As a result of significant blood loss. Restoring blood volume after donation. How does blood loss manifest in the body?

Blood loss called a process whose development occurs as a result bleeding. It is characterized by a combination of adaptive and pathological reactions the body to a decrease in blood volume in the body, as well as a lack of oxygen (), which was caused by a decrease in the transport of this substance in the blood.

Development acute blood loss possible in cases where there is damage to the vessel large size, which causes a fairly rapid drop in , which can drop to almost zero. Also, this condition can occur with a complete rupture of the aorta, pulmonary trunk, lower or superior vein. Even despite insignificant blood loss, a sharp, almost instantaneous drop in pressure occurs, and anoxia(lack of oxygen) myocardium and brain. And this, in turn, leads to death. The general picture of blood loss consists of signs acute death, damage to a large vessel, a small amount of blood in various cavities body and some other signs. There is no characteristic bleeding for acute blood loss internal organs body, and with a massive one, one can observe a gradual flow of blood from the vessels. The body loses half of its available blood. In a matter of minutes, the pressure drops, the skin becomes “marbled”, islandy, pale, limited spots appearing later than with other types of death.

The main element in blood loss is the reduction circulating blood volume. The first reaction to this condition is spasm small arterioles and arteries, which occurs in the form reflex in response to irritation of certain areas of blood vessels and increased autonomic tone nervous system. Thanks to this, in case of blood loss, if its course develops slowly, it is possible to further maintain normal blood pressure. Vascular resistance increases in proportion to the severity of blood loss. As a result of a decrease in circulating blood volume, minute volume of blood circulation and venous flow to the heart decrease. To compensate, the force of the heart's contractions increases and the amount of blood in its ventricles decreases. Suffered blood loss leads to changes functional state heart muscle appear ECG changes, conductivity is disrupted, arteriovenous shunts open, while part of the blood passes through the capillaries and immediately passes into the venules, the supply of blood to the muscles, kidneys and skin deteriorates.

The body tries on its own compensate lack of blood due to blood loss. This is achieved due to the fact that the interstitial fluid, as well as the proteins contained in it, penetrate into bloodstream, as a result of which the original volume can be restored. In cases where the body cannot cope with compensation of the volume of circulating blood, as well as when blood pressure is low for a long time, acute blood loss becomes irreversible condition which can last for hours. This condition is called hemorrhagic shock. In the most severe cases may develop thrombohemorrhagic syndrome, which is caused by a combination of increased levels of procoagulants in the blood and slow blood flow. The irreversible condition differs in many respects from acute blood loss and is similar to terminal stage traumatic shock.

Symptoms of blood loss

The volume of lost blood is not always associated with the clinical picture of blood loss. With a slow flow of blood, a blurred clinical picture is possible, or may be absent. The severity of blood loss is determined primarily based on the clinical picture. If blood loss occurs quickly and in large quantities, compensatory mechanisms may not have time to turn on, or may not be fast enough. Hemodynamics at the same time, oxygen transport deteriorates and decreases, which reduces its accumulation and consumption by tissues, contractile function myocardium is impaired due to oxygen starvation Central nervous system, the minute volume of blood circulation decreases, due to which oxygen transport deteriorates even more. If this circle is not broken, the victim will face inevitable death. Some factors can increase the body's sensitivity to blood loss: concomitant diseases, ionizing radiation, shock, injury, overheating or hypothermia, and some other circumstances. Women are more resilient and tolerate blood loss more easily, while older people, infants and newborns are extremely sensitive to blood loss.

There are blood losses hidden And massive. The former are characterized by a deficiency of and. With massive blood loss, volume deficiency leads to dysfunction of cardio-vascular system, even having lost only a tenth of the total blood volume during massive blood loss, the patient has a great threat to life. Absolutely fatal blood loss is one third of the total blood volume circulating in the body.

Based on the volume of blood lost, blood loss can be divided into:

Minor blood loss– less than 0.5 liters of blood. Minor blood loss is usually tolerated without any symptoms. clinical symptoms and consequences. Pulse and blood pressure remain normal, the patient feels only slight fatigue, has a clear consciousness, and the skin has a normal shade.

For average blood loss typical blood loss is 0.5-1 liter. With it, pronounced tachycardia, blood pressure drops to 90-100 mm. Hg Art., breathing remains normal, nausea, dry mouth, dizziness develops, fainting is possible, severe weakness, twitching of individual muscles, sudden loss of strength, slow reaction.

With large blood loss blood shortage reaches 1-2 liters. Blood pressure drops to 90-100 mm. Hg Art., a pronounced increase in breathing, tachycardia, severe pallor of the skin and mucous membranes develops, a cold sticky sweat, the patient’s consciousness is clouded, he is tormented by vomiting and nausea, painful, pathological drowsiness, weakened vision, darkening of the eyes, tremors of the hands.

With massive blood loss There is a shortage of blood in a volume of 2-3.5 liters, which is up to 70% of the total volume of circulating blood. Blood pressure drops sharply and reaches 60 mm, the pulse is threadlike up to 150 beats per minute, at peripheral vessels may not be palpable at all. The patient shows indifference to the surrounding environment, his consciousness is confused or absent, there is deathly pallor of the skin, sometimes with a blue-gray tint, cold sweat, convulsions and sunken eyes may occur.

Fatal blood loss occurs when there is a shortage of more than 70% of the body's blood. It is characterized by: blood pressure may not be determined at all, the skin is cold, dry, the pulse disappears, convulsions, dilated pupils, and death occur.

The main goal when treatment hemorrhagic shock is to increase the volume of circulating blood, as well as improve microcirculation. At the first stages of treatment, transfusion of liquids, such as glucose solution and saline solution, is established, which allows for prevention empty heart syndrome.

Instant stoppage of blood loss is possible when the source is accessible without. But in most cases, patients must be prepared for surgery, and various plasma expanders.

Infusion therapy, which is aimed at restoring blood volume, is carried out under the control of venous and blood pressure, hourly, peripheral resistance and cardiac output. At replacement therapy Canned blood products, plasma substitutes, and their combinations are used.

The average amount of blood in the body of an adult is 6-8% of the total mass, or 65-80 ml of blood per 1 kg of body weight, and in the body of a child - 8-9%. That is average volume blood in an adult male is 5000-6000 ml. Violation total volume blood in the direction of decrease is called hypovolemia, an increase in blood volume compared to the norm is hypervolemia

Acute blood loss develops when a large vessel is damaged, when a very rapid drop in blood pressure occurs to almost zero. This condition is observed with a complete transverse rupture of the aorta, superior or inferior veins, or pulmonary trunk. The volume of blood loss is insignificant (250–300 ml), but due to a sharp, almost instantaneous drop in blood pressure, anoxia of the brain and myocardium develops, which leads to death. Morphological picture consists of signs of acute death, a small amount of blood in the body cavities, damage to a large vessel and specific sign- Minakov's spots. In acute blood loss, bleeding of internal organs is not observed. With massive blood loss, there is a relatively slow flow of blood from damaged vessels. In this case, the body loses about 50–60% of the available blood. Over several tens of minutes, a gradual drop in blood pressure occurs. The morphological picture is in sufficiently specific. “Marbled” skin, pale, limited, islandy cadaveric spots that appear in more late dates than with other types of acute death. Internal organs are pale, dull, dry. A large amount of spilled blood in the form of clots (up to 1500–2500 ml) is found in the body cavities or at the scene of the incident. At internal bleeding sufficiently large volumes of blood are necessary to saturate the soft tissue around the injuries.

The clinical picture of blood loss does not always correspond to the amount of blood lost. With slow bleeding, the clinical picture may be blurry, and some symptoms may be completely absent. The severity of the condition is determined primarily on the basis clinical picture. With very large blood loss, and especially with rapid blood flow, compensatory mechanisms may be insufficient or may not have time to turn on. In this case, hemodynamics progressively worsen as a result of a vicious circle. Blood loss reduces oxygen transport, which leads to a decrease in oxygen consumption by tissues and the accumulation of oxygen debt; as a result of oxygen starvation of the central nervous system, the contractile function of the myocardium is weakened, IOC decreases, which, in turn, further worsens oxygen transport. If this vicious circle is not broken, then increasing violations lead to death. Sensitivity to blood loss is increased by overwork, hypothermia or overheating, time of year (in the hot season, blood loss is less tolerated), trauma, shock, ionizing radiation, and concomitant diseases. Gender and age matter: women are more tolerant of blood loss than men; Newborns, infants and the elderly are very sensitive to blood loss.

Blood loss is a deficiency of circulating blood volume. There are only two types of blood loss - hidden and massive. Hidden blood loss is a deficiency of red blood cells and hemoglobin; the plasma deficiency is compensated by the body as a result of the phenomenon of hemodilution. Massive blood loss is a deficiency in circulating blood volume, leading to dysfunction of the cardiovascular system. The terms “hidden and massive blood loss” are not clinical (related to the patient), these are academic (physiology and pathophysiology of blood circulation) study terms. Clinical terms: (diagnosis) posthemorrhagic Iron-deficiency anemia corresponds to hidden blood loss, and the diagnosis hemorrhagic shock - massive blood loss. As a result of chronic hidden blood loss, you can lose up to 70% of red blood cells and hemoglobin and save your life. As a result of acute massive blood loss, you can die, losing only 10% (0.5 l) of your blood volume. 20% (1l) often leads to death. 30% (1.5 l) of blood volume is an absolutely fatal blood loss if it is not compensated. Massive blood loss is any blood loss exceeding 5% of the blood volume. The volume of blood that is taken from the donor is the boundary between hidden and massive blood loss, that is, between that to which the body does not respond and that which can cause collapse and shock.

Minor blood loss (less than 0.5 l) 0.5-10% of bcc. Such blood loss is tolerated healthy body without consequences or manifestation of any clinical symptoms. There is no hypovolemia, blood pressure is not reduced, pulse is within normal limits, slight fatigue, skin is warm and moist, has a normal shade, consciousness is clear.
Average (0.5-1.0 l) 11-20% bcc. Easy degree hypovolemia, blood pressure decreased by 10%, moderate tachycardia, pallor skin, coldness of the extremities, pulse slightly increased, breathing increased without rhythm disturbance, nausea, dizziness, dry mouth, possible fainting, twitching of individual muscles, severe weakness, adynamia, slow reaction to others.
Large (1.0-2.0 l) 21-40% bcc. Moderate severity of hypovolemia, blood pressure reduced to 100-90 mm Hg. Art., pronounced tachycardia up to 120 beats/min, breathing is very rapid (tachypnea

nasolabial triangle

Massive (2.0-3.5 l) 41-70% bcc. Severe degree of hypovolemia, blood pressure reduced to 60 mm Hg, sharp tachycardia up to 140-160 beats/min, thread-like pulse up to 150 beats/min, not palpable in peripheral vessels, on main arteries is determined much longer, the patient’s absolute indifference to the environment, delirium, consciousness is absent or confused, sharp deathly pallor, sometimes a bluish-gray tint of the skin, “ goose pimples", cold sweat, anuria, Cheyne-Stokes type breathing, convulsions may be observed, the face is haggard, its features are pointed, sunken dull eyes, an indifferent look.
Fatal (more than 3.5 l) more than 70% of the bcc. Such blood loss is fatal for a person. Terminal state(preagonia or agony), coma, blood pressure below 60 mm Hg. Art., may not be detected at all, bradycardia from 2 to 10 beats/min, agonal breathing, superficial, barely noticeable, dry, cold skin, characteristic “marbling” of the skin, disappearance of pulse, convulsions, involuntary release of urine and feces, dilated pupils , then agony and death develop.

Question 4: basic requirements when performing blood transfusions

The main task in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock is to eliminate hypovolemia and improve microcirculation. From the first stages of treatment, it is necessary to establish a jet transfusion of liquids ( saline, 5% glucose solution) for the prevention of reflex cardiac arrest - empty heart syndrome.

Immediate stopping of bleeding is possible only when the source of bleeding is accessible without anesthesia and everything that more or less accompanies extensive surgery. In most cases, patients with hemorrhagic shock have to be prepared for surgery by infusing various plasma-substituting solutions and even blood transfusions into a vein, and continue this treatment during and after surgery and stop the bleeding.

Infusion therapy aimed at eliminating hypovolemia is carried out under the control of central venous pressure, blood pressure, cardiac output, total peripheral vascular resistance and hourly diuresis. For replacement therapy in the treatment of blood loss, combinations of plasma substitutes and preserved blood products are used, based on the volume of blood loss.

To correct hypovolemia, blood substitutes with hemodynamic action are widely used: dextran preparations (reopolyglucin

Polyglucin), gelatin solutions (gelatinol), hydroxyethyl starch (refortan

is an irreversible loss of blood over a short period of time. Occurs due to bleeding from damaged vessels. Affects the condition of all organs and systems. The loss of a significant volume of blood is accompanied by the development of hemorrhagic shock, which poses a threat to the patient's life. Acute blood loss can be caused by trauma and certain diseases. Manifested by pallor, tachycardia, decreased blood pressure, shortness of breath, euphoria or depression of consciousness. Treatment is elimination of the source of bleeding, infusion of blood and blood substitutes.

ICD-10

D62 Acute posthemorrhagic anemia

General information

Acute blood loss is a condition in which the body quickly and irreversibly loses a certain amount of blood as a result of bleeding. Is the most common damage human body throughout history. Occurs due to injuries (both open and closed) and destruction of the vessel wall in certain diseases (for example, ulcerative processes in gastrointestinal tract). Losing a large volume of blood is life-threatening due to sharp decrease BCC and the subsequent development of hypoxia, hypoxemia, hypotension, insufficient blood supply to internal organs and metabolic acidosis. In severe cases, it is also possible to develop disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome.

The greater the volume of blood loss and the faster the blood is shed, the more severe the patient’s condition and the worse the prognosis. In addition, factors such as age, general state body, intoxication, chronic diseases and even the time of year (in the warm season, blood loss is more difficult to bear). A loss of 500 ml (10% of bcc) in an adult healthy person does not lead to significant violations hemodynamics and does not require special correction. If a similar volume is lost in a patient suffering chronic disease, it is necessary to replenish the blood volume using blood, blood and plasma substitutes. This condition is most difficult for elderly people, children and pregnant women suffering from toxicosis.

Causes

The most common cause is injury: injuries to soft tissues and internal organs, multiple fractures or damage to large bones (for example, a severe pelvic fracture). In addition, acute blood loss may result from blunt trauma with rupture of one or another organ. Wounds with damage to large vessels, as well as injuries and ruptures of parenchymal organs are especially dangerous. Among the diseases that can cause blood loss are stomach and duodenal ulcers, Mallory-Weiss syndrome, cirrhosis of the liver, accompanied by varicose veins of the esophagus, malignant tumors Gastrointestinal tract and organs chest, lung gangrene, pulmonary infarction and other diseases in which destruction of the vessel wall is possible.

Pathogenesis

For acute blood loss mild degree the receptors of the veins are irritated, resulting in persistent and total venous spasm. There are no significant hemodynamic disturbances. Replenishment of blood volume healthy people occurs within 2-3 days due to the activation of hematopoiesis. With a loss of more than 1 liter, not only the venous receptors are irritated, but also the alpha receptors of the arteries. This causes excitation of the sympathetic nervous system and stimulates the neurohumoral response - the release of the adrenal cortex large quantity catecholamines. In this case, the amount of adrenaline exceeds the norm by 50-100 times, the amount of norepinephrine – by 5-10 times.

Under the influence of catecholamines, capillaries first spasm, and then more large vessels. The contractile function of the myocardium is stimulated, and tachycardia occurs. The liver and spleen contract, throwing out vascular bed blood from the depot. Arteriovenous shunts open in the lungs. All of the above allows you to provide within 2-3 hours required quantity blood is vital important organs, maintain blood pressure and hemoglobin levels. Subsequently, the neuro-reflex mechanisms are depleted, and vasodilation replaces vasodilation. Blood flow in all vessels decreases, and erythrocyte stasis occurs. Exchange processes tissues are further disrupted and metabolic acidosis develops. All of the above forms a picture of hypovolemia and hemorrhagic shock.

The severity of hemorrhagic shock is determined taking into account pulse, blood pressure, diuresis and laboratory parameters (hematocrit and hemoglobin content in the blood). Under the influence of aldosterone, arteriovenous shunts open in the kidneys, as a result of which the blood is “dumped” without passing through the juxtaglomerular apparatus, which leads to sharp decline diuresis up to anuria. Because of hormonal changes plasma does not leave the vessels into the interstitial tissues, which, along with the deterioration of microcirculation, further aggravates tissue metabolism disorders, aggravates acidosis and provokes the development of multiple organ failure.

The listed disorders cannot be completely stopped even with immediate replacement of blood loss. After restoration of bcc, the decrease in blood pressure persists for 3-6 hours, disturbances in blood flow in the lungs - for 1-2 hours, disturbances in blood flow in the kidneys - for 3-9 hours. Microcirculation in tissues is restored only on days 4-7, and complete elimination of the consequences takes many weeks.

Classification

There are several systematizations of acute blood loss. Most widely in clinical practice The following classification is used:

Mild degree – loss of up to 1 liter (10-20% of bcc).
Average degree – loss of up to 1.5 liters (20-30% of bcc).
Severe degree – loss of up to 2 liters (40% of bcc).
Massive blood loss – loss of more than 2 liters (more than 40% of the blood volume).

In addition, supermassive or fatal blood loss is distinguished, in which the patient loses more than 50% of the blood volume. With such acute blood loss, even in the case of immediate volume replacement, in the vast majority of cases, irreversible changes in homeostasis develop.

Symptoms of acute blood loss

Among the symptoms this state relate sudden weakness, increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, pallor, thirst, dizziness, lightheadedness and fainting. In severe cases, shortness of breath may occur, periodic breathing, cold sweat, loss of consciousness and marbled coloration of the skin. At traumatic injury a bleeding wound is detected or signs of severe closed damage skeleton or internal organs.

Diagnostics

Along with clinical signs exist laboratory parameters allowing to estimate the volume of blood loss. The number of red blood cells decreases below 3x10¹²/l, hematocrit - below 0.35. However, the listed figures only indirectly indicate the degree of acute blood loss, since the test results reflect the real course of events with some “lag”, that is, with massive blood loss in the first hours, the tests may remain normal. This is especially common in children.

Considering the above, as well as the non-specificity of signs of acute blood loss (especially mild or moderate), it is necessary to pay attention to Special attention external signs. With external bleeding, establishing the fact of blood loss is not difficult. In case of internal bleeding, take into account indirect signs: hemoptysis with pulmonary hemorrhage, vomiting " coffee grounds"and/or melena with pathology of the esophagus, stomach and intestines, tension in the anterior abdominal wall and dullness upon percussion in the sloping parts of the abdomen with damage to parenchymal organs, etc. Examination and anamnesis data are supplemented with the results instrumental studies. If necessary, radiography, MRI, ultrasound, laparoscopy and other studies are performed, consultations with a vascular surgeon, abdominal surgeon, thoracic surgeon and other specialists are prescribed.

Treatment of acute blood loss

The choice of the treating specialist is determined by the nature of the pathology that caused the bleeding. In case of significant blood loss, anesthesiologists and resuscitators are involved in the management of the patient. Treatment tactics depend on the volume of blood lost and the patient’s condition. If a loss of up to 500 ml occurs, no special measures are required; the volume of blood volume is restored independently. With a loss of up to 1 liter, the issue of volume replenishment is resolved in a differentiated manner. In case of tachycardia not more than 100 beats/min, normal blood pressure and diuresis, infusions are not indicated; in case of violation of these indicators, plasma substitutes are transfused: saline solution, glucose and dextran. Decrease in blood pressure below 90 mm Hg. Art is an indication for drip infusion of colloidal solutions. When blood pressure drops below 70 mm Hg. Art. produce jet transfusions.

At medium degree(up to 1.5 liters) requires transfusion of plasma substitutes in a volume that is 2-3 times greater than the loss of bcc. Along with this, a transfusion of 500-1000 ml of blood is recommended. In severe cases, blood transfusions and plasma substitutes are required in a volume that is 3-4 times greater than the loss of bcc. In case of massive blood loss, it is necessary to transfuse 2-3 volumes of blood and several volumes of plasma substitutes.

Criteria for adequate recovery of blood volume: pulse no more than 90 beats/min, stable blood pressure 100/70 mm Hg. Art., hemoglobin 110 g/l, central venous pressure 4-6 cm water. Art. and diuresis more than 60 ml/h. At the same time, one of the most important indicators is diuresis. Restoring urination within 12 hours from the onset of blood loss is one of the primary tasks, since in otherwise renal tubules become necrotic and irreversible renal failure. To normalize diuresis use infusion therapy in combination with stimulation with furosemide and aminophylline.

The causes of blood loss can be different - trauma, surgical interventions, heavy periods in women, various diseases internal organs. It is believed that the loss of 10% of blood is acceptable: the body itself copes with its restoration normal amount. But if a person loses more, this is already dangerous for his health and life, and measures should be taken as quickly as possible to replenish it.

Instructions

IN emergency situations when rapid replenishment of blood loss is necessary, for example, in case of injuries, perform intravenous administration various drugs– saline solution, polyglucin, rheopolyglucin, glucose solution, etc. After this, already in a hospital setting, the person is transfused with red blood cells, plasma, blood products, or receives a direct transfusion of donor blood, depending on the medical indications.

If the blood loss is small, you can compensate for the lack of red blood cells and hemoglobin with the help of injections of iron preparations, which accelerate the production of red blood cells by the body by 3-4 times, as well as the use of such medicines, such as ferrous sulfate or gluconate, vitamin complexes containing this component.

Water consumption in this case should be slightly higher daily norm– at least 2.2 liters per day.

To improve the composition and increase the amount of blood, drink a glass of red wine every day.

Proteins play an important role in the process of hematopoiesis, so try to increase the consumption of veal, dairy products, fish, and beans in your diet. To increase hemoglobin levels, increase the consumption of organ meats (liver, kidneys, tongue), buckwheat, beans, peas, chocolate, blueberries, beets, carrots, dried apricots, pomegranates - these products contain greatest number gland. There is also a lot of it in beef, lamb, rabbit meat, oatmeal, millet, apples, pears, persimmons, spinach, and nuts.

Remember that iron absorption is reduced by foods rich in calcium, so if you have low hemoglobin, give up milk and dairy products for a while. If for some reason this is not possible, separate the intake of foods containing iron and calcium by time. Also exclude tea and coffee from your diet, as well as baked goods, which reduce the absorption of iron.

To increase hemoglobin, add to your daily menu products containing vitamin C – tomato and orange juice, lemons, cabbage pickle, onions, greens and Bell pepper.

In addition to iron, vitamin B12 is needed for the formation of red blood cells. You can find it in vitamin complexes and “energy” drinks, as well as in the liver. Also involved in the construction of red blood cells folic acid. Its content in the body can be replenished by consuming pharmacological preparations or fresh vegetables and fruits, especially corn, black currants, parsley, tomatoes, kiwi, cranberries.

Donating blood is not a simple matter and it cannot be said that all this passes without a trace. On average, it takes about a month to restore blood, even more, because such losses for the body are significant. But, despite this, this function occurs differently for everyone and it all depends on individual needs organism and nature.

Compared to other cells, plasma is restored the fastest, which takes approximately two days. It takes about a week to restore a sufficient number of platelets, and only five days to normalize the level of red blood cells.

Immediately after donating blood, doctors recommend taking some special measures, which will help consolidate recovery more quickly and effectively. As a rule, this is the normalization of nutrition, that is, you need to eat more vitamins and foods that increase the amount of blood in the body, do not engage in physical activity and do not drink alcohol.

How to restore blood faster

For the first time after donating blood, it is recommended to drink as much fluid as possible. This can be any juice (pomegranate or cherry), tea, mineral water, compotes and more.
It is necessary to have the correct and balanced diet, eat vitamins – protein food, iron-containing products. Such nutrition should be present for two days after donating blood to cover the loss of plasma.
It is beneficial to consume calcium in addition to your diet. This is explained by the fact that during blood donation, a special calcium-removing drug – citrate – is used. There are, for example, Nycomed, calcium gluconate or Calcium D3 and others.
It is also advisable to take hematogens for three days as prescribed by a doctor.

What not to do

After donating blood, activities are strictly prohibited. physical sports or any other physical exercise. It is better to spend the rest of the day in bed with warm tea and chocolate, which also helps restore blood.
In order to immediately restore blood after donation, it is not recommended to drink alcohol, especially since it can affect your overall health. You may feel dizzy or even lose consciousness. Only red wine (Cahors) about 100 grams is allowed.

Basically there are many different way how to restore blood after donation, but the main aspect is proper and balanced nutrition. The body of every adult contains approximately five liters of blood and its restoration is simply necessary, because anemia is an unsafe disease. This also applies to women after childbirth, when after heavy bleeding urgent restoration is needed.

In some cases, an urgent transfusion is given, since there is no expectation of spontaneous recovery. Most often, after childbirth, not only special food, but also taking some medications that will help restore the body’s functioning.

Various medications and food plays a fairly important role in restoring blood and stopping possible bleeding, but in in this case ethnoscience and a lot of grandmother’s advice can also come in handy, especially since there is every reason for this.

It is enough to eat a spoonful of bee bread – a product produced by bees – once a day. After taking this recipe you will not feel dizzy, and wellness secured.
Also useful Walnut, raisins and dried apricots - these products are useful not only after donating blood, but also for regular use. Basically, even doctors recommend that people with low hemoglobin eat at least a little nuts, dried apricots and raisins every day (it improves memory and the head works better).
Can be cooked healthy salad from prunes, dried apricots, walnuts and honey - mix it all and eat it three times a day in small portions. Such salads can even be made simply to strengthen the immune system.

If you follow the simplest rules after donating blood, then such a procedure will not seem scary or dangerous to your health. Agree that today it is quite difficult to find the right donors, let alone select rare group blood. It is dangerous for some people to donate blood for several reasons, one of which is low hemoglobin. And, as you know, now almost every third person has this diagnosis, so there are very few people willing and able to safely test. Restoring blood is not a problem, but aggravating the general condition is worse.

It is worth noting that before donating blood, it is necessary to undergo a doctor’s examination and undergo some tests to determine compliance with the norms and the risk of bleeding.

Scope of medical examination

As a rule, everything necessary tests should be done at blood transfusion centers - they determine your characteristics and health status (suitability for this procedure). Defined by:

blood type and Rh factor;
data general analysis– leukocytes, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, SRE;
presence of blood-borne infections;
presence of human immunodeficiency virus;
the presence of hepatitis C virus group B, as well as the causative agent of syphilis.

The results are usually ready in two days, after which the donor can pick up the tests. Such results are reported only personally as confidential information. If any violations are detected, the doctor will report this personally. Then the question of where to go next to solve the problem is decided.

To all this potential donor it is necessary to undergo a special medical examination, during which blood pressure, pulse, temperature and general health(headache or dizziness, nausea, weakness). With some symptoms, even a simple nosebleed can be dangerous. After the examination, everyone must fill out the appropriate form, where they indicate all past illnesses in childhood or adulthood.

After all necessary procedures the decision is being made on whether the patient will be allowed to take the test or not. Even those who have frequently suffered bleeding during operations or have poor blood clotting may not be allowed.