What does HDL below normal mean? High-density lipoproteins (HDL): normal, reasons for the decrease. Why is HDL lower than normal?

Lipoproteins (also known as lipoproteins) are a combination of fats (lipids) and proteins.

There is the following classification of these connections:

1. Low density lipoproteins, which are synthesized in the liver. They contain triglycerides and cholesterol and carry them into cells as they move through circulatory system;
2. Medium density lipotides, which appear when triglycerides are transferred to tissues;
3. High-density lipotides, contain cholesterol, which was not consumed by cells. Such compounds are sent back to the liver, where they are processed into bile acids.

To put it simply, high-density lipoproteins are the so-called “good” cholesterol, which, after meeting the body’s needs, is processed in the liver.

A decrease in HDL concentration in the blood indicates increased risk development of a disease such as atherosclerosis.

How is HDL determined?

Timely diagnosis makes it possible to prevent such serious consequences, How:

• stroke;
• vascular nephrosclerosis;
• myocardial infarction;
• coronary heart disease.

Normal indicators

To assess the risk of developing coronary heart disease, as well as to determine treatment methods, it is necessary to assess the level of high-grade lipoproteins and the total level of cholesterol concentration in the blood.

Reasons for deviation from the norm

Cholesterol in the blood can increase by the most various reasons, however, this process is not accompanied by very noticeable symptoms. In the vast majority of cases, high concentrations can be found out only after testing.

Usually this study prescribed when the heart begins to hurt, often the reason for examination is a heart attack or stroke.

It should be noted that the level of cholesterol in the blood should be checked regularly in order to prevent harmful consequences for your health.

This is especially worth doing for people who:

Blood cholesterol levels are determined biochemical analysis blood.

In order to receive reliable result Before donating blood, you must not eat for twelve hours.

For a preventive examination, such an analysis can be done at home. Especially for this you need to purchase disposable testers at the pharmacy.

What to do if HDL is elevated?

If laboratory research found that the concentration of HDL in the blood test is too high, which can become a threat to health, then the following actions are necessary:

1. Eliminate completely or at least minimize the consumption of fatty foods and dishes. If the volume of fats entering the body is reduced to thirty percent, then the share of saturated fatty acids should account for seven percent. This circumstance will allow you to quickly reach the HDL standard. It is not necessary to completely eliminate fats from your diet, especially unsaturated fatty acids necessary for brain function, as this can lead to negative consequences.
2. Oils and products containing saturated fats, should be partially replaced by polyunsaturated. Such fatty acids are found, for example, in soybean oil, as well as in olive, sunflower, safflower and corn oil.

   Eating foods that contain a large number of saturated fat should be reduced to a minimum. Such products, and, accordingly, dishes prepared from them, increase LDL level more than any other food component.

   Large amounts of saturated fatty acids are found in foods such as palm and Coconut oil, animal fats and foods containing them in large quantities, as well as trans fats (also hydrogenated).

3. You should not eat food that contains trans fats.. Such compounds are even more dangerous for of cardio-vascular system than saturated fats. Often the presence of trans fats is indicated on the packaging, but it must be borne in mind that sometimes unscrupulous manufacturers do not do this.

If all this is not done, a further increase in blood cholesterol levels can lead to negative consequences.

Such as:

1. deterioration of blood circulation, which in turn can lead to insufficient tissue nutrition and deterioration of well-being;
2. the formation of blood clots that can block blood flow.

In addition, if HDL levels are elevated, you should eliminate or minimize your intake. following products containing cholesterol:

• eggs;
• shellfish;
• milk with high content fat;
• crustaceans;
• offal, especially liver.

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In order to understand whether cholesterol is low or high, you need to do a blood test. This must be done after undergoing preliminary preparation, which will allow you to obtain a reliable result.

Preparation includes the following:

• it is necessary to refuse food at least eight hours before blood sampling;
• It is not recommended for patients to eat foods that are too high in calories two to three days before the procedure;
• do not smoke thirty minutes before the test;
• before the behavior of the lipid profile, you don’t need to strain yourself too much, and this applies not only physically, but also emotional stress(no need to worry ahead of time)

A lipid profile may be used in the following situations:

• there is a need to determine the risk of developing atherosclerosis, especially if there are prerequisites for its development or hereditary predisposition to him;
• diagnosing cardiac dysfunction;
• assessment of the effectiveness of the diet, which involves the consumption of foods and dishes containing minimal amount fat

In addition, it is worth highlighting cases when a specialist prescribes a test for his patient to determine cholesterol concentration:

1. Lipidogram is a diagnostic method, which is recommended for determining the health status of adults. This is how you can quickly and accurately identify HDL cholesterol. It should be done at least once every five years (and even more often for people with a predisposition).
   Often prescribed this analysis during routine examinations carried out for preventive purposes, as well as when determining elevated indicators general level cholesterol.

   Besides, this method diagnostics are recommended for those people who long time were on a diet that included a low intake of fat in all its forms. It can also be prescribed to those who have taken medications that lower cholesterol.

2. Assigned to those people who have a significantly increased likelihood of developing cardiovascular diseases due to exposure to certain factors:
   • Age-related changes, and this is typical for individuals of both sexes;
   • High blood pressure;
   • Progression of cardiac ischemia;
   • Too much heavy weight or obesity of any degree;
   • Eating foods that contain large amounts of animal fat.

Lipoproteins (lipoproteins) are complex protein complexes that contain cholesterol, phospholipids, neutral fats and fatty acids. The main role of lipoproteins is to transport lipids to peripheral organs from the liver and vice versa. Lipoproteins are classified according to density, and a deviation in their indicator in the blood may indicate different pathological processes in the liver, glands internal secretion and other organs. The terms “lipoprotein” and “lipoprotein” are practically interchangeable, and the transition from one name to another should not confuse the reader.

The quantitative indicator of such compounds as beta-lipoproteins and HDL has diagnostic value, the number of lipoproteins indicates the degree of development of the deviation in various tissues and systems. Lipoproteins consist of cholesterol esters in the core and proteins, free cholesterol, and triglyceride in the surrounding shell.

Types of lipoproteins

Classification and functions of lipoproteins:

• high density 8-11 nm (HDL) – delivery of cholesterol (CH) from the periphery to the liver;
• low density 18-26 nm (LDL) – delivery of cholesterol, phospholipids (PL) from the liver to the periphery;
• intermediate or medium density 25-35 nm (LPSP) – delivery of CL, PL and triacylglycerides from the liver to the periphery;
• very low density 30-80 nm (VLDL) – delivery of triacylglycerides and PL from the liver to the periphery;
• chylomicrons – 70-1200 nm – transport of cholesterol and fatty acids from the intestine to the liver and peripheral tissues.

Blood plasma lipoproteins are also classified into pre-beta, beta and alpha lipoproteins.

The importance of lipoproteins

Lipoproteins are found in all organs; they are the main transport option for lipids that deliver cholesterol to all tissues. Lipids cannot perform their function on their own, so they interact with apoproteins, acquiring new properties. This connection is called lipoproteins or lipoproteins. They are playing key role in cholesterol metabolism. Chylomicrons transport fats that enter the gastrointestinal tract along with food. Very low-density lipoproteins transport endogenous triglycerides to the site of their disposal, and LDL carries lipids throughout the tissues.

Other functions of lipoproteins:

• increasing the permeability of the cell membrane;
• stimulation of immunity;
• activation of the blood coagulation system;
• delivery of iron to tissues.

Cholesterol or cholesterol is a fatty alcohol that is soluble in lipids, which transport it through the circulatory system. 75% of cholesterol is formed in the body and only 25% comes from food. Cholesterol is a key element of the cell membrane and takes part in the formation nerve fibers. Substance matters for normal function immune system, activating a protective mechanism against the formation of malignant cells. Cholesterol is also involved in the production of vitamin D, sex and adrenal hormones.

High-density lipoproteins help remove cholesterol from the blood, cleansing blood vessels, and preventing such a common disease as atherosclerosis. Their high concentration helps prevent many pathologies of the cardiovascular system.

Low-density lipoproteins lead to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, which interfere with normal blood circulation, increasing the risk of cardiovascular pathologies. Increased content of low-density lipoproteins – alarm signal, indicating the risk of atherosclerosis and predisposition to myocardial infarction.

HDL, or high-density lipoprotein

High-density lipoproteins are responsible for maintaining cholesterol at normal levels. They are synthesized in the liver and are responsible for delivering cholesterol to the liver from surrounding tissues for disposal.

An increased level of high-density lipoproteins is observed with pathological changes in the hepatobiliary system: hepatosis, cirrhosis, drug or alcohol intoxication.

Reduced HDL levels are observed when there is an excess accumulation of cholesterol, which occurs against the background of Tangier disease (hereditary HDL deficiency). More often, a reduced HDL level indicates atherosclerosis.

LDL (LDL) low density lipoproteins

Low-density lipoproteins transport cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides to peripheral systems from the liver. This type of compound contains about 50% cholesterol and is its main transportable form.

A decrease in LDL occurs due to pathology of the endocrine glands and kidneys: nephrotic syndrome, hypothyroidism.

The increase in the concentration of low-density lipoproteins is due to inflammatory processes, especially with damage to the thyroid gland and hepatobiliary system. High levels are often observed in pregnant women and against the background of infection.

Norm for women by age (mmol/l):

Standard table LDL cholesterol in blood for both sexes (mg/dl):

VLDL and chylomicrons

Very low density lipoproteins take part in the delivery of endogenous lipids to various tissues from the liver, where they are formed. These are the largest compounds, second in size only to chylomicrons. They consist of 50-60% triglycerides and a small amount of cholesterol.

An increase in VLDL concentration leads to clouding of the blood. These compounds belong to “bad” cholesterol, which provokes the appearance of atherosclerotic plaques on vascular wall. Gradual increase these plaques lead to thrombosis with a risk of ischemia. Blood test confirms increased content VLDL in patients with diabetes and various kidney pathologies.

Chylomicrons are formed in intestinal epithelial cells and transport fat from the intestines to the liver. Most of the compounds are triglycerides, which break down in the liver to form fatty acids. One part of them is transferred to the muscle and adipose tissue, the other comes into contact with blood albumin. Chylomicrons perform a transport function, carrying food fats, and VLDL transport compounds formed in the liver.

Very low density lipoproteins contain a high concentration of cholesterol. Penetrating into the vessels, they accumulate on the wall, causing various pathologies. When their level increases greatly due to metabolic disorders, atherosclerotic plaques appear.

Factors that increase beta cholesterol

An increase in LDL and VLDL occurs against the background of the following diseases:

• endocrine diseases - dysfunction of the thyroid gland, disruption of the synthesis of adrenal hormones;
• chronic alcoholism, intoxication of the body with ethanol breakdown products and liver enzyme deficiency;
• decompensated diabetes mellitus;
• intake of large amounts of saturated fatty acids from food along with animal fats, the predominance of “useless” carbohydrates in the diet;
• malignant processes of the prostate and pancreas;
• liver dysfunction, cholestasis, congestive processes, biliary cirrhosis and hepatitis;
• cholelithiasis, chronic diseases liver, benign and malignant neoplasms;
• metabolic syndrome, obesity female type, fat deposition in the thighs, abdomen, arms;
• impaired renal function, severe renal failure, nephrotic syndrome.

It is important to get tested for LDL and VLDL if a number of the following symptoms appear:

• moderate or severe weight gain, such as typical sign lipid metabolism disorders;
• formation of nodules on the skin, xanthelasmas, which are most often located in the eyelid area, on the cheeks;
• discomfort and pain in chest, which is associated with ischemia, such a symptom indicates atherosclerotic vascular damage and serious violation blood circulation against the background of the formation of atherosclerotic plaques;
• memory impairment, inhibition of reactions, as a sign of cerebral vascular damage ( vascular encephalopathy), there is a risk of ischemic stroke;
• frequent numbness of the arms and legs, a feeling of “running goosebumps”, which indicates the deposition of cholesterol on the vascular wall in the area of ​​the lower and upper limbs. It, in turn, contributes to the deterioration of nerve trophism and a decrease in sensitivity such as polyneuropathy, or “socks” and “gloves”.

Atherosclerosis refers to systemic diseases, because the defeat concerns the disruption of the blood supply to all internal organs. Narrowing of the lumen of blood vessels is a pathological phenomenon when the cause is the accumulation of cholesterol.

Dyslipoproteinemia

What is dyslipoproteinemia? This:

• disruption of the process of lipoprotein formation;
• discrepancy between the formation of lipoproteins and the rate of their utilization. All this leads to changes in the concentration in the blood various types LP.

Primary dyslipoproteinemia is caused by a genetic factor, secondary is the result of negative external and internal factors.

HDL is called good, healthy cholesterol. Unlike low-density lipoproteins, these particles have antiatherogenic properties. Increased quantity HDL in the blood reduces the likelihood of the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, cardiovascular diseases.

Features of high density lipoproteins

They have a small diameter of 8-11 nm and a dense structure. HDL cholesterol contains a large amount of protein, its core consists of:

• protein – 50%;
• phospholipids – 25%;
• cholesterol esters – 16%;
• triglycerols – 5%;
• free cholesterol (cholesterol) – 4%.

LDL delivers cholesterol produced by the liver to tissues and organs. There it is used to create cell membranes. Its remains are collected by high-density lipoproteins (HDL). In the process, their shape changes: the disk turns into a ball. Mature lipoproteins transport cholesterol to the liver, where it is processed and then excreted from the body by bile acids.

A high level of HDL significantly reduces the risk of atherosclerosis, heart attack, stroke, and ischemia of internal organs.

Preparing for a lipid profile

• Blood for research is donated in the morning from 8 to 10 o’clock.
• You cannot eat 12 hours before the test; you can drink plain water.
• The day before the study, you should not fast or, on the contrary, overeat, or drink alcohol or products containing it: kefir, kvass.
• If the patient is taking medications, vitamins, or dietary supplements, this must be reported to the doctor before the procedure. He may advise you to completely stop taking the medications 2-3 days before the test or to postpone the test. Anabolic steroids greatly distort the results of lipid profiles, hormonal contraceptives, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
• It is not advisable to smoke immediately before taking the test.
• 15 minutes before the procedure, it is advisable to relax, calm down, and restore your breathing.

What affects HDL test results? The accuracy of the data can be affected by physical activity, stress, insomnia, and extreme rest experienced by the patient on the eve of the procedure. Under the influence of these factors, cholesterol levels can increase by 10-40%.

An HDL test is prescribed:

• Every year – to people suffering diabetes mellitus of any type, who have had a heart attack, stroke, have coronary artery disease, or atherosclerosis.
• Once every 2-3 years, studies are carried out at genetic predisposition to atherosclerosis, heart disease.
• Once every 5 years, it is recommended that persons over 20 years of age be tested for early detection of vascular atherosclerosis and heart diseases.
• It is advisable to check it once every 1-2 years lipid metabolism with increased total cholesterol, unstable blood pressure, chronic hypertension, obesity.
• 2-3 months after the start of conservative or drug treatment A lipid profile is performed to check the effectiveness of the prescribed treatment.

HDL norm

For HDL, the normal limits are set taking into account the gender and age of the patient. The concentration of a substance is measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L).

Norm HDL mmol/l

Norm of HDL in blood, mg/dl

To convert mg/dL to mmol/L, use the coefficient 18.1.

A lack of HDL leads to a predominance of LDL. Fatty plaques change blood vessels, narrowing their lumen, impair blood circulation, increasing the likelihood of dangerous complications:

• Narrowed blood vessels impair blood supply to the heart muscle. She doesn't get enough nutrients, oxygen. Angina appears. Progression of the disease leads to a heart attack.
• Damage to atherosclerotic plaques of the carotid artery, small or large vessels brain disrupts blood flow. As a result, memory deteriorates, behavior changes, and the risk of stroke increases.
• Atherosclerosis of the vessels of the legs leads to lameness and the appearance of trophic ulcers.
• Cholesterol plaques affecting major arteries kidneys, lungs cause stenosis, thrombosis.

Reasons for fluctuations in HDL levels

An increase in the concentration of high-density lipoproteins is detected quite rarely. It is believed that the more cholesterol of this fraction is contained in the blood, the lower the risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease.

If HDL is increased significantly, there are serious disruptions in lipid metabolism, the cause is:

• genetic diseases;
• chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis;
• acute or chronic intoxication liver.

To confirm the diagnosis, diagnostics are carried out, and if the disease is detected, treatment is started. There are no specific measures or medications that artificially lower the level of beneficial cholesterol in the blood.

Cases of low HDL are more common in medical practice. Deviations from the norm are caused by chronic diseases and nutritional factors:

• celiac disease, hyperlipidemia;
• dysfunction of the liver, kidneys, thyroid gland, causing hormonal disorders;
• excess intake of exogenous cholesterol from food;
• smoking;
• acute infectious diseases.

Decreased HDL levels may indicate atherosclerotic lesion vessels, reflect the degree of risk of developing coronary artery disease.

For rate possible risks take into account the ratio of high-density lipoproteins and total cholesterol.

When analyzing HDL indicators, it is revealed possible risks cardiovascular diseases:

• Low – the likelihood of atherosclerotic vascular damage, the development of angina pectoris, and ischemia is minimal. High concentration good cholesterol provides protection against heart disease vascular pathologies.
• Medium – lipid metabolism monitoring and apolipoprotein B level measurement are required.
• Maximum permissible - characterized by a low level of good cholesterol, the development of atherosclerosis and its complications can be prevented.
• High – low HDL level at increased rates total cholesterol indicates an excess of LDL, VLDL, and triglycerides. This condition threatens the heart and blood vessels, and increases the possibility of developing diabetes due to insulin insensitivity.
• Dangerous - means that the patient already has atherosclerosis. Such abnormally low rates may indicate rare genetic mutations in lipid metabolism, for example, Tangier disease.

It should be added that during research, entire groups of people with low levels of beneficial lipoproteins were identified. However, it was not associated with any risk of cardiovascular disease.

How to increase good cholesterol

A healthy lifestyle plays a major role in increasing healthy cholesterol levels:

• Quitting smoking causes increase in HDL by 10% within a month.
• Increasing physical activity also increases levels of good lipoproteins. Swimming, yoga, walking, running, and gymnastics in the morning restore muscle tone, improve blood circulation, and enrich the blood with oxygen.
• Eating a balanced, low-carbohydrate diet helps maintain normal levels of good cholesterol. If there is a lack of HDL, the menu should include more products containing polyunsaturated fats: sea fish, vegetable oils, nuts, fruits, vegetables. Don't forget about proteins. They provide the body with the necessary energy. Dietary meat contains enough protein and a minimum of fat: chicken, turkey, rabbit.
• Diet will help restore the normal ratio of HDL and LDL cholesterol. Eating 3-5 times a day in small portions improves digestion, production of bile acids, accelerates the removal of toxins and waste from the body.
• If you are obese or have metabolic disorders, you can reduce bad cholesterol and increase the level of healthy lipoproteins by giving up fast carbohydrates: sweets, confectionery, fast food, baked goods.

• Fibrates increase HDL levels by reducing harmful cholesterol in peripheral tissues. Active substances restore lipid metabolism, improve blood vessels.
• Niacin (nicotinic acid) – main element many redox reactions and lipid metabolism. In large quantities, it increases the concentration of healthy cholesterol. The effect appears a few days after the start of administration.
• Statins are prescribed together with fibrates to increase good cholesterol. Their use is relevant for abnormal low rates HDL when hypolipidemia is caused by genetic disorders.
• Policonazole (dietary supplement) is used as a food additive. Reduces total cholesterol, LDL, increases the concentration of high-density lipoproteins. Triglyceride levels are not affected.

Elimination of risk factors, refusal bad habits, compliance with the recommendations restores fat metabolism, delays the development of atherosclerosis, and improves the patient’s condition. The patient’s quality of life does not change, and the threat of cardiovascular complications becomes minimal.

Literature

1. Kimberly Holland. 11 Foods to Increase Your HDL, 2018
2. Fraser, Marianne, MSN, RN, Haldeman-Englert, Chad, MD. Lipid Panel with Total Cholesterol: HDL Ratio, 2016
3. Ami Bhatt, MD, FACC. Cholesterol: Understanding HDL vs. LDL, 2018

Last updated: February 16, 2019

We'll find out what the risks are associated with low HDL cholesterol. We explore the symptoms and causes of low cholesterol values ​​well, and we see how to return values ​​to the level of a physiological diet.

What is HDL cholesterol

A low HDL level is said to be when concentration V peripheral blood turns out below 40 mg/dl for men and 50 mg/dl for women.

It would seem that low cholesterol could be interpreted as a sign good health However, in the case of HDL, the opposite is true.

Why low levels of good cholesterol are harmful

Of course, you know that high cholesterol levels are the enemy of cardiovascular health. But this axiom does not apply to all types of cholesterol. In fact, in the case of HDL, the higher its concentration, the lower the risk of developing atherosclerotic changes and, as a result, heart disease.

Cholesterol is an essential component of the proper functioning of the body (a component of cell membranes, a precursor to important hormones, such as steroid hormones). To move freely with the bloodstream, cholesterol is packaged in special proteins that increase its solubility.

High HDL values ​​not only prevent plaque deposition by preventing LDL oxidation, but also promote the removal of existing plaques by preventing the adhesion of monocytes to the vessel wall and, as a result, prevent possible obstruction of blood vessels.

Optimal levels HDL concentrations are:

• Men: 60 mg/dL or more
• Women: 60 mg/dL or more

What are the symptoms of decreased HDL?

A decrease in HDL values ​​occurs asymptomatic and few people notice this, only with routine periodic medical monitoring.

Symptoms occur when health has already been damaged and diseases are developing.

Reasons for lower cholesterol values

But what are the reasons that can lead to decrease in HDL values?

There are many of them, and they are not always associated with diseases:

• Pregnancy and menopause are the most common causes of physiological decreases in HDL cholesterol values. The reason should be sought in hormonal changes. Latest Research showed a noticeable decrease in cholesterol is observed within two years after pregnancy.
• During menopause lower cholesterol is associated with the absence of estrogen, which regulates cholesterol synthesis.
• Birth control pills can reduce HDL cholesterol levels because they contain progestin, which leads to an increase in LDL cholesterol levels, thus increasing the value of total cholesterol.
• Poor nutrition : rich fatty foods and low in vegetables, fiber and monounsaturated fats, which leads to an increase in the proportion of LDL cholesterol and a decrease in the proportion of HDL cholesterol.
• Misbehavior: sedentary lifestyle life leads to an increase in the level of “bad” cholesterol and a decrease in “good” cholesterol.
• Smoking: The mechanism that links smoking to HDL cholesterol is not entirely clear, but quitting smoking has been shown to markedly increase good cholesterol levels.
• Obesity: With obesity, an excess of triglycerides occurs, which leads to an increase in the concentration of very low-density lipoproteins and a number of changes in the cholesterol chain: high-density lipoproteins become smaller and lose their atherogenic functions.

Diseases that lead to a decrease in good cholesterol levels:

• celiac disease or food allergy lower cholesterol levels because the body does not absorb foods, and therefore does not receive HDL in the diet.
• hypothyroidism and liver disease such as hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver; Excess thyroid hormones lead to increased metabolism.
• Medicines, such as beta blockers, diuretics, interferon, or statins, used to lower cholesterol.

Risks of Low HDL Levels

Considering protective function HDL in relation to the arteries, low HDL cholesterol, exposes the body high risk of cardiovascular diseases.

When HDL cholesterol levels fall far below optimal levels, the total cholesterol ratio is above 5, then damage to the arteries can lead to:

• Atherosclerosis: body fat in the arteries, which entail a decrease in blood flow.
• Stroke: obstruction or rupture of an artery in the brain, which leads to the death of brain tissue.
• Heart attack: reduction or cessation of blood flow, which leads to the death of the heart muscle.
• Ischemic disease hearts: complete or partial stoppage of blood flow to the heart.

What to do to increase HDL levels

Quit smoking. Elimination of smoking entails an increase in HDL levels by approximately 10%. Especially if you add to this physical activity(By at least, 5 days a week for 30 minutes): swimming, cycling, running, brisk walking, doing gardening - anything that increases your heart rate.

Lose overweight . Losing 3 kg of weight increases HDL levels by 1 mg/dL of blood.

Follow the rules rational nutrition . The basis of such a diet should be the consumption of healthy fats. In particular, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated, in the latter case These are omega 3s found in hard-shelled fruits and fatty fish.

Drinking one or two glasses of red wine per day. Not everyone agrees with this recommendation, but wine certainly helps maintain high HDL levels. It is possible that this is the reason that explains the French paradox. The French, being heavy consumers of saturated fats ( butter, fatty meats) have a low incidence of cardiovascular disease.

Taking drugs that increase HDL the most common is niacin. There are also supplements based on this ingredient. It should not be used without consulting a doctor because there may be side effects on liver function.

Diet to increase cholesterol values

To reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, you need to eat foods that help increase HDL cholesterol and reduce LDL cholesterol.

In particular:

• Fish omega-3 (fats) rich foods such as salmon or swordfish.
• Cereals, especially from whole grain, such as bread and pasta.
• Low-fat boiled sausage or low-fat ham.
• Low-fat cheese, such as mozzarella, ricotta, goat cheese.
• Milk and yogurt.
• Lean meat, such as turkey, chicken and rabbit.
• Dried fruits such as hazelnuts, walnuts and almonds because they contain omega-3s.
• Antioxidant Rich Foods, such as vitamin C, which is found in kiwis, broccoli, oranges and lemons.
• Some legumes, such as soya beans, which contain phytoestrogens, substances that can mimic the effects of estrogen and reduce cholesterol levels.

A diet that can help you keep your bad cholesterol levels low - vegetarian diet , since it excludes the consumption of animal fats and involves the consumption of large amounts of fruits and vegetables rich in vegetable fats containing sterols, which have a structure similar to cholesterol and stimulate the reduction of total cholesterol.

It is known that sufficient levels of HDL are necessary for normal cardiovascular function. There are circumstances when “good” cholesterol increases due to dangerous diseases.

Treatment of almost all cardiovascular pathological conditions cannot do without assessing the concentrations of various cholesterol fractions. Sometimes an analysis of blood lipid parameters shows: . What does it mean?

It is a well-founded fact that high-density lipoproteins prevent the development of atherosclerosis. But the predominance increases the likelihood of heart attacks, strokes, and disrupts the function of nervous system. At the same time, changes in HDL levels above normal may indicate serious health problems.

Cholesterol is known to play a number of important roles in the body. Without this substance, the function of any living cell is impossible. Cholesterol is involved in the synthesis of certain hormones (testosterone, progesterone, estrogen, cortisol), ergocalciferol (vitamin D), and bile acids. At the same time, there is a lot of data about negative impact on the body of cholesterol.

Causes negative influence cholesterol levels lie in its structure and concentration in the blood. The substance is not homogeneous in composition, but includes high-density lipoproteins, low-density and very low-density lipoproteins. In addition, triglycerides and cholesterol oxidation products – oxysterols – can circulate in the blood. It has been established that LDL, oxysterols and triglycerides are active participants in the formation of atheromatous plaques.

"Good" and "bad" cholesterol

High-density lipoproteins carry cholesterol to the liver for further processing and elimination from the body. The higher the level of HDL, the more effectively they perform their function, preventing the deposition of atheromatous plaques inside the vessels. This means that “good” cholesterol prevents the development of atherosclerosis.

The situation is different with low-density lipoproteins. Their structures transport cholesterol to cells and blood vessels. LDL is also the starting material for the synthesis of hormones, vitamin D. If the level of low-density lipoproteins becomes higher than normal, excess cholesterol particles begin to penetrate into the arterial walls, forming atherosclerotic plaques. This circumstance leads to a decrease in the lumen of blood vessels and the development of ischemic pathologies (heart attack, stroke).

“Good” and “bad” cholesterol are closely related to each other in the body. High molecular weight lipoproteins capture and remove cholesterol derived from LDL. If the level of “bad” cholesterol in the blood becomes below normal and is no longer supplied with food, the liver begins to actively synthesize it. Reducing HDL concentrations in similar situation leads to the development of atherosclerosis.

The role of triglycerides

Triglycerides, being a source of energy in the body, along with low-density lipoproteins can influence the process of formation of atherosclerotic plaques. This circumstance occurs when the concentration of fats in the blood is higher than normal, and “good” cholesterol, due to its low content, ceases to perform the function of transporting LDL.

An increase in the amount of trigcerides occurs with excessive consumption of foods rich in animal fats. The use of drugs containing hormonal agents, and large quantities ascorbic acid, increases the level of triglycerides in the blood, provoking the development of thrombosis and atherosclerosis.

The dangers of oxysterols

Oxysterols refer to intermediate structures that are formed during the synthesis of bile acids, steroid hormones. However, oxysterols that enter the body with food pose a particular danger to blood vessels. These compounds are capable of triggering the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Oxysterols are present in large quantities in egg yolks, frozen meat, fish, as well as powdered milk, melted butter.

Procedure for conducting the study

Typically, a blood test for cholesterol fractions and triglycerides is prescribed by a doctor to determine the cause of high blood pressure, cardiovascular, endocrine pathologies, during use hormonal drugs. A cholesterol test would be useful for men over 35 years of age, and for women over 40 years of age.

Before the study, it is not recommended to eat for several days, rich in fats. The analysis is carried out on an empty stomach. Physical activity, stress and smoking before taking blood for cholesterol distort the results of the study.

Estimation of substance concentration

To determine how much cholesterol levels negatively affect a person’s health, it is necessary to analyze several parameters. This is the level of total cholesterol, triglycerides, as well as the concentration of HDL and LDL in the blood. For different men and women age groups norms of indicators will differ.

Decoding and evaluation of data obtained from blood analysis for various lipid fractions is carried out by a doctor, taking into account the age and gender of the person. There are certain standards for total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides for women and men. Also, the transcript of the analysis should include an atherogenicity index. This indicator means what is the ratio between high and low density lipoproteins. In other words, how much “good” cholesterol outweighs “bad” cholesterol.

Sometimes, the lipid profile (blood test for various fat fractions) changes for the worse under the influence of physiological factors. In men, cholesterol and triglyceride levels are more affected by age. In women, levels of “bad” cholesterol and lipids are increased during pregnancy and after menopause. Low-density lipoproteins and triglycerides are higher than normal when stressful situations, increasing physical activity.

Total cholesterol

Blood lipid analysis must include information about total cholesterol. The norms for this indicator vary depending on the age and gender of the person. usually elevated in older people and can reach 6.5-7 mmol/liter. Women's cholesterol levels tend to be higher than those of the opposite sex. A sharp decline cholesterol concentrations are observed in postoperative period, with myocardial infarction, severe bacterial infections.

LDL indicators

The next integral indicator, which includes deciphering the lipid profile, is low-density lipoproteins. At increased concentration LDL increases the risk of developing severe vascular pathologies, ischemia and atherosclerosis.

In men, the norms for low-density lipoprotein levels up to the age of thirty are lower compared to those of peers of the opposite sex. This figure ranges from 1.6 mmol/liter in boys aged 5-10 years to 4.27 mmol/liter in thirty-year-old men. In women, LDL levels gradually increase from 1.8 mmol/liter at the age of five to 4.25 mmol/liter at the age of 30.

Then, until the age of fifty, LDL levels are slightly higher in men than in women of the same period of life and reach 5.2 mmol/liter. The maximum concentrations of “bad” are considered within the normal range of up to 5.7 mmol/liter at the age of seventy.

HDL concentration

A blood test for cholesterol should reflect the level of high-density lipoprotein. As a rule, the concentration of HDL is relatively low and should be in the range of 0.7–1.94 mmol/liter for men or women of different ages. Low level lipoproteins almost always means that there is an increased risk of developing pathologies of the heart and blood vessels.

It is believed that the higher the high-density lipoprotein level, the better it will affect a person’s health. Really, high level HDL prevents the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. However, elevated high-density lipoprotein levels may indicate serious illness.

It is known that hepatitis B chronic stage, biliary cirrhosis of the liver, long-term intoxication, long-term use alcohol may increase the concentration of high-density lipoproteins. That is why, when deciphering a lipid profile, it is important to pay attention to the limit values ​​of HDL.

Atherogenic coefficient

Based on atherogenicity data, the real risks of atherosclerosis can be assessed. The atherogenic coefficient is defined as the difference between total cholesterol and HDL concentration divided by the amount of high-density lipoprotein. The higher the atherogenicity, the more likely the occurrence of vascular damage, heart attacks, strokes, and hypertension in humans.

The permissible limits of atherogenicity for young people range from 3. After thirty years, atherogenicity can reach 3.5, and at older ages – 7.0.

Triglycerides

Vessels are at serious risk of developing atherosclerosis if the level of triglyceride concentration in the blood is elevated. In women, this figure normally varies from 0.4 to 1.6 mmol/liter, and in men it should be in the range of 0.5-2.8 mmol/liter. The level of triglycerides is reduced in cases of liver dysfunction, pulmonary diseases, and poor nutrition. The causes of increased triglyceride concentrations may be associated with diabetes mellitus, viral or alcohol impairment liver.

How to improve your lipid profile

Assessing the indicators of various fractions of cholesterol allows the doctor to prevent the development of atherosclerosis, hypertension, and prevent the occurrence of heart attacks and strokes. There are several ways to improve lipid profile data. First of all, you should give up nicotine addiction, do not abuse alcoholic drinks, approach wisely physical activity. It is important to eat large amounts of pectin, a minimum of fats and carbohydrates.

To reduce atherogenicity, your doctor may prescribe special medications: statins, fibrates, antioxidants, as well as drugs to normalize liver function. Sometimes, in order to reduce the level of “bad” cholesterol, it is necessary to stop taking medications that contain hormones. Normalization of the psycho-emotional state also helps to improve lipid profile indicators. It is important to take responsibility for your health and periodically evaluate your concentration with your doctor.