; most often, pathology is registered in children under the age of one year. The most common and best studied diseases of the thymus are:

MEDAC syndrome;
DiGeorge syndrome;
myasthenia gravis;
various tumors.

Inflammation of the thymic stroma is rare.

Tumor diseases of the thymus include the following:

thymomas and hyperplasias are benign neoplasms in which the gland is enlarged in size;
hypoplasia, or underdevelopment of the organ;
T-cell lymphoma;
pre-T-lymphoblastic tumors with transformation into leukemia or cancer;
neuroendocrine tumors.

Thymus diseases have a variety of clinical manifestations, but some symptoms are common to all:

breathing problems;
heaviness of eyelids;
chronic fatigue;
muscle weakness and rarely muscle pain;
decreased resistance to infections.

Most diseases of the thymus gland are life-threatening for the child, therefore, if a pathology of the thymus gland is suspected, urgent consultations with an immunologist and hematologist are necessary.

The doctor’s examination plan includes:

general and biochemical tests blood;
determination of thymus hormone activity;
immunogram;
Ultrasound of the gland.

What is a colloid thyroid nodule?

Colloid nodule of the thyroid gland, what is it? This is a pathology characterized by the appearance of benign neoplasms. Their presence is not life-threatening, but plays an important role in the diagnosis of diseases. endocrine system. Colloid nodes in the thyroid gland are found in most patients of endocrinologists, but most often they are benign. Colloid is a viscous mass that fills the follicle of the gland, so it is not considered atypical for this organ. This substance is formed in the tissues responsible for the production of thyroid hormones. At microscopic analysis it turns out that the node consists of glandular cells, blood and colloid. It does not contain foreign inclusions, which means it is safe for health.

Reasons for the development of the disease

The role of the thyroid gland in human body impossible to overestimate. The organ, which is relatively small in size, must produce many hormones that are distributed throughout the body. Chronic and infectious diseases, stress, and unfavorable environmental conditions force the gland to work at an accelerated pace, which leads to organic and functional disorders. Some parts of the organ begin to produce hormones unevenly, which is accompanied by dilation of blood vessels and an increase in tissue density. This is how colloidal nodes of the thyroid gland are formed.

The main reasons for the appearance of colloidal nodes in the thyroid gland are considered to be: unfavorable environmental conditions, stress, high physical exercise, chronic diseases, iodine deficiency in the body, poor nutrition, puberty, pregnancy. Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of nodular changes. All residents of our country experience a deficiency of this element, with the exception of people living in Crimea and the Far East. Iodine is considered an essential substance, without which the thyroid gland cannot produce hormones.

Clinical picture

In the early stages of development of the node, no symptoms appear. More often, the reason for visiting a doctor is a significant increase in the size of the gland. In this case, symptoms of the mechanical effect of the node on the surrounding tissues appear: pressure in the organ area, difficulty swallowing and breathing, sore throat, cough. In the later stages of the disease, the timbre and volume of the voice changes. Constant compression of large vessels and nerve endings can affect the central nervous system: headaches, dizziness, and tinnitus appear. Painful sensations in the neck area occur with a rapid increase in size of the node, the addition of hemorrhages or inflammatory processes.

Depending on the extent of the pathological process, the thyroid gland can enlarge on one or both sides. If the size of the node exceeds 1 cm, a person can detect it on his own. Depending on the degree of dysfunction of the thyroid gland, the clinical picture of the disease may vary. Symptoms of hypothyroidism appear when the colloidal mass begins to replace healthy cells glands. General weakness appears, intellectual abilities decrease, and appetite is lost. The patient's body swells, metabolic processes in the body slow down, weight begins to increase, and the skin becomes dry.

When the thyroid gland begins to produce increased amounts of hormones, a person experiences symptoms of hyperthyroidism. This condition manifests itself in the form of irritability, increased fatigue, and aggression. The appetite increases, but the person loses weight, digestive processes are violated, which manifests itself in the form of diarrhea. Body temperature may rise and tachycardia may develop. If the process of hormone production is not disrupted, the only sign of the disease will be hardening of the thyroid gland and an increase in its size. Growing nodes compress large vessels and nerve endings, which leads to a feeling of a lump in the throat, problems with breathing and swallowing.

Diagnosis and treatment of the disease

The nature of the nodes in the thyroid gland can be determined only after full examination. It begins with palpation of the cervical region, during which pathological changes are detected. TO additional methods diagnostics include: biopsy, ultrasound of the thyroid gland, CT or MRI, blood test for hormones, radioisotope scanning. Based on the results of diagnostic procedures, the endocrinologist identifies the presence of organic and functional changes in the thyroid gland. A biopsy is prescribed in the presence of large colloid nodules. Despite the fact that in most cases nodal changes are benign, it is necessary to study the structure of the largest of them.

If the pathological process is asymptomatic, treatment may not begin immediately. It is recommended to observe the neoplasm for several years. Your doctor may prescribe iodine supplements to restore thyroid function. The patient may wish to get rid of the colloid node surgically, however, doctors do not recommend such operations. After resection, the thyroid tissue begins to grow faster.

Surgical intervention should be performed when there are absolute indications: compression of large vessels and nerve endings by the node, production of increased amounts of hormones. Radical operations are also used in case of malignant nature of the pathological process. Depending on the size of the tumor and the presence of metastases, the thyroid gland can be partially or completely removed.

In other cases, treatment of colloid nodes begins with eliminating the cause of their occurrence. For example, if toxic goiter contributed to the accumulation of colloidal mass, it is necessary to regulate the production of hormones by the thyroid gland and restore the functions of all organs and systems. If the cause of the appearance of nodular changes is not clear, symptomatic therapy is carried out aimed at eliminating the discomfort associated with the mechanical effect of the colloidal node on surrounding tissues.

There are several ways conservative treatment: drug therapy aimed at eliminating dysfunction of the thyroid gland; minimally invasive surgical interventions — laser treatment or sclerosis of colloid nodes. Before prescribing a particular drug, a blood test for hormones should be performed to assess the functionality of the organ. The patient should be interviewed to determine whether allergic reactions for medicines. In most cases, derivatives of thyroxine and thyroidin are prescribed.

A correctly selected treatment regimen allows you to avoid the development of dangerous complications. Colloid nodes are a fairly common phenomenon; there are no specific preventive measures. A person should closely monitor his health, regularly visit an endocrinologist, eat right and take iodine supplements. It is necessary to avoid exposure to radiation and visiting places with unfavorable environmental conditions. This will help maintain the health of the thyroid gland, normalize the structure of its tissues, and improve the general condition of the body.

Hormonal functions of the thyroid gland and their disorders

Location

Linking deviations from the norm in their condition with thyroid pathology, patients wonder where the thyroid gland is located, since this is where diagnosis begins - with palpation.

The gland is located under the larynx, at the level of the fifth or sixth cervical vertebra. It covers the top of the trachea with its lobes, and the isthmus of the gland lies directly in the middle of the trachea.

The shape of the gland resembles a butterfly with wings tapering upward. The location does not depend on gender, in a third of cases there may be a slight additional part of the gland in the shape of a pyramid, which does not affect its functioning if present from birth.

The mass of the thyroid gland reaches 25 grams, and the length is no more than 4 cm. The width is on average 1.5 cm, the thickness is similar. The volume is measured in milliliters and is equal to up to 25 ml in men and up to 18 ml in women.

Functions

The thyroid gland is an internal secretion organ responsible for the production of hormones. The functions of the thyroid gland involve hormonal regulation through the production of a certain type of hormone. Thyroid hormones include iodine, since another function of the gland is the storage and biosynthesis of iodine into a more active organic function.

Gland hormones

Patients who are referred for laboratory diagnosis of thyroid diseases mistakenly believe that the thyroid hormones TSH, AT-TPO, T3, T4, and calcitonin are being examined. It is important to distinguish which hormones are produced by the thyroid gland, and which are produced by other internal secretion organs, without which the thyroid gland simply will not work.

TSH is a thyroid-stimulating hormone that is produced by the pituitary gland, not the thyroid gland. But it regulates the functioning of the thyroid gland, activates the uptake of iodine from the blood plasma by the thyroid gland.
AT-TPO are antibodies to thyroid peroxidase, a non-hormonal substance that is produced immune system as a result of pathological processes and autoimmune diseases.

Directly thyroid hormones and their functions:

Thyroxine – T4 or tetraiodothyronine. Represents thyroid hormones, is responsible for lipid metabolism, lowering the concentration of triglycerides and cholesterol in the blood, supports bone metabolism.
Triiodothyronine - T3, the main hormone of the thyroid gland, since thyroxine also has the property of being converted into triiodothyronine by adding another iodine molecule. Responsible for the synthesis of vitamin A, lowering cholesterol concentrations, activating metabolism, accelerating peptide metabolism, and normalizing cardiac activity.
Thyroid calcitonin is not a specific hormone, since it can also be produced by the thymus and parathyroid glands. Responsible for the accumulation and distribution of calcium in bone tissue, essentially strengthening it.

Based on this, the only thing the thyroid gland is responsible for is the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones. But the hormones it produces perform a number of functions.

Secretion process

The work of the thyroid gland does not even begin in the gland itself. The process of production and secretion, first of all, begins with “commands” from the brain about the lack of thyroid hormones, and the thyroid gland implements them. The secretion algorithm can be described in the following stages:

First, the pituitary gland and hypothalamus receive a signal from receptors that the level of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in the blood is low.
The pituitary gland produces TSH, which activates the uptake of iodine by thyroid cells.
The gland, capturing iodine received from food in inorganic form, begins its biosynthesis into a more active, organic form.
Synthesis occurs in the follicles that make up the body of the thyroid gland, and which are filled with colloidal fluid containing thyroglobulin and peroxidase for synthesis.
The resulting organic form of iodine attaches to thyroglobulin and is released into the blood. Depending on the number of attached iodine molecules, thyroxine is formed - four iodine molecules, or triiodothyronine - three molecules.
In the blood, T4 or T3 is released separately from globulin, and it is again captured by gland cells for use in further synthesis.
The pituitary gland receptors receive a signal that there is a sufficient amount of hormones, and TSH production becomes less active.

Accordingly, having discovered signs of thyroid disease, the doctor prescribes a study not only of the concentration of thyroid hormones, but also of the hormones that regulate it, as well as antibodies to an important component of the colloid - peroxidase.

Gland activity

On this moment Medicine divides all thyroid pathologies into three conditions:

Hyperthyroidism is a dysfunction of the thyroid gland, in which the activity of secretion increases and an excess amount of thyroid hormones enters the blood, metabolic processes in the body increase. Thyrotoxicosis is also classified as a disease.
Hypothyroidism is a dysfunction of the thyroid gland, in which an insufficient amount of hormones is produced, as a result of which metabolic processes slow down due to lack of energy.
Euthyroidism is a disease of the gland as an organ that does not have any hormonal manifestations, but is accompanied by pathology of the organ itself. Diseases include hyperplasia, goiter, and nodular formations.

Thyroid diseases in women and men are diagnosed through TSH indicator, a decrease or increase in which indicates reactivity or hypoactivity of the gland.

Diseases

In women, symptoms of thyroid disease appear more often, as hormonal fluctuations affect the menstrual cycle, which forces the patient to seek help from a doctor. Men cheat more often typical symptoms thyroid gland for fatigue and overstrain.

The main and most common diseases:

Hypothyroidism;
Nodular, diffuse or mixed goiter;
Malignant formations of the gland.

Each of these diseases is characterized by a special clinical picture and stages of development.

Hypothyroidism

This is a syndrome of chronic decrease in the secretion of T3 and T4, which helps to slow down the body's metabolic processes. At the same time, the symptoms of thyroid disease may not be felt for a long time, progress slowly, and disguise themselves as other diseases.

Hypothyroidism can be:

Primary – with pathological changes in the thyroid gland;
Secondary – with changes in the pituitary gland;
Tertiary – with changes in the hypothalamus.

The causes of the disease are:

Thyroiditis occurring after inflammation of the thyroid gland;
Iodine deficiency syndrome;
Rehabilitation after radiation therapy;
Postoperative period of removal of tumors and goiters.

Symptoms of hypofunctional thyroid disease are:

Slowing heart rate, heart rate;
Dizziness;
Pale skin;
Chills, trembling;
Hair loss, including eyebrows;
Swelling of the face, legs, arms;
Changes in voice, its rudeness;
Constipation;
Increased liver size;
Weight gain despite decreased appetite;
Loss of strength, emotional inertia.

Treatment of hypothyroidism is usually carried out with hormonal drugs that compensate for the lack of thyroid hormones in the body. But it should be understood that such treatment is advisable in a chronic case, which is diagnosed most often. If the disease is detected in the early stages, there is a chance to stimulate the functioning of the organ by eliminating the root causes and temporarily taking hormones of a different class.

This disease is called lady's disease, since for every ten patients diagnosed with hyperthyroidism, there are nine women. Excessive production of hormones leads to acceleration of metabolic processes, stimulation of cardiac activity, disturbances in the functioning of the central nervous system and autonomic nervous system. Pronounced signs of illness and launched form called thyrotoxicosis.

Reasons for the development of pathology:

Graves' syndrome, Plummer - goiters of an autoimmune or viral nature;
Malignant formations in the thyroid or pituitary gland;
Possible development due to long-term treatment arrhythmic drugs.

Often the disease strikes women after menopause due to hormonal imbalance, not being a consequence of tumors or goiters.

In this case, the main signs of the thyroid gland in women:

Accelerated heartbeat;
Atrial fibrillation;
Humidity, hotness of the skin;
Trembling of fingers;
Tremor can reach amplitudes, as in Parkinson's disease;
Increased body temperature, fever;
Increased sweating;
Diarrhea with increased appetite;
Loss of body weight;
Increased liver size;
Irritability, short temper, insomnia, anxiety.

Treatment involves taking thyreostatics - drugs that reduce the activity of thyroid hormone secretion. Thyreostatics include drugs Thiamazole, Diiodotyrosine, as well as drugs that interfere with the absorption of iodine.

In addition, it is assigned special diet, which excludes alcohol, coffee, chocolate, hot spices and spices that can stimulate the central nervous system. Additionally, adrenergic blockers are prescribed to protect the heart muscle from harmful effects.

The disease has clear symptoms - already from the second stage of goiter, the gland enlarges, which means that the entire area of the neck above the collarbone, where the thyroid gland is located, takes on a distorted outline.

Goiter can be nodular, diffuse and diffuse-nodular. The causes of the disease are quite differentiated - it may also be iodine deficiency, independently developing syndrome, and excessive amounts of hormones.

Symptoms depend on the degree of goiter, of which five are identified in medicine:

In the first degree, the isthmus of the gland increases, which can be felt when swallowing;
The second degree is characterized by an increase in both the isthmus and the lateral lobes of the gland, which are visible when swallowing and clearly palpable;
At the third stage, the gland covers the entire wall of the neck, distorting its outline and is visible to the naked eye;
The fourth degree is characterized by a clearly visible goiter, even visually, and a change in the shape of the neck;
The fifth degree is indicated by a huge goiter, which compresses the trachea, blood vessels and nerve endings of the neck, causing coughing, difficulty breathing, swallowing, tinnitus, memory and sleep disturbances.

A characteristic but nonspecific symptom of this thyroid disease in women is severe protrusion of the eyes, amenorrhea for up to six months or more, which is often confused with early menopause.

Treatment consists of hormone therapy in the early stages, in the later stages it is suggested surgery to remove part of an organ.

In addition, treatment depends on the type of goiter, as it is divided into Graves' syndrome, euthyroid goiter, Plummer's syndrome and Hashimoto's. An accurate determination is only possible with comprehensive diagnostics.

Malignant formations

Evolve in the background chronic diseases thyroid glands that did not respond to treatment. The proliferation of cells in the gland can be provoked and spontaneously.

The prognosis is positive, since in most cases it is diagnosed early stage and is treatable. Only possible relapses require vigilance.

Symptoms:

Pain syndrome in the neck area;
Seals whose growth dynamics are noticeable even within two weeks;
Hoarse voice;
Difficulty breathing;
Poor swallowing;
Sweating, weight loss, weakness, poor appetite;
Non-infectious cough.

At timely diagnosis enough drug therapy. In later stages, surgical removal is indicated.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of any thyroid disease begins with taking an anamnesis. Then an ultrasound is prescribed for:

Timely detection of thyroid nodules, cysts, tumors;
Determination of organ size;
Diagnosis of deviations from the norm by size and volume.

Laboratory diagnostics involves analysis of:

AT-TPO;
T3 – general and free;
T4 – general and free;
Tumor markers for suspected tumor;
General blood and urine analysis.

In some cases, a biopsy of organ tissue may be prescribed to clarify the diagnosis if laboratory diagnosis was not enough. It is not recommended to independently interpret test results and make a diagnosis, since the norm of thyroid hormones is different for each gender, age, disease, and the influence of chronic diseases. Self-treatment of autoimmune diseases and especially oncological diseases may result in a threat to health and life.

How safe is surgery to remove thyroid cancer?

Treatment of thyroid hyperplasia

What does a cough with thyroid problems mean?

Features of the course autoimmune thyroiditis

How to recognize and treat thyroid cysts

Reasons for the development of adenoma in the thyroid gland

An enlarged thyroid gland is a sign of the development of pathological processes. Often, with the onset of menopause, women are faced with tissue proliferation, the appearance of nodes, and inflammation of an important organ.

It is useful to know how the size of the thyroid gland in women changes depending on age. The norm in the table is a guideline with which doctors compare ultrasound results. Timely attention to the signs of hormonal imbalance prevents serious consequences.

Structure, functions and size of the thyroid gland

An important endocrine organ is located in the neck, on the front surface. The thyroid gland consists of the left and right lobes. In front of the trachea there is an isthmus that unites the two parts of the gland.

Normally, the width of each lobe is about two centimeters, the length is from 2 to 4 cm, and the thickness of the elements is from 1 to 2 cm. It is important to know: valid values may vary slightly depending on the region's ecology and character professional activity(in the presence of harmful factors at work). In the absence of diseases, the thyroid gland is practically not palpable.

The average volume of the endocrine organ in women is about 18.6 cm 3 . The weight of the thyroid gland ranges from 15-40 g (more in men). With the onset of menopause, the organ often enlarges, which often indicates a change in the structure and dysfunction of the thyroid gland. Tissue proliferation causes discomfort for women and negatively affects well-being and performance.

A change in the normal state of the gland is a sign of disease. It is important to find out the cause and nature of the pathology: dysfunction of the thyroid gland, excess or deficiency and negatively affect the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, sexual and reproductive function. Hypo- and hyperthyroidism, goiter are diseases with a complex of negative symptoms: the heart and blood vessels suffer, the metabolic rate decreases, and in the presence of provoking factors, malignant degeneration of cells is possible.

Normal organ size in the table

Acceptable dimensions of the thyroid gland - important indicator in the diagnosis of various pathologies of the endocrine organ. Palpation provides preliminary information about the structure and volume of the gland, for accurate diagnosis certainly do . Based on the results of the study, the exact volume of an important organ can be determined.

The optimal thyroid volume in women is around 16-18 cm 3 . In girls in early adolescence(up to 14 years) The thyroid gland grows more actively than in boys. During menopause, the endocrine organ often increases (optimally, it should decrease). During pregnancy and in the second phase of the cycle, the size of the organ is also higher than standard indicators, but in the absence negative symptoms, pointing to hormonal disbalance, tumors, inflammation of the gland, no need to worry.

Thyroid volume often changes depending on weight. It is important to know that obesity often increases the size of the endocrine organ.

On a note! In countries where residents often consume seafood and other types of food rich in iodine, the size of the thyroid gland is smaller than average. It is important to know: iodine deficiency is the main cause of goiter (pathological proliferation of gland cells).

Degree of pathological changes

Modern endocrinology classifies pathological changes:

1st degree. Visually it is easy to determine a slight increase in the size of the organ; deviations can be identified by palpating the element;
2nd degree. During swallowing, during anterior examination of the organ, nodes and overgrown tissues are easy to identify;
3rd degree. The thickening of the neck is pronounced; even without palpation it is easy to see that the thyroid gland is oversized;
4th degree. Pathological process affects the functionality of other organs, systemic signs of thyroid dysfunction appear;
5th degree. The volume of the endocrine gland is so enlarged that patients have difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath appears, and constant pressure to the trachea. There are complaints of discomfort from the sensation of a foreign body in the esophagus.

The thyroid gland is enlarged, what diseases develop

Women encounter cervical cancer pathologies more often than men. Many diseases develop after 40 years, with the approach of menopause and during menopause. The more negative factors act, the higher the risk pathological changes, including those of a malignant nature.

Common thyroid diseases with increased organ volume:

. The thyroid gland produces more than normal triiodothyronine and thyroxine. Significant activation of metabolic processes provokes a complex of disorders. In advanced cases of hyperthyroidism, poisoning with thyroid hormones occurs and a thyrotoxic crisis develops;
. The primary form of pathology is associated with destruction processes in the thyroid gland. Secondary hypothyroidism develops against the background of an excess of thyrotropin (pituitary hormone), with hypothalamic-pituitary insufficiency, and a tumor process in the elements of the endocrine system. A decrease in thyroid activity causes loss of strength, dysfunction of many organs, weakness, deterioration of the skin and hair, problems with conception;
. Euthyroid goiter is a consequence of an enlarged gland during menopause, during pregnancy, or puberty. Despite exceeding the standard size, hormone levels remain normal: the body uses internal mechanisms to compensate for iodine deficiency. The pituitary gland produces increased volume to support the functioning of the thyroid gland;
. The growth of thyroid tissue is uniform (forms diffuse goiter) and uneven, focal, with the appearance specific formations(). In the second type of pathology, the pituitary hormone does not cope with the complete elimination of iodine deficiency; the accumulation of thyrocyte cells leads to the appearance of nodes. This type of goiter most often develops in women after fifty years of age.

Reasons for the increase

It is important to know the factors that provoke an enlarged thyroid gland:

deficiency of iodine, magnesium, selenium, fluorine;
long-term receipt certain drugs, which contain substances that suppress the secretion of thyroid hormones;
frequent consumption of soybeans, turnips;
bacterial infections that reduce the functionality of the thyroid gland;
deficiency of vitamins, including group B and calciferol;
difficult environmental situation;
stressful situations, chronic fatigue;
diseases of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, against the background of which the secretion of hormones that control and regulate the functions of the thyroid gland is disrupted;
genetic predisposition to endocrine pathologies.

Signs and symptoms

It is important to promptly pay attention to the signs of thyroid damage:

weight loss;
apathy, lethargy, loss of strength;
aggression, irritability, panic attacks, anxiety, nervousness;
frequent mood swings, tearfulness;
decreased heart rate or development of tachycardia (rapid heartbeat);
loss of appetite;
fragility and dryness of the epidermis, nails, hair loss;
intolerance to heat or cold;
decrease or increase in body temperature, chills, fever;
swelling of the limbs, eyelids, face;
tingling in the hands;
accumulation bad cholesterol in blood;
increased sweating, hot flashes to the face;
decreased libido;
irregular menstruation;
deterioration of memory, vision, intellectual abilities, hearing problems;
lacrimation, protruding eyes;
development of hypertension;
sleep disorder;
reproductive dysfunction;
anemia or increased hemoglobin levels;
hand trembling;
muscle weakness.

Diagnostics

The first stage is to clarify the size and contours of the thyroid gland during the initial examination. Palpation of the organ in two positions helps the endocrinologist to identify nodules, areas of compaction, and establish the structure of each lobe and isthmus.

Ultrasound of the thyroid gland is prescribed when visual changes in the size of the organ are detected and signs of an increase of more than 1 cm. Tests for thyroid hormones are required; if indicated, levels are determined. If you suspect malignant process you need to donate blood to and NOT 4.

All types diagnostic measures if goiter, euthyroidism, hypothyroidism is suspected, and is carried out in women strictly in the first phase of the cycle. In another period, it is permissible to examine the problematic gland when identifying advanced stages.

If deviations from the norm are detected, a specialized specialist will refer the woman for an ultrasound scan of the thyroid gland. The use of ultrasound to scan an organ makes it possible to determine the structure, size of all elements, and types of pathological formations.

To clarify the volume of the endocrine organ, the formula is used: (volume of one lobe x EC of ellipsoidality) + (volume of the second lobe x EC). The ellipsoidal coefficient is 0.479. The same indicator is used for patients of any age and gender.

General rules and methods of treatment

The treatment regimen depends on the type of pathology and the degree of damage to the gland. For severe stages of disease, it is prescribed hormonal drugs, with minor changes in the structure and functions of the gland, it is sufficient proper nutrition and eliminating provoking factors (stress, lack of sleep, work in hazardous industries, excessive consumption of sweets and fatty foods)., Thiamazole, ;

partially or completely if indicated;

radioiodine therapy for patients over 40 years of age. The non-surgical technique also shows high efficiency in the fight against cancer cells in the thyroid gland. The affected areas actively accumulate iodine - 131, which leads to their death; during the treatment, healthy tissues are practically not affected.

Thyroid surgery is prescribed:

for large nodes (size of formations - 2.5 cm or more);
identified;
a malignant tumor process develops;
Ultrasound revealed cysts with a diameter of more than 3 cm;
a retrosternal location of the nodular form of goiter was revealed.

Hypothyroidism:

hormonal drugs to replenish the deficiency of thyroxine and triiodothyronine, necessarily with an individual dosage. , Triiodothyronine, ;
normalization of daily routine and nutrition, elimination of causes of stress and chronic fatigue;
at endemic goiter and primary hypothyroidism, the level of thyrotropin is monitored; in the secondary form of the pathology, the concentration of free T4 is periodically clarified.

To prevent hypo- and hyperthyroidism, goiter, and euthyroidism, it is necessary to avoid the influence of negative factors. At genetic predisposition for thyroid pathologies, you need to monitor the condition of the body, control hormonal background, especially against the background of approaching menopause. It is important to regularly consume foods that contain iodine: sprouted grains, seaweed, wholemeal bread, seafood, sea fish. It is important to know when to stop: excess iodine is dangerous to health. At the first signs of hormonal imbalance or enlarged thyroid gland, you should consult an endocrinologist.