Products that do not contain bread units. How to calculate bread units

A bread unit is a measure used to determine the amount of carbohydrates in a food. The presented concept was introduced specifically for such patients with diabetes mellitus who receive insulin to preserve their vital functions. When talking about what grain units are, pay attention to the fact that:

• This symbol, which can be used as a basis when drawing up a menu even by people in excellent health;
• there is a special table that shows these indicators for various food products and entire categories;
• Calculation of bread units can and should be done manually before eating.

When considering one unit of bread, pay attention to the fact that it is equal to 10 (excluding dietary fiber) or 12 grams. (including ballast components) carbohydrates. Moreover, it requires 1.4 units of insulin for rapid and trouble-free absorption by the body. Despite the fact that bread units (table) are publicly available, every diabetic should know how the calculations are made, as well as how many carbohydrates are in one bread unit.

Calculation and use of bread units

When introducing the presented concept, nutritionists took as a basis a product well known to everyone - bread.

If you cut a loaf or brick of black bread crosswise into regular pieces (about one cm thick), then half the resulting piece weighs 25 grams. will be equal to one bread unit in products.

The same is true, for example, for two articles. l. (50 gr.) buckwheat or oatmeal. One small fruit of an apple or pear is the same amount of XE. The calculation of bread units can be carried out independently by a diabetic; you can also constantly check the tables. In addition, for many it is much easier to count using online calculators or pre-developing a menu with a nutritionist. This diet describes exactly what a diabetic should eat, how many units are contained in a particular product, and what ratio of meals is best to adhere to. It is strongly recommended to pay attention to the following:

• patients with have to depend on XE and count them especially carefully, because this affects the count daily dosage insulin;
• This is especially true for the introduction of a hormonal component of a short or ultra-short type of exposure. What is done immediately before eating;
• 1 XE increases the amount of sugar from 1.5 mmol to 1.9 mmol. That is why a table of bread units should always be at hand to simplify the calculations.

Therefore, a diabetic needs to know how to count bread units to maintain optimal blood sugar levels. This is important for type 1 and type 2 disease. The advantage is that, by explaining how to calculate correctly, the online calculator can be used on a par with manual calculations.

How much XE is needed for diabetes?

During the day, a person needs to use from 18 to 25 bread units, which will need to be distributed over five to six meals. This rule is relevant not only when diabetes mellitus type 1, but also in type 2 diabetes. They must be calculated sequentially: for breakfast, lunch, dinner. On these techniques food should consist of three to five bread units, while for afternoon snacks - one or two units each, in order to exclude bad influence on the level of glucose in human blood.

You should not eat more than seven bread units in one meal.

For patients with diabetes, it is important that most foods containing carbohydrates are taken during the first half of the day.

When talking about bread units for diabetes, they draw attention to the fact that if you manage to consume more than planned, then you should wait a little after eating. Then inject a small amount of insulin, which will eliminate the possibility of changes in sugar levels.

Table of possible use of XE for different types of people

The problem is that you cannot do this too often and use more than 14 units of insulin (short) before meals at one time. That is why it is very important to think through and calculate in advance what a patient with type 2 diabetes will consume per day. At the optimal sugar level, between meals you can eat something in the amount of 1 XE without the need for insulin. We should not forget that a table of bread units for diabetics should always be at hand.

Foods that can be consumed and should be avoided

All those food products that can or, conversely, should not be consumed by a diabetic deserve special attention. First of all, you need to pay attention to flour products. Any of their varieties that are not butter can be consumed by a diabetic. However, it is necessary to remember that:

• the most low performance contained in Borodino bread (about 15 grams) and in flour, pasta;
• The highest ratio of bread units is characterized by dumplings and pancakes with cottage cheese, therefore they are not recommended to be included in diets;
• It is not recommended to combine products from the flour category within one meal.

When talking about cereals and porridges, experts pay special attention to the benefits of buckwheat and oatmeal. It should be taken into account that liquid porridge is characterized by faster absorption. In this regard, when high sugar It is recommended to cook thick porridges, and when low, semolina, for example. The least desirable for consumption in the presented list are canned peas and young corn.

Distribution of XE during the day

Noting all the features of the products consumed, one cannot help but pay attention to potatoes and, in particular, boiled potatoes. One medium-sized potato is one XE. Mashed potatoes with water rapidly increase sugar levels, while whole boiled potatoes increase levels more slowly. The fried name will act even slower. Other root vegetables (carrots, beets, pumpkin) may well be included in the diet, but it is best to use fresh varieties.

In the list of dairy products, the most desirable are those that have a low fat content. In this regard, for example, you will need to stop drinking whole milk. However, you can use a glass of kefir daily, Not a large number of fresh cottage cheese, to which nuts and other products (for example, herbs) can be added.

Almost all berries and fruits are recommended and acceptable for consumption for diabetes. However, since they, like legumes, include many carbohydrates, it is advisable to adjust their ratio to prevent a spike in blood sugar. If the menu is compiled correctly, then a diabetic can safely eat fruit and berry desserts, enjoying strawberries instead of store-bought sweets.

Doctors recommend eating strawberries, cherries, gooseberries, red and black currants. However, let's consider the fruits of cherries and cherries. How many bread units do they contain? It is very important to determine this in advance by reading the special table. It will also be important:

• stop drinking store-bought juices and compotes due to the presence of preservatives and other harmful ingredients in them;
• exclude sweets from the diet, confectionery. Occasionally, you can prepare apple pies and muffins at home, consuming them sparingly afterwards;
• fish and meat products are not subject to XE accounting because they do not contain carbohydrates. However, combinations of meat or fish and vegetables are already a reason to calculate the presented indicators.

Thus, every diabetic needs to know everything about bread units and their counting. This indicator will help maintain optimal blood sugar levels and minimize the likelihood of complications. That is why in no case should you neglect the timely calculation of grain units.

Table of bread units of products

According to statistics, there are more than 3 million people with diabetes in Russia. Besides constant use medications or insulin, it is important for diabetics to monitor proper nutrition. It is difficult for a person to constantly carry out calculations; it is not always possible to weigh and recalculate everything every time, so having tables of bread units with you is important and convenient, because the patient’s health status and the level of sugar in his blood depend on the correct calculation of XE.

The concept of a grain unit

The term XE was introduced for the convenience of diabetic patients; tables were specially developed. Used to count carbohydrates and calories in foods. Thanks to ready-made calculations given in the tables, a person has the opportunity to diversify his diet without risking his health.

One XE accounts for approximately 11g. One XE increases glucose levels by approximately 1.4-2.1 mmol/liter. This means that if we calculate how many units of bread were eaten, we can determine the right dose insulin. To assimilate 1 XE, 1 to 4 units of insulin are required.

Permissible amount of XE for diabetes mellitus from 15 to 20ХЭ. For obesity no more than 10 XE.

How to calculate grain units, example:

First you need to find out the amount of carbohydrates in 100 g of product. Let's take 1XE = 20 carbohydrates as a basis.

For example, 200 g of the required product contains 100 g of carbohydrates.

200 g x 100 g

The following calculation is obtained: (200x20): 100 = 40 g

As a result, 200 g contains 4 XE. Now you can weigh the product to obtain the volume.

Acceptable XEs for diabetics in one day

Breakfast 3-4 XE

Second breakfast 1-2 XE

Afternoon snack 1-2 HE

A few hours before bedtime 2 XE

Exceeding 7 XE is not permissible. If you eat more than 7XE, you need to administer an additional dose of insulin.

Each person is different. For the absorption of 1XE, the number of insulin doses is different. In the morning the need for it is greater than in the evening.

Daily XE also depends on the age of the diabetic.

Bread units of fruits and berries

It is calculated that 1 XE = 100 mg of fruit juice. of the same type have the same effect. This means, for example, that sour and sweet pears raise glucose levels equally.

The most healthy fruits and berries for diabetics according to research by nutritionists:

Grapefruit, guava, sour apples and pears, papaya, pomegranate, cherry, watermelon, kiwi, figs, cantaloupe.

You can eat them, but take into account bread units. Monitor your blood sugar levels. Do not abuse. At reasonable use These fruits will not affect your sugar levels.

Grapes contain a lot of carbohydrates, 4 grapes are equal to 1 XE. Therefore, it can be used when.

Table of bread units of bakery products

Note: a fresh piece of bread and a dried one have the same XE, since when dried, the bread loses water, and carbohydrates remain in the same amount. And 1 tbsp. l. crushed crackers is also equal to 1 XE.

Table of bread units of flour, cereals and cereals

Two tablespoons of boiled milk contain 1 XE. One tablespoon of flour contains 1 XE, three tablespoons of boiled vermicelli contains 2 XE. If glucose levels are high, it is more beneficial to consume thick cereal porridge. Use semolina if the glucose level is close to glycemia.

Bread unit for potatoes

Potatoes contain a high GI (up to 90%), a lot of starch, so patients with diabetes can consume it no more than 260 g per day, preferably every other day. For patients with type 1 diabetes, potatoes are useful in in moderation, for patients with type 2 diabetes, it is necessary to strictly adhere to the calculations of XE, since the load with starch is fraught with health consequences.

You can eat ground pear without forgetting to count carbohydrates. Their content is the same as in potatoes.

Bread units in dairy products

Low-fat ones are useful. When dieting, dairy is recommended as a source of calcium and vitamins. One glass of low-fat milk 1 XE.

Table of bread units for dried fruits

Dried fruits are used in small proportions. For example, raisins 1 teaspoon per day, prunes about 2-3 pieces. Do not use dried fruits, growing in tropical countries. Carom and durian are especially dangerous to health. For people with diabetes, these fruits can simply kill them.

Dried fruit compote recipe

Take dried apricots or prunes. Water should be filtered for patients; a sweetener should be added if more than one liter of compote is prepared. This compote is cooked for ten minutes. It should brew for two days.

Bread units in sweets

All sweets are undesirable. Diabetic food labels do not always indicate the true content and quantity of ingredients, since the manufacturer is not responsible for people’s health. After consuming such products, it is necessary to measure your sugar.

If you have hypoglycemia, you can eat popsicles.

Bread units for seeds and nuts

Nuts contain almost all vitamins, microelements, fiber, valuable proteins. Walnuts They are low in carbohydrates, so they are useful for people with diabetes. You can consume 7 nucleoli per day.

Peanuts are beneficial for antioxidants and proteins, and lower cholesterol levels. You are allowed to eat 30 g per day.

Almonds are good for type 2 diabetes, high glucose. Normalizes stomach acidity. You are allowed to consume 10 pieces per day.

Pine nuts for diabetes normalize liver function, increase immunity, and are useful for seasonal colds. 20 g per day is recommended.

Bread units for legumes

Legumes allowed for diabetics: absorption of carbohydrates occurs without the help of insulin, blood vessels and the heart are strengthened, performance and learning opportunities improve. Antioxidants contained in legumes remove toxins from the body and improve immunity. Hormonal levels are normalized.

There are 1 XE in seven tablespoons.

Bread units of fruit and vegetable drinks

Grape juice contains a lot of carbohydrates, a third of a glass is equal to 1XE, so consume it allowed for hypoglycemia. Mineral waters do not contain XE and are approved for use in diabetes and diabetes.

Meat and fish

They do not contain carbohydrates, so there is no need to count them according to bread units. They are taken into account if dishes are prepared from them. For example, if you fry fish cutlets, added bread is taken into account. If the bread was softened in milk, the milk is also taken into account. Cooked in batter, the ingredients included in the batter are taken into account.

Since it is impossible to accurately count all the ingredients in semi-finished products, they should be abandoned.

Diet XE for a diet for a patient with diabetes

Any product contains from 12 to 15 carbohydrates, which is equal to 1XE.

One unit of bread increases the level of glucose in the blood by a certain amount, amounting to 2.8 mmol/l. This indicator requires 2 units of excreted insulin.

First day

Breakfast: 260 g of fresh cabbage and carrot salad, a glass of tea;

Dinner: vegetable soup, dried fruits compote;

Dinner: steamed fish, low-fat kefir 1 glass.

Compotes, tea and coffee are consumed without added sugar.

Second day

Breakfast: 260 g of apple and carrot salad, a glass of coffee with milk;

Lunch: borscht without meat broth, fresh fruit compote;

Dinner: 250 g oatmeal, unsweetened yogurt.

The third day

Breakfast: 250 g of buckwheat porridge, a glass of low-fat milk;

Dinner: fish soup, 1 cup low-fat kefir;

Dinner: cabbage salad with apple, coffee.

This is an approximate composition of a diet based on bread units for general understanding. Helps unload the body and reset excess weight.

A vegetarian diet is suitable for patients with diabetes, but you just need to ensure that your protein intake is fully satisfied. Its deficiency can be compensated for by 8 tablespoons of cottage cheese.

Fasting is contraindicated for patients with diabetes. May cause unpredictable reactions in the body due to complete absence carbohydrates. It will be difficult to normalize sugar.

The best diet for diabetes is to consume as little as possible. fatty meat And butter, greater use fresh vegetables and not sweet fruits. And also, mandatory positive mood, as the best nutritionist and healer.

For daily control of the amount of carbohydrates in the menu, the so-called bread unit - XE - is used. It allows you to reduce the entire variety of carbohydrate foods to a common rating system: how much sugar enters a person’s bloodstream after eating. Based on the XE values ​​for each product, a hedgehog is compiled daily menu diabetic.

What is a bread unit XE?

The use of bread units in food calculations was proposed by the German nutritionist Karl Noorden at the beginning of the 20th century.

A bread or carbohydrate unit is the amount of carbohydrates that requires 2 units of insulin for its absorption. At the same time, 1 XE increases sugar by 2.8 mmol/l.

One unit of bread can contain from 10 to 15 g of digestible carbohydrates. Exact value indicator, 10 or 15 g of sugar in 1 XE, depends on the accepted medical standards in the country. For example,

• Russian doctors believe that 1XE is equal to 10-12 g of carbohydrates (10 g - excluding dietary fiber in the product, 12 g - including fiber),
• in the USA, 1XE is equal to 15 g of sugars.

Bread units are a rough estimate. For example, one unit of bread contains 10 g of sugar. And one bread unit is equal to a piece of bread 1 cm thick, cut from a standard “brick” loaf.

You need to know that the ratio of 1XE for 2 units of insulin is also approximate and differs by time of day. To assimilate the same unit of bread, 2 units of insulin are needed in the morning, 1.5 at lunch, and only 1 in the evening.

How many units of bread does a person need?

The rate of use of XE depends on a person’s lifestyle.

• In case of severe physical labor or to replenish body weight during dystrophy, up to 30 XE per day is needed.
• During labor moderate severity and normal physiological weight - up to 25 XE per day.
• For sedentary work - up to 20 XE.
• For patients with diabetes mellitus - up to 15 XE (some medical recommendations Diabetics are allowed up to 20 XE).
• For obesity - up to 10 XE per day.

Most carbohydrates should be eaten in the first half of the day. Diabetics are recommended to eat split meals five times a day. This allows you to reduce the amount of sugar that is absorbed into the blood after each meal (a large amount of carbohydrates at one time will lead to a jump in blood glucose).

• Breakfast - 4 HE.
• Lunch - 2 HE.
• Lunch - 4-5 HE.
• Afternoon snack - 2 HE.
• Dinner - 3-4 XE.
• Before bedtime - 1-2 XE.

Two types of diets have been developed for diabetics:

1. balanced - recommends consuming 15-20 XE per day. It is a balanced diet that is recommended by most nutritionists and doctors who monitor the course of the disease.
2. - characterized by extremely low carbohydrate consumption, up to 2 XE per day. However, recommendations for a low-carbohydrate diet are relatively new. Observation of patients on this diet indicates positive results and improvement of the condition, but for now this type diet is not confirmed by the results of official medicine.

Diet for type 1 and type 2 diabetes: differences

• Type 1 diabetes is accompanied by damage to beta cells, they stop producing insulin. For type 1 diabetes, it is necessary to correctly calculate the XE and the dose of insulin that must be injected before meals. There is no need to control the amount of calories and limit the consumption of high-calorie foods. Only high foods are limited (they are quickly absorbed and cause a sharp increase in sugar - sweet juice, jam, sugar, cake, pastries).
• Type 2 diabetes is not accompanied by the death of beta cells. In type 2 disease, there are beta cells, and they work with overload. Therefore, the diet of type 2 diabetics limits their intake. carbohydrate products, in order to give the beta cells a long-awaited rest and stimulate the patient's weight loss. In this case, both the amount of XE and the calorie content are calculated.

Calorie content of food for diabetes

Most patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are overweight.

The calorie content of food itself does not affect the amount of sugar in the blood. Therefore, when normal weight it can be ignored.

The daily calorie intake also depends on lifestyle and varies from 1500 to 3000 kcal. How to calculate the number of calories needed?

1. We determine the basal metabolic rate (BM) using the formula
   • For men: OO = 66 + weight, kg * 13.7 + height, cm * 5 - age * 6.8.
   • For women: OO = 655 + weight, kg * 9.6 + height, cm * 1.8 - age * 4.7
2. The resulting value of the OO coefficient is multiplied by the lifestyle coefficient:
   • Very high activity - OO*1.9.
   • High activity - OO*1.725.
   • Average activity - OO*1.55.
   • Low activity - OO*1.375.
   • Low activity - OO*1.2.
   • If you need to lose weight, the daily calorie intake is reduced by 10-20% of the optimal value.

Let's give an example. For the average office worker weighing 80 kg, height 170 cm, age 45 years, diabetic and presenter sedentary image life, the calorie norm will be 2045 kcal. If he goes to the gym, then daily norm the calorie content of his food will increase to 2350 kcal. If you need to lose weight, the daily norm is reduced to 1600-1800 kcal.

Let's give an example.
A package of sour cream weighing 450 g indicates a calorie content of 158 kcal and a carbohydrate content of 2.8 g per 100 g. We recalculate the number of calories per package weight of 450 g.
158 * 450 / 100 = 711 kcal
Similarly, we recalculate the carbohydrate content in the package:
2.8 * 450 / 100 = 12.6 g or 1XE
That is, the product is low in carbohydrates, but at the same time high in calories.

Table of bread units

Let us present the XE value for the most commonly consumed types of products and ready-made dishes.

*Animal protein (meat, fish) does not contain carbohydrates. Therefore, the amount of XE in it is zero. The exception is those meat dishes in the preparation of which carbohydrates were additionally used. For example, soaked bread or semolina is often added to minced cutlets.

Table - XE in finished products and dishes

Old terms “insulin-dependent” and “non-insulin-dependent” diabetes World Organization health care, it is proposed to no longer use due to differences in the mechanism of development of these two different diseases and their individual manifestations, as well as the fact that at a certain stage of the patient’s life a transition from an insulin-dependent form to a form with complete dependence on insulin and lifelong prescription of injections of this hormone is possible.

Features of type II diabetes mellitus

T2DM also includes cases of impaired carbohydrate metabolism, accompanied simultaneously by severe insulin resistance (impaired adequate action of internal or external insulin on tissues) and impaired production of one’s own insulin during to varying degrees relationships between them. The disease usually develops slowly, and in 85% of cases it is inherited from parents. With a hereditary burden, people over 50 years of age develop T2DM almost without exception.

Manifestations of T2DM contributes obesity, especially abdominal type, with a predominance of visceral (internal) fat rather than subcutaneous fat.

The relationship between these two types of fat accumulation in the body can be determined by bioimpedance testing in specialized centers, or (very roughly) household fat analyzer scales with the function of estimating the relative amount of visceral fat.

In T2DM, an obese person's body, in order to overcome tissue insulin resistance, is forced to maintain an elevated level of insulin in the blood compared to normal, which leads to depletion of the pancreas' reserves for insulin production. Insulin resistance is promoted increased consumption saturated fat and insufficient .

On initial stage development of T2DM, the process is reversible by correcting nutrition and introducing feasible physical activity within the limits of an additional (to the level of basal metabolism and normal household and industrial activity) daily consumption of 200-250 kcal of energy in the mode aerobic exercise, which corresponds approximately to the following physical activity:

• walking 8 km;
• Nordic walking 6 km;
• jogging 4 km.

How many carbohydrates to eat for type II diabetes

Main principle dietary nutrition for T2DM - reduction to normal metabolic disorders, for which the patient requires certain self-preparation with lifestyle changes.

When blood glucose levels are normalized in patients, all types of metabolism improve, in particular, tissues begin to better absorb glucose, and even (in some patients) reparative (regeneration) processes occur in the pancreas. In the pre-insulin era, diet therapy was the only method of treating diabetes, but its importance has not diminished in our time. The need to prescribe sugar-lowering drugs to the patient in the form of tablets arises (or persists) only if increased content glucose does not decrease after a course of diet therapy and normalization of body weight. If sugar-lowering medications do not help, the doctor prescribes insulin therapy.

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Sometimes patients are encouraged to completely give up simple sugars, But clinical researches do not support this call. Sugar in food increases glycemia (blood glucose) no higher than an equivalent amount of starch in terms of calorie content and weight. This makes advice on using tables less convincing. glycemic index(GI) products, especially since some patients with T2DM do not tolerate complete or severe deprivation of sweets.

From time to time, eating candy or cake does not allow the patient to feel his inferiority (especially since it is not present). Greater value than the GI of products, has their total quantity, the carbohydrates they contain, without dividing into simple and complex. And here total The patient needs to know the carbohydrates consumed per day, and only the attending physician can correctly set this individual norm, based on tests and observations. In case of diabetes mellitus, the proportion of carbohydrates in the patient’s diet can be reduced (up to 40% of calories instead of the usual 55%), but not lower.

Currently, with the development of applications for mobile phones, which make it possible, through simple manipulations, to find out the amount of carbohydrates in the food intended for consumption, this amount can be specified directly in grams, which will require preliminary weighing of the product or dish, studying the label (for example, protein bar), information on the menu of a catering establishment, or knowledge of the weight and composition of a serving of food based on accumulated experience.

This lifestyle now, after diagnosis, is your norm, and it must be accepted.

Bread unit - what is it?

Historically, before the era of iPhones, a different method for calculating carbohydrates in food developed - through bread units (XE), also called carbohydrate units. Bread units for type 1 diabetics were introduced for the convenience of estimating the amount of insulin required for carbohydrate absorption. 1 XE requires 2 units of insulin for absorption in the morning, 1.5 at lunch, and only 1 in the evening. The absorption of carbohydrates in the amount of 1 XE increases glycemia by 1.5-1.9 mmol/l.

There is no exact definition of XE; we will give a number of historically established definitions. A bread unit was introduced by German doctors, and until 2010 was defined as the amount of product containing 12 g of digestible (and thereby increasing glycemia) carbohydrates in the form of sugars and starches. But in Switzerland, XE was considered to contain 10 g of carbohydrates, and in English-speaking countries - 15 g. The discrepancy in definitions led to the fact that since 2010 it was recommended not to use the concept of XE in Germany.

In Russia it is generally accepted that 1 XE corresponds to 12 g of digestible carbohydrates, or 13 g of carbohydrates taking into account the dietary fiber contained in the product. Knowing such a ratio allows you to easily translate (roughly in your head, accurately on the built-in one in any mobile phone calculator) XE to grams of carbohydrates and vice versa.

As an example, if you ate a persimmon weighing 190 g, with a known carbohydrate content of 15.9%, you consumed 15.9 x 190/100 = 30 g of carbohydrates, or 30/12 = 2.5 XE. How to count XE, accurate to tenths or rounded to whole numbers, is up to you. In both cases, “on average” the balance will be reduced per day.

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The amount of XE planned for the day should be correctly distributed among meals and carbohydrate “snacks” between them should not be allowed. As an example, with a daily “norm” of 17-18 XE (doctors recommend up to 15-20 XE per day for diabetic patients), they should be distributed as follows:

• breakfast 4 XE;
• lunch 2 XE;
• lunch 4-5 XE;
• afternoon snack 2 XE;
• dinner 3-4 XE;
• “before bed” 1-2 XE.

In any case, you should not eat more than 6-7 XE at one meal. Even a sponge cake weighing 100 g fits within this limit. Of course, you should also consider whether this would exceed daily norm HEH. With a different amount of XE, the ratios for XE between meals given in the example should be observed.

It should be kept in mind that carbohydrates are found not only in plant foods, but also in dairy products (in the form of milk sugar - lactose). There are few carbohydrates in cheese and cottage cheese (they turn into whey during the production process of the product) and the XE of these products is usually not taken into account, as is the XE of meat products (provided that sausages do not contain starch), which makes it possible not to calculate their cost in XE .

Video

Tables of the quantity of products containing 1 bread unit

Significant assistance in calculating XE can be provided by specially compiled tables of the amount of product in 1 XE (the reverse of the tables of carbohydrate content in products). So, if the table indicates that 1 XE is contained in a glass of kefir, this is how you should count your last meal of the day - a glass of kefir “before bed” (actually 1-1.5 hours before going to bed).

Below are a number of similar tables for product groups and even individual culinary products and dishes, while, in addition to indicating the corresponding weight of the product, its quantity in pieces or the occupied volume (in glasses, tablespoons or teaspoons) for bulk and liquid products is indicated.

Bakery products, flour and cereal products

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Fruits and berries

Vegetables

Dairy

And the following table shows the weight of the usual servings of side dishes for catering. meat dishes, cough, culinary products, drinks and XE content in one serving (piece).

The most important component of treatment for patients with diabetes is nutrition. Its basic rules for diabetes mellitus are: regular intake food, exclusion of quickly absorbed carbohydrates from the diet, determination of calorie content of foods. To solve these problems, endocrinologists created the term bread unit and developed tables of bread units.

Specialists in therapeutic nutrition It is recommended that the daily menu for this category of patients be composed of 55%-65% slowly absorbed carbohydrates, 15%-20% proteins, 20%-25% fats. Bread units (XE) were invented specifically to determine the amount of carbohydrates consumed.

Tables of bread units for diabetics reflect the carbohydrate content in various products. When creating this term, nutritionists took as a basis Rye bread: a piece of it weighing twenty-five grams is considered to be one bread unit.

Why do we need tables of bread units?

The goal of therapy for patients with diabetes is to imitate the natural release of insulin by selecting doses and lifestyle so that the glycemic level is close to accepted norms.

Modern medicine offers the following insulin treatment regimens:

• Traditional;
• Multiple injection regimen;
• Intense.

When calculating the dose of insulin, you need to know the amount of XE based on the carbohydrate foods being calculated (fruits, dairy and grain products, sweets, potatoes). Vegetables contain difficult-to-digest carbohydrates and do not play a significant role in raising glucose levels.

In addition, you need constant control blood sugar (glycemia), which depends on the time of day, nutrition and level physical activity diabetic patient.

The intensive insulin therapy regimen provides for the main (basic) administration of long-acting insulin (Lantus) once a day; against this background, doses of additional (bolus) injections are calculated, which are administered immediately before the main meals or thirty minutes before. Insulins are used for this purpose. short acting.

For each bread unit contained in the planned menu, it is necessary to enter (taking into account the time of day and glycemic level) 1 unit of insulin.

Requirement by time of day on 1XE:

It is necessary to take into account baseline sugar content, the higher it is, the greater the dose of the drug. One unit of insulin action is capable of utilizing 2 mmol/l of glucose.

Physical activity matters - playing sports reduces glycemic levels; for every 40 minutes of physical activity, an additional 15 g of easily digestible carbohydrates is required. When glucose levels are reduced, the insulin dose is reduced.

If a patient is planning a meal, intends to eat 3 XE worth of food, and the glycemic level 30 minutes before a meal corresponds to 7 mmol/l, he needs 1 unit of insulin to reduce glycemia by 2 mmol/l. And another 3 units - to digest 3 bread units of food. He must administer a total of 4 units of short-acting insulin (Humalog).

The diet of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus who have learned to calculate the dose of insulin according to XE using tables of bread units may be more free.

How to calculate bread units for diabetes

With a known mass of the product and the carbohydrate content per 100 grams, the number of bread units can be determined.

For example: a package of cottage cheese weighing 200 grams, 100 grams contains 24 grams of carbohydrates.

100 grams of cottage cheese - 24 grams of carbohydrates

200 grams of cottage cheese - X

X= 200 x 24 / 100

X = 48 grams of carbohydrates are contained in a pack of cottage cheese weighing 200 grams. If 1XE contains 12 grams of carbohydrates, then a pack of cottage cheese contains 48 / 12 = 4 XE.

Thanks to bread units, you can distribute the required number of carbohydrates per day, this allows you to:

• Eat a varied diet;
• Do not limit yourself in food by choosing balanced menu;
• Keep glycemic levels under control.

On the Internet you can find diabetic nutrition calculators that can be used to calculate daily ration. But this activity takes a lot of time; it’s easier to look at tables of bread units for diabetics and choose a balanced menu. The amount of XE required depends on body weight, physical activity, age and gender of the person.

Required daily amount of XE for patients with normal body weight

Obese patients need a low-calorie diet and individually increased physical activity. The daily caloric intake of food should be reduced to 1200 kcal, and the number of bread units consumed should be reduced accordingly.

For overweight

It is generally accepted that the average number necessary products per day can be 20-24XE. You need to distribute this volume over 5-6 meals. The main meals should include 4-5 XE, the afternoon snack and second breakfast – 1-2 XE. It is not recommended to eat more than 6-7XE products at one time.

If you are underweight, it is recommended to increase the amount of XE to 30 per day. Children 4-6 years old need 12-14 XE per day, 7-10 years old are recommended 15-16, from 11 to 14 years old - 18-20 bread units (for boys) and 16-17 XE (for girls). Boys from 15 to 18 years old need 19-21 bread units per day, girls two less.

The diet should be balanced, adequate to the body's needs for proteins and vitamins. Its peculiarity is the exclusion of easily digestible carbohydrates.

Requirements for the prepared diet:

• Consumption of products containing alimentary fiber: rye bread, millet, oatmeal, vegetables, buckwheat.
• The daily distribution of carbohydrates, fixed in time and quantity, is adequate to the dose of insulin.
• Replacement of easily digestible carbohydrates with equivalent products selected according to tables of bread units for diabetics.
• Reducing the proportion of animal fats by increasing the amount of vegetable fats.

Patients with type 2 diabetes also need to use bread unit tables to prevent overeating. If it is noticed that there are more foods containing harmful carbohydrates in the diet acceptable standards– you need to reduce their consumption gradually. You can do this for 7-10 days, 2XE per day, bringing it to the required norm.

Tables of bread units for type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Endocrinological centers have calculated tables of bread units in popular products based on the content of 12 grams of carbohydrates in 1 XE. We present some of them to your attention.

Juices

Juices can be consumed in compensated forms of diabetes of the first and second types, when the glycemic level is stable, no sharp fluctuations in one direction or another.

Dairy products should be eaten daily, preferably in the afternoon. In this case, you should take into account not only the bread units, but also the percentage of fat content. Low-fat fermented milk products are recommended for diabetic patients.

When consuming baked goods, you need to pay attention to the weight of the product and weigh it on an electronic scale.

Bakery products

For diabetes mellitus, it is recommended to replace animal fats with vegetable ones.. This product can be consumed as vegetable oils– olive, corn, flax, pumpkin. Oil is squeezed from nuts, pumpkin seeds, flax, and corn.