All methods of contraception for women. List of chemical non-hormonal contraceptives. Mechanism of action of non-hormonal contraceptives

Constantly take oral contraceptives makes no sense if a woman is not active sex life. It is better to choose methods that have less impact on the body and can reliably protect against unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. In pharmacies today you can easily find various modern contraceptives that are quite effective and convenient.

What types of single-use contraceptives are there?

At irregular relationships best fit one-time funds. In every special case they must be selected individually. For women with irregular sexual activity, it is important that the chosen contraceptive has the following properties:

• reliability;
• convenience and ease of use;
• safety of use;
• availability;
• protection against unplanned pregnancy;
• protection against sexually transmitted diseases.

There are 3 main methods of protection:

• barrier;
• chemical;
• hormone.

Which ones are better to choose? It all depends on many factors: personal preferences, risk, contraindications, and the situation itself. Each of them has its own pros and cons, so we’ll try to understand it in more detail.

Barrier method

The barrier method is the oldest and, perhaps, the most widespread among the population, because it has many advantages, such as:

• relative cheapness;
• availability;
• ease of use;
• quite high reliability;
• no contraindications (except for allergies to the material);
• absolute safety for the body;
• protection not only from pregnancy, but also from infections.

Barrier methods can be used by everyone: nursing mothers, young girls, older women. In some cases, they are even recommended for pregnant women (to protect against infection).

The essence of the method is a mechanical obstacle that prevents sperm from penetrating the cervix. Use requires some attention from partners before and during sexual intercourse. Barrier methods include not only the well-known condoms, but also some other products.

Condoms

Everyone knows about condoms - this is perhaps the most accessible and simple means of protection. Its main advantage is protection against various sexually transmitted infections, which is why the condom has been and remains the number one remedy against unprotected sex. It is the condom that is best chosen as a method of protection during a casual relationship or at the beginning of a relationship when there is no complete confidence in the partner. It is easy to purchase at any pharmacy or store. A regular condom is placed on a man's penis and removed immediately after intercourse.

However, this proven tool has its own, very significant, disadvantages:

• average contraceptive reliability;
• they can rub, tear, or jump off;
• decreased sensitivity during intimacy;
• inability to use if you are allergic to latex;
• a certain lack of aesthetics when used.

Some manufacturers produce condoms with spermicidal lubricant to increase reliability.

Despite popular belief, condoms can be used not only by men - there are special female condoms that have certain advantages over classic products:

• polyurethane material is suitable for people allergic to latex;
• you can insert such a condom several hours before sexual intercourse;
• you can even go to the toilet with it;
• he doesn't jump off;
• can further stimulate the female genital organs during sex.

Unfortunately, the female condom can cause local irritation and is somewhat more difficult to put on than a classic condom (this will require a little practice). The product has two flexible rings - an internal one, which expands near the cervix, fixing the product, and an external one, which remains outside.

After sex, the condom is twisted to prevent sperm from leaking out, removed and discarded, just like a male condom. It is unacceptable to use male and female condoms at the same time - there are Great chance that they will tear due to friction.

Vaginal diaphragm and cervical cap

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped rubber product that is inserted deep into the vaginal canal before sexual intercourse so that it covers the cervix. A latex product that is placed directly on the cervix is ​​called a cervical (that is, cervical) cap. The cap is slightly different in shape from the diaphragm, but operates on the same principle.

The diaphragm or cap may cause irritation where it comes into contact with the mucosa. They cannot be used for protection inflammatory processes, cervical erosion, prolapse of the vaginal walls.

To increase reliability, it is recommended to additionally use spermicides. After use, the product is carefully removed, washed and placed in a disinfectant solution - it is reusable and, with proper care, can last up to a year. It is imperative to remove the cap immediately after sexual intercourse, otherwise you can cause a strong inflammatory reaction and even the development of toxic shock syndrome.

Before purchasing, it is better to consult a specialist to determine right size, and also learn how to properly insert a contraceptive.

Other means

There are also less common products that are nevertheless quite often used in some countries. One of them is the vaginal sponge. It is a concave hemisphere made of porous material, having a loop for extraction and impregnated with a spermicidal substance. The sponge is inserted into the vagina at the cervix about a day before sexual intercourse and removed no later than 30 hours after that. Thus, it combines barrier and chemical methods of protection.

Chemical method

The chemical method means the introduction of substances that are harmful to sperm - spermicides. The most important spermicides, on the basis of which the mass was developed modern drugs, are nonoxynol and benzalkonium chloride, which reduce the activity and even completely destroy sperm, making fertilization impossible.

There are now many tools available various forms, which are inserted into the vagina a certain time before sexual intercourse. Active substances begin to act in advance, making the cervical mucus thicker so that it is difficult for sperm to penetrate into it. In addition, they create a protective film on the mucous membrane, protecting against the development of infection.

If it was not possible to resort to contraception on time, non-hormonal birth control pills can also be used after unprotected sex - this will significantly reduce the likelihood of pregnancy and the occurrence of infectious diseases (however, only a condom can prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted infections).

Spermicides act exclusively locally - this is the safety of their use even during breastfeeding. In addition, they moisturize the vaginal mucosa, acting as a lubricant. The disadvantages are:

• low reliability;
• inconvenient to use (you need to calculate exact time before sexual intercourse);
• sometimes a burning sensation in the woman and her partner;
• cannot be used frequently (the composition of the vaginal microflora is disrupted);
• After sex, you should not take a shower or bath for a certain time (this will reduce spermicidal properties).

Due to its relatively low effectiveness, this method of contraception is best chosen as additional protection or when ovarian activity decreases (during lactation, at the beginning of menopause).

It is optimal to use it in conjunction with condoms: spermicides will enhance protection against infections, protect against damage to the condom, and also act as a lubricant.

Facilities chemical contraception usually presented in the following forms:

• candles;
• cream;
• foam;
• films;
• jelly;
• tampons;
• balloons.

Which one to choose depends on the situation and type of drug:

• most famous drug- Pharmatex, it is available in various options, the most long-term action(up to 24 hours) tampons have;
• Patentex Oval and Conceptrol in the form of suppositories are administered 10 minutes before intimacy;
• Ginekotex - vaginal tablets with antibacterial effect and valid for 4 hours after administration;
• Benatex gel will help relieve inflammation of the vaginal mucosa.

Thus, in different situations can be used different drugs: Genikotex is optimal in case of unprotected sex with a new partner, Benatex - for colpitis, if everything is in order and the woman is more or less confident in her partner, then Pharmatex, Patentex Oval or Coceptrol are suitable. Whatever medications are chosen, it is important to follow the instructions exactly and not carry out hygiene procedures for a certain time after intimacy.

By the way, it is on creating an unfavorable environment for sperm that most folk remedies are based. Many recipes advise women to introduce an acidic solution into the vagina by douching. It is better to ignore such advice - commercial spermicides are much more reliable and safer.

Hormonal agents

Conventional oral contraceptives should not be used if you have irregular sex life. What hormonal pills are rarely used? There are so-called emergency or post-coital remedies that are created specifically in case of unprotected sexual intercourse.

Having taken pills after unprotected sex, a woman can practically not worry about the onset of unwanted pregnancy, however, large doses of hormones often have adverse effects on the body: one tablet can cause painful menstruation and on long months disrupt the normal menstrual cycle. That is why such contraception is called emergency - it is created for use in exceptional, extremely in rare cases, it is better not to resort to it more than twice a year.

Hormonal pills single use most often contain levonorgestrel, a synthetic analogue of progesterone. It has the following effects on the reproductive system:

• delayed ovulation;
• thickening cervical mucus;
• thinning of the uterine endometrium.

If the drug is taken on time, then pregnancy is practically excluded - even if ovulation has occurred and fertilization has occurred, the egg will not be able to attach.

The drug should be taken as quickly as possible after unprotected sexual intercourse: no later than three days later, the first tablet is taken, then after 12 hours - the second. Taking two tablets at once just to be on the safe side can be life-threatening - high doses of hormones can cause thrombosis and other terrible consequences.

Emergency hormonal contraception most often causes a number of unpleasant symptoms, such as:

• nausea and vomiting;
• diarrhea;
• abdominal pain;
• pain and engorgement of the mammary glands;
• violations menstrual cycle;
• headache;
• feeling tired.

It must be taken into account that the contraceptive effect of the pill after vomiting and severe diarrhea may decrease. You need to carefully study the instructions for contraindications, possible interactions with other medications and side effects.

Another common group is tablets based on mifepristone, a progestogen antagonist. This means that this substance blocks the action of the hormone progesterone, as a result of which the fertilized egg cannot attach to the endometrium, and in large dosages, contractions of the uterus occur, expelling it. Mifepristone and medicines based on it (Gynepristone) are taken within 72 hours after unprotected contact for protection against unwanted pregnancy, and even for termination of pregnancy (in very high doses, no later than 42 days of delay, strictly under medical supervision)

is a very reliable remedy, but it greatly affects a woman’s health, despite the fact that it cannot be considered a hormonal agent (in fact, this substance is only a hormone blocker), so its use unless absolutely necessary is unacceptable. In case of heavy bleeding and pain, it is better to consult a specialist. Strong post-coital medications should never be used as regular contraception.

Whatever remedy you choose, the main thing is to take care of your health in a timely manner. It would be optimal to combine barrier and chemical methods of contraception, since they can perfectly complement each other, protecting against pregnancy and infections. Moreover, these funds local application and do not have a negative effect on the body.

Whenever discomfort after unprotected sexual intercourse, as well as if you suspect pregnancy, it is better to consult a doctor without delay.

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They are divided into several groups:
1. Abstinence from sexual intercourse. This method of contraception is 100% effective;
2. A group of methods based on physiological laws and not highly reliable. These methods do not affect the body in any way, have no side effects or contraindications, and therefore can be used by all people without exception. To such physiological methods pregnancy prevention includes calendar, rhythmic, temperature methods, lactational amenorrhea and interrupted sexual intercourse;
3. A group of methods based on the use of a physical barrier for the penetration of sperm into the uterine cavity. These methods are quite effective and prevent infection with sexually transmitted diseases. This group of methods includes the use of condoms, vaginal diaphragms and caps;
4. A group of methods based on the use of chemical barriers for the penetration of sperm into the uterine cavity. These methods are highly effective and do not cause systemic action on the human body. Currently, this group of methods includes spermicidal suppositories, gels, lubricants, sprays, tablets, etc.;
5. Highly effective hormonal contraception;
6. Other methods of contraception with high level effectiveness, such as intrauterine device or sterilization.

According to the mechanism and type of action, all contraceptive methods are divided into the following types:

• Hormonal methods;
• Intrauterine;
• Barrier;
• Surgical;
• Postcoital;
• Biological.

Hormonal methods of contraception

Oral contraceptives are combined estrogen-progestogen and purely gestagen. Combination drugs contain two types of female sex hormones - estrogens and gestagen. And gestagenic ones, accordingly, contain only one hormone from the progesterone group. Progestin contraceptives are also called mini-pills. Currently, oral contraceptives are the most common among other hormonal methods of preventing pregnancy.

Oral contraceptives for each woman must be selected individually, taking into account existing diseases, type of menstrual cycle, hormonal levels, etc. Hormonal pills prevent the development of ovulation and also change the state of the endometrium, preventing the fertilized egg from implanting in the uterus. Thanks to this action, hormonal pills reliably protect against unwanted pregnancy. Oral contraceptives also reduce the duration and volume of blood lost during menstruation, eliminate pain and minimize the risk of developing inflammatory pathologies.

The modern oral contraceptive drug Delsia contains the most studied combination of active ingredients, ethinyl estradiol and drospirenone. This combination restores hormonal balance, helps normalize the cycle, maintain stable body weight, eliminate oily skin and hair, reduce anxiety and improve mood. Optimal mode reception - one tablet for 21 days with a physiological break of 7 days.

Oral contraceptives have advantages and disadvantages over other methods. Thus, the undoubted advantages include high efficiency, ease of use and positive action on the woman's reproductive system. Disadvantages include side effects such as headache, nausea, irritability, mood swings, etc. In addition, combined contraceptives should not be taken by women suffering from vascular diseases (thrombophlebitis, hypertension, strokes in the past, etc.), liver, obesity, malignant tumors and bleeding. Combined contraceptives should not be taken by women over 35 years of age who smoke. Unlike combined contraceptives, progestogen mini-pills are suitable for women over 35 years of age. Mini-pills can be used during breastfeeding.

Transdermal contraceptives are a patch containing hormones that are gradually released and enter the bloodstream. This prolonged action with gradual release of hormones is also characteristic of vaginal rings.

Injectable contraceptives are injections containing synthetic hormones, which provide protection against pregnancy long term up to several months.

Implantable contraceptives are implants containing synthetic hormones that are inserted under the skin, providing gradual release. active substance and long lasting action.

Intrauterine contraception

Barrier methods of contraception

Surgical method of contraception

Postcoital contraception

Postcoital contraceptives include the drugs Escapelle, Postinor, Danazol or Mifepristone. The use of any drug for emergency contraception seriously imbalances the functional state reproductive system women. The disturbance can be so severe that it can lead to ovarian dysfunction.

Biological methods of contraception

When using the calendar method, women calculate dangerous days according to the length of your own menstrual cycle. And the use of the temperature method requires daily measurement of basal temperature (in the rectum). When the temperature rises by 0.4 - 0.5 degrees, it means ovulation has occurred. 4 - 5 days before its onset are the days on which pregnancy is most likely to occur. It is necessary to measure the temperature over several menstrual cycles and calculate, based on the chart, dangerous days on which you cannot have sexual intercourse, since the likelihood of pregnancy is maximum.

Coitus interruptus is not a very reliable method of contraception, since it is based on the fact that a man, when approaching orgasm, must remove the penis from the vagina to prevent sperm from entering the woman's genital tract. This method requires intense attention from the man. Often men do not have time to pull out their penis, and ejaculation occurs in the vagina. In addition, during sexual intercourse, small drops of sperm are released, which are quite enough for pregnancy.

Not only men, but also women should think about and take care of protection from unwanted pregnancy during sexual intercourse. Moreover, it is she who subsequently has to make the most important decisions - to give birth or have an artificial termination of pregnancy, to get married or remain a single mother. Therefore, it is worth knowing about all types of female contraception that are approved and recommended by official medicine.

Barrier method of female contraception

The essence of barrier contraception is to prevent sperm from entering the uterus. Such a barrier can be created mechanically and/or chemically.

Local chemicals

In medicine, such products are called spermicides and are available in various pharmacological forms - foaming tablets and suppositories, aerosols, pastes, balls for intravaginal use. These products contain substances that have a detrimental effect on sperm - for example, benzalkonium chloride, nonoxynol-9. It is believed that the effectiveness of local chemicals from the category of contraceptives is 85%.

Features of local chemicals:

• can be used by a woman without prior examination by a gynecologist and receiving prescriptions;
• these means of preventing unwanted pregnancy contribute to the formation of additional lubrication in the vagina;
• It is not contraindicated to use any other contraceptives simultaneously with chemicals - this will only enhance the effect;
• are capable of exerting a mild anti-inflammatory effect, and according to some data they even serve as a prevention of cancer of the female reproductive system.

Note:spermicide does not begin to act instantly - it will take 15-20 minutes, so the introduction of contraceptives of this particular group should be carried out just 15-20 minutes before sexual intercourse. If several sexual acts occur in a row, then before each of them you need to administer the drug.

Mechanical methods of female contraception

Such products are considered absolutely harmless and can be used by all women without any restrictions. Moreover, a woman can refuse such contraception at any time if a decision is made to conceive a child. But doctors say that the woman will need special training on the use of mechanical contraceptives, and after childbirth or in case of sudden weight gain, you will need to change/select a new size. Mechanical methods of female contraception include:

1. . They look like a cap with a flexible rim and are made of rubber or latex. The dome of the diaphragm covers the cervix, which makes it impossible for sperm to penetrate into the abdominal organ.

How to use it correctly: the diaphragm is inserted into the vagina immediately before sexual intercourse, but it can also be done in advance - the contraceptive in question can be left in the vagina for 6 to 24 hours. The vaginal diaphragm is used together with spermicides - they are coated with them inner side diaphragm and ring.

1. Female condoms. They are a polyurethane bag 17 cm long and 7-8 cm in diameter with two rings at the ends. There is a thin film on one ring - it is adjacent to the cervix and prevents sperm from penetrating into the organ cavity.

How to use it correctly: the female condom is inserted simply like a regular tampon, a few hours before sexual intercourse. This product is disposable; for the next sexual intercourse you need to use a new female condom.

1. Cervical caps. This is a soft rubber cap that is placed directly on the cervix - negative pressure is created between the cervix and the rim of the cap, which makes it impossible for sperm to penetrate. The cervical cap is smaller in size than the vaginal diaphragm, its effectiveness is 60-80%.

How to use it correctly: the cervical cap is inserted half an hour before sexual intercourse and is not removed for 6-8 hours. Before use, the contraceptive in question is treated with spermicides - they lubricate the rim.

This type of female contraception is considered one of the most effective, but it can only be used as prescribed by a doctor, and a woman will not be able to install an intrauterine device on her own. Gynecologists establish only two types of contraception in question:

• copper-containing;
• progestin-containing.

Intrauterine devices are made of plastic (absolutely safe), into which either copper wire, or a miniature container with progestin.
Operating principle of intrauterine devices:

• prevent the penetration of sperm into the uterus - progestin-containing IUDs significantly reduce this ability;
• do not allow implantation (movement) of the egg into the uterine cavity;
• counteract ovulation - this applies only to progestin-containing intrauterine devices;
• Copper-containing products have a detrimental effect on both sperm and eggs.

The intrauterine device is installed on long time– from 2 to 5 years and usually the woman’s body reacts normally/adequately to such “intervention”. In some cases, complications may develop:

• inflammatory processes of the cervix and appendages - according to statistics, the risk of developing similar pathologies with available intrauterine device increases 2-3 times;
• menstrual irregularities – the dates of monthly bleeding may shift, they become more abundant, and intermenstrual bleeding may occur;
• discomfort during sexual intercourse - pain, burning.

Note:if a woman notes too much prolonged bleeding from the vagina, available intense pain in the lower abdomen, weakness and pallor of the skin appear, then you should immediately seek medical care. This condition may indicate perforation (breakthrough) of the uterine wall by the intrauterine device. This happens extremely rarely - according to statistics, 1 case in 10,000, but every woman should be aware of this complication. Advantages of using an intrauterine device:

Disadvantages of using an intrauterine device:

• before installation, you must undergo an examination by a gynecologist;
• Only a doctor can insert and remove an IUD;
• after each menstruation, you need to check the presence of the antennae of the intrauterine device - sometimes it can fall out;
• In the first few months after installation of the IUD, increased menstrual bleeding may occur.

Contraindications to installation of an intrauterine device:

• diagnosed oncological diseases genitals or internal genital organs;
• suspicion of a completed pregnancy;
• acute/chronic processes of an inflammatory or infectious nature in the reproductive system (including on the external genitalia);
• uterine bleeding of a pathological nature of unknown etiology;
• bicornuate uterus;
• cervical stenosis.

There are also conditional contraindications to the use of an intrauterine device as a contraceptive - that is, it is undesirable to insert an IUD with them, but the final decision is made only by a gynecologist. Conditional contraindications include:

• history of ectopic;
• diagnosed ;
• absence of childbirth;
• bleeding disorders.

Hormonal contraception

Hormonal contraceptives are products that contain chemical analogues female hormones. They prevent the onset of ovulation, which makes it impossible to conceive a child. To the group hormonal contraceptives includes tablets, implants, patches, hormonal vaginal ring. Pills are considered the most popular, but you need to select the type of hormonal contraceptive based on your needs/capabilities:

• Birth control pills require excellent memory, responsibility and punctuality - they should be taken at a strictly defined time and not miss a single day;
• the patches can be used for 7-9 days in a row, that is, only 3 patches will need to be changed per month;
• the hormonal ring has month period operation.

Before starting to use hormonal contraceptives, you must visit a gynecologist, undergo an examination and make a choice in favor of one or another. There are also clearly defined contraindications to the use of this type of contraceptive:

• you are breastfeeding and less than 6 months have passed since giving birth;
• There is no breastfeeding, but less than 3 weeks have passed since birth;
• history of stroke, coronary heart disease, pulmonary hypertension, bacterial endocarditis;
• thrombophlebitis was previously diagnosed;
• are strong and your age is 35 years or older;
• in the recent past the woman suffered (less than 3 months ago);
• liver cirrhosis and other pathologies of this organ were previously diagnosed;
• history of diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tract, which require constant admission medicines;
• breast cancer (even after complete healing);
• increased blood clotting;
• The doctor has prescribed and constantly takes anticonvulsants and/or antituberculosis drugs.

Note:If at least one of the above factors occurs, then taking hormonal contraceptives is strictly prohibited.

Female surgical contraception

We are talking about sterilization - an irreversible process that is considered the most effective for preventing unwanted pregnancy. Indications for sterilization of a woman are only the desire to stop the possibility of conception. But this issue should be approached extremely carefully - the process is irreversible, although there are expensive microsurgical operations that can “turn back time.” Often, surgical contraception is used for medical reasons - for example, a woman has severe malformations of the cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary systems, blood diseases, malignant neoplasms. Contraindications to sterilization are:

• spicy inflammatory diseases pelvic organs;
• infection of generalized or focal localization;
• benign tumors developing in the pelvis;
• severe cachexia;
• diabetes mellitus/diabetes insipidus;
• adhesive disease of the pelvic organs and/or abdominal cavity;
• umbilical hernia – applies only to surgical contraception using the laparoscopic method.

Note:There are still debates about the sterilization of women with diagnosed mental disorders, mental retardation - these pathologies are not medical indicator to surgical contraception.

Now this is the most popular method of surgical contraception - the method has many advantages. For example, after such surgical intervention on skin no scar remains, the rehabilitation period is very short, patients tolerate such an intervention well. Note:It is not excluded that laparoscopic tubal ligation can be performed on an outpatient basis - the woman undergoes local anesthesia, and 2 hours after completion of the procedure and in the absence of any visible changes in health for the worse, the patient can go home.

A miniature incision is made in the anterior abdominal wall– size does not exceed 6 cm. The advantages of this method of surgical contraception are that there is no need to use expensive equipment and quick rehabilitation.

The rectal uterine space is opened with scissors and the fallopian tube is removed into the resulting wound until its fimbria appears. The suture is placed in the middle of the fallopian tube, but somewhat closer to the fimbria. Then they tie the tube with a thread and pull it closer to the surgeon, then the tube is crushed and ligated. The same algorithm of actions is used for the second fallopian tube. Note:the ends of all suture threads are cut only after the surgeon has finished working on the two fallopian tubes. The incision is closed with a mattress suture. Advantages of sterilization with colpotomy access:

• can be performed in any gynecological hospital;
• there are no cosmetic defects on the anterior abdominal wall;
• there is no need to use expensive equipment and specific tools;
• the pursued goal (sterilization) is achieved immediately after surgery.

Very often, a sterilization operation is performed during a cesarean section - there is no additional stress on the body, the woman’s well-being does not change, the periods of lactation and recovery after childbirth pass without changes, and the hormonal levels do not change. Timing for surgical contraception:

• in the second phase of the menstrual cycle - delayed sterilization;
• 6 weeks after birth naturally;
• immediately after an artificial termination of pregnancy, but only if the abortion was without complications.

It is strictly contraindicated to carry out sterilization after childbirth if acute infection during childbirth or even during pregnancy, if the anhydrous period of labor exceeded 24 hours. Possible complications in the postoperative period:

• bleeding;
• intestinal damage;
• postoperative infection.

These complications relate to rare events, but a woman who agreed to surgical contraception should know about them. Note:Doctors warn that in the first 10 years after sterilization surgery, the probability of pregnancy remains within 2%. Female contraception– rich choice, wide possibilities. It is necessary not only to independently decide on the choice of means of protection against unwanted pregnancy, but also to obtain competent advice from a gynecologist.

Contraceptive methods for women are considered. The names of the most common contraceptives sold in pharmacies are presented.

Contraceptives are means that protect a woman from unwanted pregnancy. There are a lot of myths around hormonal pills. Many people believe that taking them is accompanied by weight gain and the inability to become pregnant in the future. We will try to dispel or confirm dubious information regarding female contraceptives.

Why should women use contraceptives?

If you ask about the most popular contraceptive, most will answer that these are condoms. But this method inconvenient and quite expensive if you have a regular sexual partner whom you trust.

Accordingly, contraceptives are used by women to protect against pregnancy and to obtain more vivid sensations during sex. Oral contraceptives are used in medicinal purposes and help get rid of skin problems and women's ailments.

What types of contraceptives are there for women?

Types of female contraceptives:

• Spermicides– ointments or gels containing substances that slow down the movement of sperm. These drugs thicken cervical mucus and prevent male cells penetrate the uterus
• Spiral- small plastic or metal product. Placed by a doctor inside the uterus
• Oral contraceptives– pills based on female hormones. They may block ovulation or thicken cervical mucus
• Patch- hormonal contraceptive. Hormones enter the body through the skin
• Vaginal ring– a silicone or plastic ring that contains a small dose of hormones. Set for 21 days. You can do this yourself without the help of a doctor.
• The natural way– calendar method. Used based on calculating periods of pregnancylessness and fertility
• Method of interrupting sexual intercourse– before ejaculation, the partner removes the penis from the vagina

Barrier contraceptives for women. Pros and cons

Barrier contraception is a method of preventing pregnancy by using mechanical barriers to prevent sperm from entering the uterine cavity. Barrier contraception includes local chemicals, inhibiting sperm activity. Barrier contraceptives include: sponge, diaphragm, cap, female condom, suppositories, ointments, gels.

Advantages:

• Can be used immediately before sexual intercourse
• Protects against most sexually transmitted diseases (spermicides)
• High reliability
• Can be used by those giving birth and nulliparous women
• Low price
• Fast recovery reproductive function

Flaws:

• Less reliable compared to hormonal contraceptives
• Often cause allergies and itching
• Reduce sensitivity

Chemical contraceptives for women

This is a barrier contraception based on reducing sperm activity by chemical substances. Often cause allergies and burning. High degree of protection and low price. Below is a list of popular spermicides.

Non-hormonal contraceptives for women, list

These substances are barrier contraceptives. Their effectiveness is due to a decrease in sperm activity. Some of the products even kill sperm.

List of chemicals non-hormonal contraceptives:

• Pharmatex– a drug produced in the form of suppositories, sponges, cream and gel. This is a regular spermicide that contains benzalkonium chloride, an antiseptic. Accordingly, the drug can be used when having sex with casual partners. Effective period: 3 hours after insertion into the vagina
• Benatex– available in the form vaginal tablets and gel. Contains spermicide and antiseptic. The drug contains no hormones, so the substance does not affect the menstrual cycle
• Pantex Oval- spermicide based on nonoxynol. Has antimicrobial and antiviral properties. Inserted into the vagina 15 minutes before sexual intercourse
• Conceptrol– available in the form of suppositories and contains nonoxynol
• Gynekotex– spermicide based on benzalkonium chloride. This is a combined substance that kills viruses and bacteria, and also reduces motor activity spermatozoa

Local contraceptives for women

These are chemical and mechanical means that either reduce sperm motility or simply prevent them from penetrating into the uterus.

Mechanical local contraceptives:

• Female condom- analogue of the male one, inserted into the vagina. One edge is fixed on the cervix, and the second will remain outside. Accordingly, it protects not only from pregnancy, but also from contracting diseases transmitted during sex
• Diaphragm- This is a dome-shaped cap made of latex or rubber. It is placed on the cervix and simply prevents sperm from entering the uterus. Can be used several times. The doctor selects this method of contraception, since the sizes of the diaphragm are different. After childbirth or due to weight gain, it is necessary to purchase a larger diaphragm
• Cervical cap- a product made of soft rubber. It is placed on the cervix using a suction cup principle. Negative pressure is created due to the compression of the cap, and it is securely fixed. Low degree of protection due to the possibility of the cap being skewed during sexual intercourse.

Hormonal contraceptives for women

• Preparations containing the hormones estrogen and progestin. They change the composition and viscosity of cervical mucus, which makes it impossible for sperm to penetrate the vagina. Some combined contraceptives inhibit ovulation. Accordingly, the egg does not mature, so pregnancy is impossible
• Mechanical products with no high content progestins: patch, injections and subdermal implants. The most convenient can be considered a patch - this is relatively new contraceptive. It contains ethinyl estradiol and norelgestromin – synthetic analogues female hormones. Hormones enter the bloodstream through the skin. Every day stands out a small amount of hormones. The action of the patch is based on reducing the thickness of the uterine mucosa, to which the embryo cannot attach. In addition, the patch inhibits the functioning of the ovaries and prevents the dominant follicle containing the egg from growing

Contraceptive injections for women. Pros and cons

In our country, this method of contraception is unpopular. This is due to the high price of the drug and the mistrust of women. The injection is given intramuscularly once every 3 months. It is necessary that the injection be administered on the 5th day of the menstrual cycle.

The essence of using the drug is that it contains progesterone, which thickens the uterine mucosa and thickens cervical mucus.

In addition, ovulation is suppressed. The injections can be used by women who have given birth and those who have not given birth. There have not been any cases of infertility reported in the world after discontinuation of the drug. Although reproductive function is restored within 6-12 months.

Advantages:

• Efficiency is 99%
• There is no need to constantly calculate the days of the menstrual cycle
• Suitable for women who smoke
• It has medicinal properties and promotes the disappearance of endometriosis, endometrial hyperplasia

Oral contraceptives for women, video

Oral contraceptives are well-known contraceptive pills with a combined hormonal composition. In the video you can watch a speech by a gynecologist regarding COCs.

Video: Oral contraceptives

Contraception for women after childbirth

Please note that combined contraceptives cannot be taken during breastfeeding. They affect the amount of breast milk.

• Mini-pill
• Hormonal injections
• Intrauterine device
• Remember, after giving birth you can’t have sex for a month, so after the discharge stops you can resume sexual activity
• If you have a regular sexual partner, then it makes sense to get an IUD or take hormonal contraceptives based on gestagens. These are synthetic hormones similar in their effect to progesterone. It does not suppress lactation and does not harm the baby’s health, since a very small amount of the drug penetrates into the milk.
• Previously, it was believed that it was possible to use contraception after the birth of a child. natural method. That is, due to the development of lactational amenorrhea, when there is no menstruation, it is safe to have sex. But now many doctors note the ineffectiveness of the method. Some women experience spontaneous ovulation, which will lead to an unplanned pregnancy

Contraception for nulliparous women

Many young girls are wary of taking hormonal oral contraceptives. they believe that they will gain a lot of weight and become unattractive. This is not true, since most women experience no weight gain at all or a slight weight gain of 2-3 kg.

There are rumors about numerous cases of infertility after stopping COCs. This is also a myth, since reproductive function is restored after 3-8 months. Some girls managed to conceive a child in the first month after stopping contraceptives.

But if you decide to take COCs, then seek help from a doctor, he will prescribe a drug with minimal doses of progestins and estrogens. Most often, young girls are prescribed Novinet, Jazz, Yarina.

They improve the condition of the skin and make periods less painful. COCs are not used for cystic changes in the ovaries and endometriosis.

The following methods are ideal for nulliparous women who have a regular sexual partner:

• Barrier contraceptives
• Condoms

Intrauterine device nulliparous girls not installed due to development possibilities pain syndrome and uterine bleeding after removing the IUD.

Emergency contraception is used in the following cases:

• Rape
• Skipping a COC dose
• Damage to the condom
• Unprotected sexual intercourse

These are drugs that cause detachment of the endometrium from the uterus. Thus, menstruation begins and sperm is simply carried away from the uterus along with the blood. It is recommended to take no later than 24-72 hours after sexual intercourse. Here are the names of some emergency contraceptives: Postinor, Escapelle, Mifegin, Miropriston.

The best contraceptives for women over 30 years old. Video

• Typically, by the age of 30, a woman already has a child and a regular sexual partner. In this case ideal option considered an intrauterine device
• An IUD containing progesterone is often prescribed. Such contraceptives are indicated for women with endometriosis and other estrogen-dependent diseases. The most popular hormonal IUD is Mirena. Its cost is high, but its validity is 3-5 years
• For women over 30 who have given birth, medium-dose combined oral contraceptives are used. They contain more hormones, this is due to physiological characteristics body at this age. Among such drugs are Diana, Chloe, Dimulen

VIDEO: Contraceptives for women

Contraceptives for women after 45 years. Which ones to choose?

• At this age, many women have chronic illnesses And excess weight. This is why classic COCs are not prescribed
• For such women, three-phase drugs have been developed with minimal androgenic effect. Often before menopause, mini-pills - progestin contraceptives - are prescribed. Since many women who have given birth experience endometrial hyperplasia and endometriosis
• It is best to put it after 45 years hormonal IUD Mirena. It will help not only prevent pregnancy, but also restore the uterine mucosa. This device significantly reduces the risk of developing uterine cancer.
• After the birth of her second or third child, a woman can undergo sterilization. This is a tubal ligation operation. Now this operation is performed without the use of scalpels, using laparoscopy.

Contraceptives for nursing women. Features of the choice of contraceptives for breastfeeding women

• The ideal option is mini-pills or Depo-Provera (progestin) injections. They do not affect lactation and do not affect the baby’s health in any way. But in most cases, women do not want to take any medications during lactation, so they use barrier methods of contraception
• Absence of menstruation during lactation should not be used for contraception. This method only works if you have never missed a feeding, that is, the break between feedings was no more than 3 hours

Female contraceptive pills. Which ones to choose?

• Low dose drugs. Prescribed to nulliparous girls, they contain a minimum of hormones (Jazz, Novinet)
• Medium dosed drugs prescribed to women over 30 years of age (Diana)
• Progestin drugs should be taken if you have endometriosis, endometrial hyperplasia (Norkolut, Mini-pill)

Do not buy birth control pills on your own based on a recommendation from a friend or pharmacist.

The doctor must assess your health condition and only then prescribe a specific drug. What suits your friend may not suit you. If you have endometrial hyperplasia and adenomyosis, you should not take medications with a high content of estrogen. This makes the mucous membrane thicken and the problem worsens.

Folk means of contraception. Recipes

• Douching with a slightly acidic solution. Usually add a tablespoon to a glass of water acetic acid or lemon juice
• Calendar method. The periods of pregnancylessness before and after menstruation are calculated. 5 days before and after menstruation are considered safe
• Rowan flower remedy. To prepare the substance, pour 200 ml of boiling water over a tablespoon of flowers. Leave for an hour and strain. Take 100 ml before each meal.
• Coitus interruptus method
• Douching weak solution potassium permanganate

Traditional medicine offers many methods of emergency contraception that cause rejection of the fertilized egg during pregnancy. Almost after using each of these remedies, the woman is taken away by ambulance from uterine bleeding. Cleaning is carried out in the hospital. There are known cases of death due to blood poisoning due to rotting of the fetus inside the uterus.

The importance of contraceptives in preserving a woman’s reproductive health

Combined oral contraceptives for correct use and prescribed by a doctor prolong a woman’s youth. Oddly enough, after stopping the drugs, even women aged 45-55 years can become pregnant. This is due to the fact that at birth, every girl’s ovaries contain the rudiments of future dominant follicles.

There is no ovulation when taking COCs, which means this potential dominant follicle saved until next time. In medicine, this phenomenon is called Anti-Mullerian hormone. If its content is high, a woman can become pregnant. With a very low concentration of this hormone, a woman will not be able to get pregnant even with IVF, since the supply of eggs has been exhausted.

The effect of contraceptives on a woman’s body

If you take the medications correctly and as prescribed by the doctor, the effect of the medications will be positive. Many of the COCs are created to treat ailments of the reproductive function of women. Try to change your contraceptive once a year, as the body often gets used to it and spontaneous pregnancy may occur.

How to protect yourself without pills and IUDs?

Despite their ineffectiveness, the following methods are still popular:

• Calendar
• Coitus interruptus method
• Douching with potassium permanganate or vinegar solution after sex
• To be sure, use barrier methods of contraception
• The easiest way is to use a condom
• With a regular sexual partner you can use spermicidal gels and suppositories

About hormonal contraceptives you can find a lot of positive and negative reviews. In most cases, negative experiences are associated with the use of a drug that was not prescribed by a doctor, but was recommended by a friend or pharmacist.

• Often, after miscarriages, low-dose COCs are prescribed to restore the menstrual cycle. After their abolition, many women managed to get pregnant
• In young girls who have not given birth, their skin condition improves and disappears. acne and menstruation becomes less painful
• In general, taking hormonal contraceptives has a positive effect on a woman’s health. It's much safer than recovering from an abortion or miscarriage

The final decision on the use of contraceptives is made by the woman. Remember, no amount of persuasion from your partner and the pleasure of sexual intercourse without a condom or contraceptives is worth your health. Therefore, always take precautions and consult with good gynecologists. Good health to you.

VIDEO: Consequences of hormone therapy

About 90 out of 100 cases could be prevented. However, for some reason women do not want or cannot use contraceptives. Often patients are simply not sufficiently informed about what reliable methods of birth control are available. Today's article will tell you about them.

How to choose a contraceptive?

If your immediate plans do not include having children, then it is worth finding out what methods of birth control are available. A lot of products have now been developed for women. Some of them are based on correction hormonal levels, others refer to barrier methods. Some contraceptives may also protect against sexually transmitted infections. Some drugs are suitable only for women who have given birth, while others are preferable for those with irregular sex life.

To choose the right methods of birth control (for women), you need to consult a gynecologist. The doctor will prescribe an examination for you. After this - taking into account individual characteristics - the specialist will offer you several suitable methods. You can choose one or more of them. Next, you can learn how to protect yourself from unwanted conception.

Hormonal drugs: COCs, patches and others

What methods of birth control for women are considered the safest? Experts say that when used hormonal drugs the chance of unexpected conception is almost zero.

There are several types. Before choosing one or another remedy, you must undergo tests.

• Pills. There are different types: monophasic, biphasic, three-phase. Such drugs have many contraindications. They are not prescribed for diabetes, varicose veins, migraines, smoking and many diseases. You need to take the pills at the same time every day. Only in this case will the effect be expected.
• Plasters. Less commonly used hormonal agents such a plan. These modern methods Pregnancy protection is considered quite expensive. One patch is used for 22 days. After this there is a week break. Then the scheme is repeated.
• Subcutaneous implants. Such contraceptives are used in cases where the use of patches or tablets is not possible. Capsules are sewn under the skin for up to several years. As a result, a woman does not have to bother with taking pills and gets rid of worries about unwanted conception.

All hormonal methods of birth control for women are based on one action. They stop the ovaries from working and prevent the release of an egg.

Barrier methods: condoms and vaginal products

Most Popular barrier method is a condom. However, it is used by men, not women. A condom is placed on the penis before sexual intercourse. This method allows you to protect against all infections, including syphilis and HIV. Condoms are suitable for women who do not have a regular partner. They are also used as additional contraceptives. An alternative to such products would be

TO barrier agents protection can include various spermicidal contraceptives. These are candles, creams, gels or foams. They are used 10-15 minutes before sexual intercourse and are effective for 40 minutes. The drugs may protect against some infections and provide bactericidal effect. However, not all microbes die from these agents. In addition, long-term use of spermicides can disrupt the vaginal microflora.

Natural Methods

Most dangerous methods protection from pregnancy - calendar calculation, interrupted sexual intercourse and some others. All of them are based on the woman’s feelings and assumptions. Often, representatives of the fairer sex who prefer these options end up pregnant.

• The essence of contact) is that the man ejaculates outside female body.
• contraception is used by women with regular cycles. Representatives of the fairer sex calculate the timing of ovulation and during this period refrain from intercourse.

TO natural ways protection may include tracking basal temperature, studying cervical mucus, and so on. Be that as it may, but this is a method of contraception not recommended by gynecologists.

Intrauterine devices

Reviews from experts about the use of IUDs say that this method of protection is proven and safe. But it is not recommended for nulliparous women, since they require dilation during insertion of the device. cervical canal. Intrauterine devices do not allow attachment fertilized egg to the surface of the endometrium even in the event of conception. Therefore, there is a guarantee of a contraceptive effect.

Reviews from some women about the IUD say that they managed to get pregnant even with installed device. Such conception is considered pathological and in most cases ends in miscarriage.

Postcoital remedies

After the act? In such situations, modern post-coital methods of contraception come to the rescue. Drugs are produced in tablets: “Mifegin”, “Postinor”, ​​“Escapelle” and so on. They should be taken no later than three days after intercourse. The drugs are contraindicated in liver failure, smoking, thrombosis.

The action of the drugs is based on stopping the production of progesterone and separating the endometrium from the lining of the uterus. These medications should only be used when in case of emergency. They are not suitable for permanent birth control. Side effect drugs are nausea, abdominal pain, hormonal imbalances, and so on.

TO emergency methods contraception can also include the installation of an intrauterine device. It has already been discussed above. IN in this case must be completed within 5 days. If during this time you manage to carry out the manipulation, then the probability of pregnancy will be close to zero. But it is worth remembering that before such a procedure it is necessary to undergo tests. Some studies take more than five days.

Traditional methods

Our grandmothers and great-grandmothers also knew how not to get pregnant after intercourse. For this, various folk remedies and recipes were used. But modern gynecologists are against such “amateur activities.” The ineffectiveness of such methods has long been proven. But for general information, it’s worth talking about them.

• Douching. Potassium permanganate is used as the basis of the solution for insertion into the vagina, citric acid and aspirin tablets. All these components are diluted in water. It is assumed that the liquid radically changes the microflora and acidity in the vagina. This is why sperm cannot survive.
• Another “grandmother’s” method of contraception is a loading dose of vitamin C. It has long been known that this method can bring menstruation closer. It is believed that after unprotected sex, vitamin C can prevent conception.
• In ancient times, before sexual intercourse, women inserted a slice of lemon into the vagina. Acidic environment did not allow capable sperm to penetrate into the uterine cavity.

Finally

Modern medicine offers couples a variety of contraceptives. They are selected individually, taking into account all your characteristics and wishes. If a woman has hormonal disease, then some medications can help eliminate it. Be sure to visit a gynecologist and choose the method that is right for you. By using contraceptives, you can protect yourself from abortion and its complications. Approach this issue responsibly and take care of yourself!