Features of the treatment of diseases of the obstructive system in children. Symptoms and treatment of stomatitis in the mouth in children: photos and prevention of the disease, the opinion of Dr. Komarovsky. Catarrhal stomatitis in children

Oral diseases in children are quite common and common ailments that arise due to poor hygiene, decreased immunity, or injury.

The most common diseases of the oral mucosa in children are: stomatitis, thrush, pyoderma. It is also not uncommon for ailments to develop due to damage to the mucous membranes due to injury.

Stomatitis, which causes a lot of anxiety for a child, is divided into several types: acute aphthous stomatitis, chronic aphthous stomatitis and herpetic stomatitis.

Acute and chronic aphthous stomatitis can be classified as the most common ailments resulting from allergies or infections that affect the oral mucosa. The symptoms of these ailments are very pronounced: aphthae (defects of the mucous membrane), have a round shape, are covered with a whitish coating, and red rims can be seen along the edges of the lesions.

At chronic course aphtha diseases can affect the mucous membrane in mild form, but can cause significant damage to the child’s condition. In severe cases of the disease, many deep scarring aphthae form, which do not disappear for a long time. This oral disease is often accompanied by fever, painful sensations.

Unlike aphthous stomatitis, herpetic stomatitis is caused by the simple herpes virus. It's pretty dangerous illness, which indicates that the child’s immunity is very weakened. This disease is highly contagious and is transmitted by airborne droplets. Unfortunately, herpetic stomatitis cannot be cured. With the help of immunomodulators and antiviral drugs You can suppress the spread of virus cells, but you won’t be able to get rid of them completely.

This disease can occur in three forms: mild, moderate and severe. Unlike aphthous stomatitis, this disease has a rather long incubation period- more than two weeks from the moment of infection. How weaker immunity in a child, the shorter the incubation period. In newborns, this disease can develop within a few days. The older the child, the less likely he is to become infected with this virus due to acquired immunity.

Symptoms of acute herpetic stomatitis manifest themselves as follows: increased body temperature (the more severe the form of the disease, the higher the temperature). The mucous membrane of the mouth swells and becomes sensitive. The child experiences itching and pain. Next, small ulcers form on the tongue, gums or oral mucosa. If the form mild illness, then there are not many bubbles. In severe cases, almost the entire mucous membrane is affected, and ulcers can spread to the lips and skin around the mouth. With this disease, it is not uncommon for the gums to bleed and become inflamed, which requires immediate treatment with antiviral drugs. To avoid relapses, you need to strengthen the child’s immunity.

Another disease that is often diagnosed in infants is thrush. This disease is caused by a fungal infection that affects the oral mucosa. The symptoms of thrush are quite easily recognized: a white, cheesy coating on the tongue, gums, and mucous membranes of the mouth. This infection develops against the background of low immunity and due to the very thin epithelium of the oral cavity. Basically, this disease can begin due to poor hygiene when feeding and caring for the child. It is also not uncommon for children to become infected with thrush during childbirth, passing through infected birth canal mother.

Thrush must be treated. Candida fungus tends to grow uncontrollably, affecting the mucous membranes of the mouth. Under the white coating, the epithelium becomes vulnerable to other infections.

There are diseases of the oral cavity that are characterized by streptostaphylococcal lesions of the mucous membrane. This infection, pyoderma, can spread not only to the mucous membranes, but also to the lips and perioral area. This disease is most often diagnosed in children who have weakened immunity. It is also not uncommon for pyoderma to occur as a result of an unbalanced diet or problems with the digestive tract.

This type of severe oral disease occurs in children who are sick diabetes mellitus. Metabolic disorders create favorable environment for the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria. Symptoms of this disease have a pronounced form: an increase in body temperature, a rash on the mucous membranes and skin in the form of small pustules. At severe forms many blisters form a dense crust, under which pus can accumulate. If this disease is not treated, it easily spreads throughout the body.

Also, do not ignore oral diseases that arise as a result of injuries and damage. For wounds and abrasions on the oral mucosa that may occur when brushing teeth, eating hard foods, medical intervention, the risk of infection increases dangerous microorganisms. You should also be wary of infection dangerous infection due to failure to comply with hygiene rules when caring for an infant.

Almost all diseases of the oral cavity are accompanied by pain and increased body temperature. Parents should know that most children who suffer from such illnesses have weakened immune systems.

Currently, the most common viral infection in childhood is herpetic, which is explained not only by the widespread prevalence of the herpes simplex virus, but also by the peculiarities of the formation of the immune system in the developing child’s body.

One third of the world's population is affected by herpes infection and more than half of these patients suffer several attacks of infections per year, often including manifestations in the oral cavity.

It has been established that the infection rate of children with the herpes simplex virus between the ages of 6 months and 5 years is 60%, and by the age of 15 years - 90%. A similar problem is typical for pediatric dentistry, since the incidence of acute (primary) herpetic stomatitis in children increases every year.

The role of the herpes simplex virus in diseases of the oral mucosa was first pointed out at the beginning of the twentieth century. N.F. Filatov (1902). He suggested the possible herpetic nature of the most common stomatitis in children - acute aphthous. This evidence was obtained later when antigens of the herpes simplex virus began to be detected in the epithelial cells of the affected areas of the oral mucosa.

According to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, latest tenth revision (ICD-10, Geneva, 1995), this disease is classified as acute herpetic stomatitis (AHS). Acute herpetic stomatitis not only ranks first among all lesions of the oral mucosa, but is also included in the leading group among all infectious pathology childhood. Moreover, in every 7-10th child, acute herpetic stomatitis very early turns into a chronic form with fairly frequent relapses

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS.

The herpes simplex virus is very widespread in nature. He calls various diseases central and peripheral nervous system, liver, other parenchymal organs, eyes, skin, gastrointestinal mucosa intestinal tract, genital organs, and also has a certain significance in the intrauterine pathology of the fetus. Often in the clinic there is a combination of different clinical forms herpetic infection. Acute herpetic stomatitis is characterized by high contagiousness among non-immune people.

The widespread occurrence of the disease between the ages of 6 months and 3 years is explained by the fact that at this age the antibodies received from the mother through the placenta disappear in children and there are no mature systems specific immunity. Among older children, the incidence is significantly lower due to acquired immunity after herpetic infection in its various clinical forms.

In the development of herpetic infection, which manifests itself mainly in the oral cavity, great importance have the structure of the oral mucosa in children of different ages and the activity of local tissue immunity. The highest prevalence of acute herpetic stomatitis in the period up to 3 years may be due to age-morphological characteristics, manifested by high permeability of histohematic barriers during this period and low level reactions cellular immunity due to the thinness of the epithelial cover with low levels of glycogen and nucleic acids, looseness and weakness of differentiation of the basement membrane and fibrous structures of connective tissue (abundant vascularization, high level of mast cells with their low functional activity, etc.).

The pathogenesis of acute herpetic stomatitis has not been sufficiently studied at present. In all cases, viral infection begins with the adsorption of viral particles and penetration of the virus into the cell. Further ways of spreading the introduced virus throughout the body are complex and little studied. There is some evidence of the spread of the virus by hematogenous and neural routes. During the acute period of stomatitis in children, viremia occurs.

The lymph nodes and elements of the reticuloendothelial system are of great importance in the pathogenesis of the disease, which is quite consistent with the pathogenesis of the sequential development of clinical signs of stomatitis. The appearance of lesions on the oral mucosa is preceded by lymphadenitis to varying degrees expressiveness. In moderate and severe clinical forms, bilateral inflammation of the submandibular lymph nodes often develops, but all groups can be involved in the process cervical lymph nodes. Lymphadenitis in acute herpetic stomatitis precedes eruptions of lesions in the oral cavity, accompanies the entire course of the disease and remains for 7-10 days after complete epithelialization of the elements.

Both specific and nonspecific factors immune protection. Studies of nonspecific immunological reactivity in AGS have revealed violations of the body's protective barriers, reflecting the severity of the disease and periods of its development. Moderate and severe forms of stomatitis led to a sharp suppression of natural immunity, which was restored 7-14 days after the child’s clinical recovery.

CLINICAL PICTURE.

Acute herpetic stomatitis, like many other infectious diseases, occurs in mild, moderate and severe forms. The development of the disease goes through five periods: incubation, prodromal, period of disease development, extinction and clinical recovery. During the development of the disease, 2 phases can be distinguished - catarrhal and rash of lesions.

During this period, symptoms of damage to the oral mucosa appear. Initially, intense hyperemia of the entire oral mucosa appears, and after a day, less often two, elements of the lesion are usually found in the oral cavity. The severity of acute herpetic stomatitis is assessed by the severity of the manifestations of toxicosis and the nature of the damage to the oral mucosa.

Light form Acute herpetic stomatitis is characterized by the external absence of symptoms of intoxication of the body, the prodromal period is not clinically manifested (see figure.).

Figure 1. - Herpetic stomatitis, mild form.

The disease begins suddenly with an increase in temperature to 37-37.5°C. The general condition of the child is quite satisfactory. Sometimes minor inflammation of the nasal mucosa, upper respiratory tract. Also in the oral cavity, symptoms of hyperemia and slight swelling occur, mainly in the area of the gingival margin (catarrhal gingivitis). The duration of the period is 1-2 days. The vesicle stage is usually reviewed by parents and the doctor, because. the bubble quickly bursts and turns into aphthae. Afta - erosion of round or oval shape With smooth edges and a smooth bottom with a rim of hyperemia around.

In most cases, against the background of increased hyperemia, single or grouped lesions appear in the oral cavity, the number of which usually does not exceed 6. Single rashes. The duration of the disease development is 1-2 days. The period of extinction of the disease is longer. Within 1-2 days, the elements acquire a marble-like color, their edges and center are blurred. They are already less painful. After epithelization of the elements, the phenomena of catarrhal gingivitis persist for 2-3 days, especially in the area of the anterior teeth of the upper and lower jaw. In children suffering from this form of the disease, as a rule, there are no changes in the blood, sometimes only towards the end of the disease a slight lymphocytosis appears. In this form of the disease, the protective mechanisms of saliva are well expressed: pH 7.4 ± 0.04, which corresponds to the optimal state. During the height of the disease, the antiviral factor interferon appears in saliva (from 8 to 12 units/ml). The decrease in lysozyme in saliva is not pronounced.

Natural immunity in mild forms of stomatitis suffers slightly, and during the period of clinical recovery, the child’s body’s defenses are almost at the level of healthy children, that is, in mild forms of acute herpetic stomatitis, clinical recovery means full recovery violated protective forces body.

The moderate form of acute herpetic stomatitis is characterized by fairly clearly defined symptoms of toxicosis and damage to the oral mucosa during all periods of the disease. Already in the prodromal period, the child’s well-being worsens, weakness, moodiness, loss of appetite appear, and there may be catarrhal tonsillitis or symptoms of an acute respiratory infection. The submandibular lymph nodes enlarge and become painful. The temperature rises to 37-37.5°C.

As the disease progresses during the development of the disease (catarrhal phase), the temperature reaches 38-39°C, headache, nausea, and pale skin appear. At the peak of the rise in temperature, increased hyperemia and severe swelling of the mucous membrane, elements of the lesion appear, both in the oral cavity and often on the skin of the face in the perioral area. There are usually from 10 to 25 lesions in the oral cavity. During this period, salivation increases, saliva becomes viscous and viscous. There is pronounced inflammation and bleeding of the gums. Rashes often recur, which is why when examining the oral cavity one can see elements of the lesion that are at different stages of clinical and cytological development. After the first eruption of lesions, body temperature usually drops to 37-37.5°C. However, subsequent rashes are usually accompanied by a rise in temperature to the previous levels. The child does not eat, sleeps poorly, and symptoms of secondary toxicosis increase.

An ESR of up to 20 mm/h is observed in the blood, often leukopenia, sometimes slight leukocytosis. Band leukocytes and monocytes are within the upper limits of normal, lymphocytosis and plasmacytosis are also noted. An increase in the titer of herpetic complement-fixing antibodies is detected more often than after suffering a mild form of stomatitis.

The duration of the period of extinction of the disease depends on the resistance of the child’s body, the presence of carious and damaged teeth, and the rationality of therapy. At unfavorable conditions the elements of the lesion merge, their subsequent ulceration, and the appearance of ulcerative gingivitis. Epithelization of the lesion elements takes up to 4-5 days. Gingivitis, severe bleeding and lymphadenitis last the longest.

With a moderate course of the disease, the pH of saliva becomes more acidic, reaching 6.96 ± 0.07 during rashes. The amount of interferon is lower than in children with a mild course of the disease, does not exceed 8 units/ml and is not found in all children. The content of lysozyme in saliva decreases more than in mild forms of stomatitis. The temperature of the externally unchanged oral mucosa corresponds to the child’s body temperature, while the temperature of the lesion elements in the degeneration stage is 1.0-1.2° lower than the temperature of the unchanged mucous membrane. With the onset of regeneration and during the period of epithelization, the temperature of the lesion elements increases by approximately 1.8°C and remains for more high level until complete epithelization of the affected mucous membrane.

The severe form of acute herpetic stomatitis is much less common than the moderate and mild form. During the prodromal period, the child has all the signs of an incipient acute infectious disease: apathy, adynamia, headache, musculocutaneous hyperesthesia and arthralgia, etc. Symptoms of damage are often observed of cardio-vascular system: bradycardia and tachycardia, muffled heart sounds, arterial hypotension. Some children experience nosebleeds, nausea, vomiting, and pronounced lymphadenitis of not only the submandibular, but also the cervical lymph nodes.

During the development of the disease, the temperature rises to 39-40°C. The child develops a mournful expression on his lips and painful, sunken eyes. There may be a mild runny nose, coughing, and somewhat swollen and hyperemic conjunctivae of the eyes. Lips are dry, bright, parched. In the oral cavity, the mucous membrane is swollen, clearly hyperemic, with pronounced gingivitis.

After 1-2 days, up to 20-25 lesions begin to appear in the oral cavity. Often, rashes in the form of typical herpetic blisters appear on the skin of the perioral area, eyelids, conjunctiva of the eyes, earlobes, and on the fingers like a panaritium. Rashes in the oral cavity recur, so at the height of the disease in a seriously ill child there are about 100 of them. The elements merge, forming large areas of mucosal necrosis. Not only the lips, cheeks, tongue, soft and hard palate are affected, but also the gingival margin. Catarrhal gingivitis turns into ulcerative-necrotic. There is a sharp putrid smell from mouth, profuse drooling mixed with blood. Are getting worse inflammatory phenomena on the mucous membrane of the nose, respiratory tract, eyes. Streaks of blood are also found in secretions from the nose and larynx, and sometimes nosebleeds are observed. In this state, children need active treatment from a pediatrician and dentist, and therefore it is advisable to hospitalize the child in the isolation ward of a pediatric or infectious diseases hospital.

In the blood of children with severe stomatitis, leukopenia, a band shift to the left, eosinophilia, single plasma cells, and young forms of neutrophils are detected. In the latter, toxic granularity is very rarely observed. During the period of convalescence, as a rule, herpetic complement-fixing antibodies are detected.

It is noted in saliva acidic environment(pH 6.55 ± 0.2), which can then be replaced by a more pronounced alkaline reaction (8.1-8.4). Interferon is usually absent, the content of lysozyme is sharply reduced.

The period of extinction of the disease depends on the timely and correct administration of treatment and on the child’s history of concomitant diseases.

Despite clinical recovery, a patient with a severe form of acute herpetic stomatitis experiences profound changes in homeostasis during the period of convalescence.

DIAGNOSTICS.

The diagnosis of acute herpetic stomatitis is based on clinical picture diseases. The use of virological and serological diagnostic methods in practical healthcare is difficult. This is due, first of all, to the complexity of special research methods. In addition, with these methods, results can be obtained, at best, towards the end of the disease or some time after recovery. Such a retrospective diagnosis cannot satisfy the clinician.

In recent years in medicine I have found great application immunofluorescence method. A high percentage of agreement (79.0 ± 0.6%) in the diagnosis of acute herpetic stomatitis according to immunofluorescence data and according to the results of virological and serological studies make this method leading in diagnosing the disease. The essence of the immunofluorescence method is to detect the specific luminescence of squamous epithelial cells obtained from lesions by scraping and stained with fluorescent antiherpetic serum. The ability to obtain an answer within 2.5-3 hours from the moment of sampling makes the method of etiological express diagnosis of stomatitis very promising. Percent positive results increases if the material for immunofluorescence research is obtained in the first days of eruption of lesions in the oral cavity.

TREATMENT.

The treatment tactics for patients with acute herpetic stomatitis should be determined by the severity of the disease and the period of its development. Complex therapy for acute herpetic stomatitis includes general and local treatment. For moderate and severe disease, it is advisable to carry out general treatment together with a pediatrician.

Due to the peculiarities of the clinical course of acute herpetic stomatitis in the complex therapeutic measures important place take a balanced diet and proper organization feeding the patient. Food must be complete, i.e. contain all necessary nutrients, as well as vitamins. Therefore, it is necessary to include fresh vegetables, fruits, berries, and juices in your diet. Before feeding, it is necessary to anesthetize the oral mucosa with a 2-5% anesthesin solution or lidochlorgel.

The child is fed predominantly liquid or semi-liquid food that does not irritate the inflamed mucous membrane. Much attention It is necessary to pay attention to the introduction of a sufficient amount of fluid. This is especially important during intoxication. During meals, natural gastric juice or its substitutes should be given, since pain in the oral cavity reflexively reduces the enzymatic activity of the stomach glands.

During the prodromal period, the following is used: interferon - 3-4 drops in the nose and under the tongue every 4 hours.

Local treatment.

Local therapy for acute herpetic stomatitis has the following objectives:

remove or loosen painful symptoms in the oral cavity;
prevent repeated rashes of lesions (reinfection);
promote the acceleration of epithelization of lesion elements.

From the first day of the development of acute herpetic stomatitis, taking into account the etiology of the disease, local antiviral therapy should occupy an important place. For this purpose, it is recommended to use 25% oxolinic, 0.5% tebrofen, 0.5% bonaftone, interferon ointments, and acyclovir ointment. It is recommended to use these medications repeatedly (3-4 times a day) not only when visiting a dentist, but also at home. influence both the affected areas of the mucous membrane and the area without pathological changes, since they have a greater preventive effect than a therapeutic one.

Painkillers before meals:

5-10% solution of anesthesin in peach oil;
lidochlor gel.

Means for treating the oral cavity after each meal:

potassium permanganate solution 1:5000;
furatsilin solution 1:5000;
a strong solution of freshly brewed tea;
solutions of enzymes - trypsin or chymotrypsin.

During the period of rashes, antiviral drugs (Florenal, Tebrofen, Bonafton, acyclovir) are prescribed in combination with bacterial lysates. They are applied to the oral mucosa after its hygienic treatment 3-4 times a day. The preparation of a mixture of bacterial lysates is prescribed up to 8 tablets per day. Solutions of neoferon and interferon are also used.

During the period of extinction of the disease, keratoplasty agents are used - rosehip oil, carotoline, sea buckthorn oil, in combination with a mixture of bacterial lysates.

It should be noted that AHS in any form is an acute infectious disease and requires in all cases the attention of a pediatrician and dentist in order to provide comprehensive treatment and eliminate contact of the sick child with healthy children, conduct preventive actions in children's groups.

V.M. Elizarova, S.Yu. Strakhova, E.E. Kolodinskaya,

Moscow State Medical and Dental University,

Scientific Center for Children's Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow

Diseases that develop in the oral cavity often bring discomfort to the sick person and interfere with his full life. They appear at any age, but more often in weakened people. Diseases that occur in the mouth can be viral and infectious, not dangerous to health and precancerous, but they all require high-quality diagnosis and treatment.

Types of oral diseases with photos

When an infection enters the oral cavity, the mucous membrane is the first to suffer. It becomes inflamed, becomes thinner and becomes a breeding ground for infections. The disease can affect the tongue, gums, inner cheeks and tonsils. All diseases of the oral cavity are conventionally called stomatitis, but stomatitis is not the only ailment that affects the oral mucosa.

Let's look at the most common diseases in the mouth and mucous membranes, their symptoms and causes. The general classification and statistics of oral diseases in adults can be seen in the photo with the names of the diseases:

Stomatitis and thrush

Stomatitis is an inflammatory reaction in the oral mucosa. People with reduced immunity and thinned mucous membranes (infants and the elderly) are susceptible to it.

Stomatitis causes discomfort in the patient and may indicate the presence of pathological process in the body and be a harbinger of cancer. There are many varieties of this disease. More details about the types of stomatitis, possible reasons The occurrence of the disease and symptoms can be found in the table.

Types of stomatitis	Symptoms	Causes of the disease
Infectious	Various rashes developing into ulcers	Occurs against the background of the underlying infectious disease
Traumatic	Starts with a wound and its redness, progresses to rashes and ulcers	Occurs after damage to the mucous membrane (scratches, burns from hot food or drinks)
Bacterial	Yellowish crust on the lips, plaque and blisters with pus in the mouth	Getting germs and dirt onto the mucous membrane
Fungal (candidiasis, thrush)	Thick curdled white coating covering the oral cavity	Low immunity, long-term use antibiotics, infection from mother to child during childbirth
Allergic	Swelling and dryness of the mucous membrane, burning and itching, bright spots white or red	Individual reaction to food, medicine and hygiene products
Herpetic	Blistering rashes inside and on the lips turning into ulcers. Increased body temperature, possible vomiting and diarrhea	Transmitted herpes virus infection by airborne droplets
Aphthous	Small round or oval rashes covered with a gray-yellow coating with a red border (we recommend reading:). Can be single or multiple	Occurs more often in adults with reduced immunity and vitamin deficiency
Nicotinic	It begins with irritation of the soft or hard palate, progresses to hardening of the palate, and multiple ulcers appear.	Occurs in smokers due to irritating effect tobacco smoke on the mucous membrane. May develop into cancer

Glossitis or inflammation of the tongue

The tongue is called the mirror of human health, because by its condition one can determine the presence of diseases in the body. Tongue damage inflammatory in nature In medicine it is called glossitis, it can be acute or chronic.

Based on the causes of the disease, glossitis is divided into primary (an independent disease) and secondary (joined against the background of other diseases). Depending on the form of the lesion, glossitis can be deep or superficial. Glossitis often appears with stomatitis.

General symptoms of glossitis:

At chronic form papillomas and warts may appear. Types of glossitis, its symptoms and causes are described in the table. You can see what kind of rashes and ulcers there are in the photo.

Kinds	Signs	Causes
Desquamative	Uneven desquamation of the epithelium (light spots) in the form of a geographical pattern	Viral and infectious diseases, gastrointestinal diseases
Gunterovsky	Lacquer finish and bright red tongue	Lack of vitamins and folic acid
Catarrhal	Superficial inflammation and increased sensitivity language in initial stage	Stomatitis, teething in children
Candida	Curd-like coating with brown specks, swelling and burning, unpleasant odor	Yeast fungus, thrush
Aphthous	Ulcerative lesions in the form of aphthae (purulent pimples with a red border)	Aphthous stomatitis
Allergic	Swelling, itching and burning	Individual reaction to food or hygiene products
Atrophic	Dying of the papillae and muscles of the tongue, decreased sensitivity	Lack of vitamins A and E, infections
Diamond-shaped	Pathology of the basal part of the tongue in the form of a diamond, does not cause pain or discomfort	Abnormal development, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, have a chronic course
folded	The appearance of multidirectional stripes and folds	Abnormal language development
Interstitial	Increased density and limited mobility of the tongue	Syphilis

Herpes virus

The well-known “cold rashes” on the lips can also appear in the oral cavity. The cause of such rashes is infection with the herpes virus, which can occur in acute and chronic forms.

Most common type herpetic rashes in the oral cavity - acute herpetic stomatitis. Characterized by rapid spread and sudden development of symptoms. It is most often transmitted by airborne droplets, but there are cases of infection through blood and from mother to child during childbirth.

In the initial stage, herpes infection manifests itself as pain, burning and swelling of the mucous membrane. A mild form of the disease does not manifest itself vivid symptoms. A severe form of acute herpetic stomatitis manifests itself with severe symptoms:

The main symptoms of the disease are rashes in the form of blisters with a yellowish-white coating, which when ruptured form ulcers. The rash can affect the tongue, gums, cheeks and even tonsils.

Herpetic stomatitis is not dangerous disease, but brings great discomfort to the sick person. With proper and timely treatment, the prognosis for recovery is favorable.

Gingivitis or gingivostomatitis

When we are talking about an inflammatory process localized primarily on the gums, without affecting the periodontal junction, gingivitis can be diagnosed. If the gums are damaged and ulcers appear on the inner surface of the cheeks, gingivostomatitis is diagnosed (more often it affects children).

Gingitis is often a consequence of poor dental care, occurs predominantly in men and depends on lifestyle and general condition body. In the absence of proper treatment, the disease progresses and turns into periodontitis, which threatens tooth loss.

With neglectful care of teeth and oral cavity, microorganisms accumulate, as a result of which dental plaques form and the inflammatory process begins. Gingivitis can be acute, chronic and recurrent. There are several types of gingivitis:

Ulcerative - initial acute form. It is characterized by swelling of the gums, their redness and the appearance of a foreign odor from the mouth.
Catarrhal. Severe swelling, pain in the gums and slight bleeding appear. Gum pockets are not affected in this form.
Hypertrophic - advanced stage diseases. At this stage, the gums and gingival papillae thicken and enlarge, and the gum pocket turns red. There are two forms of hypertrophic gingivitis - edematous, characterized by swollen, smooth-red, bleeding gums, and fibrous - with this form the gums are very dense, there is no pain or bleeding (cannot be treated with medication, surgical treatment is used).

Other types of diseases

There are also less common diseases of the oral lining, such as cheilitis, leukoplakia, xerostomia, lichen planus, glossalgia (more details in the article:). Some of them are diagnosed only by experienced doctors.

Diagnosis and symptoms

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If any unpleasant symptoms For oral diseases, you should contact your dentist. It will not be difficult for an experienced doctor to diagnose the disease by examining the oral mucosa. This may be enough to establish the correct diagnosis.

In some cases, examinations may be prescribed:

scraping from the site of the lesion for examination under a microscope;
bacterial culture to determine the sensitivity of the fungus to the drug;
allergy tests;
general examination of the body to identify a systemic disease.

When should you see a dentist? If any common symptoms diseases of the mucous membrane and mouth:

pain, swelling and burning;
change in color of the mucous membrane or the appearance of spots on it;
elevated or reduced work salivary glands;
the appearance of any rashes, ulcers and wounds.

Treatment of oral diseases in adults

Due to the wide variety of diseases, there is no single treatment regimen. First of all, identify and treat the cause of the disease and accompanying illnesses. The treatment regimen is drawn up individually for each patient.

Treatment is complex and includes medications for internal and local use. Recovery can be long.

Medicines

Folk remedies

Traditional treatment is effectively supplemented with folk remedies. For these purposes, herbal decoctions, soda rinses and applications with natural oils are used.
Rosehip, sea buckthorn or St. John's wort oil is used as an application to the affected areas. Effectively heal wounds and injuries. Use a gauze swab soaked in oil to remove plaque from thrush.
Calendula and chamomile flowers, oak bark, and eucalyptus leaves are used in the form of decoctions for rinsing. They have antibacterial and wound-healing effects.

The content of the article

Viral warts

Benign neoplasms viral origin. In the oral cavity, two types of warts are found on the mucous membrane: flat and pointed.

Viral wart clinic

Flat wart has the appearance of a flattened papule, slightly protruding above the level of the healthy mucous membrane. The outlines of the wart are clear, round, and the color is somewhat brighter than the surrounding mucous membrane.
A genital wart has the appearance of a pointed papilla of pale pink color. Single elements can merge and form vegetations that resemble cauliflower in appearance.
The most common location of warts is the anterior part of the mouth, especially the corners of the mouth and lateral surfaces anterior section language. Much less often, warts are found on the gums and on the red border of the lips or in the corners of the mouth (outer surface).
Viral warts on the oral mucosa are often combined with those on the skin of the hands and on the mucous membrane of the external genitalia. When diagnosing diseases, one should remember about papillomas of the oral mucosa and other neoplasms.

Treatment of viral warts

Treatment involves the local use of 3% oxolinic ointment, 0.5% bonafton ointment, 0.5% florenal, 0.5% tebrofen and other antiviral drugs. In this case, the use of ointments must be combined with thorough sanitation of the oral cavity and hygienic treatment of all surfaces of the teeth. The ointment should be used to treat the oral cavity 3-4 times a day after brushing your teeth with a brush and paste.
If there are warts on the skin and mucous membrane of the genital organs, treatment should be combined.
Success is achieved by long-term (at least 3-4 weeks), persistent and careful implementation of the doctor’s recommendations.

Herpangina

A disease caused by Coxsackie enterovirus groups A and B and ECHO viruses.

Herpangina Clinic

The disease begins acutely: a rise in temperature, general malaise. In the back of the mouth soft palate, anterior arms and back wall vesicles appear in the pharynx, grouped and single, filled with serous contents, painful. As the disease progresses, some of the vesicles are eliminated, others open up, forming erosions. Small erosions merge to form larger ones. Some of them resemble aphthae. Erosions are mildly painful and epithelialize slowly, sometimes within 2-3 weeks. Cases of illness among members of the same family and even epidemic outbreaks have been described.

Treatment of herpangina

Treatment consists of symptomatic general therapy and local application in the first 2-3 days of antiviral agents, and subsequently keratoplasty. Frequent rinsing and lubrication slow down the process of epithelization of erosions.

Thrush (candidromycosis)

Etiology The causative agent is a yeast fungus of the genus Candida. Children are usually affected early age, weakened, often premature, with severe and protracted illnesses.
The occurrence of thrush is promoted by poor hygiene care behind the oral cavity, as well as mechanical trauma to the mucous membrane due to careless manipulations in the oral cavity during processing.

Thrush clinic

It is characterized by the appearance of a loose white, easily removable plaque, scattered at the onset of the disease on the unchanged mucous membrane in the form of individual pinpoint foci resembling curdled milk. Then, merging, these lesions can spread throughout the entire oral mucosa in the form of a continuous plaque, which consists of mycelium and spores of the fungus, rejected epithelium, leukocytes and bacteria.
In advanced cases, plaque removal is associated with trauma to the mucous membrane, since the mycelium that grows on the surface layers of the epithelium subsequently penetrates into deeper layers.
No treatment fungal infection may become generalized and spread to internal organs, which is associated with a poor prognosis.
The most important in the fight against candidomycosis are preventive measures to strengthen strength, increase the body's resistance with a balanced diet (according to age), and vitamin therapy. In addition to treating the underlying disease, careful hygienic care of the oral cavity and antiseptic treatment of all objects that come into contact with the child’s oral cavity are necessary.
Candidomycosis often occurs when long-term treatment treatment of a particular disease with broad-spectrum antibiotics, especially antibiotic complexes. According to some authors, as a result, the growth of microbial flora antagonistic to fungi is suppressed. The latter grow unhindered, which leads to candidomycosis.

Treatment of thrush

Treatment consists of vigorous activities to increase the body's strength and resistance by enhanced nutrition, taking doses of vitamins K, C and group B.
Treatment with antibiotics, if carried out for any disease, must be stopped, switching to other drugs if necessary. Nystatin is prescribed orally:
children under 3 years old in the amount of 100,000 units, and over 3 years old up to
1,000,000 units/day in fractional doses.
All objects that come into contact with the child’s oral cavity, as well as the mother’s chest and the hands of caregivers, must be thoroughly washed and treated with baking soda.
A 2% solution is recommended for treating the patient’s oral cavity. boric acid(1 teaspoon of dry boric acid per 1 cup warm water) or 1-2% soda solution (1/2 teaspoon of soda per 1 glass of water). During the day, treatment with these solutions is carried out 5-6 times.
A protracted course and relapses are possible in cases where treatment is not completed and in the event of insufficient measures to strengthen the body and increase its resistance. In case of long-term and persistent illness, the child should be referred to an endocrinologist and examined for the presence of candido-endocrine syndrome.

Acute herpetic stomatitis

Until recently, two independent diseases were described in the literature: acute aphthous stomatitis and acute herpetic stomatitis.
A clinical and laboratory study of a large group of patients using an arsenal of modern virological, serological, cytological and immunofluorescent research methods convincingly showed the clinical and etiological unity of acute herpetic and acute aphthous stomatitis.
The data obtained made it possible to recommend calling the disease acute herpetic stomatitis, based on the etiology of the disease.

Etiology of acute herpetic stomatitis

Acute herpetic stomatitis is one of the clinical forms of manifestation of primary herpetic infection. The causative agent is the herpes simplex virus. In children's preschool institutions and in hospital wards, during an epidemic outbreak, up to 1/3 of the children's team may fall ill. Transmission of infection occurs by contact and airborne droplets.
The highest prevalence of the disease in children from 6 months to 3 years is explained by the fact that at this age the antibodies received from the mother interplacentally disappear, as well as the insufficient maturity of the specific immune system.

Clinic of acute herpetic stomatitis

Acute herpetic stomatitis has five periods of development: incubation, prodromal (catarrhal), period of disease development (rashes), extinction and clinical recovery (or convalescence). Depending on the severity of general toxicosis and local manifestations In the oral cavity, the disease can occur in mild, moderate and severe forms.
Common symptoms include a hyperthermic reaction with a rise in temperature to 41 ° C or more in severe forms of the disease, general malaise, weakness, headaches, skin and muscle hyperesthesia, lack of appetite, pallor of the skin, nausea and vomiting of central origin, since the virus is common herpes is an encephalotropic virus. Already in the incubation and especially in the prodromal period, lymphadenitis of the submandibular and, in severe cases, cervical lymph nodes is clearly diagnosed.
At the peak of the temperature rise, hyperemia and swelling of the oral mucosa intensify, lesions appear on the lips, cheeks and tongue (from 2-3 to several dozen, depending on the severity of stomatitis). In moderate and especially severe forms of the disease, the lesions are localized not only in the oral cavity, but also on the skin of the face, near-oral area, earlobes and eyelids. In these forms of the disease, the rashes, as a rule, recur, which is why during examinations one can see elements of the lesion that are at different stages of clinical and cytological development. The next relapse of the rash is accompanied by a deterioration in the child’s general condition, anxiety or adynamia, and a rise in temperature by 1-2°C.
A mandatory symptom is hypersalivation. Saliva becomes viscous and viscous, and there is an unpleasant, putrid odor from the mouth.
Already in catarrhal period The disease reveals pronounced gingivitis, which later, especially in severe forms, acquires an ulcerative-necrotic character and is accompanied by severe bleeding of the gums.
The lips of patients are dry, cracked, covered with crusts, and there is maceration in the corners of the mouth. Sometimes nosebleeds occur because the herpes virus disrupts the blood clotting system.
In the blood of children with severe stomatitis, leukopenia, a band shift to the left, eosinophilia, single plasma cells, and young forms of neutrophils are detected. Very rarely toxic granularity of the latter is observed. Protein and traces of it are noted in the urine. Saliva has low performance pH, which then gives way to more pronounced alkalinity. It usually lacks interferon, the content of lysozyme is noticeably reduced.
Humoral factors of the body's natural defense during the height of the disease are also sharply reduced.
In patients with severe stomatitis, the onset of the disease is characterized by sharp decline all indicators of phagocytosis. This is evidenced by the fact that pathogenic forms of colonies of microorganisms are observed in almost half of the cases from total number bacteria when performing the Klemparskaya test (bactericidal activity of the skin).
Despite the clinical recovery of a patient with a severe form of acute herpetic stomatitis, during the period of convalescence, profound changes in homeostasis persist: a decrease in bactericidal and lysozyme activity.
Restoration of the phagocytic function of neutrophils begins with the period of extinction of the disease.
Diagnosis is based on the clinical picture and epidemiology of the disease. The use of virological and serological methods in practical healthcare is difficult due to their labor intensity.

Treatment of acute herpetic stomatitis

Treatment of patients should be determined by the severity of the disease and the period of its development.
Complex therapy of the disease includes general and local treatment. In case of moderate to severe disease, it is advisable to treat the child together with a pediatrician. Since these forms of the disease develop against the background of a significant decrease in the body’s defenses, it is advisable to include in complex therapy drugs that stimulate the immune system (lysozyme, prodigiosan, parenteral gamma globulin, methyluracil, pentoxyl, sodium nucleonate, herpetic immunoglobulin, etc.).
Prodigiosan is administered intramuscularly at a dose of 25 mcg once every 3-4 days. Course of treatment: 2-3 injections. Lysozyme is administered daily at a dose of 75-100 mcg for 6-9 days. Immunoglobulin - 1.5-3.0 ml once every 3-4 days, 2-3 injections per course of treatment.
Methyluracil (methocil), pentoxyl, sodium nucleonate are prescribed in powders (2 times a day). Single doses of drugs depend on age: methyluracil - 0.15-0.25; pentoxyl-0.05-0.1; sodium nucleonate - 0.001-0.002.
When these drugs are administered or taken, positive dynamics are observed during the course of the disease, expressed in an improvement in the general condition of patients and a decrease in body temperature. There is an activation of the regeneration processes of the affected elements, as a result of which the child’s pain in the oral cavity decreases and appetite appears.
As general treatment hyposensitizing therapy is prescribed for all forms of stomatitis (diphenhydramine, suprastin, pipolfen, calcium gluconate, etc.) in age-appropriate doses.
Local therapy should pursue the following objectives:
1) relieve or reduce painful symptoms in the oral cavity;
2) prevent repeated eruptions of lesions;
3) promote their epithelization.
From the first days of the development of the disease, they resort to antiviral therapy. It is recommended to use one of the following ointments: 0.25-0.5% oxolinic ointment, 1-2% florenal, 5% tebroene, 5% interferon, 4% heliomycin, 1% deoxyribonuclease solution, helenin liniment, a mixture of interferon with prodigiosan and other interferonogens, ointments containing interferon, etc.
It is recommended to use these drugs repeatedly (3-4 times a day) not only when visiting a dentist, but also at home. It should be kept in mind that antivirals should act not only on the affected areas of the mucous membrane, but also on the area where there are no elements of the lesion, since ointments have preventive properties. When visiting a doctor, it is recommended to treat the child’s oral cavity with a 0.1 - 0.5% solution of proteolytic enzymes (trypsin, chymopsin, pancreatin, etc.), which promote the dissolution of necrotic tissue.
During the period of fading of the disease, antiviral drugs can be discontinued or their use can be reduced to a single dose in the first days of the fading of the disease. Leading importance during this period of the disease should be given to mild antiseptics and keratoplastics. From the last group good results give oil solutions of vitamin A, rosehip oil, caratolin, solcoseryl ointment and jelly, ointment with methyluracil, Libyan, levomisol. As antimicrobial agents You can use solutions of furatsilin, ethacridine, etonium, etc.
The child is fed predominantly liquid or semi-liquid food that does not irritate the inflamed mucous membrane. Due to intoxication of the body, it is necessary to administer a sufficient amount of liquid (tea, fruit juices, fruit infusions). Before feeding, the oral mucosa is anesthetized with a 5% anesthetic emulsion. After eating, be sure to rinse or rinse your mouth strong tea.

Prevention of acute herpetic stomatitis

Acute herpetic stomatitis (in any form) is a contagious disease and requires the exclusion of contact between the patient and healthy children and the implementation of measures to prevent this disease in children's groups.
Employees should not be allowed to work with children during the period of relapse of chronic herpetic lesions of the skin, eyes, oral cavity and other organs.
In children's dental clinics or departments, it is necessary to allocate a specialized office (and, if possible, a special doctor) for the treatment of diseases of the oral mucosa. It is advisable to choose a location for the office so that the children visiting it are isolated as much as possible from other visitors.
A child with acute herpetic stomatitis is not allowed to visit child care facility, even if the disease occurs in a very mild form.
Medical personnel of kindergartens, nurseries, orphanages and other institutions are recommended to conduct daily examinations of children to identify signs of the prodromal period of the disease (lymphadenitis, hyperemia of the oral mucosa, etc.). These measures are of great importance, since the treatment carried out at this moment (interferon, interferonogens, antiviral ointments, UV therapy, multivitamins, hyposensitizing and restorative agents), prevents in most cases further development disease or contributes to its easier course.
Adults who brought a child to the group must inform them of any changes in their health, complaints, rashes on the skin and oral mucosa.
In conditions of a disease outbreak, it is recommended to use a 0.2% solution of lime chloride and a 1-2% solution of chloramine for disinfection. It is necessary to thoroughly ventilate the room, create conditions for entry into the room sun rays etc. The use of ultraviolet rays.

Acute catarrhal stomatitis

Etiology of acute catarrhal stomatitis

IN childhood often accompanies acute infections: measles, scarlet fever, dysentery, influenza, etc., especially in cases where hygienic oral care is not provided during illness. Often the reason is the presence carious teeth, roots, traumatic and infecting the edge of the gums and the mucous membrane of the cheeks and tongue. In addition, catarrhal stomatitis occurs during the eruption of baby teeth, primarily in weakened teeth. oh when several teeth erupt at the same time.

Clinic of acute catarrhal stomatitis

The disease is characterized by diffuse hyperemia and swelling of the oral mucosa, especially pronounced redness and swelling of the gums and gingival papillae.
On the mucous membrane of the cheeks along the line of closure of the teeth and on the lateral surfaces of the tongue, imprints of the contours of the teeth are observed due to swelling of the soft tissues. Bleeding gums and soreness of the affected mucous membrane when eating appear. This causes the child to become restless and refuse to eat.
Salivation usually increases, but in some cases there is dryness of the oral cavity, while the mucous membrane is covered with a sticky coating consisting of leukocytes, mucus, mucin, bacteria and exfoliated epithelium.
The submandibular lymph nodes initially react weakly. Body temperature often remains within the subfebrile range.
With a decrease in the body's resistance and the absence of appropriate treatment, the process can be complicated by ulcerative-necrotic lesions of the gingival margin, as well as the appearance of ulcers in other areas of the oral mucosa, especially in places of injury. This is accompanied by enlargement and soreness of the submandibular lymph nodes, an increase in temperature to 38 ° C and above, and a deterioration in the patient’s well-being. The edge of the gum becomes covered with a dirty-gray coating due to gangrenous decay of the tissue, and a characteristic bad breath appears. Plaque can be removed relatively easily. Underneath is an eroded, bleeding, painful surface. Due to tissue necrosis, the tops of the gingival papillae become as if cut off.
Ulcers on other parts of the mucous membrane usually have irregular shape and uneven edges, covered with the same coating, very painful when talking and eating. All this is accompanied by significant salivation. The child does not eat, is restless, sleeps poorly.
The patient's further condition indicates an increase in general intoxication of the body.

Treatment of acute catarrhal stomatitis

Treatment consists of treating the oral cavity with solutions of potassium permanganate. If you have carious teeth, it is advisable to close the carious cavities with at least temporary fillings. From removing roots to acute period it is necessary to abstain to avoid complications. Dental plaque should be removed with care, avoiding soft tissue trauma. This should be preceded by thorough cleaning of the oral cavity. antiseptic solutions. For pain relief, before removing dental plaque, the gums can be lubricated with a 2% anesthetic solution.
Vitamins B6, B: and C are prescribed internally to the patient, and in order to reduce swelling - a 1-5% solution of calcium chloride in accordance with the patient’s age (tea or dessert spoon 3 times a day after meals). For the same purposes, we can recommend calcium gluconate in powder from 0.25 to 1.0 per dose, depending on age.
The child's food should be varied, high-calorie, have a sufficient amount of proteins, fats and vitamins and not irritate the mucous membrane. We recommend soft-boiled eggs, pureed cottage cheese, cranked meat, meat broth, kefir, vegetable and fruit purees and mild fruit and vegetable soups.
Thus, the treatment of acute catarrhal stomatitis has three goals: it promotes the elimination inflammatory process in the oral cavity, prevents the development of complications, and also increases the body's resistance through enhanced nutrition and vitamin therapy.
In case of complications for oral administration, in addition to vitamins and calcium chloride, we can recommend general disinfectants - methenamine and streptocide in doses appropriate to the patient’s age. It is also necessary to drink plenty of fluids.

Oral diseases of various origins are very common among children. Some of them are almost harmless, and some are not necessary treatment can greatly harm a fragile body. In the article we'll talk about stomatitis, its causes, symptoms, types, methods of treatment, as well as Dr. Komarovsky’s opinion on stomatitis.

What is stomatitis?

Stomatitis is irritation or damage to the mucous membranes of the oral cavity. It appears in the form of ulcers and so-called “pimples” filled with liquid. Useful to study medical photos to know exactly what they look like and go to the hospital in time. Stomatitis can appear in both adults and children, but it is children who are most predisposed to it. The disease equally affects children both at 4 - 5 months of age and at 4 - 5 years of age.

Stomatitis in children is explained by the underdevelopment of the mucous membranes, from which they are easily damaged by the slightest influence of any factor. Do not forget that children constantly put dirty hands, toys and various objects into their mouths. The development of bacteria and microorganisms is a powerful impetus for the occurrence of stomatitis. Children also experience frequent disruptions in the gastrointestinal tract, which increase acidity and change the composition of saliva. Such changes lead to problems.

Depending on what caused the disease, stomatitis is divided into many subspecies. The most common ones are:

viral;
candidiasis (fungal);
aphthous (allergic);
traumatic;
bacterial.

Symptoms of the disease

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Stomatitis in children manifests itself characteristic symptoms, which is difficult to confuse with other similar diseases, especially if you compare photos of a healthy and affected oral cavity:

ulcers on the mucous membranes of the mouth, filled with white liquid (after 2–3 days they burst, and inflamed wounds appear in their place);
severe redness around the rash;
the light pink color of the mucous membrane changes to red or dark purple;
increased body temperature (with the progression of stomatitis, the temperature can reach 41 degrees);
intoxication of the body;
reduction or complete absence appetite;
sleep disorders;
mouth pain;
inflammation and swelling of the gums and tongue;
the appearance of a painful plaque on the tongue, gums, palate;
Possible bad breath;
increased salivation or vice versa, which is characterized by sticking of the lips.

Diagnostic methods

For parents, the first warning signs are characteristic changes in the mouth. Older children may complain of pain and bad feeling. If you notice a rash or severe redness, you should not conduct an examination yourself, especially with dirty hands and without gloves.

It is better to first show a child under 1 year of age to the attending pediatrician, who, after an initial examination, will refer him for tests and an appointment with a specialist. Children after 3 years of age can be immediately taken to see a pediatric dentist; this is his specialization. To confirm the diagnosis, several types of diagnostics are used:

detailed analysis of blood, urine and, if necessary, stool;
mouth swab;
cytological examination;
testing for viruses and bacteria;
checking the state of immunity.

It is important to carry out a full list of tests and undergo a comprehensive examination. This will make it possible not only to make a diagnosis, but also to accurately determine the type of stomatitis. The specialist will prescribe correct therapy and will be able to quickly cure the patient.

Treatment of stomatitis in the mouth in children

Treatment depends entirely on the cause of the disease. It is prescribed by a doctor based on the results of the examination. The therapy includes medications (antiseptics, antifungals, healing), diet, hygiene rules and some home or folk remedies. On average, the illness period lasts up to 14 days, after which all symptoms disappear.

Viral stomatitis

Viral stomatitis in children occurs under the influence of various viruses on the oral mucosa. Most often it is a herpes virus, which is why it is also called herpes stomatitis. The disease is serious, as there is a possibility of infection spreading throughout the body. It can appear in a child as early as 2-3 months.

past infectious diseases (measles, influenza, chickenpox, etc.);
contact with a patient with viral stomatitis (it is transmitted not only by airborne droplets, but also through toys and other objects);
weakened immunity, which allows viruses to attack the child’s body.

The signs of viral stomatitis are practically no different from the general symptoms. The child experiences an increase in temperature, swelling and redness of the oral cavity, a profuse rash of ulcers in which pus forms over time, a lethargic state, severe pain, and swelling of the lymph nodes.

Candidal stomatitis

Candidal stomatitis is caused by fungi that enter the body. Absolutely everyone is susceptible to it, but more often children of the first year of life. Such stomatitis one year old child may appear for a number of reasons:

Symptoms:

poor health, lethargy, moodiness;
refusal to eat;
the appearance of ulcers on the mucous membranes of the lips and cheeks;
plaque in the mouth with a cheesy consistency;
sour breath;
inflammation of the mucous membranes;
temperature increase;
pain.

Treatment is prescribed by a doctor and is comprehensive. First of all, it is necessary to take care of careful hygiene, maintaining cleanliness and sterilization of objects that the child uses. You need to regularly treat your mouth with solutions that increase acidity. This helps kill the fungus on early stage. You can use a soda solution (take a tablespoon of soda per glass of water) or a 2% boric acid solution. It should be applied with a clean cotton swab or sterile bandage.

In addition, doctors prescribe local antifungal drugs such as Candide or Fucis DT. Furacilin is suitable for disinfection, and Solcoseryl gel is suitable for rapid healing of canker sores.

Aphthous stomatitis

Aphthous stomatitis can be caused by infections, previous diseases, as well as allergic reactions, which is why it is often called allergic stomatitis. Its symptoms are identical to the standard symptoms of all types of disease (ulcers or aphthae, inflammation of the oral cavity, fever, pain).

Aphthous stomatitis can only be confirmed by a doctor. You may need to consult an allergist. He will be able to identify the allergen that negatively affects the body and provokes stomatitis. After eliminating prohibited foods, the child’s well-being improves and the illness goes away.

rinsing (chlorhexidine or hydrogen peroxide solution) (more details in the article:);
smear the affected areas with anti-inflammatory and healing topical preparations;
inhalation;
diet;
proper hygiene;
antipyretic medications if necessary.

Traumatic stomatitis

One of the most common causes of childhood stomatitis is mechanical damage oral cavity:

wounds caused by active games or foreign objects in the mouth;
exposure to too hot foods;
chemical damage;
the child biting his cheeks and lips, as well as scratches from sharp teeth;
incorrectly installed bracket systems or careless manipulations by the dentist.

Traumatic stomatitis is absolutely not contagious. Treatment is aimed at relieving symptoms and fast healing. It includes antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and healing effects, antipyretic drugs, pain relief, correct daily routine, healthy eating and compliance with all hygiene rules.

Bacterial stomatitis

In most cases, bacterial stomatitis affects children who often suffer from colds, ARVI, flu, bronchitis or sore throat (more details in the article:). Against the background of reduced immunity, bacteria enter the oral cavity and infect existing minor injuries, for example, scratches from teething or toys.

As the disease progresses, the blisters in the mouth (on the gums and cheeks) enlarge and fill with pus, the entire oral cavity becomes inflamed, a coating appears on the tongue, bad breath is felt, and the temperature may rise. The child feels general malaise, refuses to eat, and is capricious.

Treatment of bacterial stomatitis includes the use of antiseptics, antibacterial solutions (furatsilin) or gels, healing agents (solcoseryl), and drugs to lower the temperature. Rinsing with a soda solution is useful. Small children need to irrigate their mouth with it. It is also allowed to treat the mouth with diluted hydrogen peroxide or chlorhexidine.

Main principles of nutrition:

Sample list of products:

dairy and fermented milk products without dyes and flavoring additives;
non-acidic fruits (bananas, melon, watermelon);
vegetables and juices from them;
liquid porridge;
homemade milk ice cream (cold relieves swelling and pain);
teas and herbal infusions;
ground lean meat or fish.

Prevention of disease according to Dr. Komarovsky

To prevent the appearance of stomatitis in early childhood, simple preventive work can be carried out. Pediatrician Evgeny Komarovsky gives useful recommendations for the prevention of stomatitis. In his video lesson, Komarovsky reveals in detail this topic. Main recommendations:

Possible complications

In case of untimely or improper treatment, as well as in the chronic form of the disease, some complications may develop. After an illness, especially when the child has already suffered stomatitis several times, the the immune system. An unprotected body can easily catch a cold, ARVI, flu or other infection.

Chronic stomatitis destroys tooth enamel under the influence of fungi, viruses and unhealthy oral microflora. In this case, you need to regularly visit the pediatric dentist. Don't forget about the risk of infection and spread of infection or fungus. Always treat ulcers or canker sores carefully and correctly. It is necessary to consult a doctor in a timely manner and treat the child responsibly.