Allergy conjunctivitis treatment. Allergic conjunctivitis, symptoms and treatment in adults and children. Mast cell stabilizers

Conjunctivitis (colloquially Conjunctivitis) is a polyetiological inflammatory lesion conjunctiva - the mucous membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelids and sclera. The cause may be bacteria (chlamydia is especially dangerous) or the same viruses that cause colds, sore throats, or. Every year, millions of people around the world suffer from conjunctivitis. These diseases are caused by many pathologies and pathological conditions. The treatment regimen for each individual case may be different, mainly depending on the factors that provoked the development of the disease.

In most cases, the disease is considered contagious. It is necessary to observe the rules of personal hygiene to avoid infecting others. In the article we will look in more detail at what kind of eye disease this is, the main causes, types and symptoms of conjunctivitis, as well as effective treatment methods in adults.

What is eye conjunctivitis?

Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eye (conjunctiva) caused by allergies, bacteria, viruses, fungi and other pathogenic factors. Manifestations of this disease can lead to redness and swelling of the eyelids, the appearance of mucus or pus, lacrimation, burning and itching, etc. Conjunctivitis is the most common eye disease - they make up about 30% of all eye pathologies.

What is the conjunctiva? This is the mucous membrane of the eye, covering the back surface of the eyelids and the front surface of the eyeball up to the cornea. She does enough important functions, which ensure the normal functioning of the organ of vision.

• It is usually transparent, smooth and even shiny.
• Its color depends on the underlying tissues.
• She takes care of everyday tear production. The tears it produces are enough to moisturize and protect the eye. And only when we cry, the main large lacrimal gland comes into action.

Conjunctivitis, in addition to spoiling appearance redness of the eyes and constant involuntary watery eyes causes a number of other extremely unpleasant symptoms with which it is impossible to continue living as usual.

Classification

There are several classifications of this disease, which are based on different characteristics.

According to the nature of the disease:

Acute conjunctivitis of the eyes

Acute conjunctivitis is characterized by the rapid development of the disease, with severe symptoms. Most often, this variant of the development of the disease is observed in the case of infection by an infectious pathogen. Patients do not notice any warning signs, since the main symptoms increase almost immediately.

Chronic conjunctivitis

This type of inflammatory process in the conjunctiva of the eye lasts a long time, and the person presents numerous subjective complaints, the severity of which does not correlate with the degree of objective changes in the mucous membrane.

Due to inflammation, the following types of conjunctivitis are distinguished:

• Bacterial - the provoking factor is pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria (streptococci, staphylococci, pneumococci, gonococci, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa);
• Viral – provoked by herpes viruses, adenoviruses, etc.;
• Fungal – occurs as a manifestation of systemic infections (aspergillosis, candidomycosis, actinomycosis, spirotrichillosis), or is provoked by pathogenic fungi;
• Chlamydial conjunctivitis - occurs due to chlamydia entering the mucous membrane;
• Allergic – occurs after the introduction of an allergen or irritant into the mucous membrane of the eyes (dust, wool, lint, varnish, paint, acetone, etc.);
• Dystrophic conjunctivitis - develops as a result of the damaging effects of occupational hazards (chemical reagents, paint, varnish, gasoline vapors and other substances, gases).

Depending on the nature of inflammation and morphological changes in the mucous membrane of the eye, conjunctivitis is divided into the following types:

• Purulent conjunctivitis, which occurs with the formation of pus;
• Catarrhal conjunctivitis, occurring without the formation of pus, but with copious mucous discharge;
• Papillary develops against the background of an allergic reaction to eye medications and is the formation of small grains and compactions on the mucous membrane of the eye in the area of ​​the upper eyelid;
• Follicular develops according to the first type of allergic reaction and represents the formation of follicles on the mucous membrane of the eye;
• Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis is characterized by numerous hemorrhages in the mucous membrane of the eye;
• Membranous develops in children against the background of acute viral respiratory diseases.

Regardless of what caused the onset of the disease, it is important to quickly and competently begin treatment. It can be either medicinal or folk. The choice is made based on the degree eye inflammation and the patient's condition.

Causes

IN currently There are many reasons for inflammation of the eye mucosa, and identifying the factors that led to inflammation is enough difficult task. But the success of treating this disease depends precisely on the correct determination of the causes of inflammation.

Incubation period Conjunctivitis, depending on the type, ranges from several hours (epidemic form) to 4-8 days (viral form).

So, most common cause The occurrence of conjunctivitis can be called the following:

• Staying in a room where various aerosols and other substances of chemical origin are used
• Prolonged stay in an area of ​​high pollution
• Impaired metabolism in the body
• Diseases such as meibomitis, blepharitis
• Avitaminosis
• Impaired refraction - myopia, farsightedness,
• Inflammation in the sinuses
• Too bright sun, wind, too dry air

If conjunctivitis has developed due to occupational reasons, then it is very important to follow preventive measures to eliminate harmful influence irritating factors.

Symptoms of conjunctivitis: what it looks like in the photo

The disease most often affects both eyes at once. However, sometimes the inflammatory response is expressed differently in each eye. Conjunctivitis (conjunctivitis) has a number of the following common features and symptoms:

• The condition of swelling and redness of the eyelids and folds;
• The appearance of secretion in the form of mucus or pus;
• The appearance of sensations of itching, burning, lacrimation;
• A feeling of “sand” or the presence of a foreign body in the eye;
• Feeling of fear of light, blepharospasm;
• Feeling of difficulty opening the eyelids in the morning due to their gluing with secreted secretions, which can be the main sign of conjunctivitis;
• Decreased visual acuity in the case of adenoviral keratitis, etc.

Symptoms of the disease may vary depending on what caused the inflammation.

Among the accompanying signs of conjunctivitis, on the basis of which the doctor identifies the general clinical picture The disease, its type and cause, are distinguished:

• cough;
• increased and high body temperature;
• headache;
• muscle pain;
• increased fatigue;
• general weakness.

An increase in body temperature, cough, etc., as a rule, indicates infectious cause development of eye disease. Therefore, treatment will be aimed at eliminating the original source of the disease and strengthening immune system.

In the photo below, you can see the characteristic redness of the eyes with conjunctivitis:

Bacterial conjunctivitis

Bacterial, caused by bacteria, often staphylococci and streptococci. It appears in the form purulent discharge and swelling of the conjunctiva. Sometimes the discharge is so abundant that it becomes extremely difficult to open the eyelids after sleep.

Signs

Regardless of the bacteria that started inflammatory process, primary symptoms approximately the same, a cloudy, gray-yellow discharge suddenly appears on the mucous membrane, sticking the eyelids together in the morning. Additional symptoms of conjunctivitis:

• pain and stinging in the eyes,
• dryness of the mucous membrane and skin of the eyelids.

Almost always one eye is affected, but if hygiene rules are not followed, the disease spreads to the other.

Treatment in adults

If the infection is caused by bacteria, your doctor will prescribe antibiotics in the form eye drops, and the disease will go away within a few days. Doctors often recommend Floxal. It has a pronounced antimicrobial effect directed against pathogenic bacteria, which most often cause infectious and inflammatory eye lesions.

It is important to remember that for bacterial conjunctivitis, drops must be instilled 2-4 times a day until the symptoms disappear completely, but for at least 7 days in a row, even if the painful manifestations are relieved almost immediately.

Viral conjunctivitis

The cause of infection is smallpox, measles, herpes viruses, adenovirus, and atypical trachoma virus. Conjunctivitis caused by adenoviruses and herpes viruses is very contagious; patients with such forms need to be isolated from others.

Symptoms of conjunctivitis:

• Severe inflammatory reaction of the conjunctiva (swelling, redness due to vasodilation).
• Inflammation of the conjunctiva occurs almost simultaneously in both eyes
• Despite the pronounced inflammatory reaction, there is no abundant purulent discharge.
• As a rule, eye inflammation is accompanied by fever and inflammation of nearby lymph nodes.

How to treat conjunctivitis of viral etiology?

There is currently no clear answer on how to treat viral conjunctivitis in adults. It should be remembered that treatment should be aimed at destroying the causative agents of the disease, which can be varied.

The basis of treatment is antiviral drugs, intended for general and local application. Local medications include drops and ointments containing tebrofen or oxolin. And also an interferon solution.

At acute course use eye drops Tobrex, Okacin up to six times a day. For severe swelling and irritation, use anti-inflammatory and antiallergic drops: Alomide, Lecrolin twice a day. In case of acute conjunctivitis, it is forbidden to blindfold or tape your eyes, as this greatly increases the risk of developing inflammation of the cornea.

Allergic conjunctivitis of the eyes

Allergic conjunctivitis represents one of the many manifestations of allergies. This type of conjunctivitis often affects both eyes. The cause may be various allergens - infectious agents, drugs (atropine, quinine, morphine, antibiotics, physostigmine, ethylmorphine, etc.), cosmetics, household chemicals, physical and chemical factors in the chemical, textile, and flour milling industries.

Symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis:

• severe itching and burning of the eyelids and mucous membranes of the eyes,
• severe swelling and redness,
• lacrimation and photophobia.

How to treat conjunctivitis?

The basis of treatment in in this case are antiallergic drugs such as Zyrtec, Suprastin, etc. Additionally, treatment is carried out with local antihistamines (Allergoftal, Spersallerg), as well as drugs that reduce mast cell degranulation. (Alomid 1%, Lecrolin 2%, Kusikrom 4%). They are used for a long time, administered 2 times a day.

In particular severe cases possible use local drugs, containing hormones, diphenhydramine and interferon.

Complications

When the body does not receive help in fighting the disease, there is a high probability that complications will arise, which will be much more difficult to cope with than the disease itself.

• inflammatory diseases of the eyelids (including chronic blepharitis),
• scarring of the cornea and eyelids,
• allergic, chemical and other conjunctivitis can be complicated by the addition of a bacterial infection.

Diagnostics

Seek advice from a specialist if you know exactly what conjunctivitis is and notice its signs. The disease remains contagious for two weeks after the first symptoms appear. Early diagnosis and adequate treatment help prevent infection of others.

1. Immunofluorescence reaction (abbreviated RIF). This method allows you to determine the presence of antibodies to the pathogen in a fingerprint smear. It is used, as a rule, to confirm the chlamydial etiology of the disease.
2. Polymerase chain reaction(PCR). Necessary to confirm a viral infection.
3. Microscopic examination of fingerprint smears. Allows you to see bacterial agents and subsequently determine their sensitivity to antibacterial drugs (during a bacteriological test).
4. If there is a suspicion of an allergic nature of conjunctivitis, a study is carried out to detect the titer of IgE antibodies, as well as a series of allergy tests.

Only after full diagnostics the doctor will be able to tell you exactly how to treat chronic or acute conjunctivitis.

How to treat conjunctivitis in adults

The eye can be considered healthy only when the cause of the pathology (the causative agent of the infection) is eliminated and the painful consequences are eliminated. Therefore, the treatment of inflammatory eye diseases is complex.

The treatment regimen for conjunctivitis is prescribed by an ophthalmologist, taking into account the causative agent, the severity of the process, and existing complications. Topical treatment conjunctivitis requires frequent washing of the conjunctival cavity with medicinal solutions, instillation medicines, laying eye ointments, performing subconjunctival injections.

1. Antiseptic drugs: Picloxidin and Albucid 20%

2. Antibacterial(etiotropic therapy):

• staphylococcus, gonococcus, chlamydia (Erythromycin ointment)
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Tetracycline ointment and/or Levomycetin drops)
• virus-associated conjunctivitis (systemic immunocorrective and immunostimulating treatment is used, and broad-spectrum drugs are used locally antibacterial drugs, to prevent secondary bacterial damage)

3. Anti-inflammatory drugs(either steroidal or non-steroidal origin) are used locally and systemically for edema and hyperemia: Diclofenac, Dexamethasone, Olopatodin, Suprastin, Fenistil in drops.

If acute conjunctivitis is detected, treatment consists of getting rid of the pus:

• For these purposes, a solution of furatsilin (1:500), a pale pink solution of manganese or a solution of boric acid 2% is used.
• You should rinse your eyes every 2-3 hours, after which you should instill antibacterial drops.
• If the acute form is caused by coccal flora, the doctor prescribes oral antibiotics and sulfonamides.

If purulent conjunctivitis in adults affects one eye, both will still have to be washed and treated.

Drops

The first on the list are hormonal drugs, the last are anti-inflammatory.

Eye drops used for conjunctivitis:

• Vigamox;
• Gentamicin;
• Tobrex;
• Vitabact;
• Ciloxane.

To relieve inflammation after it subsides acute process means can be used:

• Maxidex;
• Tobradex;
• Polydex;
• Indocolir;
• Diklo-F.

As already mentioned, the nature of the disease (viral, bacterial or allergic) can only be determined by an ophthalmologist during an in-person examination. He prescribes the final treatment regimen (if necessary, adjust it), but self-medication can lead to the development of complications or the disease becoming chronic.

In conclusion, I would like to note the fact that conjunctivitis can be the most harmless eye lesion, but in some cases it can have significant consequences - up to irreversible loss of vision.

Treatment of conjunctivitis with folk remedies

For this disease, in parallel with drug treatment, you can additionally use folk remedies in adults. For example, you can use not only furatsilin solution for rinsing, but also herbal decoctions and tea. How to wash your eyes can be decided based on the availability of certain products in the house.

1. Prepare a mixture of carrot and parsley juices in a ratio of 3:1. To treat conjunctivitis, drink 0.7 cups 3 times a day before meals.
2. Chamomile has long been used as an antiseptic, and for conjunctivitis, lotions are made from the infusion of flowers. Distinctive feature The plant has a gentle effect that will not harm even pregnant women. 1 teaspoon of chamomile flowers is poured with 1 glass of boiling water. They insist for half an hour. Moisten a gauze pad and apply to the eyes 4 times a day
3. Pour 2 teaspoons of rose hips 1 cup boiling water, heat over low heat for 5 minutes and leave for 30 minutes. Apply lotions when there is discharge of pus.
4. Dill juice is another drug for home treatment conjunctivitis. Juice is squeezed out of dill stems and soaked in it. cotton swab. Next, the tampon is applied to the inflamed eye for 15 minutes. The lotion is applied 4 to 7 times a day (depending on the stage of the disease). The course of treatment is at least 6 days.
5. Brewing strong black tea is cooled to room temperature. Apply compresses to sore eyes. The number of procedures is not limited, the more often the better. Relieves inflammation and speeds up recovery.
6. Agave is also widely used against allergic conjunctivitis in complex treatment, but drops are made from the plant: Squeeze the juice from a large leaf. Mix with water in a ratio of 1:10. Apply 1 time per day, 2 drops.
7. How to treat conjunctivitis with bay leaves? You need to take two dry bay leaves, pour boiling water for 30 minutes. Then cool the broth and make lotions based on it. If the remedy is used to treat children, then the decoction is used only for washing the eyes.

Prevention

To prevent conjunctivitis, experts recommend following following rules prevention:

• Wash your hands with soap before touching your face and eyes;
• Individual towels;
• In case of allergic conjunctivitis, do not be near the allergen to prevent its contact with the mucous membrane.
• In the professional version, wear glasses, respirators and other protective equipment.

People experience conjunctivitis of the eyes different ages, and each patient’s disease progresses individually. Therefore, it is very important to consult an ophthalmologist at the first signs to make an accurate diagnosis.

Allergic conjunctivitis is a local reaction of the mucous membrane of the eyes to contact with an allergen. The disease can be combined with skin reactions, symptoms of rhinitis, occurs mainly in young people. At the first signs of allergic conjunctivitis, it is recommended to consult an ophthalmologist as soon as possible. Allergies can be unpredictable, accompanied not only by redness of the mucous membrane and swelling of the eyelids, but also bronchospasm, Quincke's edema and urticaria.

Main types of disease:

• hay fever;
• spicy;
• chronic;
• seasonal;
• drug;
• atopic keratoconjunctivitis.

Depending on the current pathological process can be acute or chronic. Experts also highlight both eyes. Without treatment, the disease in acute form becomes chronic, can give frequent relapses, cause purulent infections and decreased local immunity.

Symptoms

How does allergic conjunctivitis manifest? The disease often occurs chronically, with exacerbations in the spring months. Symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis appear immediately after contact with the allergen. Manifestations of the disease can be triggered by allergic foods, plant pollen, use of medications, exacerbation chronic rhinitis or bronchitis.

The main symptoms of chronic allergic conjunctivitis:

• severe itching, burning of the eyelids;
• lacrimation;
• swelling and redness of the conjunctiva;
• photosensitivity.

Symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis in an adult occur within 24 hours after exposure to the allergen. Intense itching forces the eyes to rub vigorously, which can lead to a secondary infection and cause suppuration of the eyelids. Most characteristic symptom Allergic conjunctivitis is severe redness of the mucous membrane. Individual enlarged follicles and purulent crusts may appear on it.

Note! The discharge from the eyes in the first days is usually transparent, but as the pathology develops it can become cloudy, become purulent and mucopurulent.

Causes

The main cause of allergic conjunctivitis is contact with an allergen. Various exogenous allergens can provoke an exacerbation of the disease. Most often, relapse of the disease is associated with flowering plants in the spring. It is in the spring months that many diseases of an allergenic nature worsen.

In the chronic relapsing form of the disease, allergens include house dust, animal hair, cosmetics and food products. The disease is often combined with bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, obstructive bronchitis and chronic eczema.

Is allergic conjunctivitis contagious?

Is allergic conjunctivitis transmitted to others? Since the basis of the disease is allergic reaction, which is not spread by airborne droplets or any other way, the disease is considered not contagious. But sometimes allergic conjunctivitis worsens after suffering respiratory viral diseases, which are highly contagious and can pose a threat to others.

Complications and consequences of the disease

With timely treatment of allergic conjunctivitis of the eyes, the prognosis is favorable. If the doctor identifies the allergen and does everything to prevent the patient’s body from contacting it, the disease will recur extremely rarely. But in the absence of effective therapy or untimely use of medications for allergic conjunctivitis, a secondary infection may occur with the appearance of copious purulent discharge. Also a complication is that it can lead to a decrease in visual acuity.

Diagnostics

To pick up effective treatment allergic conjunctivitis, it is necessary to carry out comprehensive diagnostics. An examination is prescribed by an ophthalmologist or allergist.

To determine the exact allergen, skin provocative tests, allergy tests, prick tests and others are performed. informative research. Additionally, it may be necessary to take a smear from the conjunctiva to determine the microflora and identify infectious agents.

Treatment of allergic conjunctivitis

How to treat allergic conjunctivitis in adults? The most important thing is to avoid contact with allergens. This helps to quickly eliminate the symptoms of the disease and improve the patient’s condition. Specific medications for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis are selected by an ophthalmologist. They mainly use local agents that have antipruritic, anti-inflammatory and anti-edematous effects.

If the risk of a secondary infection increases, antibacterial drops for allergic conjunctivitis are prescribed. They destroy infectious pathogens, stop their active reproduction and prevent the spread of the infectious process to neighboring tissues.

Regardless of the severity of the clinical manifestations of the pathology, ophthalmologists prescribe antihistamines orally and in the form of ointments, drops, gels and tablets (Claritin, Zyrtec, Lecrolin, Opatanol). Such products are used several times a day. They relieve itching, swelling and other manifestations of the disease. Severe conjunctivitis requires the use of corticosteroids with dexamethasone or hydrocortisone, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

In case of frequent relapses, it is necessary to carry out specific immunotherapy, the goal of which is to relieve the patient from an allergic reaction by introducing gradually increasing doses of the allergen into the body. But this technique carried out only in conditions medical institution. Specific immunotherapy is carried out by trained specialists who, if necessary, can provide emergency medical care and help quickly suppress an acute allergic reaction.

Important! Only a doctor, having the results of allergy diagnostics in hand, can tell how to treat allergic conjunctivitis in an adult and how to prevent relapses. Do not neglect the help of a specialist. The doctor will help you choose effective drug therapy and stop the development of the disease.

Diet

Following a diet for conjunctivitis of an allergic nature makes it possible to improve general health sick. Many patients with this disease exhibit hypersensitivity to certain foods. Diet is part of a comprehensive treatment. Citrus fruits and chocolate are excluded from the diet - these are the foods that are highly allergic. Some experts recommend avoiding honey if bee products are poorly tolerated by the body. But when compiling a list of prohibited foods, it is necessary to focus on the individual characteristics of each patient.

An ophthalmologist should tell you what products are suitable for allergic conjunctivitis in a particular patient. Usually strict restrictions are not required. It is enough to avoid eating citrus fruits and a lot of sweets.

Treatment with folk remedies

Is allergic conjunctivitis effective? Home remedies can only be used as a complement to classical therapy.

It is not recommended to completely switch to traditional medicine due to high risk increased signs of an allergic reaction. Without antihistamines and local treatment, it is impossible to get rid of inflammation, itching and redness of the mucous membrane of the eyes.

But traditional methods can be used as a reasonable addition to basic drug therapy. Here are some proven and effective recipes:

• if itching, swelling of the eyelids and redness of the eyes occur, wash them with aloe juice, which must be diluted slightly with water;
• apply black tea bags to your eyes;
• make lotions from infusions of chamomile and other medicinal herbs (sage, St. John's wort, linden);
• wash your eyes with infusion of medicinal marshmallow(2 roots washed, cut and pour boiling water for 8 hours).

It helps fight inflammation and prevent the development of an infectious process. It can be used on the eyes several times a day. Infusions and lotions are also made from anti-inflammatory herbs. It is important to use them regularly during the first days after the onset of symptoms of an exacerbation of the disease.

If the pathology recurs again and again, it is possible that, in addition to allergies, it progresses hidden infection. It’s better to get all tests done to identify the pathogen. Infectious diseases themselves can provoke the development of allergies. In this case, you can’t do without it. But folk recipes will be useful even with an infectious-allergic nature: they relieve itching well and disinfect tissues.

Course of the disease in children

With allergic conjunctivitis in children, the general well-being of the child greatly deteriorates. He becomes moody, sleeps poorly, and refuses to eat. The disease is accompanied severe swelling mucous membrane, itching and redness of the eyes, active lacrimation.

Allergies can be triggered by food, plant pollen, household dust, animal dander, medications and foreign bodies. Symptoms of the disease appear almost instantly after contact with the allergen. Both eyes are involved in the pathological inflammatory process. At severe course Photophobia occurs.

In children chronic allergies in the area of ​​the mucous membrane of the eyes is often complicated by secondary infection. Therefore, it is extremely important to monitor infection safety and prohibit the child from touching or scratching his eyes with his hands. For prevention infectious complications with frequent relapses, antibacterial drugs are prescribed from the first day of the disease. Be sure to use antihistamines (Tavegil, Suprastin, Fenistil and others) - they are the main ones in the treatment of the disease. If you cannot completely protect your child from contact with allergens and the development of allergic conjunctivitis, you must always take first aid supplies with you. They are precisely antihistamines.

The course of allergic conjunctivitis in pregnant women

During pregnancy, hormonal changes in the body and immune activity occur naturally is reduced to protect the fetus from the threat of miscarriage. As a result of these changes, the preconditions are created for the appearance of hyperactivity of the immune system and the development of allergies. Many women are not even aware of their sensitivity to certain foods, medications or pollen. New cosmetics can also cause an inflammatory reaction.

The main manifestations of pathology during pregnancy:

• itching in the eyes;
• lacrimation;
• redness of the mucous membrane and skin around the eyes;
• swelling and sticking of the eyelids.

It is quite difficult to treat allergies during pregnancy. Common medications that quickly relieve symptoms of the disease are prohibited, but find suitable remedy perhaps the doctor will do this too.

Every year, experts conduct research in the field modern pharmacology, find out which drugs have a teratogenic effect on the fetus and can threaten pregnancy. Only doctors have such information, and they are the ones who can choose a treatment regimen that will not harm the health of the unborn child.

Prevention

Prevention of the disease eliminates contact with common allergens. It is recommended to constantly follow a hypoallergenic diet and not to consume potentially hazardous foods, which most often provoke allergic reactions. If you are prone to conjunctivitis, you must periodically visit an ophthalmologist, conduct preventive studies and comprehensive ophthalmological diagnostics.

Allergic conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the lining of the eye (conjunctiva) caused by an atypical reaction of the body's immune system to an allergen.

The disease is equally common in both sexes and in children. In most cases, it occurs in the presence of other manifestations of allergies.

About 20% of the population has experienced this disease. This prevalence is due to the fact that the conjunctiva is constantly in contact with the air in which it is located. a large number of substances that can cause an immune response.

In addition to external triggers, there are also those that act from within the body - medications, food ingredients, pathogens.

Symptoms and features of the disease

Contact with an allergen is accompanied by the following symptoms:

• burning sensation (appears when trying to scratch the eyelid);
• lacrimation (a protective reaction of the body that tries to wash away the trigger substance from the mucous membrane);
• redness of the eyes (result of dilatation vascular network);
• swelling (the allergen increases the permeability of the walls of blood vessels and the influx of fluid into the tissue manifests itself in the form of edema);
• photophobia (typical of severe disease and concomitant keratitis - inflammation of the cornea);
• discharge of a viscous substance from the eyes (for seasonal or year-round type);
• erosions (occur with the medicinal form of the disease);
• runny nose, swelling of the nasopharyngeal mucosa;
• decreased vision is a rare symptom; in most cases, vision is restored after treatment, but if ulcers form on the cornea, blindness will be irreversible.

The peculiarity of allergic conjunctivitis is the involvement of two eyes in the inflammatory process at the same time, while lesions caused by other reasons are initially localized in only one. Very in rare cases the allergen provokes a reaction on one side - this is only possible with direct contact- applying the substance directly to the membrane of the eyeball.

Types of allergic conjunctivitis

Allergic conjunctivitis is classified depending on symptoms and causes of development. The following forms of the disease are distinguished:

1. Seasonal and year-round conjunctivitis- the most common type of disease. Seasonal caused by pollen flowering plants and dispersal of their seeds (exacerbation in spring and autumn periods). Year-round provoked by animal hair, dust, dust mites, down and feathers of birds.
2. Spring- most often occurs in males aged 5 to 20 years. The disease is characterized by a severe course and accompanying pathologies allergic type: dermatitis, eczema or bronchial asthma. Appears in spring. The peculiarity of the form of conjunctivitis is that in the overwhelming majority of cases the disease develops into adolescence and in the future it does not arise.
3. Papillary giant conjunctivitis- occurs with constant and direct contact with an allergen - reaction to suture material, used in ophthalmic surgeries, contact lenses.
4. Drug-induced conjunctivitis - in the overwhelming majority of cases, it is provoked by long-term use of medications (antibiotics or anesthetics). Sometimes an atypical reaction of the immune system does not develop to the main active substance in the preparation, but on preservatives and auxiliary components.
5. Tuberculous allergic conjunctivitis- develops as a response of the immune system to the products of metabolic processes of the tuberculosis pathogen that is in the victim’s body. The course of this form is characterized by the formation of nodules containing lymphocytes.
6. Infectious-allergic conjunctivitis- a form that is often misdiagnosed as focal inflammation caused by an infectious agent. The reaction is observed when microorganisms come into contact with the eyeball slightly. The main cause of the atypical reaction is staphylococcus.

Diagnosis of allergic conjunctivitis

Before choosing treatment, it is necessary to conduct a thorough examination to determine the nature of the disease.

Allergenic and infectious conjunctivitis have similar symptoms; incorrect identification of the cause of the disease will affect treatment and then the risk of complications increases.

The following methods are used for diagnosis in allergology and ophthalmology:

1. Lab tests. For the study, tear fluid is collected. If more than 10% of eosinophils are detected, the origin of the allergic nature of the disease is confirmed.
2. Blood test (biochemical and general) - if detected increased amount immunoglobulin E also confirm an atypical reaction protective system body. But this is not the main method of determination - up to 20% of blood test results are false.
3. With mild symptoms and protracted current For diseases, a scraping is made from the eyelid and several eyelashes are taken for examination under a microscope. Measures are necessary to exclude demodex - such signs are characteristic of this pathogen.
4. Skin tests. The essence of the method is to apply scratches and an allergen to the forearm. Then observe the reaction to damaged skin. This type of diagnosis is common due to its information content and accessibility, but has a number of contraindications: pregnancy, lactation, age under 4 years.
5. Culture for microflora - to clarify the diagnosis in the presence of infection.

Treatment of allergic forms of conjunctivitis

After diagnosis, it is selected complex treatment taking into account the allergen and individual characteristics of the patient. The following drugs are used for therapy:

• Antihistamines are the basis of treatment. Depending on the course of the disease, 1st and 2nd generation agents are chosen. The duration of the course varies from 10 to 14 days. When choosing more expensive 3rd generation medications that have a membrane-stabilizing effect, the duration of use may extend for several months, but the result of treatment will not be long in coming.

• Antihistamines for topical therapy - Allergodil, Opatanol drops. From 2 to 4 times a day.

• Hormonal medications for topical therapy. In most cases, the tablet form of drugs is not enough, so eye drops or ointment are additionally prescribed. Drugs based on hydrocortisone and dexamethasone are often used. Use 1-3 times a day. Hormonal drugs should be taken only as directed by a physician.

• Products developed on the basis of cromoglycic acid are significant in that they have virtually no side effects. The disadvantages of these medications include the need for long-term and frequent use (2-4 times a day) and the result is noticeable after 2 weeks of use. This group includes drops Optikrom, Lecrolin, Cromohexal.

• Antiseptics, antibiotics. The mucous membrane is weakened by the action of the allergen and is therefore susceptible to the development of infectious complications. To avoid concomitant diseases, these groups of drugs are prescribed as preventive measures.

IN difficult cases applies radical method therapy in a hospital setting - allergen-specific treatment. The essence of the method is to, by introducing the allergen in a gradually increasing dosage, cause the body to become addicted to the substance.

Traditional medicine for local treatment of inflammation of the conjunctiva is not used due to the fact that in this way the main drugs prescribed by the doctor are washed off from the surface of the eye. But it is possible to use vitamin and restorative preparations internally.

Prevention of disease. Features of lifestyle with allergenic conjunctivitis

Like other manifestations of allergies, inflammation of the conjunctiva has no specific prevention. The only rule for successful treatment and long-term remissions - lack of contact with the allergen.

Some tips for allergy sufferers:

• in everyday life, use pillows and blankets with synthetic filling and keep them clean;
• If you are allergic to animal fur, you will have to give up pets or choose hypoallergenic ones;
• Carry antihistamine drops with you so that in case of accidental contact with an allergen, symptoms can be eliminated as quickly as possible.

Complications after illness. What are the consequences of improper treatment and ignoring the problem?

Self-medication, ignoring doctor’s instructions leads to undesirable consequences. In rare cases, reversible and irreversible deterioration of vision is observed, and other eye diseases (keratitis, glaucoma) worsen.

There are also frequent cases of infection in the weakened conjunctiva of the eyes.

Allergic conjunctivitis, like other types of atypical reactions of the immune system, often has a chronic course with periodic exacerbations. If contact with the trigger substance is excluded, the disease does not worsen, but in certain situations (with seasonal, spring conjunctivitis) it is almost impossible to exclude the allergen.

In this regard, you need to be prepared: systematically visit an allergist and adjust therapeutic measures during exacerbations, then the disease will bring a minimum of discomfort and pass without consequences.

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All information is presented for educational purposes. Do not self-medicate, it is dangerous! Accurate diagnosis Only a doctor can diagnose.

Allergic conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva (the outer transparent mucous membrane of the eye) caused by an allergic reaction of the body (immune response to foreign substance– allergen).

Young people, regardless of gender, are much more likely to suffer from this disease. There are no exact statistical data, since in most cases such conjunctivitis accompanies other manifestations of allergies.

According to studies, symptoms of conjunctivitis occur in approximately 20-40 percent of people with other allergic pathologies.

Causes

The basis of this pathology is the mechanism of immediate hypersensitivity. That is, the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis occur immediately after contact with substances causing allergies. Anatomical features The eyes are such that allergens easily penetrate the mucous membranes, causing an inflammatory process there.

There are three groups of the most common substances that can provoke the development of allergic conjunctivitis:

• household dust, such as house and library dust, mites house dust, feather from pillows;
• epidermal, for example, animal hair, bird feathers, animal dander, fish food, etc.
• pollenaceae, pollen from various plants.

When an allergen gets into the eyes, an inflammatory reaction immediately develops. Severe itching, lacrimation, redness of the conjunctiva and swelling occur. In some cases, photophobia may also develop.

The danger of allergic conjunctivitis is that in the absence adequate treatment An infection may accompany an allergy. At infectious lesion There may be pus discharge in the corner of the eye.

Symptoms

When allergic conjunctivitis occurs, symptoms can appear at different speeds, either a few minutes after contact with the allergen or a day later.

In most cases, the reaction occurs in both eyes. Allergic conjunctivitis in one eye is considered atypical, although this manifestation also occurs. One eye may be affected if, for example, the allergen was brought into it by hand.

The main symptoms of allergic type conjunctivitis;

• redness of the eyes.
• severe or tolerable persistent itching.
• copious and uncontrollable tearing.
• a burning sensation in the eyes.
• clear or white discharge, which thickens over time and greatly bothers the patient.
• photophobia.
• blurred picture perceived by vision.

If the disease is severe, photophobia may develop. Allergic conjunctivitis in children is accompanied by the same symptoms as in adults. Moreover, as a rule, the above-mentioned ocular manifestations are combined with nasal ones, and the development eye allergies accompanied by the development of rhinoconjunctivitis in 85% of cases. Often, eye symptoms given pathological condition They bother older patients and children much more than nasal ones.

Chronic form

If allergic conjunctivitis lasts from six months to a year, then we're talking about O chronic form diseases. In this case, clinical manifestations are minimal, but are persistent.

As a rule, chronic conjunctivitis associated with allergic reactions is accompanied by bronchial asthma and eczema.

Allergic conjunctivitis in children

Allergic conjunctivitis in children at an early age occurs quite rarely. Usually the disease is accompanied allergic rhinitis. Children who suffer from AK often experience other manifestations of allergies (diathesis, atopic dermatitis).

It is in children that food allergies are often triggered. After confirming the diagnosis, it is possible to carry out allergen-specific therapy, which is most effective at an early age.

We offer for viewing detailed photos to find out what it looks like this disease.

Prevention

Unfortunately, specific prophylaxis to prevent the development of allergic conjunctivitis has not been developed due to the fact that there is not yet a unified theory of why allergies as such develop.

Methods secondary prevention, aimed at preventing exacerbations of an existing disease, come down to eliminating the allergen from the environment (see Diet and lifestyle features for allergic conjunctivitis) and providing adequate treatment.

Treatment of allergic conjunctivitis

When allergic conjunctivitis is diagnosed, treatment should be carried out in three directions at once:

• immediate cessation of contact with the allergen;
• local therapy antihistamines, and in severe cases, corticosteroids;
• immunotherapy.

In mild cases, it is prescribed only local treatment, and in severe cases of the disease it is necessary complex therapy. The doctor can also prescribe specific immunotherapy and symptomatic drug therapy; in case of a protracted process, antimicrobial agents are prescribed prophylactically.

Approximate treatment regimen for allergic conjunctivitis:

1. Oral administration is indicated - Loratadine, Cetrin, Telfast. They allow you to block the action of histamine and some other inflammatory mediators, which prevents the manifestation of allergy symptoms.
2. Application – Lecrolin, Opatanol, Histimet. You need to bury them in your eyes up to four times a day, but this ensures quick effect and delivery of the drug to the target organ.
3. It is advisable to use eye drops mast cell stabilizers. Among such drops we can highlight: High-Krom (not for children under 4 years old), CromoHexal, Lecrolin, Krom-Allerg, Lodoxamide.
4. Some people can develop dry eye syndrome when, for physiological reasons, tear production is reduced or stops altogether. In this case, with allergic conjunctivitis, treatment is indicated with tear substitutes - Inoxa, Oksial, Vidisik, Oftogel, Visin, Systane.

Severe forms of allergic conjunctivitis may require prescription topical corticosteroids(eye drops or ointments with dexamethasone, hydrocortisone), topical NSAIDs (eye drops with diclofenac). Persistently recurrent allergic conjunctivitis is the basis for specific immunotherapy.

It is worth noting that the use traditional methods for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis is not recommended due to the fact that it may worsen the situation.

Treatment methods for seasonal allergic conjunctivitis

Often this form of allergy is acute, there is a strong burning sensation in the eyes, the person is afraid of light, he is bothered by severe itching, and the production of tears increases. The following measures need to be taken:

1. If you drop Spersallerg into your eyes, after a while you can feel how it becomes easier; the drops contain a vasoconstrictor.
2. When an allergic reaction just begins, it is necessary to take special antihistamine tablets orally.
3. In cases of chronic conjunctivitis allergic nature it is necessary to instill eye drops with Alomide and Cromohexal.

Allergic conjunctivitis is an inflammatory process of an allergic nature that affects the conjunctival membrane of the eye. This disease is not contagious; most often it occurs in young adults; it is often accompanied by other types of the body’s protective reaction to external stimuli (runny nose, rash, etc.). Since the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis are in many ways similar to other types of inflammation, it is important to correctly diagnose it before starting treatment.

Due to the structure of the eyes, external allergens affect some parts of them immediately, that is, the first symptoms begin to appear as soon as the eyes come into contact with the irritant.

Most often, allergic conjunctivitis is provoked household factors(dust particles) or pollen. In addition, sources can also be epidermal (pets).

Often the body’s defensive reaction occurs due to exposure cosmetics or household chemicals.

According to medical research, allergic conjunctivitis in adults and children can manifest itself in six forms:

1. Medicinal (most common). It is caused by long-term therapeutic treatment. It can occur for a long time and not pronounced, or acutely and quickly.
2. Seasonal hay fever. Its symptoms make themselves felt during the period of abundant flowering of vegetation, while their severity weakens with age.
3. Chronic year-round. This conjunctivitis is chronic; unpleasant sensations sometimes arise, and they usually manifest themselves weakly.
4. Spring, accompanied by keratoconjunctivitis. It occurs chronically; In the spring, the symptoms worsen, but by the fall they stop bothering you. According to statistics, this type of allergy occurs mainly in boys 5-12 years old.
5. Large capillary. It is caused by foreign particles entering the eye from outside. The symptoms accompanying this phenomenon disappear after removal of the irritants. Allergic disease this form is usually not accompanied.
6. Atopic. Most often, this reaction occurs against the background of other ailments (asthma, urticaria, dermatitis, etc.). At the same time, it is associated with the state of the immune system.

Symptoms of different types of allergic conjunctivitis

Symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis manifest differently in both adults and children.

It all depends on its shape and severity:

• The hay fever form can be distinguished by its acute onset; almost immediately after contact with the allergen, severe itching and burning of the eyelids, photophobia, and lacrimation occur; the conjunctiva swells and becomes reddish. Sometimes this conjunctivitis is chronic. Then the irritation is not too pronounced, and it bothers the patient only from time to time. But such a course can lead to deterioration of vision, since the inflammatory process sometimes affects the cornea.
• Chronic year-round conjunctivitis is characterized by moderate symptoms and the appearance of mucous discharge in the morning in small quantity. Occurs most often in females; often accompanied by signs of rhinitis.

• Dosage form. May manifest acutely (when symptoms occur immediately after taking the drug); in this case, the eyelids swell greatly, involuntary lacrimation, and sometimes even hemorrhage, is observed. In case of a prolonged reaction, the disease continues for several days, accompanied by itching and slight discharge; Follicles often appear on the mucous membranes.
• Spring conjunctivitis with signs of keratitis can be distinguished by gradually increasing itching and a feeling of “sand in the eye.” The conjunctiva becomes lumpy and covered with mucus. Even dim light causes a very painful reaction. The danger of this type is that inflammation can affect the cornea. Leaving ulcers, erosions, etc. on it.
• Large capillary form. Its main feature is the feeling that under upper eyelid present foreign body. In addition, redness, relief and heterogeneity of the conjunctiva, itching and the appearance of mucous discharge may be observed.
• Atopic type. It can be called analogous atopic dermatitis, only it does not affect the skin of the body, but the conjunctiva of the eyes and eyelids. In addition to itching, swelling of the mucous membrane and dry skin (sometimes scales appear) can be noted. Among the unpleasant consequences of such conjunctivitis, the most significant threat is the addition of a secondary infection.

From all of the above, we can conclude that there are several signs that are characteristic of absolutely all forms of conjunctivitis. These are symptoms such as redness of the mucous membranes, itching and lacrimation. The only difference is their intensity.

Allergic conjunctivitis can develop over different periods of time in both children and adults: from several minutes to two days.

It is important that it almost never affects one eye (only if the irritating substance was introduced directly into it).

If purulent mucus appears in the corners of the eyes, this may indicate an infection. Most often the reason for this phenomenon is improper treatment or its absence.

Diagnostic and therapeutic measures

To understand how to treat allergic conjunctivitis, it is important to make a correct diagnosis. Not only the allergic nature of the disease matters, but also its form and severity.

Diagnostics

First of all, you need to visit an ophthalmologist to make sure you have conjunctivitis, because similar symptoms may be accompanied by other illnesses.

After the ophthalmologist confirms that the cause of the disease is external stimulus, you should consult an allergist-immunologist. Working together, doctors determine whether the patient has hereditary predisposition to allergies, whether there were other signs of a protective reaction of the body (not necessarily related to the eyes).

In addition to the conversation, laboratory tests may be carried out.

Treatment of allergic conjunctivitis in adults and children

Self-treatment of the disease, including folk remedies, should not be used even for adults, so as not to cause complications and infection.

To cure allergic conjunctivitis as quickly as possible, you must first eliminate the source of inflammation - the allergen. Since the disease is not contagious, it is not necessary to interrupt contact with sick people.

Treatment pharmaceuticals You can start after confirming the diagnosis, and the drugs should be prescribed by a doctor.

An integrated approach, which involves the use of two methods at once, helps to cure the disease:

• Symptomatic;
• Immunotherapeutic.

The first method is local impact on the mucous membranes and conjunctiva of the eyes, as well as relieving other allergy symptoms.

This may be carried out by the following means:

• Medicines to relieve pain and inflammation caused by mast cell degranulation (Lodoxamide, Cromoglycate). Such drugs also help eliminate swelling.
• Antihistamines(prescribed in severe cases and mainly for the treatment of adults).

Additionally, corticosteroid drugs (Maxidex, Dexamethasone, etc.), anti-inflammatory drugs (Diclofenac-Long) or antibacterial drugs (Dexa-Gentamicin) may be prescribed.

Antihistamines can also combat other signs of allergies (runny nose, rash, etc.). Claritin, Loratadine, etc. are recommended for oral administration.

If allergic conjunctivitis is accompanied by dry eyes, you can additionally use moisturizing medications in the form of drops (for example, Visine).

For inflammation of the cornea, it is prescribed vitamin complexes(Taufon eye drops, etc.).

Immune therapy ensures the body's resistance to the allergen, that is, to reduce the intensity of its protective reaction. It is impossible to cure allergies using this method. But it helps reduce the number of relapses.

Treatment folk recipes. Treatment of diseases with folk remedies is a fairly common phenomenon, because they have practically no side effects. However, it is impossible to cope with allergic inflammation of the eyes with folk recipes. There is no effect from washing with “grandmother’s” tinctures and decoctions, but the consequences can be unpleasant: from secondary infections, to exacerbations and complications.

Allergic conjunctivitis in childhood and pregnancy

There is no prevalence of the disease among children under three years of age. This can be explained, among other things, by the fact that this type of conjunctivitis is not contagious.

But if a reaction does occur, it is usually against the background of other manifestations (runny nose, dermatitis, etc.). It is most often caused by food products, less often by dust particles, animal hair, pollen, etc.

You can quickly get rid of symptoms if you start treatment immediately after confirming the diagnosis. But this should not be done using folk remedies.

Features of conjunctivitis during pregnancy:

• There are practically no primary manifestations of conjunctivitis during pregnancy, but there is a possibility of relapses and exacerbations.
• It is important to treat the disease and symptoms strictly under the supervision of a doctor, as many medications can cause harm to the fetus.
• At the same time, there is no danger to the child from the allergy itself.
• Only a doctor can identify and diagnose the disease; for this purpose is carried out laboratory test blood.
• The ophthalmologist prescribes acceptable therapy. It is important to avoid contact with the irritant; it is not necessary to contact infected people, since this disease is not contagious.

Prevention

So that you don't have to treat acute exacerbation conjunctivitis, it is worth taking care of prevention in advance.

• The most effective remedy– getting rid of the source of allergies (it is better to relocate pets, replace household chemicals or cosmetics, remove dust and pollen in a timely manner, etc.).

• Allergic inflammation eyes are rarely caused by food (mainly in children). But if this happens, you can simply exclude from the diet those that caused the disease.

Unfortunately, it is not yet possible to completely prevent allergies, but properly selected therapy will reduce the likelihood of exacerbations and relapses, and will also ease the course of symptoms, making them less pronounced.

It is important to understand that a seemingly harmless disease can lead to very unpleasant consequences. Therefore, you cannot prescribe medications for yourself, and it is better not to turn to “grandmother’s recipes.”

A correct and timely approach to treatment is a guarantee of its effectiveness and favorable outcome.