Individual cavity hygiene. Methods of hygienic oral care. Standard method of dental hygiene. Preventive value of oral care. Additional hygiene products

• Types of toothpastes

Hygienic toothpastes

• Rules for brushing teeth

• Polishing teeth and fillings.
• Fluorization.

2. Removal of dental plaque

• Low frequency impact.
• Ultrasonic exposure

3. Polishing teeth and fillings

Individual and professional oral hygiene.

Individual oral hygiene - this is the regular thorough removal of food debris and plaque from the surfaces of the teeth and gums using special-purpose products. Individual dental care products include toothbrushes, toothpastes, dental floss and other products.

All personal oral hygiene products are divided into basic and additional. Basic hygiene products include toothbrushes and toothpastes. Additional options include dental floss, toothpicks, hydromassagers, interdental stimulants and dental elixirs.

• Using different types of toothbrushes

Toothbrushes with hard and very hard bristles are used to clean dentures. Soft and very soft toothbrushes are recommended for young children during exacerbation of periodontal disease, diseases of the oral mucosa, and also after surgery.

The most hygienic and least traumatic to the oral mucosa is considered to be an artificial fiber brush with a short head and a long curved handle.

Hard-to-reach areas of teeth and dentures can be cleaned using a special toothbrush (one tuft of bristles).

In addition to regular toothbrushes, there are currently electric toothbrushes with frequent head vibrations of 45 - 48 vibrations per second. The micromotor is located in the brush handle. With this toothbrush you can not only brush your teeth, but also vibrate your gums.

• Types of toothpastes

The main means of personal oral hygiene include toothpastes. Depending on the mechanism of action, toothpastes are divided into two groups: hygienic and therapeutic toothpastes.

Hygienic toothpastes

Hygienic toothpastes only have a cleansing effect. They have a pleasant taste, smell, weak antiseptic (killing pathogens) effect and are used in the absence of oral diseases.

Therapeutic and prophylactic toothpastes

Therapeutic and prophylactic pastes contain medications and biologically active substances that contribute to the prevention and, to a certain extent, treatment of dental diseases. Therapeutic and prophylactic toothpastes can be prepared on various bases.

If you have fixed dentures, it is recommended to clean the dentures mainly with therapeutic and prophylactic pastes. If you have a removable denture in your mouth, then first brush your teeth with therapeutic and prophylactic pastes, then wash the denture under running water and clean it with a brush and paste separately.

Depending on the desired effect of using toothpaste, there are:

• Toothpastes with herbal preparations; some of them contain vitamin C, chlorophyll, balsamic gums, which strengthen and disinfect gums.
• There are toothpastes that contain infusions of medicinal herbs (chamomile, St. John's wort, eucalyptus) and have anti-inflammatory, astringent and deodorizing properties.
• For chronic inflammatory periodontal diseases, pastes with astringent and anti-inflammatory properties are recommended.
• Pastes containing salt additives help dissolve plaque, have an anti-inflammatory effect, eliminate bad breath, improve metabolic processes, and reduce bleeding gums.
• Pastes with enhanced cleansing properties. They contain proteolytic (dissolving dead tissue) enzymes and salt components, dissolve plaque, soft dental deposits, and have an anti-inflammatory effect.
• For periodontal tissue diseases, fluoride-containing pastes can be used to strengthen the hard tissues of the tooth.
• In case of increased sensitivity of tooth enamel, which occurs with periodontal disease, use toothpastes containing mineralizing preparations (calcium and phosphorus salts).
• Toothpastes containing biologically active additives have a negative effect on pathogenic microorganisms in the oral cavity and in periodontal pockets and promote wound healing.
• Toothpastes containing chlorhexidine reduce the conditions for the formation of dental plaque and have bactericidal (kill pathogenic microorganisms) properties.
• Gel toothpastes are effective for restoring the mineralization of tooth enamel.
• Rules for brushing teeth

There are various methods of brushing your teeth. However, the most popular method is the standard method of brushing teeth. People with healthy periodontal disease are recommended to brush their teeth using the standard brushing method twice a day (in the morning after breakfast and at night).

Standard method of brushing teeth involves performing movements with a toothbrush in a certain sequence. When brushing teeth with this method, first sweeping movements with a toothbrush are provided (on the buccal, vestibular, palatal, lingual surfaces of the teeth), after which reciprocating (horizontal) and circular movements are performed.

When cleaning chewing surfaces, reciprocating movements (horizontal) and circular movements are used. When cleaning chewing surfaces, reciprocating movements are used in the longitudinal and transverse directions.

With the standard method of brushing teeth, the dentition is conventionally divided into 6 segments (group of molars, group of small molars, group of front teeth). Teeth should be brushed from the left molars of the upper jaw towards the center. First on the upper jaw, then on the lower jaw. The dentition is open.

Having carried out ten sweeping movements from the surface of the teeth facing the lips and cheeks in the area of ​​the left upper molars, move the brush sequentially to the next segments to the right upper molars. Then the upper jaw teeth are cleaned segment by segment using sweeping movements from the palatal surface.

After this, the chewing surface of the teeth of the upper jaw is cleaned on the left and right with ten movements in each segment. All surfaces of the lower jaw teeth are cleaned in the same sequence. Teeth brushing is completed by massaging the gums, making wide circular movements with the brush along the closed dentition from left to right, grasping the teeth and gums.

Each surface of the dentofacial segment must be cleaned with eight to ten movements of the brush of different options. To clean all surfaces of the teeth, you need to spend 300-400 movements with a toothbrush, which is approximately 2.5 - 3.5 minutes.

Sequence of actions when brushing your teeth

To achieve the best effect of brushing your teeth, you need to brush them 2 times a day, and in a certain sequence:

• Visually divide the dentition into several segments: molars, small molars, front teeth.
• Position the brush at an angle of 45º to the surface of the teeth (dentitions are open).
• Brush teeth from the buccal-labial surface of the upper jaw on the left, performing 10 sweeping movements from top to bottom with the brush, then move on to all other segments.
• Brush the teeth from the palatal surface of the upper teeth, moving in segments from left to right, making 10 sweeping movements on each one.
• Brush the teeth of the lower jaw in the same sequence.
• Brush all surfaces of the teeth using brush movements back and forth, 10 movements per surface.
• Finish brushing your teeth with circular movements along the buccal-labial surface, grasping the teeth and gums.

When performing sweeping movements with a brush, it is first placed at an acute angle (45º) to the surface to be cleaned, and then the brush is turned along its axis. During reciprocating movements, the brush is placed perpendicular to the surface to be cleaned.

On the upper jaw, when cleaning the palatal surface of the front teeth, the toothbrush is positioned with the brush down, and on the lower jaw, when cleaning the lingual surface, it is positioned upward. If the sequence of movements with a toothbrush is violated, plaque can be transferred to the interdental spaces.

Professional oral hygiene is carried out by dentists using special instruments, devices, devices and medications.

At the same time, the quality of individual hygiene is monitored, and the initial stages of dental and periodontal diseases are diagnosed.

Professional teeth cleaning lasts about an hour, but one visit to the dentist is not enough for this purpose. The success of treatment of periodontal diseases, the preservation of healthy teeth, fillings and dentures depend on the quality of oral care. Only regularly performed professional oral hygiene will help to avoid dental diseases.

During the preventive examination, the dentist carefully examines the patient with the obligatory calculation of caries intensity indices, hygienic index, index of the condition of the oral mucosa and periodontal tissues. In addition, the dentist determines the type of bite and the presence of risk factors for dental diseases.

Professional oral hygiene includes:

• Teaching patients rational oral care and the correct use of dental care products and methods.
• Removal of soft and hard dental plaque.
• Polishing teeth and fillings.
• Fluorization.

The number of visits for professional oral hygiene activities depends on the individual characteristics of the sick or healthy person. It is recommended that at first four visits with an interval of 2 - 3 days, then the intervals can be gradually increased to 14, 30, 60 days.

1. Teaching patients about rational oral care

In the dentist's office, patients are trained in rational oral care and the correct use of dental care products and methods.

At this visit, the patient comes to the doctor with a new toothbrush, which remains in the office for subsequent visits. After this, the patient himself brushes his teeth in front of a mirror, and the doctor, having stained his teeth with special dyes, determines the quality of teeth cleaning and makes recommendations.

At the same time, a demonstration of the sequence of movements when brushing teeth, massaging gums (on a phantom) is carried out, personal hygiene products are selected, recommendations are given on the selection of a toothbrush, toothpaste, products for interdental spaces and rinses, recommendations are given on proper nutrition and the use of chewing gum.

2. Removal of dental plaque

If there is hard dental plaque, the dentist must remove it at each visit in a certain sequence.

To do this, the oral cavity is first treated with special antiseptic solutions or infusions of medicinal herbs (calendula, eucalyptus, etc.). If the patient is very sensitive, then he is given anesthesia by applying an anesthetic drug to the tooth or in the form of an injection.

Only after this the dental plaque is removed. There are four types of effects on tooth enamel:

• Low frequency impact. It is carried out using a Sonic device. At the same time, circular oscillatory movements are made with the tip of the instrument in the area of ​​a tooth with a diameter of up to 1 mm. Oscillation frequency - 1500-1700 Hz. With this method, the gums can be injured, so the device is used mainly for removing supragingival dental plaque. Not used if the integrity of the enamel is damaged.
• Ultrasonic exposure , which has a high vibration frequency, elliptical motion and little heat generation. Ultrasonic exposure is especially effective in combination with treatment of the oral cavity with solutions of chlorhexidine, iodine, fluorine, and soda.
• Impact using piezoelectric scalers. With this type of impact, the tool tip moves only in a linear (back and forth) direction with a frequency of 45,000 Hz and does not generate heat. Moreover, the harder you press on the tool, the less the result of the impact.
• Ultradisperse (powder-jet) impact. It is carried out using special devices (Air-Flow, EMS, Cavi-Jet) by directed supply of an aerosol jet containing water and an abrasive agent (preventive powder with sodium bicarbonate and alpha aluminum oxide).

3. Polishing teeth and fillings

Teeth polishing is carried out using special brushes, tassels, rubber cups, which are used together with a special polishing paste.

First, preliminary polishing of the neck of the tooth (the place where the crown enters the root) and accessible areas of the roots of the teeth is carried out using special flexible tools (tapes, floss, brushes, discs, etc.) After this, the final polishing of the teeth begins using brushes, rubber caps and polishing paste

First, polishing is carried out with a coarse polishing paste using rubber cups and special brushes for the tooth cusps. The next stage is processing with a medium-grain paste, which smoothes out the unevenness formed by the coarse paste. The penultimate stage is final polishing with a fine-grained paste. And the final stage of teeth polishing is cleaning the interdental spaces using special means (threads, interdental brushes and fine-grained paste).

To remove the paste, rinse the mouth with weak antiseptic solutions, after which a control determination of the hygiene index is done.

Humanity began to pay attention to oral hygiene at the dawn of civilization. Already about 1.8 million years ago, rudimentary toothpicks made from grass stems were used. And the history of the toothbrush began with chewing plates, which later evolved into a wooden stick, soaked at one end. The inhabitants of Babylon began to use them many centuries before the birth of Christ.

But even today, a modern, excellent toothbrush and the right toothpaste cannot 100% guarantee that your teeth will outshine everyone with radiant whiteness and be completely clean and healthy. The success of such a mission largely depends on correct teeth brushing technique.

There are many different methods of brushing your teeth. They differ from each other in the nature of the movements, their sequence, the order of cleaning the dental surfaces, etc.

How to brush your teeth correctly?

• Before brushing your teeth, wash your hands, toothbrush, and rinse your mouth.
• Apply a small amount of toothpaste to the brush along the entire length of the bristles.
• Place the head of the toothbrush at a 45-degree angle to the gum line. Start cleaning with the upper incisors. Make short circular movements with the brush with light pressure in the direction from the gum to the cutting edge - from top to bottom. Brush each tooth thoroughly.

• Then clean the inner surface of each tooth with the same circular movements, but with the brush now positioned perpendicular to the cutting edges. Clean thoroughly! This side of the teeth is often forgotten or brushed lightly.
• Continuing circular movements, clean the outer surface of the teeth.
• After this, proceed to cleaning the chewing surfaces of the teeth: place the brush horizontally and move it back and forth with light pressure.

• Clean your tongue: gradually move from the back of your tongue to the front.
• Finish the brushing with a massage of the gums - with your mouth closed, use the brush to make familiar circular movements, gripping the teeth and gums.
• Rinse your mouth again with water to remove excess toothpaste, rinse your toothbrush thoroughly and place it in a glass.

The most common mistake when brushing your teeth- this is the execution of various movements with a brush - reciprocating, scraping, across the axis of the teeth. The lack of a systematic approach leads to the transfer of dental plaque from one area of ​​the dentition to another, as well as to contamination of the interdental spaces. Remember: cleaning is carried out in three directions - first from the outside, then from the inside and finally along the chewing surface of the teeth.

For each surface of the teeth in each direction you should spend about 10 brush strokes. In time the whole procedure ends 2.5 – 3.5 minutes. During this time, the fluoride substances contained in the paste have time to have a beneficial effect on the teeth. If you have trouble keeping track of time, keep an hourglass in your bathroom. They will help you find your way.

By the way, the more often you brush your teeth, the less you weigh. People who brush their teeth three times a day are less likely to be overweight. Japanese scientists came to this conclusion. They studied the lifestyle of 14 thousand people and found that slim people tend to brush their teeth after every meal. But “people in the body” forget to do this every day. However, brushing your teeth in itself is not a way to burn fat. It's just that those who brush their teeth often are more attentive to themselves.

Plan

Introduction

1. Oral hygiene

3.1. Toothbrushes

3.1.2 Description of toothbrushes

3.1.3. Electric toothbrushes

3.1.4. Ionic toothbrushes

3.1.5. Rules for using toothbrushes

3.2. Dental floss – floss 3.2.1. Floss classification

4.1. Toothpicks

4.2. Interdental brushes

5. Overview of the modern market for oral hygiene products

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

At all times, the health of teeth and gums has been undeniably associated with oral hygiene; ancient healers argued that a person is healthy as long as his teeth are healthy. Considering the high prevalence of dental caries and periodontal diseases, it is understandable that modern dentists want to use all existing preventive methods to prevent dental diseases and reduce the intensity of their course. One of the most effective and at the same time the simplest and most accessible measures to prevent these diseases is proper and effective care of teeth and the oral cavity as a whole, using the entire arsenal of modern oral hygiene products.

Primary prevention of dental diseases includes a complex of interrelated measures, the nature of which depends on the age of the person, the climatic and geographical features of the area where he lives, social and living conditions, etc. The leading activity in this complex is oral hygiene.

The preventive value of oral care is beyond any doubt; this is convincingly evidenced by data from a special study of dental status depending on the level of oral hygiene. Clear evidence of the preventive value of oral hygiene are studies on volunteers in whom, when active hygiene measures are excluded in the presence of carbohydrates, multiple foci of enamel demineralization appear in a short time, completely disappearing with subsequent regular and thorough dental care.

Rational oral care is a basic method of prevention and can be etiological in nature, i.e. aimed at eliminating the causes of diseases of the oral cavity (microorganisms of dental plaque). Having fundamental knowledge about the causes and development of diseases is a necessary prerequisite for the development of their primary prevention. The most effective methods of prevention are those that attack the cause of the disease.

Currently it is common to distinguish individual And professional hygiene. Individual oral hygiene refers to the careful and regular removal of deposits from the surface of teeth and gums by each person using special-purpose products. Professional oral hygiene is carried out by appropriate specialists using instruments, devices, devices and medications intended for these purposes. Professional oral hygiene not only ensures the removal of soft and mineralized deposits from all surfaces of the teeth, but also monitors the quality of individual hygiene, diagnoses the early stages of dental caries (focal demineralization) and periodontal diseases (gingivitis, tumors, etc.). The regularity of professional oral hygiene depends on many factors, including the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the masticatory apparatus, the age of a person, the resistance of dental and periodontal tissues, etc. To carry out both individual and professional oral hygiene, special means are needed.

1. Oral hygiene

Primary prevention of dental diseases includes a complex of interrelated measures, the nature of which depends on the age of the person, the climatic and geographical features of the area where he lives, social and living conditions, etc. The leading activity in this complex is oral hygiene. Currently, it is customary to distinguish between personal and professional hygiene. Individual oral hygiene refers to the careful and regular removal of deposits from the surface of teeth and gums by each person using special-purpose products. Professional oral hygiene is carried out by appropriate specialists using instruments, devices, devices and medications intended for these purposes. Professional oral hygiene not only ensures the removal of soft and mineralized deposits from all surfaces of the teeth, but also monitors the quality of individual hygiene, diagnoses the early stages of dental caries (focal demineralization) and periodontal diseases (gingivitis, tumors, etc.).

1.1. Theoretical basis for oral hygiene

Targeted prevention of dental caries and periodontal diseases requires a clear understanding of the causes that cause these diseases, the factors contributing to their development and the mechanisms of their interaction.

Numerous literature data indicate that dental plaque is one of the important etiological and pathogenetic links in the development of dental caries. Initial caries lesions occur in places where favorable conditions are created for the accumulation of plaque (pits and fissures, on proximal surfaces and cervical areas).

The occurrence of caries is associated with the microflora of dental plaque, among which streptococci play a leading role.

Streptococcus is of greatest importance for the development of soft tissue pathology and dental caries damage. Streptococci can easily go into and out of a spore state. A minimum set of nutrients is sufficient to feed streptococcus. It multiplies quickly and has high acid-producing properties. Under unfavorable conditions for the life of streptococcus, its surface membrane swells and thickens, which is an adaptive protective mechanism. Streptococcus easily adapts to any type of food and easily gets used to it.

Streptococcus mutans has the most pronounced cariogenic potential due to the following inherent properties:

1. Formation of colonies on teeth in the form of dental plaque. Dental plaque, due to glycoproteins, adheres tightly to the surface of the tooth, has a mesh structure filled with microflora and deposited carbohydrates such as levan and decabrine. The dental plaque is delimited from the oral cavity by a shell of glycopolysaccharides that are not destroyed under the influence of salivary amylase.

This form of existence of microbes in the mouth is advisable from the standpoint of their life support, because easier to provide:

a) the process of reproduction

b) protection from harmful influences

c) food is accumulated and deposited

2. Production (production) of a large amount of extracellular polysaccharides, which ensure the adhesion of bacteria to each other and the tooth surface, which leads to the growth and thickening of dental plaque.

3. Breakdown of carbohydrates. When taking easily fermentable carbohydrates, especially those with low molecular weight (glucose and sucrose), two processes occur: their rapid metabolism through glycolysis with the formation of organic acids, mainly lactic acid. A kind of “metabolic explosion” occurs when acid production increases 10-100 times within 5-15 minutes. In this case, some of the acids penetrate from the plaque into saliva, and the main part remains in the plaque, diffusing onto the surface of the enamel. There is a decrease in the pH of dental plaque to 4.4-5.0, while the return to normal values ​​occurs much more slowly, sometimes within 2 hours, especially in the area of ​​​​contact between teeth.

Such a change in the concentration of hydrogen ions poses a danger to the enamel, since at a pH value below a critical level (about 5.5), dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals can occur in the least stable areas of the enamel. Acids penetrate the subsurface layer of enamel and cause its demineralization. The microspaces between the crystals increase, which leads to an increase and increased permeability of the tooth enamel. We owe it to permeability that ideal conditions are created for the penetration of microorganisms into the interprismatic spaces. That is, the source of acid formation penetrates into the enamel, forming a cone-shaped lesion.

At an early stage, caries consists of focal demineralization resulting from changes in pH on the surface of the enamel under plaque. At this stage - the “white spot” - the pathological process is reversible, and remineralization of the tooth enamel is possible. At the same time, the surface layer of enamel is preserved both due to the influx of mineral substances from its deteriorating layers, and due to the intake of substances from the environment surrounding the tooth. Thus, when the processes of de- and remineralization are in balance, caries does not cause. When the demineralization process predominates, caries occurs in the white spot stage. The process may not stop here, but serve as the starting point for the formation of a carious defect.

The second, slower process is the formation of glucose polymers (levan, dextran, other compounds), which represent a depot of carbohydrates (such as glycogen) stored by the microflora for future use to ensure vital activity between meals.

Thus, for the occurrence of dental caries, an etiological factor is necessary - the cariogenic microflora of the oral cavity. Without it, dental caries cannot occur under any circumstances. In the presence of cariogenic microflora, the development of caries can occur only in the presence of certain conditions and factors (links of pathogenesis).

To do this, the intake of easily fermentable carbohydrates must be ensured and a dental plaque must form. But even under this condition, caries does not necessarily form. As a result of constant acid production, demineralization processes should prevail over remineralization. In this case, caries can develop with a low level of tooth enamel resistance.

The periodontium is a complex morphofunctional complex of tissues that surrounds and holds the tooth in the alveolus. All elements that make up the periodontium (gingiva, periodontium, alveolar bone tissue and cementum) are closely related in development and structure, which ensures the performance of various and very complex functions - barrier, trophic, plastic, support-retaining, etc.

According to WHO (1996), more than 80% of the world's population is susceptible to periodontal diseases, leading to tooth loss, the appearance of foci of chronic infection in the oral cavity, decreased body reactivity, microbial sensitization and other disorders.

Plaque plays an important role in the occurrence of inflammatory periodontal diseases (gingivitis, periodontitis), and the greatest importance is given to such plaque microorganisms as Str.sanguis, Bac.melonogenicus, Actinomyces viscosus, etc.

Normally, the oral cavity contains many microorganisms, and they do not have a pathogenic effect. In addition, there are a number of defense mechanisms against the possible pathogenic effects of dental plaque. The main role is played by saliva, which effectively prevents the excessive accumulation of microorganisms in the interdental spaces, in the area of ​​the periodontal junctions. Antimicrobial components of saliva (lysozyme, b-lysines, etc.) suppress the growth of microorganisms and thereby prevent their damaging effects on the periodontium. Near the most vulnerable areas (dental gingival grooves) there is a powerful capillary network. In the case of increased secretion of toxins, enzymes and other damaging microbial factors by microorganisms, protective blood cells (leukocytes) and its components actively enter these areas, inactivating or destroying microbial cells. Thus, the processes of microbial invasion and antimicrobial protection are normally quite balanced.

The accumulation of plaque in the interdental spaces and gingival grooves is facilitated by:

· cervical carious defects

· incorrectly applied fillings

· lack of interdental contacts

Anomalies in the location of teeth in the dental arch

Predominance of soft foods in the diet

· changes in the composition and properties of oral fluid (decreased amount and rate of salivation, increased viscosity of saliva)

In the light of modern ideas about the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases, 4 stages can be distinguished.

At the first stage, the colonization of bacteria occurs, mainly Str.sanguis and Actinomyces, which are firmly attached to the surface of the pellicle. Then other microorganisms join, which leads to an increase in the mass of plaque in different directions. Gingival fluid, growth and chemotaxis factors promote the migration of bacteria into the gingival sulcus, where they attach to the tooth surface, epithelium or other microorganisms and can resist the flow of gingival fluid.

During the invasion stage, whole microorganisms or their metabolic products penetrate the gum through the epithelium of the gingival sulcus to varying depths down to the surface of the alveolar bone. The third stage is the destruction of periodontal tissue.

Microorganisms and their metabolic products lead to the destruction of periodontal tissue through a direct toxic effect similar to that exerted by exotoxins or histological enzymes. The cellular elements of the gums are damaged, toxins and enzymes of microorganisms penetrate into the soft gingival structures, and an acute inflammatory reaction develops. The pathogenic effect of microorganisms continues, and inflammation becomes chronic.

Like any inflammation caused by an infectious agent, inflammation of periodontal tissue depends not only on the presence of microorganisms, but also on the general condition of the entire organism. The severity of the process, its clinical and morphological features and the outcome of inflammation are determined by the reactivity of the body.

Therefore, oral hygiene is a basic method of preventing major dental diseases, using modern methods and oral hygiene products, depending on the dental status and age of the child, teenager, and adult.

2. Types of personal oral hygiene items

Products and hygiene items intended for “cleaning” between teeth are called intradental. With their help, you can protect yourself from caries on the contact surfaces of the teeth, where the toothbrush does not penetrate. In addition, intradental agents prevent the deposit of tartar and prevent inflammation of the dental papillae.

Oral hygiene items are divided into basic and auxiliary

Basic:

Toothbrushes;

Dental floss (floss).

Auxiliary:

Toothpicks;

Irrigators;

Tongue brush.

3. Basic oral hygiene products

3.1.1. Toothbrushes

A little history :

Several years ago, a small and short-lived journal, which set itself the task of publishing unusual hypotheses rejected by “official” science, published an article claiming that brushing your teeth is harmful. The author's main arguments: animals do not brush their teeth and do not have caries; Brushing disrupts the natural ecosystem of the oral cavity, beneficial microbes are cleaned off, and their place is taken by harmful ones that destroy tooth enamel.

The author of the hypothesis is, in principle, right, but his arguments have nothing to do with the majority of our contemporaries. A natural ecosystem would exist in the mouth if we ate natural foods. The indigenous people of Tibet do not have tooth decay because they eat root vegetables, dried meat and a small amount of rice. However, when their children were moved to a boarding school, where they began to receive European food rich in carbohydrates, their teeth all deteriorated. So, if we want to eat as we are used to, we cannot do without brushing our teeth.

And people realized this a long time ago. The first toothbrushes were simply wooden sticks soaked at one end. They were used without any powders or pastes. Such “dental sticks,” about five thousand years old, were used by residents of Asia, Africa, and South America.

They were so-called dental brooms, which were made from split tree branches. The first mention of toothbrushes in literature dates back to 1400.

Some peoples still use this method of dental care. In Africa, branches of trees of the Salvador genus are popular. Its wood contains a lot of fibers of two types - soft and hard, which gives an almost ideal combination for cleaning tooth enamel. Another type of salvadora has been used for more than a thousand years in the Muslim East; such toothbrushes are called “mizwak” there, and the tree itself is called “arak”. One medieval Arab poet wrote:

"When she smiled, revealing a row of white teeth,

Polished with juicy and sweet arak,

Their shine was like the sparkle of the sun's rays..."

Salvadora bark contains plant compounds that help strengthen gums and kill germs.

According to the American Dental Association, in remote parts of the United States, "dental sticks" (most often made from white elm twigs) are still used today, and they are no less effective than modern nylon brushes.

The first mention of toothbrushes in literature dates back to 1400.

The invention of a toothbrush with bristles perpendicular to the base of the handle is attributed to the Chinese and dates back to 1400. It was made from ivory. Horse bristles were used as bristles. Later they began to use pig bristles. The bristles were pulled from the scruff of pigs raised in northern China and even further north in Siberia. In cold climates, pigs have longer and stiffer bristles. Traders brought these brushes to Europe, but the bristles seemed too harsh to the Europeans. Those Europeans who had already brushed their teeth by this time (and there were few of them) preferred softer horsehair brushes. At times, however, other materials came into fashion, for example, badger hair.

In Europe, the widespread use of toothbrushes was associated with the publication in 1723 of the famous work on dentistry, “The Dentist Surgeon” by Pierre Fauchard, who was considered the “father of modern dentistry.” He devoted an entire chapter to oral hygiene. In which he criticized horsehair brushes - they are too soft; but he criticized even more sharply the large part of the population that did not pay any attention to oral hygiene. Fauchard recommended vigorously rubbing your teeth and gums with a natural sea sponge every day.

It is believed that the first manufacturer of toothbrushes was the ADDIS company (1780) in London. She used natural bristles for these purposes. In 1840, brushes began to be manufactured in France and Germany and acquired the shape familiar to us today. The bristles were supplied mainly from Russia and China.

Soon after the great Pasteur suggested that many diseases were caused by microbes, dentists realized that any brush made of natural bristles retains moisture for a long time and therefore provides a good breeding ground for bacteria. And the sharp tips of the bristles injure the mucous membrane of the mouth and can cause infection. You can, of course, boil the brush every day, but this will quickly soften it. The solution to the problem appeared only in our century.

In 1938, DuPont began producing nylon fiber, and in the same year the first nylon toothbrush was introduced to the American public. But the nylon bristles were too stiff, they hurt the gums, and dentists initially refused to recommend this new product to patients. In the early 50s, DuPont created a “soft” nylon, such a brush cost five times more than a hard one.

The mains-powered electric toothbrush was introduced in the United States in 1961, and the following year General Electric released a battery-powered, self-contained model. But electric toothbrushes are still not very popular.

Further improvements in recent decades have concerned mainly the shape of the head. Brushes have appeared on which the bristles or part of them are painted with a harmless, gradually erasing pigment, the discoloration rate of which is calculated so that by this time the tips of the nylon bristles are worn out. Then the brush needs to be changed. But, for example, according to the same American Dental Association, four out of every five Americans hold on to an old toothbrush until it completely falls apart.

3.1.1 Classification of toothbrushes

Currently, there are many models of toothbrushes. However, each toothbrush consists of a handle and a working part - a head with bristles planted in it. The available types of toothbrushes differ in the shape and size of the heads, the location and density, the length and quality of the bristles (natural bristles or synthetic fiber), the size and shape of the handles (Fig.).

A toothbrush consists of a handle, a working part (head), between which there is a neck. The bristles (pile) are strengthened on the head in various ways. Toothbrushes, depending on the degree of hardness, are divided into: very soft, soft, medium hard, hard, very hard.

In recent years, manufacturers of manual toothbrushes have begun to pay special attention to the structure of the toothbrush: the shape of the handle, its length, the grip pattern for the thumb, the formation of the brush field - what kind of tufts, how many bristles in a tuft, their number, shape, size, length , diameter, elasticity, quality of rounding and degree of polishing of the tips of the bristles and so on. All this is done with only one purpose - to maximize the cleaning ability of the brushes, to remove plaque, polish surfaces and keep the oral cavity clean.

Practical classification of toothbrushes(S.B. Ulitovsky)

1. The types of toothbrushes are: children, teenagers, adults .
2. By toothbrush group: hygienic, preventive(periodontal), additional(special purpose).
3. By toothbrush class: manual (manual), mechanical (manual), electrical .
4. By subclass: straight, angular (angular) .
5. By subclass: no indication And indicator.
6. By type of bristles: natural, artificial.
7. By bristle class (based on bristle material): nylon (indicator, non-indicator), setron, perlon, derolon, mixed (a combination of bristles of different degrees of hardness), combined (with a polymer coating), microtextured (with hairs twisted together in a “Twister” type bristle ").
8. By subclass of bristles (by degree of hardness): artificial bristles - very soft"Sensitive" type soft"Soft" type average degree of hardness type “Medium”, tough type "Hard" very tough type “Extra Hard”, “ХН”; mixed(a combination of bristles of different degrees of hardness), combined(a combination of several types of materials that change the stiffness of the bristles).
9. By bristle group (by the nature of the placement of tufts and the degree of processing of the bristles):

a) artificial bristles of a toothbrush: single-level, two-level, three-level, multi-level ;

b) artificial bristles: threaded, polished, rounded, ground, combined .

1. By type of handle: flat, thin, narrow, round, combined(combination of several materials), mixed(a combination of different shapes), springy, hard.
2. By handle type (by handle size): toothbrush handle – children’s, teenager’s, adult’s (small “Small” type), medium “Medium” type, large “Laj” type.
3. By type of grip: toothbrush handle grip – none, corrugated, flat, convex, concave, mixed, horizontal, vertical, circular, combined, universal, special grip, mixed (a combination of several types of grip), combined (a combination of several types of materials).
4. Division of toothbrushes according to the following characteristics:

a) Material– cellulose procrionate resin, polyurethane, copolyester, combination of materials.

b) Brush length– children, teenagers, adults (XS, S, M, Z, XZ).

c) Brush weight– 10–15 g.

d) Bristles: length – 8; 8.5; 9.5 mm, diameter - 0.15 - 0.18 mm, color - different, often transparent and white - number of bristles in a bunch - small (= 25 pieces), medium (= 38 pieces), large (46 pieces or more ) - retention of bristles – low (less than 1 kg), medium (2 kg), high (3 kg or more).

3.1.2 Description of toothbrushes

In turn, groups of brushes for children and adolescents and for adults are divided into two main subgroups of manual brushes - hygienic and preventive (periodontal).

Special-purpose brushes can be used equally by adult patients, children and adolescents. There are six subgroups in this group:

Orthopedic 3-Sh. designed for dental care in the presence of orthopedic and, to a large extent, orthodontic structures. They are especially necessary for patients with a blown Angle brace system. Their characteristic feature is a V-shaped depression passing through the entire surface of the brush field. Thus, when using them, the arch of the orthodontic apparatus is located in this recess, and longer tufts of bristles easily clean the tooth with sweeping movements;

Monopuchkovyya Z.Shch. They are a thin neck of a brush, at the end of which there is a single tuft of bristles. The difference between brushes of this subgroup is the flat or pointed shape of the brush field of the monotuft, as well as the quality of processing of the ends of the bristles. Some brushes (such as Jordan monobrushes) have extremely roughly processed bristle tips, which makes them worse and more difficult to use.
The main purpose of this product is to clean teeth in the presence of orthopedic and orthodontic structures;

Small-beam Z.Shch. On the head of such a brush there are, as a rule, 7 tufts of bristles: six of them are located in a circle and one in the center. The central tuft typically has longer bristles, while the other tufts have bristles trimmed at an upward angle towards the center. They are also used primarily for cleaning teeth with orthodontic appliances, intra-oral traction for jaw fractures, crowded teeth, metal-ceramic crowns and implants;

Z.Sh. “Sulcus” are brushes that have a narrow long head, comparable in length to the length of the head of a regular toothbrush, on the surface of which there are two longitudinal rows of tufts of bristles. Their purpose is auxiliary, as an additional brush, facilitating better cleaning of teeth from plaque and food debris for crowded teeth, single crowns, implants and other orthopedic and orthodontic structures:

Z.Sh. - a brush is a long or short handle, into the locking mount of which a cone-shaped or cylindrical brush is inserted. This type of product is necessary for correcting the bite and should be used by patients with all types of orthodontic structures; it is necessary for cleaning the interdental spaces. periodontal pockets, in the cervical region at all stages of periodontal damage. It is also indispensable for cleaning the spaces under the bodies of bridges, which helps avoid bedsores:

Z-SH-“Sensitive” This type of brush is characterized by a special softness of the bristles. Since the diameter of the nylon fiber used in these brushes is minimal, these brushes are intended for patients suffering from increased sensitivity of teeth to external irritants, i.e. hyperesthesia; for wedge-shaped defects and pathological abrasion of hard tissues of teeth of all types; their use is no less useful in cases of combination of hypersensitivity of teeth and exposure of the necks of teeth against the background of periodontal diseases.

There is another group of Z.Shch. so-called artistic Z.Sch. or specific brushes. This group is so named because it includes toothbrushes of various modifications. such as the "Zowin" mop-shaped with a side-curved neck (Malaysia), or the "Dentrust toothbrush Plus Gentle Gum Care" with three cleaning heads and a ridged tongue cleanser (USA), or the "Oral Spring" brush with springy tufts of bristles (Israel).

Currently, another original toothbrush has appeared, released in Israel under an American patent - “Bioright”. This brush, due to the simplest gear mechanism, moves the head back and forth along the neck and at the same time rotates the round central part of the head with 7 tufts of bristles, which are slightly shorter than the tufts located above and below. The brush, of course, is very original, but it is not recommended to brush your teeth with it, since the head dangles from side to side, the bristles injure the gums, and when moving vertically, the head makes incomprehensibly unpredictable movements.

It is important to note that children's Z.Sch. differ significantly from adults, firstly, in the size of the head (for children, the length of the working part of the shield is 18-25 mm, and the width is 7-9 mm; for adults, the length is 23-30 mm, and the width is 7.5- 11mm), and secondly, children's Z.Shch. They are colorful and original (the handle is in the shape of various figures), so that the necessary procedure is a joy.

Types of protection according to the degree of stiffness of the bristles

The effectiveness of using toothbrushes, and, consequently, the correct individual selection of a brush depends, first of all, on the rigidity of the so-called bristle field.

The following degrees exist rigidity toothbrushes:

1. very soft (sensitive)

2. soft (soft)

3. medium hardness (medium)

4. hard (hard)

5. very hard (extra-hard)

For a child under one year old, the toothbrush should be a special soft foam one, which is moistened with boiled water. For older children, it is recommended to use soft-bristled toothbrushes.

If used incorrectly, hard toothbrushes can injure the gums and hard tooth tissues (abrasion of enamel and dentin). Pre-treating brushes with warm water makes them softer. Toothbrushes with medium hardness are the most effective, as their bristles, being more flexible, clean the gingival sulcus and penetrate the interdental spaces better. Very soft brushes are recommended during the period of treatment of periodontal diseases, when the condition of the gums does not allow vigorous brushing of the teeth. Using a very soft toothbrush in combination with careless brushing can sometimes lead to the formation of pigmented stains (brown, black, etc.) on the teeth. Therefore, if the teeth and periodontal condition are normal, it is recommended to use toothbrushes of medium hardness.

The presence of a flexible connection between the handle and the head of the toothbrush is also important. The fact is that such a connection allows you to “automatically” regulate the degree of pressure, which optimizes the cleansing and massage properties.

It is better to use a toothbrush with a small head. Otherwise, it will be difficult to clean hard-to-reach areas, especially the wisdom teeth area. The size of the head of a toothbrush is determined by who it is intended for - a child, a teenager or an adult. It is recommended that for small children choose a brush with 23 tufts of bristles, for teenagers - about 39 tufts and for adults - the standard version of 47-55 tufts. The head size of toothbrushes varies from 18 to 35 mm. It is better to use brushes with small heads as they are easier to manipulate in the mouth. For children, a size of approximately 18 - 25 mm is suitable, and for adults - an average of 30 mm. The brush head should cover no more than 3 teeth.

Ideally, the brush should not injure the oral cavity, should not be electrostatic, that is, not attract polymer dust, and its tips should be rounded. The latest generation of toothbrushes, produced with “Interdent” bristles (they have bristles of different lengths), meet these requirements; some models also have an x-shaped arrangement of bristles.

A toothbrush gets dirty easily, so it should be kept absolutely clean. After brushing your teeth, the brush should be rinsed under running warm water, thoroughly cleaned of food debris, toothpaste, plaque, and soaped. Before brushing your teeth again, wash off the soap. You need to store your toothbrush in a way that it can dry well, for example, in a glass with the head facing up. This significantly reduces the number of microorganisms in the toothbrush, and the bristles retain their hardness and shape. You should never put your toothbrush in a closed case immediately after use.

The toothbrush must be replaced if its bristles are deformed. On average, the service life of a toothbrush does not exceed 2.5-3 months. New models of toothbrushes often have an indicator - two rows of tufts of fibers colored with multi-colored food dyes. As you use the toothbrush, they become discolored at ½ the height of the bristles, which usually occurs after 2-3 months with daily brushing of the teeth twice. It has been clinically proven that a new toothbrush removes plaque by 25-30% more than one that has been used for three months.

The main thing is to try to clean all surfaces of all teeth without injuring the gums. If you succeed, then it doesn’t matter which toothbrush you use to brush your teeth, a regular one or an electric one. But under certain conditions, an electric toothbrush has advantages.

Each of us understands how important good oral care is, which includes brushing your teeth twice a day for at least a couple of minutes, daily flossing between your teeth, and regular visits to the dentist.

When buying a toothbrush, you should remember that recently a large number of counterfeit toothbrushes have appeared on the market, which in appearance are completely similar to the original ones. The consequences of using these fakes can be extremely dangerous: bleeding gums, infection of gum pockets, drooping gum edges, as well as exposure of the neck of the tooth, thinning of the enamel and increased tooth sensitivity.

It is necessary to clearly distinguish a fake from an original toothbrush. The only “advantage” of such brushes, produced by no one knows who and where, is their price, which ranges from 15 to 20 rubles. Let's ask ourselves: “By and large, is it a virtue to put your teeth and gums at risk for a couple of chervonets?” The answer is obvious. Therefore, it is unacceptable to buy a toothbrush somewhere second-hand or on the market at an incredibly low price. When choosing a toothbrush, you first need to look at the packaging, which must contain: the name of the manufacturer, postal address and the Rostest sign. And the meager colors of the packaging sometimes give away fakes. After opening the package, you can find, instead of a flexible connection between the handle and the head, an ordinary dummy that does not perform the functions assigned to it. And finally, the most dangerous difference, which, unfortunately, cannot be distinguished by eye, is stubble. Original brushes are characterized by a certain number of bristles with rounded, polished tips and a standard thickness that determines hardness. Microtrauma to the gums caused by fake bristles when brushing teeth very often leads to the development of gingivitis (inflammation of the gums).

Choosing a toothbrush is not as simple a task as we used to think. There are many nuances, without knowledge of which you can get into trouble by purchasing a low-quality product. The oral cavity needs careful hygienic care and does not tolerate rough intervention. Therefore, you should choose a toothbrush with extreme caution.

In view of everything said above, we strongly recommend using only original toothbrushes to prevent dental diseases.

We deliberately do not list the names of toothbrushes, since it is necessary to individually select a toothbrush by your dentist, taking into account the specific condition of your teeth and gums.

In addition to regular toothbrushes, there are special brushes for cleaning interdental spaces, but they are mainly used for periodontal disease.

A special group should include special devices for polishing teeth. This is a small electric motor powered by finger-type batteries, on the axis of which rubber cones are placed, which allow using special pastes to clean and polish the front surfaces of the teeth in places inaccessible to the brush. But this device cannot be used too often, as it damages the enamel.

A team of researchers led by Dr Chris Deery from the Edinburgh Dental Institute analyzed published data on the use of conventional and electric toothbrushes over the past 40 years.

The results of 29 trials involving more than 2,000 people found that old-fashioned hand brushes are just as good at cleaning as electric ones. Regular toothbrushes cope just as well with plaque and gum inflammation.

There is only one type of electric brush that is slightly better than manual brushes. These are brushes with a cleaning head that rotates in different directions. And even then the advantage is tiny, 6-11%.

In addition, it is noted that electric brushes can be useful for people with disabilities and young children who do not like to brush their teeth, but might be interested in a new product.

Let us remind you that, according to the survey results, the toothbrush defeated the car, computer, mobile phone and microwave oven. Americans have recognized that the toothbrush is a vital invention.

In modern toothbrushes, synthetic fibers (nylon, polyurethane, etc.) are usually used in production.

Synthetic microstructured bristles are produced by applying a polymer coating in the form of microvilli to each artificial bristle. Due to this, the bristles clean the teeth not only at the tips, but also at the side surfaces, which increases the effectiveness of the toothbrush.

The most common material for the production of artificial bristles is nylon 612, trade name Tynex.

The diameter of the nylon bristles of medium hardness is about 0.20 mm, soft - 0.15-0.17 mm.

To fix the tufts of bristles in the head of the toothbrush, anchors made of an alloy of copper, nickel and zinc are used. The usual anchor width is 0.3 mm with a height of 1.6 mm.

Advantages of synthetic fibers over natural bristles.

1. Possibility of creating synthetic fibers with specified characteristics (diameter, stiffness, length).

2. Less traumatic and better cleaning ability of synthetic fibers. The tip of synthetic bristles is rounded and polished, while the tip of natural fibers cannot be rounded and flakes when used.

3. Microbiological purity of fibers and the possibility of disinfection.

For people who are allergic to synthetic materials, there are special brushes in stock; only natural materials are used in their production.

3.1.3. Electric toothbrushes

In electric toothbrushes, automatic movements of the head (vibrating or rotating) are carried out by a motor located in its handle. The frequency of movements of an electric toothbrush is quite high, approximately 50 movements per 1 second. The importance of an electric toothbrush in oral hygiene today is assessed differently. Research has shown that electric toothbrushes do not have any particular benefits. However, the less informed the patient is about the technique of brushing teeth when using a simple brush, the more advantages are revealed when using an electric toothbrush. Due to the novelty effect, an electric toothbrush stimulates the desire, especially in children, to regularly care for their teeth. Automatic movements of the brush free the patient from the need to carry out the correct movements, which, by the way, are often unknown to him. In this regard, the use of an electric toothbrush can be recommended for children, disabled people or patients with insufficient dexterity.

Oral-B ProfessionalCare 8000 Electric Toothbrush.

The new Oral-B ProfessionalCare 8000 Series is the most effective oral care system available, designed by dentists to provide complete cleaning, natural teeth whitening and polishing, and healthier teeth and gums. The toothbrush has a unique Oral-B technology with a three-dimensional 3D cleaning effect: 40,000 in-out pulsations per minute thoroughly loosen plaque, and 8,800 back-and-forth movements per minute clean it off, helping to keep teeth and gums healthy.

Advantages.

Using the Oral-B ProfessionalCare 8000 Series toothbrush twice daily allows you to:

Remove up to 97% of plaque from hard-to-reach areas

Whiten teeth to natural color in 21 days

Remove stains on teeth by polishing

Improve gum health by treating and preventing gingivitis

Characteristics

Unique 3D 3D cleaning effect: 40,000 pulsating movements per minute loosen plaque, and 8,800 back-and-forth movements per minute remove it, removing twice as much plaque as a regular toothbrush

Complete oral care system, including 4 dentist-designed attachments:

FlexiSoftR brush head reaches every tooth for deep cleaning

The whitening head has a special polishing cup for whitening, polishing and cleaning teeth

Tongue cleaner cleans tongue and freshens breath

Nozzle for cleaning spaces between teeth

Speed ​​control allows you to change speed to suit individual needs

Rechargeable: lasts up to two weeks when brushing twice a day for two minutes

2 Minute Timer: Provides dentist-recommended brushing time

Professional timer: 30 second timer allows you to control the brushing time of each quadrant of your mouth

Pressure sensor: pulsation stops when pressure is too high

Unique triple bristle system:

FlexiSoftR bristles are flexible for gentle cleaning

Interdental Tip long bristles provide deep cleaning between teeth

IndicatorR bristles indicate when to replace the brush head

Comes with a range of accessories

Oral-B ProfessionalCare 7000 electric toothbrush.

The Oral-B ProfessionalCare 7000 Series is one of the most advanced electric toothbrushes we've ever made. Toothbrushes in this series combine a compact round head with a unique 3D cleaning effect that helps prevent the formation of caries and gum disease. Oral-B's 3D technology, which uses a combination of high-speed pulsations and back-and-forth movements, has been proven to remove plaque and prevent gum disease more effectively than a regular toothbrush.

Advantages.

Using Oral-B ProfessionalCare 7000 series toothbrushes twice a day allows you to:

Improve gum health by preventing the effects of gingivitis

Prevent gum disease

Prevent tartar deposits

Give your teeth a natural color by removing coffee, tea and tobacco stains

Characteristics

Three-dimensional 3D cleaning effect: thanks to two simultaneous brushing movements, Oral-B ProfessionalCare 7000 deeply cleanses and removes significantly more plaque than a regular toothbrush

Pulsation: the nozzle moves in and out at a frequency of 40,000 per minute, deeply loosening plaque

Reciprocating rotational movements: at the same time, the nozzle performs reciprocating rotational movements with a frequency of 8800 per minute, removing plaque

A fully charged toothbrush lasts 12 days before the next charge

The Oral-BR FlexiSoftR's green bristles flex slightly upon contact with water, providing the same gentle brushing experience as a manual soft-bristled toothbrush.

Long Interdental Tip bristles designed for better plaque removal between teeth

Choose between two speeds for optimal control

You need to change the brush head when the Oral-BR IndicatorR bristles become halfway discolored.

2-minute professional timer beeps every 30 seconds to brush each quadrant of your mouth

Oral-B ProfessionalCare 5000 electric toothbrush.

Try an improved way of brushing with the Oral-B ProfessionalCare 5000 Series, designed to clean teeth effectively. Unique brushing combines pulsation with back-and-forth technology to combat plaque and gingivitis more effectively than a regular toothbrush.

An independent clinical study found that "Reciprocating brushes removed more plaque and treated gum disease more effectively than conventional brushes in both short- and long-term follow-up: No other power brush design was significantly superior...

Advantages.

Cleans better than a regular toothbrush

Improves gum health by preventing gingivitis

Removes stains and discoloration from teeth

Helps prevent periodontal disease that leads to tooth loss

Cleans teeth and gums as gently as a regular soft-bristled toothbrush

Characteristics

The unique three-dimensional cleaning effect 3D cleanses thanks to a combination of two multi-directional cleaning movements: pulsating and reciprocating rotation. Inward-outward pulsations (20,000 per minute) deeply loosen plaque, while reciprocating rotational movements (7600 per minute) performed from side to side sweep it away

The Oral-BR FlexiSoftR's green bristles flex when exposed to water, giving you the same gentle brushing experience as a regular soft-bristled toothbrush.

By half fading, the blue Indicator bristles indicate when it's time to change the brush head.

Built-in pressure sensor stops pulsating movements if you press too hard on the brush

Memory timer signals the end of brushing after 2 minutes, as recommended by dentists

Non-slip coating

Moisture-resistant handle

3.1.4. Ionic toothbrushes

The new toothbrush, based on the ionic principle, temporarily changes the polarity of the tooth surface from negative to positive.

When you hold an ionic toothbrush and the bristles touch your teeth in the presence of saliva or water, a small electrical current of 1.5 µA is generated. The current source is inserted into the handle section and covered with a metal pad. When brushing, the user should simply keep a finger or part of their palm in contact with this pad, supposedly wet, and brush as usual. The flow of electrons attracts plaque to the negatively charged bristles to remove it.

Do you have sore, bleeding gums and sensitive teeth? Would you like to have whiter, healthier teeth without having to use toothpaste, whitening or other chemical dental products that may not be a healthy and effective choice for your family?

KISS YOU is a revolutionary ionic toothbrush from Japan. This brush is a revolution in caring for your teeth and gums. KISS YOU neutralizes acid, preventing tooth decay.

Bacteria in plaque interact with food to produce acid. Saliva neutralizes the acid, but when plaque builds up, it acts as a barrier to prevent neutralization. The secret behind the KISS YOU Ionic Toothbrush is the Titanium Dioxide (TIO2) shaft, a cosmic metal that releases negatively charged electrons. These negative electrons attract positive hydrogen ions, which are found in plaque and have been clinically proven to neutralize acid and break down plaque.

The efficiency of ion exchange in combination with the usual mechanical action of an ionic brush is in principle unattainable when cleaning with ordinary toothbrushes, including ionic brushes without an active battery and electric toothbrushes.

With the help of an ionic toothbrush, therapeutic procedures such as electrophoresis, galvanization and acupuncture therapy are possible at home. Let's start with electrophoresis. Under the influence of an electric field, crystal-like formations such as tartar are “resolved.” Regular use of an ionic toothbrush serves as a reliable prevention of their occurrence. In addition, due to electrophoresis, metabolic processes are intensified. As a result, after brushing your teeth for three minutes with an ionic toothbrush, the increased concentration of ions of mineralizing elements in saliva persists for about 10 hours.

Galvanization is a therapeutic effect on biological tissues of the oral cavity with low-density electric current. The main results of galvanization are the relief of inflammatory processes in the oral cavity, the elimination of bleeding gums and anesthesia of pain due to increased sensitivity of teeth to thermal, mechanical and chemical influences.

Acupuncture therapy is a healing process carried out by influencing biologically active points (BAP). It turns out that in the process of brushing teeth with an ionic toothbrush, not only dental problems are solved, but at the same time a session of acupuncture therapy is carried out: an electric current is applied to biologically active points that are found in large numbers in the oral cavity. The result of this effect is a kind of “energy recharging” of the human body, which is expressed in the adjustment of BAP potentials, their alignment to normal values.

An additional advantage of ionic toothbrushes is that the ionic flow copes with cleaning teeth even without the help of toothpaste, however, if you are used to using toothpaste, then you can get by with a minimal amount, and the effect of the toothpaste is enhanced.

With daily use of an ionic toothbrush - brushing your teeth twice a day for 3 minutes, the life of the current source - a lithium battery - is more than 1 year. Battery replacement is not provided. You can check whether the battery is working by pressing the indicator button - the red light will light up. But the nozzles can be changed as needed. Brush attachments differ in the shape of the cleaning head, the shape and stiffness of the bristles.

Differences in using KISS YOU from a regular toothbrush.

· It is very difficult to remove plaque when using a regular toothbrush. Soladey technology makes it easier to remove plaque above and below the gum line when used correctly.

· No toothpaste is required when using ionic toothbrushes. But if you are not used to it, you can use toothpaste. It won't interfere with the reaction.

· After rinsing your mouth with water, brush your teeth as you would with a regular toothbrush. The longer you refrain from spitting, the more your saliva works in a chemical-ionic reaction to help remove plaque.

· Batteries create autonomous light necessary for the start of ionization. There is no need for natural or artificial light; the brush works even in complete darkness. The battery lasts for a year and a half.

New Ion ionic toothbrush (for weak gums)

An ionic toothbrush with fine and soft bristles, designed for weak gums, used for periodontitis and periodontal disease.

Description:

· The pile is thin and soft;

· Designed specifically for weak gums;

· For periodontitis and periodontal disease;

· remove dental plaque;

· waterproof case;

Technique of use:

· Wet the bristles of the brush with water.

· If you cannot do without toothpaste, use it in small quantities.

· Brush your teeth as you would with a regular brush, 2 times a day for 3 minutes, but without force.

· Do not brush your teeth with a brush without a well-attached brush head.

· The battery life is 1.5...2 years and cannot be replaced.

Benefits of an ionic toothbrush:

· Powerful antibacterial effect.

· Eliminates bad breath.

· Polishes and whitens teeth.

· Removes plaque.

· Treats gingivitis, bleeding gums.

· Positively affects biologically active points located in the oral cavity.

· No toothpaste or dental floss required.

· No water required, just saliva.

· Saving money and time.

· Ease of use.

Ionic toothbrush Ion 21 (Regular bristles)

Comfortable ionic toothbrush with compact bristles located at an angle. Cleanses well the inner surface of teeth and distant teeth.

Description:

· Compact fibers located at an angle;

· Cleanses the inner surface of teeth and distant teeth well;

· Based on the ionic principle, which allows at the molecular level;

· restore natural whiteness of teeth;

· normalize acid in the oral cavity;

· remove dental plaque;

· eliminate inflammation and bleeding of gums;

· you can forget about bad breath forever;

· retains a powerful antibacterial effect for 4 hours after use;

· charging the battery built into the case lasts for 1.5-2 years of operation;

· waterproof case;

· interchangeable brush heads make it possible for the whole family to use one brush, just by changing brush heads.

Technique of use:(see above)

Ionic toothbrush Ion compact (Regular bristles)

An ionic toothbrush with three rows of bristles, its compact shape makes it easy to clean hard-to-reach places.

Description:

· Villi in three rows.

· The compact shape makes it easy to clean hard-to-reach places.

·

·

·

· remove plaque;

·

·

·

·

· waterproof case;

·

Technique of use:(see above)

Ionic toothbrush Ion E-Cut (Hard bristles)

An ionic toothbrush with bristles arranged in two rows, the middle row in the form of a slide, cleans the slides inside the teeth well.

Description:

· The villi are arranged in two rows, the middle row in the form of a slide.

· Cleans the crevices of teeth well.

· Based on the ionic principle, which allows at the molecular level;

· restore natural whiteness of teeth;

· normalize acid in the mouth;

· remove plaque;

· eliminate inflammation and bleeding of gums;

· You can forget about bad breath forever;

· retains a powerful antibacterial effect for 4 hours after use;

· Charging the battery built into the case lasts for 1.5-2 years of operation;

· waterproof case;

· Replaceable brush heads make it possible for the whole family to use one brush, just by changing brush heads.

Technique of use:(see above)

This toothbrush comes with attachments that clean the space between teeth well. The villi are arranged in two rows.

Ionic toothbrush Ion Hosoy (Soft bristles)

Ionic toothbrush with the finest bristles, two types of bristles: hard and regular.

Description:

· The finest fibers.

· Two types of pile: Hard and regular.

· Cleans crevices and pockets between teeth well.

· Based on the ionic principle, which allows at the molecular level;

· restore natural whiteness of teeth;

· normalize acid in the mouth;

· remove plaque;

· eliminate inflammation and bleeding of gums;

· You can forget about bad breath forever;

· retains a powerful antibacterial effect for 4 hours after use;

· Charging the battery built into the case lasts for 1.5-2 years of operation;

· waterproof case;

· Replaceable brush heads make it possible for the whole family to use one brush, just by changing brush heads.

Technique of use:(see above)

Ionic toothbrush Ion Small (Regular bristle)

Ionic toothbrush designed for teenagers, compact head shape, normal bristles.

Description:

· Designed for teenagers.

· Compact head shape.

· Normal pile.

· Based on the ionic principle, which allows at the molecular level;

· restore natural whiteness of teeth;

· normalize acid in the mouth;

· remove plaque;

· eliminate inflammation and bleeding of gums;

· You can forget about bad breath forever;

· retains a powerful antibacterial effect for 4 hours after use;

· Charging the battery built into the case lasts for 1.5-2 years of operation;

· waterproof case;

· Replaceable brush heads make it possible for the whole family to use one brush, just by changing brush heads.

Technique of use:(see above)

Rules for using toothbrushes

Good oral hygiene can only be maintained by carefully following the dental cleaning rules developed by dentists.

• Teeth should be brushed at least twice a day - after breakfast and before bed, regardless of the type of toothbrush.

• The most effective are brushes with soft and medium-hard bristles, the tips of which should be rounded. Such bristles penetrate the interdental spaces better and cause less damage to the gums.
• The use of fluoride-containing toothpastes better protects the enamel surface from destruction, strengthening it.
• The angle of the brush along the gum line should be approximately 45 degrees.
• The outer surface of the teeth should be cleaned using short sweeping movements, moving plaque from the area of ​​accumulation at the gum edge towards the cutting edge and chewing surface of the teeth.

• The inner surface of the teeth should be cleaned as thoroughly as the outer and chewing surfaces; To do this, place the brush vertically and make several up and down movements with its tip.
• The chewing surfaces are brushed with short scraping movements, allowing the bristles to fit into the grooves of the chewing surface.
• Brushing your teeth should start with the upper teeth and then move on to the lower teeth.
• The back of the tongue is cleaned with gentle movements of the brush in the direction from root to tip.
• The brush must be changed every 3 months.

It must be remembered that improper brushing of teeth can harm them and lead to undesirable consequences:

• gum atrophy;
• changes in the structure of the tooth along the gum line, for example, abrasion of enamel;
• cause tooth sensitivity;

weaken teeth and cause them to move.

3.2. Dental flosses

Dental flosses are designed to thoroughly remove plaque from hard-to-reach proximal surfaces, as well as remove food debris stuck between teeth.

Flosses consist of the finest nylon or other polymer fibers, connected by mechanical twisting or gluing. Flosses are produced in packages that prevent contamination of the used thread inside. The packages indicate the length, thickness and other characteristics of the thread.

The main components of dental floss are microcrystalline wax (if the floss is waxed), glycerin omate, hydrogenated castor oil, saccharin or saccharic acid, flavoring or mint additive, and a number of other components.

3.2.1. Floss classification

According to cross-sectional shape:

Round

Flat (flat threads and interdental bands)

Flat floss is intended for those whose teeth are in close contact with each other.

Interdental tape is a wide thread, no different in composition from floss. Interdental tape is approximately three times wider than dental floss. Interdental tape is designed for cleaning teeth with large gaps (diastema, tremma).

For surface treatment:

Waxed

Unwaxed

Waxed threads have a high sliding ability, easily penetrate into interdental spaces, and are resistant to tearing and fiber disintegration. Waxed threads are recommended for patients with tight interdental contacts and a large number of fillings.

Unwaxed threads have better cleaning ability compared to waxed threads, because... When used, they become fiberless. This provides greater contact with the tooth surface. The fibers effectively remove plaque from the interdental space. The advantage of unwaxed drinks is also the opportunity for the consumer to determine the quality of cleaning by the characteristic squeak of the floss on clean tooth enamel.

Based on the presence of impregnation.

Without impregnation

Soaked

Flosses impregnated with therapeutic and prophylactic compounds have, in addition to cleansing, an additional effect due to the properties of the drug: they strengthen tooth enamel in hard-to-reach places (sodium fluoride), suppress the growth of pathogenic microflora (chlorhexidine), deodorize (menthol), etc.

By purpose.

For individual use

For use in a dental office

3.2.2. Rules for using dental floss

1. 30-40 cm of floss is pulled out of the cassette.

2. Most of the floss is wound around the middle finger of the left hand.

3. The remaining part of the floss is wound around the middle finger of the right hand so that the space between the fingers is about 10 cm long.

4. The floss is pulled with the index fingers and thumbs and carefully inserted into the space between the teeth.

5.The surface of the tooth is cleaned with movements towards the cutting edge (chewing surface),

6.from bottom to top for the lower jaw,

7.from top to bottom for the upper jaw. tooth

8.After this, the floss is removed from under the gums, but not removed from the interdental space.

9. The surface of the adjacent tooth is cleaned in the same way.

10. At the end of cleaning, the floss is removed from the space between the teeth.

11. The procedure is repeated on all teeth.

12. The spent section of floss is wound around the middle finger of the right hand.

13.A new piece of thread is unwound from the finger of the left hand. After cleaning is completed, the floss is removed from the space between the teeth.

14. Just remember one thing: the part of the thread that has cleaned one contact surface of the tooth should not be reused. 40 cm is enough for this.

4. Oral hygiene aids

4.1. Toothpicks

A little history :

They belong to oral hygiene aids and are designed to effectively clean interdental spaces. It is believed that toothpicks were the first hygienic tools of ancient man. For these purposes, he used fish bones, plant thorns, wood chips, blades of grass and straws. Those distant ancestors who used grass stems as toothpicks had indentations in the root area. It has been proven that these marks were left by primitive dental care items. Skeptics argued that the origin of the marks was different, since our contemporaries did not leave such marks when picking their teeth. The answer to this phenomenon is that grasses contain silicate particles that have abrasive properties. Our contemporaries use wood as toothpicks, and primitive people preferred grass stems. It is the silicate particles that leave characteristic marks on the teeth. Scientists conducted an experiment with pieces of grass that are used for modern baboons pick their teeth. The result turned out to be excellent - the same traces remained on human teeth as those of their primitive ancestors.

Specialized toothpicks, according to archaeologists, appeared in Sumer 5 thousand years ago. Toothpicks were also found in ancient Egyptian burials dating back 3,000–2,500 years (some of them are currently in various museums around the world). Gold toothpicks have been found in Egyptian burials of pharaohs and nobles. Bronze toothpicks appeared in the Bronze Age and were discovered in ancient burials. in France, Switzerland, Central Europe. The Talmud also contains references to toothpicks made of wood and reed. A toothpick in the shape of a golden lance was used by the famous Persian physician Avicenna. Among Muslims, the use of a toothpick is part of a religious ritual (... “it makes the devil angry, it is pleasing to God and hateful to Satan”).

In Europe, the toothpick first appeared in Spain, and somewhat later, at the beginning of the 16th century - in France (and the fashion for them was widespread and even excessive, as confirmed by the stanzas below by P. Scorrone, mid-17th century). In England, toothpicks appeared much later, during the time of Queen Elizabeth.

Naturally, the first metal toothpicks, as the most durable and durable ones, appeared with the acquisition of metal processing skills (by the way, now some foreign companies produce toothpicks in the form of a fountain pen with a cap, under which there is a metal needle bent in a certain way). Among the Roman patricians, hygiene was elevated to the rank of law; they regularly used toothpicks to clean the spaces between teeth. A toothpick, along with tweezers, a nail file and a spoon for cleaning ears, was included in the obligatory belt hygiene kit of a noble Roman . They even wrote whole odes to the toothpick!

Their function - not so much removing food from the interdental spaces as cleaning the side surfaces of the teeth.

The world of toothpicks is expanding every day. The traditional wooden stick is represented on the modern market in several varieties. Firstly, the tree can be different: it is either birch or bamboo. In principle, there is not much difference between them. The only difference is the texture. Bamboo ones are smooth, and birch ones are a little rough, as if slightly velvety. The leader in the production of toothpicks is the Italian company Sisma, which produces a series called Samurai. Toothpicks can have both pointed tips or just one. There is a series of toothpicks containing perfume additives (strawberry, orange, lemon aromas). And at the very tip there may be a menthol additive that refreshes the oral cavity. After using a toothpick, the feeling remains the same as after chewing gum. The packaging for storing or carrying toothpicks with you deserves special attention. In addition to traditional plastic boxes and cups, manufacturers offer:

Pocket boxes that hold 7 toothpicks (very convenient to carry in your bag - ideal for fast-food lovers);

Desktop push-button holders (pressed the button and the toothpick popped out);

Individual packaging (each toothpick is wrapped in a paper bag - this type is more likely for restaurants, but it is also suitable for a guest house);

Decorative metal boxes (not only a useful device, but also a beautiful one - this is a small box with a color image).

Wooden toothpicks are always disposable, unlike plastic ones, which after use can be washed, dried and used again.

In certain situations, toothpicks are more convenient than floss, since they can be used at any time immediately after eating without embarrassment to others. The toothpick is inserted into the space between the teeth at an angle of 45 degrees to the gum and slid along the tooth towards the cutting edge (or chewing surface). If you perform this procedure, as they say “in public,” you must cover your mouth with your palm. If the toothpick is moved incorrectly, injury to the interdental papilla may occur.

The Sisma company offers plastic toothpicks with floss at the same time: on one side there is a regular sharp tip, on the other there is a double fork, from tooth to tooth of which a thread is stretched.

4.2. Interdental brushes

Dental brushes are a device that has not yet become widespread. And you can’t buy them everywhere. If toothbrushes are sold in pharmacies, supermarkets, and even on the market (which is typical only in Ukraine and Russia), then brushes can be purchased exclusively in pharmacies, but not even in all of them. The brushes are attached to a handle that resembles the handle of a regular toothbrush. Unlike the head of a regular brush, the brush head is removable. As a rule, the kit includes several brushes, which can be easily replaced after the expiration date. Only Oral-B Interdental Set brushes are currently available on our market.

Interdental brushes (interdental brushes) are designed for cleaning wide interdental spaces, spaces under fixed orthodontic devices (braces) and other orthopedic structures; they are strongly recommended for people with implants.

In addition to cleaning, the bristles of the brush massage the gums, improving blood circulation. The brushes are made from short nylon bristles with short bristles secured between twists of wire. Today, preference is given to brushes with plastic-coated wires to avoid the formation of galvanic currents. Interdental brushes differ in the stiffness of the bristles and in shape and size.

1. The shape of brushes can be conical or cylindrical.

2. Depending on the stiffness of the bristles, they can be soft or hard.
Soft brushes are recommended for patients with increased tooth sensitivity and for cleaning dental implants to avoid injury to their surfaces.

3. They also vary in size, yes, in the size of the interdental spaces. It is very important to choose the right size of dental brush. To do this, the dentist, most likely the hygienist, uses special calibration probes to measure each interdental space and select the size of the brushes.

A brush is inserted into each interdental space and cleaning is performed using back-and-forth movements and rotating the brush clockwise. The thinnest bristles of the brushes easily penetrate into the most inaccessible places between the teeth and adequately clean.

Oral-B Interdental Brush.

The Oral-B Interdental Brush provides effective cleaning around bridges, braces and wide spaces between teeth. Thanks to the use of an angled head and replaceable brushes, the interdental brush will help keep your mouth clean and healthy.

Characteristics

Tilt head; Long, narrow neck and stable thumb grip make it easy to maneuver in tight spaces

Long handle provides maximum access

Patented release-fixation system with a “volcano-shaped” tip makes it easier to change brushes

Tapered or cylindrical brushes safely and effectively remove more plaque.

CURAPROX CPS color-coded brushes

Interdental brushes of optimal sizes

Advantages of CURAPROX brushes :

The superior rigidity and durability of CURAPROX CPS are the result of the use of special heat-treated surgical stainless steel.

Long, ultra-fine nylon bristles remove plaque from the depths of interdental grooves, concave niches and under contact points.

Securing with a spiral wire at the end of the cone-shaped cavity absorbs harmful forces, prevents premature breakage and extends the life of the brushes.

Inserting and removing a brush from between teeth every day is all that is required. There is no need to do this procedure several times.

The superior rigidity and durability of CURAPROX CPS are the result of the use of special heat-treated surgical stainless steel.

Long, ultra-fine nylon bristles remove plaque from the depths of interdental grooves, concave niches and under contact points.

The patented plastic rod guarantees simple and safe fixation of all types of CURAPROX CPS in all CURAPROX holders.

The spiral wire attachment at the end of the cone-shaped cavity absorbs harmful forces, prevents premature failure and extends service life.

Brushes that penetrate between teeth

Regular and correct use of CURAPROX CPS compensates for the main disadvantage of toothbrushes - plaque control in the interdental spaces.

CURAPROX CPS helps prevent gingivitis and bad breath!

CPS “prime”

More effective and easier to use than dental floss or standard brushes
A brush with an ultra-thin and at the same time very durable rod. These new generation brushes, designed for cleaning interdental spaces, are suitable in almost all cases. Problems related to oral hygiene, which until now were considered insoluble, no longer exist.

CPS “regular”

The stronger shaft and double layer of bristles give CPS “regular” greater resistance to stress than CPS “prime”. CPS “regular” is recommended for widespread use as a secondary prophylactic after filling, installation of crowns, bridges and in cases of limited dexterity.

CPS “strong&implant”

Thanks to its longer working length and stronger shaft made of plastic-coated wire, the CPS “strong & implant” is an ideal and gentle solution for use in cases of titanium implants, braces and bridges.

The CPS “strong & implant” has a curved shape, making it especially suitable for cleaning around implants.

Bleeding gums: why?

After using interdental brushes for the first time, your gums will often bleed and may feel painful. Don't worry! Bleeding gums are not a result of you cutting yourself, it is a result of having a small open wound caused by plaque. With proper use of brushes, the problem of bleeding gums will disappear within 10 days.

Method of administration of Curaprox

a) install at an angle of 450...

b) ...then point perpendicularly...

c) ... and push through.

Adviсe:

Since the gums between the molars are usually swollen due to inflammation, cleaning the interdental space should begin with the thinnest brushes. After just a few days of using CURAPROX, the swelling disappears and a larger brush can be used.

If the brush bends when inserting CURAPROX, make sure it is inserted at the correct angle (see diagram above).

If the problem persists, use a smaller brush.
Always choose a brush with the largest diameter possible.

4.3. Interdental irrigators and stimulators

Interdental stimulators are rubber or plastic cones that are located at the ends of some toothbrush handles. Preference should be given to rubber tips. The tool is mainly used to massage the gums. With light pressure on the gingival papilla, make circular movements in the interdental space. Rubber stimulators are also good additional means of cleaning interdental spaces.

An additional auxiliary means of oral care are special irrigators. There are many types of irrigators; providing a constant or pulsating stream of water under pressure (2-10 atm) through the tip. Pressure is created by compressors or a stream of water from a water tap is used. Liquid medicines, aromatic substances and herbal decoctions can be added to the water supplied for irrigation. Oral irrigation should always be preceded by brushing your teeth with a toothbrush. A pulsating stream of liquid has an additional cleansing and massage effect.

Devices with multi-jet pulsating flows have the best effect. Water Peak devices have received wide recognition abroad.

5. Review of the modern market for oral hygiene products.

Toothbrushes (ZShch):

Oral-B Advantage 35

Oral-B Advantage 40

Oral-B Squish Grip
Oral-B Squeezy
Oral-B Indicator 20 for children
Oral-B Indicator 35 (explorer)
Oral-B Indicator A35
Oral-B Indicator A40
Special toothbrushes:
Oral-B Sensitive – for sensitive teeth
Oral-B Ortho
Oral-B Sulcus

Dental floss (floss):
Oral-B unwaxed floss
Oral-B waxed floss
Oral-B waxed floss with menthol
Oral-B fluoride dental tape
Oral-B superfloss

Products for interdental spaces:
Oral-B interdental brush
Oral-B replacement conical brushes
Oral-B mixed cylindrical brushes

Oral care devices ( BRAUN Oral- B):
Electrical protection D9
Oral Center (electric protection + irrigator)

EDVANTAGE is Oral-B's most advanced toothbrush. It has been clinically proven that Oral-B Advantage, thanks to the special arrangement of the bristles of the head, ideally cleans all surfaces of the teeth. At the same time, it cleanses and massages the adjacent gums, reducing the likelihood of gum disease. The handle has an ergonomic design and a universal grip.

Unique features of Oral-B Advantage that provide superior cleansing:

1) POWER PROJECTION - the elongated and pointed projection of the bristles allows you to remove plaque from the back teeth and from interdental spaces.

2) INDICATOR - the blue strip turns pale as the shield wears out and warns about the time of its replacement,

3) ACTIVE DEEPENING on the working surface of the bristles allows you to brush your teeth while simultaneously cleaning and massaging your gums. The main benefit is healthy teeth and gums,

Oral-B Indicator

1) Indicates when the brush needs to be replaced (Oral-B is the company that has the patent for this invention, and they are the only one with the right to use it)

2) Selection of head sizes (35,40; Angular 35, Angular 40)

Oral-B Indicator for children

“INDICATOR” bristle tufts show whether your child is brushing their teeth.
The handles of these brushes are large and depict Disney cartoon characters.
Z.SH. Squish Grip for children from 1 to 8 years old was created with the needs of children in mind. That's why the Squish brush has such a bright handle with an unusual shape and unique design.
Z.SH. "Squeezy" for children aged 9 years and older. Its head is shaped like the head of an Advantage brush for adults. But the Squizzy pen is lighter, softer and thicker, and most importantly, its bright color attracts attention. Blue indicator tufts of bristles on the “Squish” and “Squizzy” brushes will show whether the child is brushing his teeth and whether he is doing it correctly.
In the near future, the Oga1-B company will introduce a new toothbrush, “Advantage Control Grip,” which differs from its original prototypes “Advantage” (straight brush) and “New Advantage” (angled brush with a rubber grip) in that it brand new stubble. Its difference lies not only in the fact that it has a matte, dense color, whereas all others are transparent and shiny, but also in the actual structure of the fiber. That is why they are called "New micro-textured bristles", that is, new bristles with a micro-texture. Due to this microtexture, the bristles clean teeth and remove plaque as well along the entire length of the fiber as with its tip. The triple cleansing effect is achieved through the tip, actually the entire surface of the bristles. and its thinner structure allows it to penetrate even deeper into the interdental spaces and periodontal sulcus. This microtexture creates microvillus along the entire length of the hair.

Toothbrush

Braun Oral-B Plak Control was developed with the assistance of leading international dental institutes and universities. Today, Braun Oral-B Plak Control is the world's number one selling electric toothbrush. Most dentists in the world prefer it to other electric toothbrushes.

Braun Oral-B Plak Control Ultra leaves your mouth feeling fresh and leaves your teeth clean and sparkling white.

Clinical tests have proven that BROUN Oral-B Plak Control electric toothbrushes effectively remove plaque and reduce the risk of gum disease.
Colgate Products:
HISTORY OF THE COLGATE-PALMOLIVE COMPANY
1806 - Twenty-three-year-old William Colgate founds a company in New York
1872 - Colgate introduces Cashmere Bouquet soap, which soon becomes a market leader and is still known today.
1877 - The company creates the world's first toothpaste, which is named Colgate. It is sold in cans
1896 - Colgate first produces toothpaste in tubes similar to those used today.
1916 - The Jonson soap company changes its name to Palmolive, marking the enormous success of its Palmolive soap since 1898.
1928 - Colgate merges with Palmolive to form the Colgate-Palmolive Company.
1947 - A group of products under the Ajax brand appears.
1991 - Colgate-Palmolive acquires Mermen, founded by Gerhard Mennen in 1878, a market leader in solid deodorants.
1994 - Colgate-Palmolive acquires the Kolinos brand, which has a strong presence in Latin America.

Colgate toothbrushes:
Colgate Classic Toothbrush
Classic shape,
Synthetic bristles.
Very affordable price.
Options: MEDIUM and SOFT.
Rounded ends of the bristles.
Colgate Plus Toothbrush
The unique diamond shape allows you to effectively clean chewing teeth. Double bristles with perfectly rounded ends are designed so that the inner rows clean the teeth, while the outer one. Softer row, massages gums, Comfortable, curved handle.
Colgate Plus is a toothbrush that does not hurt your gums.
Options: MEDIUM, SOFT and HARD.
Children's toothbrushes Colgate plus and "My first COLGATE"
Specially designed VERY SOFT bristles,
Diamond shape.
Child-attractive design - a transparent handle interspersed with colored sparkles about COLGATE-PLUS and a more comfortable handle with a pattern that attracts children from 2 to 4 years.
NEW - COLGATE SUPER__STAR toothbrush has an attractive handle design and MEDIUM bristles.
Colgate Plus Zig-Zag
Bristles with rounded ends arranged in a zigzag shape allow you to penetrate deeper between the teeth.
Flexible handle avoids damage to gums.
Diamond shape,
The rubber strip along the handle makes it easy to hold the brush in your hand and makes brushing your teeth convenient.
Colgate Total and Colgate Total "Designs" PATTERNS toothbrush cleans teeth in three variations
Toothbrush Colgate Total and Total "Patterns" were created by leading specialists of the Colgate company with the help
unique computer technology.
The unique shape of this toothbrush allows you to clean areas that are usually missed when brushing your teeth with a regular toothbrush.

The Colgate Total toothbrush is a convenient, thorough and effective teeth cleaning.
Available in two bristle options: MEDIUM and SOFT.
The Colgate Patterned Toothbrush has a larger head and a ghost handle with patterns.
Available in SOFT version.
Colgate Classic DELUXE NEW
A toothbrush with two-tone high-quality fiber bristles is an effective oral hygiene product AT A REASONABLE PRICE.
The smooth curve of the handle provides a comfortable grip, and the polished bristle tips are gentle on tooth enamel and gums.
Available in a range of four rich colors, the inner rows of bristles are painted to match the color of the handle.

Options: MEDIUM and SOFT. ^ Made in Holland.
Colgate Plax mouthwash.
According to dentists, plaque is the main cause of caries and other oral diseases. Regular use of Colgate Plax mouthwash:
Reduces the likelihood of bacterial plaque formation by 10%,
Increases the effectiveness of brushing teeth in hard-to-reach areas of the oral cavity by 50%,
Reduces the likelihood of caries by 26%,
Cleans, refreshes and improves oral health.
And all this is valid for 12 hours.

The unique diamond shape of the COLGATE PLUS toothbrush allows you to brush your teeth more effectively. Its inner row of double bristles cleanses your teeth, while its softer outer row massages your gums. The perfectly rounded ends of the bristles do not hurt the gums or damage the enamel of the teeth. The curved handle allows you to brush your teeth without opening your mouth wide and makes it easy to hold the brush in your hand.

Colgate Plus Zig Zag.
Unique flexible shield with bristles in a zigzag shape.
The uniqueness of this brush is as follows:
1) bristles with rounded ends arranged in a zigzag shape allow the teeth to penetrate deeper between the teeth.
2) flexible handle Z.Shch. Colgate Plus Zig Zag has been specially designed to prevent gum damage.
3) diamond-shaped Z.Shch. Colgate Pluse Zig Zag allows you to effectively clean your chewing teeth.
4) Rubber strip along the handle Z.Shch. The Colgate Plus Zig Zag makes brushing easy to hold and makes brushing your teeth more comfortable.
Research has shown that the new Z.Sch. Colgate Plus Zig Zag helps remove bacterial plaque and penetrates deeper between teeth than Z.Sh. with even bristles.

Colgate Total Toothbrush.
Unique brush head shape
I allow three different levels of bristles! Effectively remove dental plaque in the main places where it accumulates, even if incorrectly! Teeth brushing technique:
1) Short internal bristles thoroughly remove plaque from the surface of the teeth
2) Long internal bristles effectively remove plaque and food debris from interdental spaces
3) Long bristles located at an angle remove plaque from the periodontal sulcus and gently massage the gums
Reach toothbrushes.
Reach toothbrushes are products of Johnson & Johnson, a name trusted by professionals and consumers around the world.
80% of caries occurs in hard-to-reach places, molars - molars - are primarily affected. Thanks to its unique patented design, the Reach brush cleans your teeth as easily as your front teeth. The rounded head of the brush is located at an angle to the handle, which allows you to more effectively clean molars and other hard-to-reach places in the oral cavity: behind the front teeth, in the cervical area. The Reach brush has two levels of bristles - long and softer at the edges ideally cleans the base of the teeth along the gums (in the cervical area), and short and quite
hard one effectively cleans the teeth themselves. The end of each bristle is rounded and polished in a special way, which prevents damage to tooth enamel and gums.
The convenient shape of the handle and a special pad provide control over the movement of the brush, maneuverability and comfort in use - the brush is comfortable to hold, it does not
slips out of your hands.

It is very important to effectively clean the space between the teeth, since this is where a lot of plaque accumulates; many brushes do not cope with this task. In order to provide even more thorough dental care, as well as effective removal of plaque between teeth, a new brush was developed - Reach Interdental.
Unlike regular toothbrushes, Reach Interdental bristles have a special wavy shape. Such bristles penetrate 37% deeper into the spaces between teeth,
than the bristles of a regular brush. Reach brushes are available in three levels of hardness. Experts usually advise using the softest brush that suits you. Johnson & Johnson's Reach toothbrushes have been approved by the Central Dental Research Institute as a safe and effective dental care product.

Reach for ADULTS

REACH CLASSIC TOOTHBRUSH

Classic Z.Shch. REACH. Its compact head is located at an angle to the handle and has two levels of bristles, which allows you to thoroughly clean each tooth individually.

REACH CONTROL TOOTHBRUSH

It has two-level bristles and its head is located at an angle to the handle. With this brush. The non-slip surface of the handle makes it easy to brush your teeth even in the most difficult to reach places.

REACH INTERDENTAL TOOTHBRUSH

Thanks to its wavy bristles, it not only cleans the teeth themselves, but also penetrates into the spaces between them. This brush perfectly removes plaque in places that are inaccessible to regular toothbrushes.

RINSE REACH ANTI-PLAQUE

Protects teeth between brushings, effectively inhibits bacterial growth and plaque formation, and also strengthens enamel.
REACH DENTAL FLOSS

Allows you to easily remove food debris and dental plaque from hard-to-reach places; between teeth and along the gum line.

REACH GUM CARE

Thanks to its unique structure, this soft thread does not injure the gums, and its mint flavor perfectly freshens breath.

REACH FOR CHILDREN

REACH JUNIOR toothbrushes

Reach Junior children's cheeks are ideal in size for children, and the shape exactly repeats "adult" brushes. The tilt of the head allows you to remove plaque from hard-to-reach places. Like the adult brush, the Reach Junior has two-level bristles.

RINSE REACH JUNIOR

The Reach Junior Rinse, LIKE the adult rinse, protects teeth between brushings. Baby rinse is developed on an alcohol-free basis. I. It has a pleasant strawberry taste.

REACH ACCESS toothbrush

The Reach Access toothbrush from Johnson & Johnson is designed to make brushing your teeth pleasant and convenient: an original handle design, a cone-shaped head with two-level bristles. And the main distinguishing feature of Reach Access is its unique raised protrusion (Access Tip™). It removes plaque in the most difficult to reach places: behind the molars, in the spaces between the teeth and along the gum line.

Z.SH. Swing+Switch from Sensodyne, which is the first brush with a spring effect and a removable head, which is quite advantageous since over time you can only change the head, and not the entire brush; At the same time, the spring effect allows you to regulate the degree of pressure on the teeth and gums.

There are 2 degrees of bristle hardness: soft (for sensitive teeth) and medium hardness (optimal). However, in my opinion, this brush also has its own disadvantage: removing and putting on the head causes it to loosen, which will require replacing the brush (so the brush is not that economical, as the advertisement promises).

Jordan* World famous brand.

Z.SH. and other items designed to care for the oral cavity of the Jordan brand can be found all over the world, in more than 90 countries on all continents. Z.SH. This company is distinguished by its quality and is sold on European markets in larger quantities than Z.Sch. any other brands.

Thus, the Jordan brand is the number 1 brand in Europe. Z.SH. of this company are produced not only by the company itself, but also under license in five countries: Nigeria, Syria, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand.

Classic toothbrushes with thick bristles:

Supersoft.Z.Shch. for adults with super soft bristles.

(43 tufts of bristles, diameter 0.175 mm)

Soft.Z.Sh. for adults with soft bristles

(43 bundles, diameter 0.2 mm).

Medium.Z.Sh. for adults, with medium-hard bristles

(43 bundles, diameter 0.25 mm).

Duoble Action Z.SH. for adults, on the outside the bristles are soft and pleasant when touching the gums, on the inside the bristles are medium hard and blue in color, ensuring effective removal of plaque on the teeth.
Hard.Z.Sh. for adults with hard stubble.

The original one turned out to be Z.Shch. Jordon Magic, the handle of which changes its color as you brush your teeth (about two minutes, as European dentists advise brushing your teeth), so there is no need to accustom children to brushing their teeth.

Z.SH. Jordon Activetip for adults combines advances in design and high quality, studies have shown the superiority of this brush in all respects, namely:

Plaque removal

Reduction of gingivitis

Prevention of bleeding.

The design of this brush is also excellent: a unique combination of soft rubber and transparent plastic.

Recently, electric shields have begun to appear on the world market. which differ favorably in that the principle of its operation is based on electrophoresis, when under the influence of electric current (from batteries) medications are introduced into the dental tissues. An example is the Italian Z.Shch. Ionoral.

Market Z.Shch. is constantly updated and remains hopeful that domestic products will soon not be inferior to foreign ones both in quality and affordability.

Conclusion

Systematic hygienic education of children and their parents promotes awareness of their health as an enduring value, the formation of skills and habits of a healthy lifestyle. Deepening the understanding of the causes of the disease should enhance the motivation for “preventive” behavior, positively influence the attitude of patients towards treatment and preventive measures, and ensure more active cooperation with doctors when carrying out them, which will ultimately increase the efficiency of the work carried out.

The method of primary prevention of dental diseases is simple and accessible, but the process of organizing and conducting oral health education among preschool children is complex. Despite certain successes achieved in solving this problem, to date the motivation for hygienic education of preschool children has not been studied, and the role of parents, educators and medical workers of preschool educational institutions in developing motivation for oral hygiene has not been predetermined.

Improving dental health at the population level requires the efforts of not only specialists, but also society as a whole. Every person can and should prevent the occurrence of caries in themselves, their children and loved ones. A public opinion must be formed that taking care of oral health is as necessary as taking care of the beauty of your appearance.

Dental prevention consists of a whole range of organizational, therapeutic and preventive measures: proper hygiene regimen, good nutrition (optimal content of proteins, fats, vitamins, mineral salts), implementation of all medical recommendations, organization of timely examinations, dental treatment, etc. A very important role is played by rational oral hygiene. Proper and systematic care of the oral cavity largely ensures the normal function and good condition of the masticatory apparatus, and helps prevent diseases of both the teeth and the oral mucosa.

The modern market for oral hygiene products allows you to carry out all hygiene procedures in full!

Literature

1. E.V.Borovsky, E.M.Kuzmina, T.I. Lemetskaya “Primary prevention of major dental diseases” / educational manual, Moscow, 1986 P.316

2. G.N. Pakhomov “Primary prevention in dentistry” / Medicine, Moscow, 1982 P256

3. V.V. Goryunov, I.A. Shlyakhtova, T.V. Gorbunova “Algorithm for the operation of the oral hygiene office” / Ural Dental Review. 2000, No. 2(11).

4. E.A. Parpaley, L.B. Leporskaya, N.O. Savichuk “Professional and personal oral hygiene as a method of preventing dental diseases” / Modern dentistry. 1999, No. 4.С405

5. Fedorov Yu.A. Oral hygiene // Dentistry. - 1970. - N3

6. Fedorov Yu.A. Prevention of dental and oral diseases. - L.: Medicine,

7. Hamanskaite L., Kelbauskane N., Stropene G. Relationship between oral care and dental caries // Proceedings of dentistry. Lit. SSR. - Kaunas, 1976. - T.7

8. S.B. Ulitovsky. A familiar and unfamiliar toothbrush (or twelve main signs of a toothbrush). //Periodontolia, 1996. - No. 2 (2). - p.32-40.

9. New technologies in oral hygiene products / Akhmetova G.M., Akhmetova G.Kh., Urazova R.Z. – Kazan: KSMU, 2004

10. Ulitkovsky S.B. Applied oral hygiene // New in dentistry.- 2000.- No. 6(86).-p. 70-76, p.92-93, p. 100-107.

11. Mazur I.P., Ulitkovsky S.B. The role of interdental hygiene in maintaining oral health // Modern dentistry. - 2006. - No. 4 (36). - p. 42-48.

MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF UKRAINE

Kharkov National Medical University

Faculty of Postgraduate Education

Department of Dentistry

Head department : assistant professor . Sokolova I.I.

ABSTRACT

Modern oral hygiene products

Completed:

intern 5th group 1st year of study

Kutsinda O.V.

Teacher:

Assoc. Yaroshenko Elena Grigorievna

Kharkov 2008

The leading component of the prevention of dental diseases is oral hygiene. Systematic brushing of teeth and removal of soft dental deposits contribute to the physiological process of maturation of tooth enamel. Biologically active components of hygiene products (toothpastes, elixirs) enrich tooth and periodontal tissues with phosphate salts, calcium, microelements, vitamins, increasing their resistance to harmful influences. Regular gum massage while brushing your teeth helps activate metabolic processes and improve blood circulation in periodontal tissues.

Individual oral hygiene the most accessible and easy to use, highly effective.

Personal hygiene - involves careful and regular removal of dental plaque from the surfaces of teeth and gums by the patient himself using various hygiene products.

Children are taught oral hygiene from an early age. From the age of 1.5-2 years they begin to teach children to rinse their mouths with water after eating; at 2-2.5 years they teach them to brush their teeth with a toothbrush without toothpaste. First, the child should be shown how to hold a toothbrush and what movements to perform. Then, taking the child’s hand, they help him perform these movements. By the age of 3, children should learn to brush their teeth twice a day every day; from the age of 4-5 they begin to use toothpaste. At this age, the child should have a fixed sequence of manipulations when brushing his teeth:

v washing hands with soap

v rinsing your mouth with water

v rinsing the toothbrush

v squeezing toothpaste onto a toothbrush

v brushing your teeth with a toothbrush and toothpaste on all sides (10 movements in each area)

v rinsing your mouth with water

v washing a toothbrush

v leaving a toothbrush in a glass with the bristles facing up

A doctor should help you choose teeth cleaning products. It must be remembered that if used improperly, tooth powder can enter the respiratory tract, so toothpastes should be recommended for young children.

Children 4-5 years old and older should develop oral care skills, correct technique, and good quality. From this age onwards, supervised teeth brushing should be carried out. It consists of determining hygiene indices before and after brushing teeth (quality), recording the time spent on brushing, and observing movements while brushing teeth (technique).

A child over 4-5 years old should brush their teeth for at least 2-3 minutes, making 200-250 movements. If there is a tendency to form plaque, parents should monitor the maintenance of teeth at the required hygienic level. They remove plaque with cotton swabs, turundas moistened with soda solution, and wipe their teeth after eating.

To achieve the best efficiency from hygiene measures, various oral care products and items are used. Recently, their range has become especially wide and varied.

When using modern means for removing plaque from tooth surfaces, one cannot fail to take into account the method by which this is done. Currently, various methods for removing dental plaque are known. However, taking into account the individual characteristics of the oral cavity, it is advisable to recommend to the patient the best method by which a good cleansing effect will be obtained.

To achieve this goal, the doctor is required to provide detailed instructions and demonstrate the chosen method on a model, and the patient is required to consistently perform movements until complete mastery of the chosen technique with daily brushing of teeth.

Basic:

v toothbrush

v dental floss

v toothpick

Additional:

v irrigators

v interdental stimulators

Toothbrush is the main tool for removing deposits from the surface of teeth and gums. It is known that the peoples of Asia, Africa, and South America used devices similar to a toothbrush as early as 300-400 BC. e. Toothbrushes began to be used in Russia around the 18th century.

Currently, there are many models of toothbrushes, the purpose of which is to remove plaque from the smooth and occlusal surfaces of teeth.

A toothbrush consists of a handle and a working part (head) with tufts of bristles located on it. Types of toothbrushes differ in the shape and size of the handles and working part, the location and density, length and quality of the bristles. Toothbrushes use natural bristles or synthetic fiber (nylon, setron, perlon, dederlon, polyurethane, etc.). However, compared to synthetic fiber, natural bristles have a number of disadvantages: the presence of a middle channel filled with microorganisms, the difficulty of keeping brushes clean, the impossibility of perfectly smooth processing of the ends of the bristles, and the difficulty of giving it a certain rigidity.

A toothbrush made of natural bristles is best used for hyperesthesia and increased tooth abrasion. Artificial bristle brushes should be used in the absence of pathological changes in the hard tissues of the tooth. They are better at removing plaque from molars. Currently, preference is given to brushes made of artificial fiber.

The effectiveness of using a toothbrush is determined by the correct individual selection, taking into account its rigidity, the size of the brush field, the shape and frequency of bushing of fibers.

There are five degrees of toothbrush hardness:

very hard (“extra-hard” type) - used for cleaning dentures when the enamel is mature and there is a tendency to increased formation of dental plaque

· rigid (type “hard”)

medium hardness (medium type)

· soft (“soft” type) – used for cleaning baby teeth, teeth with low-mineralized enamel, in case of inflammatory diseases of periodontal and oral mucosa in the acute stage in order to avoid their injury

· very soft (type “sensitive”)

Based on the number of rows of bristles, brushes are:

· single-beam

· two-row (sulcular)

· three-row

· multi-row

The shape of the brush field can be:

· convex

· multi-level

zigzag

· reinforced (with power protrusion)

Based on the size of the working part, brushes are divided into:

· children's

· teenage

· adults

Recommendations for patients on the use of a toothbrush of varying degrees of hardness are purely individual. The most widely used brushes are medium-hard brushes. Typically, children's toothbrushes are made from very soft or soft fiber. Toothbrushes of the same degree of hardness are recommended for use in patients with periodontal disease. Hard and very hard toothbrushes can only be recommended to people with healthy periodontal tissues; however, if the cleaning method is incorrect, they can injure the gums and cause abrasion of hard tooth tissues.

It should be noted that medium-hard and soft brushes are most effective, since their bristles are more flexible and better penetrate into the interdental spaces, dental fissures and subgingival areas.

The size of the working part determines the ability of the toothbrush to clean all surfaces of the teeth, even hard-to-reach ones. Nowadays (for both adults and children) it is recommended to use brushes with a small head that are easy to manipulate in the mouth. Its dimensions for children are 18-25 mm, for adults - no more than 30 mm, while the fibers are organized into bundles, which are usually arranged in 3 or 4 rows. This arrangement of fibers allows you to better clean all surfaces of the teeth.

There are many models of toothbrushes with different shapes of the working part.

Toothbrushes with a V-shaped arrangement of fiber bundles are recommended to be used to clean plaque from the contact surfaces of teeth in people with wide interdental spaces. In most cases, the working part of toothbrushes has tufts of bristles of different heights: longer (softer) along the periphery, shorter ones in the center.

New models of toothbrushes have a power protrusion for better cleaning of molars and deep penetration into the interdental spaces, as well as an active recess that allows you to clean all surfaces of the teeth and massage the area of ​​the attached gum. Some toothbrush heads consist of a combination of tufts of bristles, varying in height and positioned at different angles to the base. Each group of beams contributes to a more thorough removal of plaque in a particular area of ​​the dentition. Straight high fibers clean plaque in interdental spaces; short ones - in fissures. Bundles of fibers located in an oblique direction, penetrating into the dental-gingival sulcus, remove plaque from the cervical area. New models of toothbrushes often have an indicator - two rows of tufts of fibers colored with multi-colored food dyes. As the brush is used, it becomes discolored. The signal to replace the brush is discoloration at 1/2 the height of the bristles, which usually occurs after 2-3 months with daily brushing of the teeth twice.

Toothbrush handle shapes can also be different: straight, curved, spoon-shaped, etc., however, its length should be sufficient to ensure maximum comfort when brushing your teeth.

There are toothbrushes in which, when brushing your teeth (within 2-3 minutes), the original color of the handle changes. It is advisable to recommend this model of toothbrush to children, which makes it possible to teach the child to brush their teeth correctly. Toothbrushes that have a rattle built into the handle have the same property. With correct (vertical) movements of the brush, a sound is made, and with horizontal (incorrect) movements, the toothbrush is “silent”.

Electric toothbrushes(Fig. 9) - with their help, circular or vibrating automatic movements of the working part are carried out, this allows you to thoroughly remove plaque and at the same time massage the gums. The use of an electric toothbrush can be recommended for children, the disabled, or patients with insufficient dexterity.

Rice. 9. Electric toothbrushes

Contraindications to brushing your teeth with an electric brush are::

1) degree 3 tooth mobility;

2) hypertrophic gingivitis;

3) stomatitis;

4) periodontal surgical interventions;

5) operations, incl. oncological, in the oral cavity.

Additional oral hygiene products include toothpicks, dental floss, special toothbrushes and brushes.

Toothpicks(Fig. 10) are designed to remove food debris from the interdental spaces and dental plaque from the lateral surfaces of the teeth. When using toothpicks, they are placed at an angle of 45° to the tooth, with the end of the toothpick in the gingival groove and the side pressed against the surface of the tooth. The tip of the toothpick is then moved along the tooth, following from the base of the groove to the contact point of the teeth. If a toothpick is used incorrectly, injury to the interdental papilla and changes in its contour may occur. This in turn leads to the formation of space, a gap between the teeth. Toothpicks are made of wood and plastic; their shape can be triangular, flat or round; sometimes toothpicks are flavored with menthol.

Rice. 10. Using a toothpick

Flosses(dental floss) are designed to thoroughly remove plaque and food debris from contact surfaces of teeth that are difficult to reach with a brush.

Dental floss can be classified according to its cross-sectional shape:

· round

· flat

For surface treatment:

Waxed – used for crowded teeth, large amounts of tartar or overhanging edges of fillings

· unwaxed - thin and easier to penetrate into interdental spaces with tightly spaced teeth

· superflosses – threads with one-sided thickening. This thread has a hard tip and a combination of unwaxed fragments and wider nylon fiber. With its help, you can clean the contact surfaces of teeth, as well as more thoroughly remove food debris and plaque from orthopedic and orthodontic structures.

According to the presence of impregnation:

· without special impregnation

· impregnated with therapeutic and prophylactic substances (menthol, menthol-fluorine, fluorine, etc.)

By fiber:

multi-fiber - dental floss consists of many fibers

low fiber

· monofilament

By structure:

· ordinary

bicomponent - a thread that, in addition to nylon, includes another fiber - Pebax

Method of using thread(Fig. 11). A thread 35 - 40 cm long is wound around the first phalanx of the middle fingers of both hands. Then carefully insert a tensioned thread (using index fingers on the lower jaw and thumbs on the upper jaw) along the contact surface of the tooth, trying not to injure the periodontal papilla. With a few strokes, the threads remove all soft deposits. Consistently clean the contact surfaces on all sides of each tooth. If used improperly, the gums can be damaged, so the use of threads is possible only after preliminary training of the patient. Children can use floss on their own starting at the age of 9 - 10 years. Before this age, parents are recommended to clean the contact surfaces of children's teeth.

Rice. 11. Using floss

Currently, fluoride-impregnated threads have begun to be used. This type of hygiene product allows you to further strengthen the enamel in hard-to-reach places for brushing your teeth and help prevent caries.

In addition, there are superflosses(Fig. 12) - threads with one-sided thickening. These threads allow you to clean the contact surfaces of the teeth, and also contribute to a more thorough removal of food debris and plaque from the orthopedic and orthodontic structures existing in the oral cavity.

Rice. 12. Applying superfloss

Interdental brushes(Fig. 13, 14) are intended for cleaning wide interdental spaces, spaces under fixed orthodontic arches (in particular, in the presence of braces), areas under the washing parts of bridges and spaces between implanted implants and dentures, exposed bifurcations and trifurcations of teeth. The brush is made of nylon bristles fixed to a thin wire base. The shape of the working part of the brush can be conical or cylindrical. Cleaning with a brush is carried out in a reciprocating motion in a clockwise direction. At the same time, the villi of the brush have a massaging effect on the papillary and marginal parts of the gums.

Rice. 13.Dental brushes for cleaning the contact surfaces of teeth

Rice. 14. Using an interdental brush

Interdental stimulators They are elastic cones made of rubber or soft plastic of varying degrees of hardness. They are designed to massage the gingival papillae and clean the interdental spaces. With light pressure on the gingival papilla, the stimulator is advanced into the interdental space with progressive circular movements.

Interdental stimulators are indicated for oral care in cases of progressive retraction of marginal gums, wide interdental spaces, the presence of chronic periodontal diseases or factors predisposing to their development.

Oral irrigators, or hydromassages(Fig. 15), provide cleaning of the oral cavity with a constant or pulsating stream of liquid under pressure, which significantly improves the quality of oral hygiene, improves blood circulation in periodontal tissues due to the effect of hydromassage of the gums.

Oral irrigators have the form of nozzles that precisely deliver a stream of liquid under pressure. The strength of the fluid flow is adjustable. When irrigators operate in the “jet” mode under pressure, food debris and partially soft plaque are washed away from the surface of the teeth, from the interdental spaces, from the gums, tongue, and oral mucosa. When working in the “shower” mode, the gums, oral mucosa and tongue are massaged, which helps normalize peripheral blood circulation.

Basic rules for oral irrigation:

v the procedure should be carried out after cleaning the mouth with a toothbrush, once a day in the evening is enough. The procedure usually lasts for 5-20 minutes;

v use warm water or solution (approved liquids to fill the irrigator reservoir). Direct the jet at an angle of 90 degrees (at right angles) to the gum surface;

v difficult-to-clean areas should be treated longer than accessible ones.

Rice. 15.Individual irrigator for oral care

Toothpastes designed for cleaning teeth. They contain substances that have a cleansing (abrasive) effect to better remove plaque from all surfaces of the teeth.

Types of toothpastes:

· hygienic - designed to remove dental plaque and deodorize the oral cavity. Can be used by people with intact teeth and periodontal disease

· therapeutic and prophylactic - eliminate certain factors that contribute to the occurrence of diseases of the teeth and periodontal tissues

· medicinal - contain active components that act directly on a specific pathological process in the oral cavity

The properties of toothpaste and the composition of its active components allow it to be prescribed reasonably in each specific situation.

For inflammatory periodontal diseases (gingivitis and periodontitis), toothpastes that prevent the formation of plaque are recommended.

For dystrophic periodontal diseases (periodontal disease), it is recommended to use toothpastes that have a remineralizing effect on the hard tissues of the tooth.

The main components of toothpastes are abrasive, gelling and foaming substances, as well as fragrances, dyes and substances that improve the taste of the paste. The effectiveness of teeth cleaning depends on the abrasive components of the pastes, which provide a cleansing and polishing effect.

Abrasive substances react with inorganic compounds of tooth enamel. In this regard, along with the classic abrasive compound - chemically precipitated chalk, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, dicalcium phosphate monohydrate, anhydrous dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, calcium pyrophosphate, insoluble sodium metaphosphate, aluminum hydroxide, silicon dioxide, zirconium silicate, and polymer compounds of methyl methacrylate are widely used. Often, not one abrasive substance is used, but a mixture of two components, for example, chalk and dicalcium phosphate, chalk and aluminum hydroxide, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate and anhydrous dicalcium phosphate, etc.

Foaming agents in toothpastes include surfactants such as alizarin oil, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sarcosinate and sodium tauride fatty acids. The components of the toothpaste must be harmless, non-irritating to the oral mucosa and have a high foaming ability.

Recently, gel-like toothpastes based on silicon oxide compounds and having a high foaming ability have found use. Gel pastes are pleasant to the taste and have different colors due to added dyes, but the cleaning ability of some of these pastes is lower than pastes containing a chalk base or dicalcium phosphate.

Toothpastes may contain biologically active components, which makes it possible to use them as the main means of preventing dental caries and periodontal diseases.

The most widely used therapeutic and prophylactic agent is fluoride-containing toothpastes. These pastes are recommended for children and adults to prevent dental caries.

Sodium and tin fluorides, monofluorophosphate, sodium fluoride acidified with phosphates, and, more recently, organic fluorine compounds (aminofluorides) are added to toothpastes as anti-caries additives.

Fluorides increase the resistance of teeth to acids formed by plaque microorganisms, enhance the remineralization of enamel and inhibit the metabolism of plaque microorganisms. It has been established that an indispensable condition for the prevention of caries is the presence of an active (unbound) fluoride ion.

Toothpastes for adults contain from 0.11% to 0.76% sodium fluoride or from 0.38% to 1.14% sodium monofluorophosphate. In children's toothpastes, fluoride compounds are found in smaller quantities (up to 0.023%). The combination of sodium fluoride and calcium and silicon-containing abrasives in some toothpastes is a special “Fluoristat” system.

To reduce the amount of plaque and inhibit the growth of tartar crystals, toothpastes include components such as triclosan, which has an antibacterial effect on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and a copolymer that promotes the prolonged action of triclosan for 12 hours after brushing. The entry of fluoride into tooth enamel increases its resistance to acid demineralization due to the formation of structures more resistant to dissolution. Pastes containing potassium and sodium phosphates, calcium and sodium glycerophosphates, calcium gluconate, and zinc oxide have a pronounced anti-caries effect. A similar effect is achieved by toothpastes containing derivatives of chitin and chitosan, which have an affinity for proteins and are able to inhibit the adsorption of Streptococcus mutans, mitis, sanguis on the surface of hydroxyapatite. Components included in some toothpastes, such as Remodent 3%, calcium glycerophosphate 0.13%, synthetic hydroxyapatite (from 2% to 17%), help reduce the increased sensitivity of enamel by closing the entrance holes of the dentinal tubules.

The use of medicated toothpastes is a simple and accessible form of prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases. They contain biologically active substances: enzymes, vitamins, microelements, salts, antiseptics, medicinal herbs.

Toothpastes containing brine of the Pomorie estuaries as an active component improve blood supply to periodontal tissues, their trophism, and have a preventive and therapeutic effect.

Toothpastes with additives based on medicinal herbs have an anti-inflammatory effect: chamomile, St. John's wort, cloves, yarrow, calamus, calendula, sage, ginseng root extract. Toothpastes containing lavender extract have a moderate bactericidal effect on streptococci and staphylococci, and a pronounced effect on the fungi Candida albicans.

To accelerate the regenerative processes of the mucous membrane, biologically active components are introduced into toothpastes - enzymes, oil solutions of vitamins A and E, carotoline.

Recently, therapeutic and prophylactic toothpastes have been widely used to help reduce gum bleeding and have a weak analgesic, pronounced anti-inflammatory and regenerative effect. These pastes contain several medicinal plants. For example, sage, peppermint, chamomile, echinacea, myrrh and ratania; a complex mixture combining chlorophyll, vitamin E and medicinal plant extracts.

Mouth rinses, or dental elixirs, are additional means of oral hygiene. Usually used after brushing your teeth for 30 s - 1 min. One rinsing procedure requires 10 ml of solution. Some rinses should be diluted with water in the proportion recommended by the manufacturer.

Most rinses can be divided into 3 groups:

deodorizing rinses and sprays

· rinses that reduce the formation of dental plaque due to antibacterial action

· rinses that affect the mineralization of hard dental tissues due to the content of fluoride compounds

Dental elixirs are intended for rinsing the mouth. They improve the cleaning of dental surfaces, prevent the formation of plaque, and deodorize the oral cavity. Biologically active components are usually added to the composition of elixirs.

Elixir "Xident" contains sodium fluoride, the drug xidifon, which, being a regulator of calcium levels in the body, prevents the formation of plaque and tartar. It has an anti-caries, anti-inflammatory and disinfectant effect.

The elixirs “Lesnoy”, “Paradontax”, “Salviathymol”, which contain complexes of herbal additives - herbal infusions of sage, chamomile, myrrh, echinacea, have pronounced anti-inflammatory and deodorizing properties.

Regular use of "Plax" rinse with active ingredients (triclosan, sodium fluoride) before brushing your teeth helps to effectively remove plaque and reduce dental caries.

Elixir "Sensitive", which contains tin fluoride, has an anti-caries effect and helps reduce the increased sensitivity of tooth enamel.

Chewing gum- a product that allows you to improve the hygienic condition of the oral cavity by increasing the amount of saliva and the rate of salivation, which helps cleanse tooth surfaces and neutralize organic acids secreted by plaque bacteria.

Chewing gum exerts its effect on oral tissues in the following ways:

Increases the rate of salivation;

Stimulates the secretion of saliva with increased buffer capacity;

Helps neutralize plaque acids;

Favors the rinsing of hard-to-reach areas of the oral cavity with saliva;

Improves the clearance of sucrose from saliva;

Helps remove food debris.

The composition of chewing gum includes: a base (to bind all the ingredients), sweeteners (sugar, corn syrup or sugar substitutes), flavorings (for a good taste and aroma), softeners (to create the appropriate consistency during chewing).

One of the most important properties of chewing gum is its ability to increase salivation three times compared to the resting state, and saliva also enters hard-to-reach interdental areas.

Currently, chewing gum containing sweeteners, especially xylitol, whose anti-cariogenic effect was first shown by research at the University of Turku, Finland, has a predominant effect. Xylitol supplied with chewing gum remains in the oral cavity for a long time and has a beneficial effect.

It is worth dwelling on objections to the use of chewing gum that mention stomach diseases and lesions of the temporomandibular joint. If chewing gum is used correctly, such pathology will not occur.

Based on the results of numerous studies, the following recommendations for the use of chewing gum can be offered:

Chewing gum should be used by both children and adults;

It is better to use chewing gum that does not contain sugar;

Chewing gum should be used, if possible, after every meal and sweets;

To avoid undesirable consequences, chewing gum should be used no more than 20 minutes after eating;

It must be remembered that uncontrolled and indiscriminate use of chewing gum many times during the day can be harmful.

Self-monitoring of the quality of teeth cleaning is an important aspect of maintaining oral hygiene. For this purpose, dyes are used in the form of tablets or solutions containing fuchsin (Fig. 16). The tablets are chewed for 30 seconds with active tongue movement. Solutions have the same effect when rinsing. When the contents of the oral cavity are spit out and the mouth is rinsed again, the surfaces of the teeth are examined. Tooth staining indicates the presence of plaque. There are two possible options for detecting plaque. In one case, dyes are applied before brushing teeth, and then subsequently clean the painted surfaces. In another case, to check the quality of the cleaning, it is advisable to brush your teeth using the usual method and then use a dye. With this sequence, the patient identifies those tooth surfaces that are not cleaned and require careful brushing. To identify plaque, the dye is used before bedtime. Self-monitoring of the quality of teeth brushing should be carried out systematically.

Rice. 16.Tablets for staining microbial plaque on the surface of teeth