What are the main arteries of the head? Features of atherosclerotic lesions of the great vessels of the head. Signs of damage to the carotid arteries

Atherosclerotic lesion of the aorta and main arteries of the head, upper and lower extremities is manifested by hemodynamic disturbances in these anatomical areas, due to a decrease in distensibility and narrowing of the lumen of large and medium-sized arteries due to lipid infiltration of their inner membrane and proliferation of connective tissue in their walls.

In some cases (usually with atherosclerosis of the aorta), the elastic structures of the wall of the affected artery are destroyed, and its aneurysmal expansion is observed. Clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis are determined by the location and degree of arterial stenosis, their blockage with thrombotic masses, and the presence of complications such as thromboembolism, dissection or rupture of an aneurysm.

Currently, more than 200 factors have been described that contribute to the occurrence of atherosclerosis or adversely affect its course (including the presence of diseases such as diabetes mellitus, gout, psoriasis, etc.), but the most important, in addition to hyper- and dyslipoproteinemia, are arterial hypertension, obesity, lack of physical activity and smoking - these are considered to be the so-called major risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis (it is considered especially high when two or more of these factors are combined).

Atherosclerotic lesion of the aorta with significant compaction of its walls limits the role of their systolic stretching by blood, resulting in diastolic arterial pressure decreases and systolic increases. Most dangerous complications occur during the development of an aortic aneurysm - dissection and rupture.

Atherosclerotic lesion of arteries brain and extracranial arteries supplying the brain (carotid, vertebral), manifested by decreased memory, especially for recent events, dizziness, and periods of confusion are possible. Personality changes are observed: a sharpening of premorbid character traits occurs: a sensitive person becomes tearful, faint-hearted; irritable – aggressive, etc. Severe atherosclerosis cerebral arteries predisposes to the development of stroke, especially when combined with arterial hypertension.

Atherosclerotic lesion of the arteries of the extremities more often observed in the vessels of the legs. Most often, obliteration or occlusion develops at the site of division of the abdominal aorta into the iliac arteries; the femoral arteries and arteries of smaller caliber are less often affected. Acute occlusion is manifested by severe pain in one or both legs, paleness and coldness, as well as marbling of the skin.

With slowly increasing obliteration, when collaterals develop bypassing the affected arteries, the so-called intermittent claudication is observed when walking and stops almost immediately after stopping. In the early stages of atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta and main arteries of the head, upper and lower extremities reverse development of cholesterol plaques is possible if you follow a diet, take statins, or hemosorption.

For significant stenoses, blockages, or aneurysms of large arteries, surgical treatment is indicated.

Ultrasound of neck vessels (duplex angioscanning of the main arteries of the head)

Duplex scanning cost great vessels neck is 200 hryvnia. The price includes examination of the vessels of the carotid and vertebral arteries, venous outflow tracts and functional tests. Detailed report on the study, printing of images and recording on electronic media.

Promotion: when examining the vessels of the head and neck (duplex scanning) - echocardiography (ultrasound of the heart) - free! Saving 250 hryvnia!

Purposes of performing ultrasound of neck vessels

Ultrasound of neck vessels is used to diagnose vascular changes. which arise from the aortic arch and carry blood to the brain, muscles of the neck and head, and to the thyroid gland. Ultrasound of the vessels of the neck allows you to diagnose changes in such arteries as the brachiocephalic trunk on the right, common carotid arteries on both sides, vertebral arteries on both sides, external and internal carotid arteries on both sides. During ultrasound of the neck vessels, the diameter of the arteries, the condition of the vessel walls, changes in the lumen due to the presence of blood clots, diseases of the vessel wall, atherosclerotic plaques or external compression of the vessels are assessed. It is possible to diagnose abnormalities in the structure of blood vessels - for example, pathological tortuosity, absence of a vessel, its narrowing or expansion. Main question, which is performed when prescribing an ultrasound of the vessels of the neck to assess the ability of the vessels to provide nutrition to the brain. Any process that occurs both inside the vessel and outside can lead to a narrowing of the lumen of the artery - stenosis or to complete closure of the lumen of the vessel - occlusion. The purpose of vessel ultrasound is to assess the degree of stenosis, and in case of occlusion, to assess the development of the collateral circulatory system. The collateral circulatory system develops by creating bypass routes for delivering blood to those areas that were supplied by the blocked artery. The most striking example is atherosclerosis. subclavian artery, when the blood supply to the arm is carried out through the vertebral artery and movements of the arm can cause a deterioration in the blood supply to the brain. To diagnose this condition, it is necessary to know not only the diameter of the neck vessels, but also the direction of blood movement in them. During ultrasound of the vessels of the neck, the characteristics of blood flow are assessed - the speed of blood movement through the vessels, the nature of the blood flow (laminar or turbulent), differences in speed in different parts of the vessel, the elasticity of the vessel wall, the symmetry of all these characteristics on both sides.

This study of the vessels of the neck is called duplex angioscanning, since a study in two-dimensional mode and in Doppler mode (color and/or spectral) is used simultaneously.

Assessment of narrowing of arteries with ultrasound of neck vessels

To assess the degree of stenosis carotid arteries The American Society of Radiology recommended the following criteria in 2003:

• Normal - peak systolic velocity in the internal carotid artery does not exceed 125 cm/s, and plaques or thickening of the inner layer of the vessel are not visualized
• Stenosis from 50-69% - peak systolic velocity is 125-230 cm/s
• Stenosis greater than 70%—peak systolic velocity greater than 230 cm/s
• Stenosis more than 90% - duplex scanning reveals a significant narrowing of the lumen of the vessel and a drop in blood flow velocity
• With complete occlusion (blockage) of the vessel, blood flow is not recorded.
• Of auxiliary importance is the determination of the ratio of peak systolic velocity in the internal and common carotid arteries. With stenosis of the internal carotid artery, the ratio increases by more than 3 times. It is especially useful to calculate this ratio in patients with heart failure and a decrease in the ejection fraction of the heart muscle (left ventricle of the heart). For the same reasons, it is necessary to measure blood pressure in both arms of the patient before starting the examination.

Prognostic criteria for ultrasound of neck vessels

Using modern high-resolution devices, ultrasound of the neck vessels evaluates the condition of the intima-media complex. This is the innermost layer of arterial vessels, which is the first to begin to change during atherosclerosis. Changes in the thickness and structure of the intima-media complex are a very important prognostic sign during ultrasound of neck vessels. It is believed that exceeding the thickness of the intima-media complex in the common carotid artery by more than 0.87 mm, and in the internal carotid artery by more than 0.9 mm is a factor that is associated with high risk cardiovascular diseases (myocardial infarction and stroke). Figuratively speaking, assessing the thickness of the intimate media complex in the carotid arteries is a window into which one can look to diagnose atherosclerotic lesions of all vessels. The maximum thickness of this complex varies depending on gender, age and race.

What can be revealed by ultrasound of the vessels of the neck

The most common pathology detected by ultrasound of neck vessels– the presence of atherosclerotic plaques in the lumen of blood vessels. Since symptoms of circulatory disorders, noticeable to the patient, develop only after blocking the lumen of the vessel by more than 60%, the process of formation of plaques and blood clots can occur long time asymptomatic. Plaques during ultrasound of neck vessels may be various shapes and composition. The researcher’s task is to describe in detail the composition of the plaque and its location.

Often atherosclerotic plaques disintegrate and blood clots form on them, which can completely block the lumen of the artery or break off, causing blockage of other, smaller vessels. These conditions often result in the development of a stroke (death of a section of brain tissue) due to acute cerebrovascular accident. Stroke is a disease accompanied by high mortality (about 40%), and more than half of people who have had a stroke become disabled. IN Lately Strokes are developing in people at increasingly younger ages (up to 60 years).

Factors contributing to the development of cerebral stroke: smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, excess body weight, female gender, presence similar disease from blood relatives.

If such factors are present in a person, he needs to undergo a study of the vessels of the neck as early as possible. It is also necessary to undergo a study of the vessels of the neck if you are worried about dizziness, chronic headaches, problems with coordination, memory and speech.

Rare cases that are diagnosed by ultrasound of the vessels of the neck include dissection of the wall of the carotid artery - detachment of its section followed by thrombosis.

Mandatory information obtained from ultrasound of neck vessels is a study of the volume of blood that flows through all neck vessels to the brain per unit time. Adequate blood supply to the brain is the main factor that is taken into account when assessing the pathology of cerebral circulation. Normally healthy person about 15% of the blood that the heart pumps per minute enters the vessels of the brain. Using ultrasound of the neck vessels, you can very accurately calculate exactly how much blood enters the brain. To do this, add up the volumetric blood flow velocity in all four vessels supplying the brain, namely in the internal carotid arteries and in the vertebral arteries on both sides. A correctly conducted study approaches the accuracy of the results obtained from positron emission tomography.

Preparation and conduct of the study

No preparation is required when performing an ultrasound of the neck vessels. It is only necessary, if possible, to stop taking medications that affect blood pressure.

During the examination, the patient does not experience any discomfort or pain. The examination of the vessels of the neck is carried out in several planes, first in black and white mode, then proceed to duplex scanning and pulse Doppler. In this case, the shape of the vessel and its geometry are first assessed, linear dimensions and areas are measured in the presence of stenoses. Color Doppler is used primarily to diagnose plaques that are invisible in black and white. At low blood flow rates, for example, with almost complete occlusion of a vessel, power Doppler is used. Using pulsed Doppler, linear and volumetric blood flow velocity is measured.

Very often, ultrasound of the neck vessels is performed as a study preceding ultrasound of the brain vessels. This is due to the fact that when searching for the causes of cerebrovascular accidents, it is first more logical to make sure that a sufficient amount of blood flows through the main vessels.

antenatal clinic Natalia Petrik 2©08-2015

ATHEROSCLEROTIC LESION OF THE MAIN ARTERIES OF THE HEAD

INDICATIONS FOR SURGICAL TREATMENT

Among vascular diseases, cerebral stroke occupies one of the leading places both in terms of incidence and severity, as well as in disability and mortality.

In Russia, 35 people per 10 thousand population suffer cerebrovascular accidents annually, i.e. up to 700 thousand per year, with ischemic stroke taking the leading place among them. Currently, more than 1 million people in the country are profoundly disabled due to a stroke. In Moscow alone, over the past five years, ischemic cerebrovascular accidents have increased by 40 percent. Mortality after a cerebral stroke remains high and amounts to 30-35 percent. Only 10-20 percent. patients who have survived acute stage diseases, restore their ability to work, the rest become disabled with persistent neurological deficits. Now, in terms of the severity of economic losses, cerebral stroke has firmly taken first place, surpassing even myocardial infarction. Treatment costs and social Security patients who have suffered a cerebral stroke are enormous; in the USA, for example, they amount to $7.5 billion per year.

The very fact of the development of cerebral ischemic stroke cannot be considered as an indication for surgical intervention. In particular, a stroke that developed as a result of material embolism against the background of endocarditis or diffuse atherosclerosis Today there are no real prospects for surgical treatment. Methods of revascularization at the pial-capillary level of the arterial bed have not yet gone beyond experimental laboratories, and the main burden of treating this category of patients falls on the neurological hospital.

Surgical treatment of stroke resulting from damage to the intracranial great vessels is often possible by creating bypass shunts - applying extra-intracranial anastomoses in neurosurgical and vascular hospitals.

Treatment of cerebral stroke due to pathology of extracranial great vessels is one of the most important tasks of vascular surgery and neurosurgery.

The problem of surgical treatment deserves special attention atherosclerotic lesions main arteries at the “pre-stroke” stage, when patients suffer only transient ischemic attacks or have a deficiency of blood supply to the brain.

The current stage of solving the problems of diagnosing and treating cerebral stroke is characterized by a fairly high resolution of the diagnostic complex and operating equipment. At the same time, the arsenal medications the impact on the pathogenetic components of stroke did not undergo significant changes. This circumstance has led to a significant increase in the role of surgical methods for treating diseases of the cerebral vessels and main arteries of the head, the consequence or complication of which is cerebral stroke. Surgical interventions of a revascularizing nature occupy a significant, and in some cases, a leading place in the complex treatment of cerebral circulatory disorders and their residual effects, successfully fulfilling the task of restoring impaired cerebral function and optimizing cerebral blood flow parameters.

Multicenter studies of the results of complex treatment of cerebral stroke were conducted in Europe (European Trial of Carotid Surgery - ECST), in North America with the participation of several European centers (North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial -NASCET). In addition, a third study (Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study - ACAS) was performed among individuals with carotid atherosclerosis without concomitant cerebral symptoms in North American centers. These studies, each of which included at least 1.5 thousand cases, made it possible to formulate indications for surgical correction of the great arteries of the head. Based on randomized trials, two treatment methods were compared: carotid endarterectomy in combination with drug prevention stroke and only drug treatment. It has been proven undoubted advantage carotid endarterectomy, especially with increasing degree of stenosis in patients with clinical manifestations discirculation in the internal carotid artery basin, all other things being equal. For asymptomatic disease surgical prophylaxis gives a slight but statistically significant reduction in the incidence of stroke in individuals with a narrowing of the diameter of the internal carotid artery by more than 60 percent.

Treatment and clinical observation for patients with cerebrovascular pathology caused by lesions of the main arteries of the head, should be carried out under the supervision of neurologists - neurosurgeons and vascular surgeons.

The diagnostic algorithm includes physical and neurological examination, Doppler ultrasound of the main extra- and intracranial vessels, duplex scanning; computed tomography of the brain or magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, cerebral selective angiography; study of central hemodynamics, external respiration function, kidneys; biochemical and clinical laboratory tests.

The volume of diagnostic studies at the outpatient stage can be reduced for patients with repeated transient attacks and acute thrombosis of the retinal arteries in the presence of Doppler hemodynamically significant stenosis of the main arteries of the head (MAG) supplying this basin, until the cardiologist assesses the tolerability of the operation.

In cases of acute or progressive cerebrovascular pathology, the integrative scheme should be significantly reduced, and such patients are sent from the clinic to a specialized department on an emergency basis.

Based on the examination results, patients with clinical manifestations of cerebrovascular insufficiency should be assigned to groups of conservative or surgical treatment.

Patients with various types of lesions of the carotid and vertebrobasilar areas are subject to surgical treatment. Absolute and relative indications and contraindications for surgical treatment methods are determined.

Absolute indications for carotid endarterectomy (CAE):

- carotid stenoses with a clinical picture of transient ischemic attacks or manifestations of decompensation of dyscirculatory encephalopathy (in patients with severe, more than 70 percent ipsilateral stenosis, leading to cerebrovascular accident and cerebral infarction).

— the presence of a heterogeneous plaque at the mouth of the internal carotid artery of the ICA, even with asymptomatic stenosis.

In this group, risk factors for developing cerebral stroke should also be taken into account, such as age, arterial hypertension, elevated blood lipid levels, smoking, and diabetes.

Relative indications for CEA:

— asymptomatic stenoses (up to 70 percent) of the carotid arteries;

- asymptomatic stenosis of the carotid arteries with Doppler signs of stenosis of more than 90 percent;

stenosis of the carotid arteries from 30 to 69 percent. with neurological manifestations;

rapidly progressing carotid stenosis (patients who had asymptomatic stenosis six months ago);

severe carotid stenosis with ipsilateral neurological symptoms and contralateral carotid artery thrombosis;

severe carotid stenosis with the only symptom - ipsilateral amorosis fugax;

severe carotid stenosis complicated by stroke with manifestations of hemiparesis or aphasia (not earlier than a month after the stroke);

severe carotid stenosis with complete stroke in the affected artery;

severe carotid stenosis with ipsilateral symptoms and cardiac embologenic cause of stroke (confirmed by echocardiography or atrial fibrillation);

severe carotid stenosis, asymptomatic before coronary artery bypass surgery.

Contraindications to carotid endarterectomy:

- carotid stenosis less than 30 percent. with ipsilateral neurological deficit;

— thrombosis of the carotid artery with ipsilateral neurological symptoms;

- non-hemispheric symptoms, such as headache, increased fatigue, syncope, etc. with verified severe carotid stenosis;

— transient ischemic attacks in the vertebrobasilar region;

- severe carotid stenosis with symptoms of damage to the opposite hemisphere of the brain;

- severe carotid stenosis with ipsilateral severe stroke with hemiplegia and/or coma;

Severe carotid stenosis with ipsilateral symptoms and severe concomitant pathology (cancer metastases, organic damage to the central nervous system, etc.).

There are several types of carotid endarterectomies - open, eversion, various options artery replacement using veins and prostheses (homo- and heterografts). The choice of surgical method depends on the degree of damage to the carotid region and its extent. The most optimal are direct and eversion endarterectomy - with the latter, the operation time is significantly reduced, and the geometric parameters of the reconstructed vessel are minimally changed.

To adequately protect the brain during carotid endarterectomy, it is necessary to carefully select patients and promptly surgical technique, general anesthesia, systemic heparinization, Doppler monitoring in the pre- and intraoperative period. In some cases, it is necessary to use a temporary intraluminal shunt, the indications for which are as follows:

1) contralateral occlusion of the internal carotid artery;

2) severe stenosis or occlusion of the vertebral or basilar artery with an incomplete circle of Willis (absence of PCoA or A1 segment).

3) low tolerance of the brain to ischemia even against the background of preventive extra-intracranial microanastomosis.

Indications for reconstruction of the vertebral artery:

Symptoms of unstable hemodynamics in the vertebrobasilar region:

— stenosis of the dominant vertebral artery more than 75 percent;

- stenotic process with the same degree of stenosis of both vertebral arteries;

- segmental occlusion of the second segment of the vertebral artery in the presence of hypoplasia of the other.

2. Clinic of stem dyscirculation of thromboembolic origin when identifying the source of embolism from the vertebral artery.

3. Stenoses of the carotid system, subject to reconstruction in the presence of pathology in the vertebrobasilar region, listed in paragraph 1.

4. Extravasal compression significantly affecting vertebral blood flow (cervical rib, Kimmerle anomaly, uncovertebral and other spondylogenic causes).

Surgical reconstruction of the pathology of the first segment of the vertebral artery consists of standard endarterectomy of the artery mouth through a supraclavicular approach, and if it is impossible to perform it (in case of extensive damage to the vertebral and/or subclavian arteries), it is necessary to use methods of moving the artery - vertebral-carotid anastomosis (bypass), etc. .

Indications for surgical treatment of lesions of the subclavian artery:

1. The presence of intracerebral “steal” phenomena, consisting of signs of ischemia in the vertebrobasilar region and/or upper limb. Signs of combined lesions of the carotid and vertebrobasilar arteries simultaneously.

The most common mechanism for these symptoms is any severe restriction of blood flow due to critical stenosis or embolism of a major arterial vessel resulting from ulceration of an atheromatous plaque.

2. Heterogeneous atherosclerotic plaques in the first segment of the subclavian artery in the absence of manifestations of intracranial arterial pathology, clinically manifested by vertebrobasilar discirculation.

3. Hemodynamically significant (75 percent or more) stenosis of the first segment of the subclavian artery.

4. Asymptomatic lesions of the first segment of the subclavian artery (>75 percent of its diameter) in patients who are indicated for mammary-coronary anastomosis to prevent the development of coronary-mammary-subclavian “steal” syndrome.

5. Revascularization of the subclavian artery is also indicated for patients who have undergone mammary-coronary anastomosis, and the progression of coronary artery disease is associated with the emerging phenomenon of coronary-mammary-subclavian “steal”.

6. Bilateral asymptomatic occlusions of the subclavian artery in order to create adequate main blood flow in patients who are indicated for systemic hemodialysis or subclavian (axial)-femoral bypass surgery.

The choice between transsternal and supraclavicular access depends on the location of the damaged segments of the main trunk. If the patient has an asthenic physique and a moderate diet, it is preferable to perform a carotid-subclavian anastomosis. In persons with a normosthenic or hypersthenic physique against the background of increased nutrition, it is preferable to use carotid-subclavian prosthetics.

Indications for extra-intracranial anastomosis:

— thrombosis of the ICA with depletion of collateral circulation reserves;

- hemodynamically significant stenosis of intracranial segments in the basins of the middle, anterior or posterior cerebral arteries;

— as the first stage before carotid endarterectomy on the ipsilateral side in the absence of adequate collateral blood flow along the circle of Willis;

— for tandem lesions of the internal carotid artery with a low degree of cerebral tolerance to ischemia, when multi-stage surgical treatment is indicated;

— for bicarotid stenosis with tandem lesion of one of the carotids: first, the first stage is the restoration of adequate patency of the carotid artery contralateral to the tandem lesion, then the gradual application of EICMA.

X-ray endovascular angioplasty should be performed only with adequate technical equipment. It is preferable to use endovascular angioplasty for local stenoses.

A strict assessment of indications and contraindications for surgical treatment, detailing the stages of the operation, the presence of a technically highly equipped specialized surgical team, intraoperative monitoring of cerebral hemodynamics, adequate resuscitation aids are the main factors to minimize the risk of postoperative complications and adequately restore cerebral perfusion.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the treatment of acute and chronic cerebrovascular pathology, of course, should be carried out using generally accepted methods. There is no doubt about the priority importance of traditional therapy in the treatment of this category of patients.

Experience shows that there is a strictly defined category of patients with pathology of the vascular system of the main arteries of the head, which is undoubtedly at risk of developing a cerebral vascular accident or already suffers from cerebral dyscirculatory disorders, the optimal treatment of which can only be achieved surgically. International cooperative studies have confirmed the undoubted advantage of surgical treatment of stenotic lesions of the main arteries of the head to prevent the development of stroke or its progression.

The correct clinical approach to this group of patients can be decisive in preventing the development of the disease, preserving the quality of life, and even life itself, if the issue of diagnosis and indications for surgical treatment is resolved in a timely manner. The choice of indications for surgery, the most adequate surgical method of correction, and the prevention of postoperative complications largely depends on the possibilities of a detailed study pathological process, its verification, a strict assessment of contraindications to it, and the presence of a highly equipped specialized surgical team and adequate resuscitation aids.

Georgy MITROSHIN, Head of the Center

Cardiovascular Surgery Central Military Clinical Hospital named after.

A.A. Vishnevsky, Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation.

Valery LAZAREV, leading researcher

Vascular Department of the Research Institute of Neurosurgery

them. N.N. Burdenko RAMS, Doctor of Medical Sciences.

Gennady ANTONOV, head of department

angioneurosurgery of the Central Military Clinical Hospital named after A.A. Vishnevsky,

According to the latest sad statistics, more and more people are being diagnosed with atherosclerosis. If earlier this disease was considered age-related, now it is rapidly becoming younger. The most dangerous type of it is the MAG (main arteries of the head). The problem is associated with the deposition of cholesterol plaques in the blood vessels of the brain, neck and large arteries of the lower extremities. The disease is chronic and it is impossible to completely get rid of it. But measures can be taken to stop its rapid development. To do this, you need to remember the peculiarities of the course of the disease and the basic therapeutic techniques.

Features of atherosclerosis of the great vessels

The development of atherosclerosis is associated with the deposition of fat cells on the walls of arteries. At the beginning, the accumulations are small and do not cause serious harm. If measures are not taken in time, the plaques grow significantly and block the lumen of blood vessels. As a result, blood circulation deteriorates.

Atherosclerosis of the main arteries of the head represents for humans serious danger. As the disease progresses, the blood vessels in the neck and head, which are responsible for adequate blood supply to the brain, become blocked.

A severe form of the disease may be accompanied by destruction of the vessel wall and the formation of an aneurysm. Thromboembolism can worsen the situation. The rupture of such an aneurysm is fraught with serious health consequences, including death.

Depending on the severity of the disease, there are two main types:

1. Non-stenotic atherosclerosis. This term refers to a condition in which the plaque covers no more than 50% of the lumen of the vessel. This form is considered the least dangerous to human life and health.
2. Stenosing atherosclerosis. With this course of the disease, the vessel is blocked by plaque by more than half. This greatly impairs the blood supply to internal organs.

The earlier the disease is diagnosed, the greater the chance of treatment success. It is almost impossible to completely get rid of the disease, so each person needs to take measures to eliminate the factors that provoke atherosclerosis.

What factors cause the onset of the disease?

In order for the treatment of MAG atherosclerosis to be successful, it is necessary to identify and eliminate the cause of its occurrence. Among them are:

1. High blood pressure.
2. Excessive concentration of cholesterol in the blood.
3. Diseases of the endocrine system.
4. Excessive drinking and smoking.
5. Problems with glucose absorption.
6. Flaw physical activity.
7. Adherence to poor nutrition.
8. Age-related changes in the body.
9. Long stay in stressful situations.
10. Excess body weight.

Most often, the disease affects older men. It is especially important for them to monitor their health and adhere to the correct principles of proper nutrition and lifestyle.

Every person periodically needs to monitor blood pressure and cholesterol levels. A timely medical examination will help with this.

Symptoms of atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis of extracranial arteries manifests itself with vivid symptoms. It will largely depend on the location of the plaques. If the damage occurs to the vessels of the brain, the following symptoms appear:

1. The appearance of tinnitus.
2. Intense headaches and dizziness.
3. Memory problems.
4. Uncoordination of movements, speech impairment. Other neurological abnormalities may also occur.
5. Sleep problems. A person takes a long time to fall asleep, often wakes up in the middle of the night, and during the day he is tormented by drowsiness.
6. Mental change. There is increased irritability and anxiety of the person, he becomes whiny and suspicious.

Atherosclerotic lesions can also be localized in the arteries of the extremities. In this case, the symptoms will be different. The following signs of the disease appear:

1. Decreased pulsation in the lower extremities.
2. Rapid fatigue during physical activity. This is especially pronounced when walking long distances.
3. Hands become cold. Small ulcers may appear on them.
4. IN severe cases gangrene develops.
5. If the vessels of the lower extremities are affected, the person begins to limp.
6. The nail plates become thinner.
7. Hair loss is observed on the lower extremities.

Symptoms of MAG atherosclerosis can have varying degrees of severity. At the initial stage, the problem can only be identified during a medical examination.

If you notice the first signs of the disease, you should immediately consult a doctor. Only with a timely diagnosis will it be possible to stop the progression of the disease.

Making an accurate diagnosis

It is possible to identify damage to the main arteries of the head only during a full medical examination. Specialists need to determine the location of the problem, the parameters of the formed plaque, as well as the presence of connective tissue proliferation.

The following diagnostic techniques are used:

1. General and biochemical tests blood.
2. Ultrasonography. An examination of the vascular system, which is responsible for the blood supply to the brain, is carried out. The carotid and vertebral arteries are examined. The specialist determines their condition, diameter, and changes in lumen.
3. Magnetic resonance imaging. This is an examination that allows you to study in great detail the structure of the arteries of the brain, neck, and limbs. Modern equipment guarantees obtaining images in all possible projections. This technique is considered the most informative.
4. Angiography. Allows you to study all pathologies of the vascular system. A specialized product is injected into the patient's blood contrast agent. After this, an X-ray examination is carried out.

The specific method of examination is chosen by the doctor individually for each patient. This takes into account the characteristics of the body, as well as the equipment available to the medical institution.

How is therapy carried out?

Non-stenotic atherosclerosis early stages treatable. With an integrated approach and strict adherence to all the specialist’s instructions, it is possible to contain the development of the disease.

Today the most effective are the following techniques:

1. Drug treatment. It involves taking specialized medications.
2. Surgical intervention. This procedure carries a risk to the life and health of the patient. It is used only in severe cases when all other treatment methods are ineffective. Non-stenotic atherosclerosis surgically treatment is inappropriate.
3. Lifestyle adjustments. To stop the development of the disease, it is necessary to give up bad habits, especially smoking. You should minimize the consumption of fatty, fried, smoked foods. You need to move more, play sports, join the pool. In this case, the loads should be moderate. It is best to consult a specialist.
4. Diet food. Experts recommend adhering to special dietary rules. This will help reduce the amount of cholesterol entering the body.
5. Exercise therapy. There is a specialized set of exercises that helps restore normal blood supply to all segments of the brain and limbs.
6. Health monitoring. It is necessary to regularly measure blood pressure and monitor the concentration of cholesterol in the blood. All concomitant diseases should be treated in a timely manner.

Successful treatment is only possible if all negative factors. The patient should avoid stressful situations, eat right and walk more. fresh air. In this case, strict adherence to all doctor’s recommendations is mandatory.

What medications are used for therapy

Today, several groups of drugs have been developed that give a positive effect in the treatment of atherosclerosis of the great vessels of the brain:

1. Antiplatelet agents. Drugs of this type prevent blood platelets from sticking together, which reduces the risk of developing thrombosis. Such drugs are prohibited for use in cases of renal and liver failure, pregnancy, peptic ulcer disease and hemorrhagic stroke. The most popular drugs in this group are Thrombo-ass, Cardiomagnyl, Plavix, and so on.
2. Drugs that reduce blood viscosity. They help blood pass through narrowed areas better. These include Sulodexide. Phlogenzyme and others.
3. Preparations based on nicotinic acid. They are designed to improve blood circulation.
4. Medicines that reduce the concentration of cholesterol in the blood. With their help, non-stenotic atherosclerosis can be effectively treated. Among them are Crestor, Torvacard and others.
5. Means to enhance collateral circulation. This group includes Solcoseryl, Actovegin and some others.
6. Medicines to relieve symptoms. These may be anti-inflammatory and analgesics.

Drug therapy will take at least two to three months. Specific dosages and duration of therapy are determined by a specialist for each patient.

Patients suffering from are advised to take acetylsalicylic acid for life. These drugs will help minimize the risk of thrombosis.

Treatment with surgical methods

In severe cases, cerebral atherosclerosis is treated with surgery. This technique is used for stenotic type of disease. There are three main methods of performing the operation:

1. Shunting. During this operation, the surgeon creates an additional blood flow path near the damaged area. Thus, it is possible to restore normal blood flow.
2. Stenting. This operation involves the installation of a special implant, with the help of which it is possible to restore normal blood flow.
3. Balloon angioplasty. The procedure involves inserting a specialized balloon into the vessel. Pressure is applied to it, which expands the affected vessel.

The specific technique is selected by a specialist based on the patient’s health status, as well as in which segment of the vascular system the lesion is localized.

Physiotherapy

Non-stenotic atherosclerosis responds well to treatment if the main therapy program is supplemented with physical therapy. It is best to conduct a lesson with a specialist.

But you can do some exercises yourself:

1. Walk with measured steps around the room. At the same time, make sure that your blood pressure does not rise.
2. Stand up straight. Exhale smoothly and tilt your head back. At the same time, try to bend your cervical spine as much as possible. Stay in this position for a couple of seconds. After this, slowly return to the starting position. Repeat a similar procedure with your head tilted forward.
3. Stand up and straighten your spine as much as possible. Place your hands on your chest. On the count of one, raise your arms up, reaching to the ceiling. On the count of two, return to the starting position. Repeat this exercise 12 times.
4. Stand up straight. Make slow body bends to the left and right side. Make sure that the tilt is done while exhaling, and returning to the starting point while inhaling.
5. Sit on a high-backed chair. Try to relax. On a count of one, move one leg to the side. Return to the original position. Similar actions repeat with the other leg.

By repeating such exercises regularly, you can ease the course of the disease. They allow you to stimulate blood circulation and increase the tone of the vascular wall.

Traditional treatment methods

You can supplement the main therapy program with the help of traditional medicine. They cannot act as the only method of therapy.

Among the most effective recipes against atherosclerosis are:

1. Dissolve a teaspoon of birch buds in a glass of boiling water. Boil the resulting mixture for 25 minutes. After this, leave the product for a couple of hours to infuse. You need to take the prepared composition three times a day in an amount of 100 ml.
2. Pour a glass of water over a teaspoon of dried hawthorn flowers. This composition must be boiled for about 25 minutes. After this, it can be filtered. Wait until the broth cools down. It is taken half a glass three times a day.
3. Squeeze the juice from one onion. Connect it with natural honey. For one spoon of juice you need one spoon of honey. Add a little water to make the mixture liquid. You need to take this remedy one spoon three times a day.

Simple tools like these will help increase efficiency. traditional treatment. Sometimes they can provoke allergic reactions Therefore, you should consult your doctor before using them.

Dietary diet

During treatment, patients with atherosclerosis are advised to follow a special diet. This is the only way to reduce the amount of cholesterol in the blood. The following recommendations must be followed:

1. It is recommended to consume foods enriched with iodine, such as seaweed.
2. Shown complete failure from animal fats. The lack of protein can be filled with legumes.
3. Eat more products having a diuretic effect. These include watermelons, apples, melons and others.
4. The diet should include more vegetables, fruits, nuts, and berries.
5. Eating chicken and turkey is allowed. Fatty varieties meat, as well as offal, are strictly prohibited.
6. You will have to give up sweets, coffee, strong tea, chocolate, and canned foods.

Compliance with the principles proper nutrition will help stop the progression of the disease and enhance the effect of medications. At the first manifestations of atherosclerosis, you should immediately seek help from a specialist. The sooner the problem is identified, the greater the likelihood of maintaining health.

Vascular atherosclerosis - causes, symptoms, treatment of the disease - e atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels remains one of the basis of atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels is MAG stenosis;. Stable Arthritis hip joint Artemovsk - Gorlovsky October 20, 2014 Diagnosis of DOA of the hip joint, 1st degree. joint - hip, knee, ankle - "bites" reactive arthritis. Jan 20, 2013 Atherosclerosis is a disease associated with damage to the great vessels. In this case, there is a loss of elasticity of the walls of blood vessels,

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Stenosing atherosclerosis mag

Symptoms and signs of deep vein thrombosis of the legs. Eat slowly, eat in small portions, and then you will not accumulate fat layers. It is estimated that most people have between 500 and 1000 of these glands. At the hospital, the surgeon confirmed the general practitioner's diagnosis. To prevent disorders of the hemostatic system and associated thrombotic complications, 2 groups of measures are used in patients with malignant neoplasms: mechanical (physical aimed at accelerating venous blood flow, and pharmacological. I used it during pregnancy (it is allowed for pregnant women) and after 2014, Nata2080 How to get rid of spider veins on the legs? This disease is associated with impaired blood circulation in the smallest blood vessels of the fingers and hands themselves. By the way, it is also better to sit in such a way that the feet are not on the floor, but on some kind of stand. Varicose veins veins in the legs are characterized by the formation of saccular expansions. Vein thrombosis is serious illness, which is characterized by the formation of a blood clot, or thrombus, in the lumen of a vein.

Varicose veins, varicose veins of the lower extremities (varicose veins), expansion of the superficial veins of the lower extremities, accompanied by valve failure and impaired blood flow. And she doesn’t stand still. Phlebodia is taken 1 capsule per day, it has proven effectiveness and significant practical experience applications both in our country and abroad. As a result, the burst vessels may gradually disappear. Contrast sialography is performed by inserting a catheter into the duct. There are special exercises (vibration therapy that help accelerate the blood, activate activity venous system. When using microsclerotherapy, a special sclerosing solution is injected under the skin, causing rapid clogging of the veins. If you made a request outside work time, it will be processed in the morning of the next business day, after which our manager will contact you to clarify the order and delivery address. But varicose veins can appear on non-operated areas of the legs, so the risk of varicose veins always remains.

Sublingual salivary glands rarely affected by tumors or inflammatory process. As part of the complex treatment of vascular diseases of the lower extremities, a wide arsenal of means is used: intravenous vascular tropic therapy; lymphatic drainage foot massage; physiotherapeutic procedures; complex of rehabilitation and physical therapy. In order to prevent the development of vein thrombosis, doctors identify the presence of so-called risk factors that contribute to the formation of blood clots. Description: Spider veins, swollen ankles, pain in the calves, already 16 of the world's population suffers from leg diseases. Please note that the prepayment amount is a small part of the total order amount and is aimed at establishing stable and mutually beneficial relationships with our customers.

Women suffer from varicose veins in the legs 2 times more often than men. Please note that the prepayment amount is a small part of the total order amount and is aimed at establishing stable and mutually beneficial relationships with our customers. Dilating the duct with a small probe helps remove stones. The commission for sending money by “new mail” is paid by the buyer. Close hugs are, of course, pleasant, but still, it is better to make sure that your head is not on your arm, but on the pillow.

Clinics on this problem, in order to prevent and treat varicose veins, it is useful to do gymnastics for the legs. Any type of swimming is useful for patients with varicose veins. I walk a lot, I do sports, I’m on the move, but I take care of my legs and take care of them. I started applying Troxevasin, but the results are not noticeable. Oh, I, too, have had a vein sticking out on the back of my left leg for a year now! When lifting your torso, be sure to do deep breath, this will allow you to regulate your breathing. Turpentine baths are good helpers for this. The desired effect from using this method is achieved through high-frequency biological electric current and laser energy. Lifting oversized loads manually is paid separately. However, the ill-fated “stars” appear much earlier, at 20-30 years. Exercises for varicose veins of the legs help develop abdominal muscles. While sitting on a chair, raise your toes and knees 10 times. Ergoforma Anti-varicose stockings 18-22 mm Hg 1290 rub. These exercises and activities should be aimed at stimulating microcirculation, that is, increased blood circulation in very small and thin vessels. Time passes, stagnation increases and interferes with the functioning of healthy valves, blood begins to enter the superficial veins, which are located directly under the skin, they stretch and lose their shape.

When standing, stand straight with your feet in a straight line. Often, veins in the legs can burst in those people who suffer from varicose veins. In this case, the clogged gland becomes inflamed, which results in pain. For some, a sports ground, and for others, a bicycle instead of running for varicose veins. Check with the store operators about the availability of the required product! Real stone removal now allows the patient not to even go to the hospital, since this method can be used at home. A strong feeling of numbness in the tips of the fingers is quite common in cases where a woman falls asleep on a man’s hand. This is explained by the fact that the congenital weakness of the venous wall, which predisposes to the development of varicose veins, is inherited. If such symptoms appear, you should immediately consult a doctor, as the patient may develop venous eczema ydermatitis. This disease is associated with impaired circulation in the smallest blood vessels of the fingers and hands themselves. Pain in the calf muscle increases when the foot is flexed at the ankle joint. Movement is life, the axiom is known to everyone.

Relative risk of development arterial thromboembolism in patients with kidney cancer was also high and amounted to 3.72, and the risk of developing coronary artery disease was 5.44 compared with the control group. In addition, human saliva contains calcium and some trace elements, which, not surprisingly, penetrate into the tooth tissue. Sometimes it is permissible to use traditional medicine methods, but only after prior consultation and approval of a doctor. By the way, today there are models that can easily be worn in spring and summer. First, the exercises are performed on the left side, then on the right. However, with age, as well as with certain diseases, for example, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, fatty deposits and atherosclerotic plaques appear on the walls of the arteries. Before you start training, you should know about the problems of varicose veins and whether you need to train. Blood flow and innervation are disrupted, leading to numbness. Tumor cells also release a specific cancer procoagulant into the blood, which directly activates blood clotting factor X. About varicose veins 30:31, source: Bookmark this page! The main symptoms of acute thrombophlebitis are: severe pain when standing or walking, redness and thickening along the inflamed vein, increased body temperature.

Uncomfortable posture during sleep can cause hand numbness. Condition after surgery, vein thrombosis in the past, extensive burns and injuries, bone fractures. If you complain of numbness in your fingers, your doctor may prescribe following methods Research: X-ray of the cervical spine. Our specialists are qualified to diagnose phlebological diseases and select best practices treatment: Thanks to modern medical technologies Treatment of varicose veins in our department is performed in the shortest possible time. Home page vascular diseases vascular diseases upper limbs— Symptoms — Diagnosis. Elena, neither you nor the doctor need fantasies. It will not only keep your figure flexible, but will also help push blood out of the veins. Gynecology, it has been noted that after pregnancy and taking hormonal contraceptives, a venous network may appear. An analysis of studies published as part of consensus guidelines on the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolic disease led by Nicolaidas (2006) showed that 5060 cancer patients undergoing surgery developed deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities, which was asymptomatic. Including duplex ultrasound of the extremity veins more In the department phlebology "Medical On Group Mytishchi" is engaged in effective and painless treatment vein diseases You suddenly experience shortness of breath, a feeling of lack of air, and weakness.

In addition to the above, saliva also participates in the mechanical, necessary and important cleaning of the mouth and teeth, washing away all food particles from them. This procedure can be repeated 2-3 times a day. If you care about your health, pay attention to the treatment and prevention of foot diseases. Small patches may appear on the skin of the legs brown dots(petechiae that do not disappear with pressure. Pain in one or both legs, as well as in the groin, may be mild at the beginning of the disease, but at more later stages are intensifying. Exercises for the legs: While sitting on a chair, pressing your legs together, lower them onto your toes, then onto your heels (15-20 times) Support your arms above each other (as in the picture, rise on your toes, then lower on your heels (15-20 times) Leaning on both stand with your hands (at shoulder height, alternately stand on your feet, then on your heels (20 times). Inhaling, raise your arms up and stand on your feet. It is necessary to say a few words about different methods, used today. The pulse in the radial arteries (the place on the wrist where the pulse is usually felt) is weakened or cannot be felt. The rest of the money can be paid by cash on delivery upon receipt of the order. In medical practice neurologists have the term “wedding night symptom.”

Another reason for the appearance of this pathology is disruption of the normal permeability of the vascular walls of the legs. For some, a sports ground, and for others, a bicycle instead of running for varicose veins. Compression tights for pregnant women are made specifically for expectant mothers and take into account all the features. You can see a specialist in Kyiv here: Other questions on the topic, hello) every year I have more and more vascular network, I’m 28 and my legs are terrible, should I now smear ointments throughout my life for prevention, or can it be cured? The complement-fixing antibody titer peaks at 23 weeks. There is also evidence that saliva has some bactericidal properties. Ultrasonic crushing of stones is based on the same method, which is described in reviews on our website. salivary glands. According to statistics, varicose veins are detected in 10-20 of the male population and 25-33 of the female population of Russia. They can be observed once a week, or maybe hourly. Please note that the prepayment amount is a small part of the total order amount and is aimed at establishing stable and mutually beneficial relationships with our customers. You need to lie down on a flat surface and press your back firmly against it.

Disorders in the blood coagulation system can be congenital (exist from birth or acquired (due to cancer, infectious diseases, etc.) Serious injuries can lead to the formation of blood clots in the veins in the injured area. At first glance, we actually know better than personal body.There is a feeling of heaviness in the legs, then the legs begin to swell, sometimes it comes to cramps calf muscles. Treatment of vein thrombosis Treatment of vein thrombosis depends on the cause of its development, complications, the age of the patient and some other factors. But, unfortunately, it is very difficult to get rid of this forever; usually, the vessels begin to burst again, again, bruises appear. In fact, with the help of simple preventive measures, you can best prevent the progression of varicose veins in the legs and, as a result, avoid surgery. Condition after surgery, vein thrombosis in the past, extensive burns and injuries, bone fractures. My mother has the same situation on her legs, but there are no varicose veins. A blockage in a blood vessel in the brain can cause numbness in the arm and lead to a stroke. The main methods of treating lymphedema are complex physical therapy that meets all international standards: manual lymphomassage, hardware pneumocompression, bandaging. Read the answer, hello, my husband had a venectomy after the operation, two weeks have passed, he can’t feel his heel, at first there was numbness and now it feels like there’s a callus there. Modern multicenter studies have shown that cancer increases the risk of deep vein thrombosis and thromboembolism pulmonary artery(tel) 67 times. During pregnancy, all these problems become most pressing, which is why compression tights are an important item in the wardrobe of every expectant mother.

Radiculitis / Video about varicose veins. Autoimmune process Usually all salivary glands are affected, including the minor ones, but since the parotid glands are the largest and most noticeable, the pathology in them is detected earlier. When you exhale, relax as in the picture (20 times) In a sitting position, alternately raise one leg or the other above the floor level, turn your feet at the ankles in both directions, making small circles (15-20 times) In a sitting position, stand on tiptoes with both legs at the same time (15 -20 times). High-tech equipment allows for minimally invasive procedures that can cure many vein diseases without radical surgical interventions. To avoid this, you need to step from heel to toe, thanks to the fact that the lower leg works, you help the veins push blood. These injuries include burns, frostbite and chemical peels. To perform phlebography, a special contrast agent is injected into a vein on the dorsum of the foot, which allows the veins to be seen during an x-ray of the leg.

This facilitates the flow of blood through the veins of the legs. Long stay in hot bath or a bath contributes to stagnation of blood in the lower extremities, so you should limit yourself to a short warm bath. The same as normal walking in place. Promote the development of varicose veins and weak walls venous vessels - evidence that the muscles of the legs are poorly strengthened. Saliva, like no other element, participates in the processing of food in the oral cavity. But in the medical discipline there is phlebology, which studies and treats the venous system. To carry out this analysis, two blood plasma samples are taken 23 weeks apart. Lying on the floor on your back, lift your legs and pelvis up, supporting your lower back with your hands.

Dilating the duct with a small probe helps remove stones. An increase in body temperature, nausea, vomiting, and deterioration in general health indicate the development of serious complications: intestinal necrosis, inflammation of the peritoneum (peritonitis), etc. The exercises were not invented by trainers or other specialists, but by doctors who encounter this problem most often in their patients. Perform circular movements with your feet clockwise and in the other direction. In total, the user has 10 videos in 1 collection, of which 10 are uploaded by him. Small brown dots (petechiae) may appear on the skin of the legs, which do not disappear with pressure. Pain in one or both legs, as well as in the groin, at the beginning of the disease can be weak, and intensify in the later stages. Well, I wore them sometimes, then I gave up. Often veins in the legs can burst in those people who suffer from varicose veins.

Stenosing atherosclerosis mag

Chronic hemorrhoids can significantly reduce the patient’s standard of living: severe pain, constant discomfort and psychological problems impose many restrictions on the usual way of life. Therefore, it is extremely important to make a diagnosis at stage 1 or 2, while external or internal chronic hemorrhoids can be cured conservative methods, not providing negative influence on the body.

The first stage of chronic hemorrhoids

Internal hemorrhoids in chronic form occurs very often; in grade 1, nodes can only be detected by endoscopic examination. They do not cause much concern to the patient, so at the first stage the disease, as a rule, goes unnoticed.

Symptoms

In stage 1 chronic hemorrhoids the disease can manifest itself as periodic small bleeding that occurs when solid stool passes through the intestines and injures the hemorrhoids. You can see droplets of blood on the stool; they are always located on the surface and sometimes fall on toilet paper. The bleeding is not intense, there is no significant blood loss, but this one is not the most severe symptom- a reason to seriously think about your health. In the later stages of this disease, due to excessive bleeding, anemia can develop - a condition that threatens the health and even life of a person.

Also, a patient with hemorrhoids at stage 1 may be bothered by itching and slight discomfort in the anal area. They occur after defecation: the fluid coming out of the nodes irritates the skin around the anus and causes discomfort.

In the remission stage, grade 1 hemorrhoids may not manifest themselves at all; symptoms are most often absent. The disease is discovered accidentally during an examination of the rectum. In the phase of exacerbation of chronic hemorrhoids, stage 1 disease also does not manifest itself very intensely, so it can remain undetected for a long time. The development of the disease may stop if the negative provoking factors cease to act on the body, but in the absence proper treatment hemorrhoids gradually develop into more severe forms.

Treatment

Stage 1 chronic hemorrhoids respond well to treatment. The nodes are small, they easily resolve on their own if complex therapy is started in time.

• To stop this unpleasant disease at another stage, you should first of all adjust your lifestyle. At least one evening a week should be devoted to physical activity. This is especially true if your job involves constantly sitting at a desk. To strengthen muscles, both active rest and just walking or running are suitable, the main thing is regularity;
• You also need to adjust your diet by adding more fiber and vitamins. Meals should be at least three times a day and as varied as possible. And, of course, with hemorrhoids, even stage 1, you should exclude fast food, fatty, fried foods from the menu (or at least reduce the content of “harmful” elements in the diet);
• Suppositories, tablets and ointments are also used to treat grade 1 hemorrhoids. Only a doctor should prescribe any medications, especially when it comes to treating a pregnant or lactating woman. The most commonly used tablets for treatment are Proctosedil, Litovit-B, Posterizan, Detralex, Gepatrombin suppositories, Relief Ultra, Prostopin, Nigepan and others. Among the ointments, Heparin ointment, Bezornil, Levomekol and some others are considered the most effective and versatile.

Traditional treatment can be supplemented with traditional medicine. For example, potato suppositories (like regular ones, they are inserted into the anus at night) and sea buckthorn suppositories are widely used. Traditional medicine also suggests taking baths with a decoction of birch leaves and horse chestnut(approximately 50 g of raw materials per liter of boiling water).

Second stage of chronic hemorrhoids

Often chronic hemorrhoids are diagnosed precisely at the second stage. It is characterized by prolapse of hemorrhoids during bowel movements when the patient strains. But they are small in size, so they are retracted into the rectum on their own.

Symptoms

In addition to prolapsed hemorrhoids, the second stage of hemorrhoids is characterized by an increase in all symptoms of degree 1:

• the bleeding becomes quite heavy. Blood may flow out after defecation in separate drops or even a trickle; its larger volume is associated with the increasing size of the nodes. Bleeding at stage 2 occurs with almost every act of defecation;
• Also, with hemorrhoids of the 2nd degree, unpleasant sensations intensify: itching and burning;
• At stage 2 of hemorrhoids, pain appears during bowel movements. While the pain does not cause much concern, therefore, with grade 2 hemorrhoids, patients often try to treat themselves, not considering chronic hemorrhoids a serious problem;
• There may be a sensation of a foreign body in the rectum.

At stage 2, the symptoms are difficult to miss. If blood is detected and pain occurs, you should immediately consult a doctor. You should also know that pain and bleeding may also hide the first stage of a more dangerous disease - rectal cancer. Therefore, examination by a doctor is mandatory if you suspect grade 2 hemorrhoids.

Treatment

To treat grade 2 hemorrhoids, conservative methods are used drug therapy: suppositories, ointments and tablets. You can also use traditional medicine recipes. Folk remedies can significantly speed up the treatment of grade 2 hemorrhoids, but they should not completely replace traditional medications. cure internal hemorrhoids at this stage exclusively folk remedies is no longer possible.

Also, for grade 2 hemorrhoids, non-surgical methods for removing hemorrhoids are used:

• Treatment with sclerosing drugs has been used for grade 2 hemorrhoids for decades. A drug is injected into the hemorrhoidal node, which causes the walls of the blood vessels to grow together. After 7-10 days, the node dies and comes out along with the feces;
• Another proven method for treating stage 2 hemorrhoids is cryodestruction. The hemorrhoid is treated liquid nitrogen, under the influence of extremely low temperatures, the tissues of the node are destroyed, the node dies;
• Coagulation – cauterization – is also used to remove nodes in case of grade 2 hemorrhoids. Most often now a laser is used for this. This is a safe, although quite expensive procedure;
• doping with latex rings helps to cope with even large knots. A latex ring is placed on the stem of the hemorrhoid using a special instrument, blocking the access of blood to the node. 6-12 days after the procedure, it dies and falls off.

Treatment non-surgical methods quite effective at all stages of the disease, but removal of the node (as well as the use of suppositories, tablets or ointments) does not eliminate the cause of the development of chronic hemorrhoids. Therefore, a relapse of the disease is possible after a year.

The third stage of chronic hemorrhoids

If treatment is chosen incorrectly or started too late, chronic hemorrhoids enter stage 3. The disease at this stage already causes a lot of inconvenience to a person, and treatment can be very difficult. At stage 3, the nodes no longer return on their own to the rectum, but they can be easily retracted by hand. Having discovered that the disease has developed to stage 3, the patient most often consults a doctor.

Symptoms

In stage 3 of the disease, all symptoms intensify. The pain becomes longer and stronger, the patient increasingly experiences severe discomfort when sitting, exercising, and especially when defecating. The nodes can become inflamed, thrombosed and pinched. In this case, the bleeding becomes very severe, the pain is constant, and there is a risk of infection and the development of other dangerous complications.

Treatment

To get rid of chronic hemorrhoids in the 3rd degree, you should definitely consult a doctor, without relying on the advice of friends or your own medical knowledge. The disease, which has developed to stage 3, already imposes significant restrictions on the usual way of life, and the lack of treatment can lead to serious consequences.

In addition to the methods listed above, surgical methods are used to treat grade 3 hemorrhoids. During surgery at stage 3, the nodes are excised with a scalpel. Surgeries are also performed to suturing the vessels feeding the node, after which they die. Surgery always carries a risk of complications, but in some cases it is a necessary measure to treat grade 3 hemorrhoids. Excision is used when the nodes are large and there is a risk of bleeding; this is a rather traumatic method that requires a long rehabilitation period. Dysarterization (suturing of blood vessels) is a more gentle operation, but it is not always applicable.

Traditional medicine methods for the treatment of grade 3 hemorrhoids can only be used after consultation with a doctor. Chronic hemorrhoids, which have developed to stage 3, can already cause dangerous complications, so treatment should be carried out under the supervision of a specialist.

The fourth stage of chronic hemorrhoids

This is the most severe and dangerous stage to which chronic hemorrhoids can develop. At stage 4, combined hemorrhoids often occur, when external and internal hemorrhoids are combined. Grade 4 is characterized by the constant presence of nodes outside the anus. They very often become inflamed, thrombosed and strangulated, so grade 4 hemorrhoids are the most painful and unpleasant form of this disease.

Symptoms

All symptoms characteristic of milder forms intensify. The mucous membrane of the nodes with grade 4 hemorrhoids is constantly in contact in an aggressive environment. Therefore, the pain becomes extremely strong, the patient at stage 4 has great problems with performing any physical work, and even more so with defecation.

With grade 4 hemorrhoids, hospitalization of the patient is often necessary during an exacerbation of the disease, which causes sharp deterioration well-being and increased symptoms.

Treatment

To treat chronic hemorrhoids that have developed to stage 4, an integrated approach is used, but the main method is surgical intervention. Big size nodes, their inflammation and other complications make it impossible to use many conservative methods at stage 4.

To remove nodes at stage 4, excision or disarterization is also used. The optimal choice in the treatment of grade 4 hemorrhoids also depends on the size of the nodes and some other factors.

Treatment of grade 2, 3, and even more so grade 4 hemorrhoids can be very difficult. The sooner it starts complex therapy, the more optimistic the forecast can be given. Do not forget that even surgical removal of a node may not lead to complete disappearance of the problem; after 4-5 years or even earlier, the disease recurs if a person does not adjust his lifestyle and does not eliminate the causes that caused the development of varicose veins.

According to the latest sad statistics, more and more people are being diagnosed with atherosclerosis. If earlier this disease was considered age-related, now it is rapidly becoming younger. Its most dangerous type is stenosing atherosclerosis of the MAG (main arteries of the head). The problem is associated with the deposition of cholesterol plaques in the blood vessels of the brain, neck and large arteries of the lower extremities. The disease is chronic and it is impossible to completely get rid of it. But measures can be taken to stop its rapid development. To do this, you need to remember the peculiarities of the course of the disease and the basic therapeutic techniques.

Features of atherosclerosis of the great vessels

The development of atherosclerosis is associated with the deposition of fat cells on the walls of arteries. At the beginning, the accumulations are small and do not cause serious harm. If measures are not taken in time, the plaques grow significantly and block the lumen of blood vessels. As a result, blood circulation deteriorates.

Atherosclerosis of the main arteries of the head poses a serious danger to humans. As the disease progresses, the blood vessels in the neck and head, which are responsible for adequate blood supply to the brain, become blocked.

A severe form of the disease may be accompanied by destruction of the vessel wall and the formation of an aneurysm. Thromboembolism can worsen the situation. The rupture of such an aneurysm is fraught with serious health consequences, including death.

Depending on the severity of the disease, there are two main types:

1. Non-stenotic atherosclerosis. This term refers to a condition in which the plaque covers no more than 50% of the lumen of the vessel. This form is considered the least dangerous to human life and health.
2. Stenosing atherosclerosis. With this course of the disease, the vessel is blocked by plaque by more than half. This greatly impairs the blood supply to internal organs.

The earlier the disease is diagnosed, the greater the chance of treatment success. It is almost impossible to completely get rid of the disease, so each person needs to take measures to eliminate the factors that provoke atherosclerosis.

What factors cause the onset of the disease?

In order for the treatment of MAG atherosclerosis to be successful, it is necessary to identify and eliminate the cause of its occurrence. Among them are:

1. Excessive concentration of cholesterol in the blood.
2. Diseases of the endocrine system.
3. Excessive drinking and smoking.
4. Problems with glucose absorption.
5. Lack of physical activity.
6. Adherence to poor nutrition.
7. Age-related changes in the body.
8. Prolonged exposure to stressful situations.
9. Excess body weight.

Most often, the disease affects older men. It is especially important for them to monitor their health and adhere to the correct principles of proper nutrition and lifestyle.

Every person periodically needs to monitor blood pressure and cholesterol levels. A timely medical examination will help with this.

Symptoms of atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis of extracranial arteries manifests itself with vivid symptoms. It will largely depend on the location of the plaques. If the damage occurs to the vessels of the brain, the following symptoms appear:

1. The appearance of tinnitus.
2. Intense headaches and dizziness.
3. Memory problems.
4. Uncoordination of movements, speech impairment. Other neurological abnormalities may also occur.
5. Sleep problems. A person takes a long time to fall asleep, often wakes up in the middle of the night, and during the day he is tormented by drowsiness.
6. Mental change. There is increased irritability and anxiety of the person, he becomes whiny and suspicious.

Atherosclerotic lesions can also be localized in the arteries of the extremities. In this case, the symptoms will be different. The following signs of the disease appear:

1. Decreased pulsation in the lower extremities.
2. Rapid fatigue during physical activity. This is especially pronounced when walking long distances.
3. Hands become cold. Small ulcers may appear on them.
4. In severe cases, gangrene develops.
5. If the vessels of the lower extremities are affected, the person begins to limp.
6. The nail plates become thinner.
7. Hair loss is observed on the lower extremities.

Symptoms of MAG atherosclerosis can have varying degrees of severity. At the initial stage, the problem can only be identified during a medical examination.

If you notice the first signs of the disease, you should immediately consult a doctor. Only with a timely diagnosis will it be possible to stop the progression of the disease.

Making an accurate diagnosis

It is possible to identify damage to the main arteries of the head only during a full medical examination. Specialists need to determine the location of the problem, the parameters of the formed plaque, as well as the presence of connective tissue proliferation.

The following diagnostic techniques are used:

1. General and biochemical blood tests.
2. Ultrasonography. An examination of the vascular system, which is responsible for the blood supply to the brain, is carried out. The carotid and vertebral arteries are examined. The specialist determines their condition, diameter, and changes in lumen.
3. Magnetic resonance imaging. This is an examination that allows you to study in great detail the structure of the arteries of the brain, neck, and limbs. Modern equipment guarantees obtaining images in all possible projections. This technique is considered the most informative.
4. Angiography. Allows you to study all pathologies of the vascular system. A specialized contrast agent is injected into the patient's blood. After this, an X-ray examination is carried out.

The specific method of examination is chosen by the doctor individually for each patient. This takes into account the characteristics of the body, as well as the equipment available to the medical institution.

How is therapy carried out?

Non-stenotic atherosclerosis in the early stages is treatable. With an integrated approach and strict adherence to all the specialist’s instructions, it is possible to contain the development of the disease.

Today the following methods are the most effective:

1. Drug treatment. It involves taking specialized medications.
2. Surgical intervention. This procedure carries a risk to the life and health of the patient. It is used only in severe cases when all other treatment methods are ineffective. It is not advisable to treat non-stenotic atherosclerosis surgically.
3. Lifestyle adjustments. To stop the development of the disease, it is necessary to give up bad habits, especially smoking. You should minimize the consumption of fatty, fried, smoked foods. You need to move more, play sports, join the pool. In this case, the loads should be moderate. It is best to consult a specialist.
4. Diet food. Experts recommend adhering to special dietary rules. This will help reduce the amount of cholesterol entering the body.
5. Exercise therapy. There is a specialized set of exercises that helps restore normal blood supply to all segments of the brain and limbs.
6. Health monitoring. It is necessary to regularly measure blood pressure and monitor the concentration of cholesterol in the blood. All concomitant diseases should be treated in a timely manner.

Successful treatment is only possible if all negative factors are eliminated. The patient should avoid stressful situations, eat right and walk more in the fresh air. In this case, strict adherence to all doctor’s recommendations is mandatory.

What medications are used for therapy

Today, several groups of drugs have been developed that give a positive effect in the treatment of atherosclerosis of the great vessels of the brain:

1. Antiplatelet agents. Drugs of this type prevent blood platelets from sticking together, which reduces the risk of developing thrombosis. Such drugs are prohibited for use in cases of renal and liver failure, pregnancy, peptic ulcer disease and hemorrhagic stroke. The most popular drugs in this group are Thrombo-ass, Cardiomagnyl, Plavix, and so on.
2. Drugs that reduce blood viscosity. They help blood pass through narrowed areas better. These include Sulodexide. Phlogenzyme and others.
3. Preparations based on nicotinic acid. They are designed to improve blood circulation.
4. Medicines that reduce the concentration of cholesterol in the blood. With their help, non-stenotic atherosclerosis can be effectively treated. Among them are Crestor, Torvacard and others.
5. Means to enhance collateral circulation. This group includes Solcoseryl, Actovegin and some others.
6. Medicines to relieve symptoms. These may be anti-inflammatory and analgesics.

Drug therapy will take at least two to three months. Specific dosages and duration of therapy are determined by a specialist for each patient.

Patients suffering from atherosclerosis of the cerebral arteries are advised to take acetylsalicylic acid for life. These drugs will help minimize the risk of thrombosis.

Treatment with surgical methods

In severe cases, cerebral atherosclerosis is treated with surgery. This technique is used for stenotic type of disease. There are three main methods of performing the operation:

1. Shunting. During this operation, the surgeon creates an additional blood flow path near the damaged area. Thus, it is possible to restore normal blood flow.
2. Stenting. This operation involves the installation of a special implant, with the help of which it is possible to restore normal blood flow.
3. Balloon angioplasty. The procedure involves inserting a specialized balloon into the vessel. Pressure is applied to it, which expands the affected vessel.

The specific technique is selected by a specialist based on the patient’s health status, as well as in which segment of the vascular system the lesion is localized.

Physiotherapy

Non-stenotic atherosclerosis responds well to treatment if the main therapy program is supplemented with physical therapy. It is best to conduct a lesson with a specialist.

But you can do some exercises yourself:

1. Walk with measured steps around the room. At the same time, make sure that your blood pressure does not rise.
2. Stand up straight. Exhale smoothly and tilt your head back. At the same time, try to bend your cervical spine as much as possible. Stay in this position for a couple of seconds. After this, slowly return to the starting position. Repeat a similar procedure with your head tilted forward.
3. Stand up and straighten your spine as much as possible. Place your hands on your chest. On the count of one, raise your arms up, reaching to the ceiling. On the count of two, return to the starting position. Repeat this exercise 12 times.
4. Stand up straight. Make slow body bends to the left and right sides. Make sure that the tilt is done while exhaling, and returning to the starting point while inhaling.
5. Sit on a high-backed chair. Try to relax. On a count of one, move one leg to the side. Return to the original position. Repeat similar steps with the other leg.

By repeating such exercises regularly, you can ease the course of the disease. They allow you to stimulate blood circulation and increase the tone of the vascular wall.

Traditional treatment methods

You can supplement the main therapy program with the help of traditional medicine. They cannot act as the only method of therapy.

Among the most effective recipes against atherosclerosis are:

1. Dissolve a teaspoon of birch buds in a glass of boiling water. Boil the resulting mixture for 25 minutes. After this, leave the product for a couple of hours to infuse. You need to take the prepared composition three times a day in an amount of 100 ml.
2. Pour a glass of water over a teaspoon of dried hawthorn flowers. This composition must be boiled for about 25 minutes. After this, it can be filtered. Wait until the broth cools down. It is taken half a glass three times a day.
3. Squeeze the juice from one onion. Combine it with natural honey. For one spoon of juice you need one spoon of honey. Add a little water to make the mixture liquid. You need to take this remedy one spoon three times a day.

Such simple remedies will help enhance the effectiveness of traditional treatment. Sometimes they can provoke allergic reactions, so you should consult your doctor before using them.

Dietary diet

During treatment, patients with atherosclerosis are advised to follow a special diet. This is the only way to reduce the amount of cholesterol in the blood. The following recommendations must be followed:

1. It is recommended to consume foods enriched with iodine, such as seaweed.
2. A complete abstinence from animal fats is indicated. The lack of protein can be filled with legumes.
3. Eat more foods that have a diuretic effect. These include watermelons, apples, melons and others.
4. The diet should include more vegetables, fruits, nuts, and berries.
5. Eating chicken and turkey is allowed. Fatty meats and offal are strictly prohibited.
6. You will have to give up sweets, coffee, strong tea, chocolate, and canned foods.

Following the principles of proper nutrition will help stop the development of the disease and enhance the effect of medications. At the first manifestations of atherosclerosis, you should immediately seek help from a specialist. The sooner the problem is identified, the greater the likelihood of maintaining health.

holesterinstop.ru

Briefly about stenosing atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is chronic illness, characterized by damage to the arteries with the formation of cholesterol plaques in them. At the moment, doctors believe that its cause is a metabolic disorder, mainly proteins and lipids. Excess cholesterol, which remains in the body due to improper functioning of lipoproteins, settles on the arteries, forming plaques.

These plaques slightly narrow the lumen of the artery and do not make themselves felt at the early stage of the disease. But if the level of cholesterol in the blood does not decrease, then they grow, grow into the vessel wall and provoke the appearance of connective tissue (this process is called sclerosis). As a result, the inner wall of the artery thickens, an obstacle grows in the path of blood, and the tissues to which the vessel leads do not receive the required amount of oxygen.

At the first stages of the development of atherosclerosis, the plaques are so small that they have almost no effect on blood flow, and the diagnosis is “non-stenotic atherosclerosis.” When the lumen seriously narrows, “stenosis” appears and the prefix “not-” disappears. Stenotic atherosclerosis is conventionally considered to be a narrowing of the effective diameter of the artery by 50%.

It is worth noting an interesting fact: the diagnosis “non-stenosing atherosclerosis” does not exist in the world classification of diseases (ICD-10). This is due to the fact that doctors do not fully agree on the methods of its classification and diagnosis.

Causes of stenosing atherosclerosis

Risk factors for this disease mostly lie in lifestyle. This is why this disease is so widespread throughout the world. If we exclude some rare and narrowly targeted reasons, the main list looks like this:

• Smoking. According to the European Society of Cardiology, nicotine addiction is the main cause of atherosclerosis.
• Diabetes.
• Obesity. This also includes a sedentary lifestyle.
• Increased cholesterol levels, excess lipids.
• Hypertension. If the pressure is higher than 140/90, then there is reason to think about it.
• Stress. This factor has a negative effect on the entire body, primarily on the cardiovascular and nervous systems.
• Poor nutrition. Considered especially dangerous increased content fats and cholesterol in the diet.
• Heredity.

At least one of the listed points can be found in almost any person. For this reason, stenosing atherosclerosis ranks first as a cause of death in patients with heart disease and accounts for 8 cases per 1000 people.

Symptoms of stenosing atherosclerosis

Since there are many arteries in the human body, there can be plenty of symptoms. If we consider the main affected areas, we can distinguish: heart, kidneys, lower extremities, aorta, carotid arteries, brain.

Coronary arteries

Manifestations of stenosing atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries are associated with ischemic heart disease (coronary heart disease) and heart failure, since the myocardium does not receive the required amount of oxygen. As a result, the central heart muscle, chambers and valves degrade. Patients complain of:

• Dizziness.
• Tachycardia.
• Attacks of angina. At first, pain in the chest appears only during physical exertion; subsequently, half-hour attacks can occur at rest.
• Myocardial infarction.

A heart attack is the last and most dangerous consequence of coronary atherosclerosis. The artery is completely blocked, the myocardium undergoes necrosis. The development of complications is almost guaranteed: aneurysm, shock, rupture and sudden death. If a myocardial infarction occurs, it means that the coronary arteries of the heart are severely damaged by the disease.

Kidneys

Atherosclerosis of the renal arteries reveals itself as the only symptom - a constant, uninterrupted increase in blood pressure. If one kidney is blocked, the disease progresses smoothly; with a symmetrical blockage, a malignant course of the disease is possible.

Legs

Stenosing atherosclerosis of the arteries of the lower extremities causes disability: lameness, constant pain, amputation. The disease begins with minor symptoms, such as tingling in some areas, a feeling of coldness, and numbness. If you do not take measures to improve your health, minor symptoms develop into lameness, muscle weakness, pronounced freezing of the limbs, and severe pain. On last stage convulsions, tissue necrosis and trophic ulcers appear.

Aorta

Most often, atherosclerotic plaques occur in the main artery of the body. From it, broken pieces of a blood clot can get into any part of the body, block the passage and cause a heart attack. In addition, plaque proliferation leads to thickening of the aortic walls, aortic dissection and further rupture, leading to immediate death.

Often the intestines suffer from atherosclerotic changes in the aorta. Patients complain of sudden sharp pain in the stomach, pain of an unclear nature in the intestines. In such cases, urgent hospitalization is required, as tissue rupture inside the peritoneum is possible.

Carotid arteries

Stenosing atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries leads to disturbances in thinking and facial expressions. First, headaches and fatigue occur, followed by memory disturbances. In severe cases, clarity of speech and vision suffer, and the facial muscles stop contracting symmetrically.

Brain

The most noticeable disturbances are in the functioning of the brain (brain and spinal cord) and related parts. Stenotic cerebral atherosclerosis damages different parts of the cerebral cortex, as a result of which a person’s thinking, personality and behavior changes. When necrotic processes are localized in areas responsible for speech, vision and hearing, the patient receives severe damage to these functions, up to complete failure.

With atherosclerosis of the extracranial parts of the brachiocephalic arteries, severe neck pain and nausea appear, especially when turning the head.

If stenosing atherosclerosis of the BCA has affected the spinal cord, the patient experiences pain in the back and sternum, itching and swelling in the extremities, and nausea. The pressure is low; vision, hearing and speech are impaired.

Consequences of atherosclerosis

In the absence of adequate treatment, the final stage of stenosis of any artery is an infarction of the organ to which it leads. This means that oxygen stops flowing into the organ, and it quickly dies with the formation of necrotic (dead) tissue.

For the heart this means myocardial infarction, for the brain - a stroke, for the kidneys - a kidney infarction, and so on. Heart attacks are dangerous not only because the organ stops working, but also because the dead tissue decomposes, releasing toxins into the body. Often these manifestations of pathology lead to death.

To avoid a sad ending, you need to recognize the impending threat in time and consult a doctor for diagnosis and treatment.

Diagnosis of stenosing atherosclerosis

The diagnosis is based on asking the patient about his health, external examination and blood and urine tests. Based on these data, the attending physician may prescribe additional examinations:

• ECG, EchoCG and ultrasound. Often these procedures are enough to clarify the diagnosis.
• MRI. A clear picture of body sections clarifies the picture of what is happening in the body.
• Angiography of blood vessels. Conducting an examination with the introduction of contrast allows you to see exactly where the congestion has appeared.
• Triplex scanning. This diagnostic tool provides a lot of information about cardiovascular system: degree of narrowing, deformation, and the list goes on.
• Rheovasography. Study of blood quality characteristics.
• Doppler study. Sonographic signs of stenosing atherosclerosis help to understand the level of plaque development.
• Consultation with specialists from other fields. Depending on the location of atherosclerosis, you may need advice from a neurologist, surgeon, ophthalmologist or other doctors.

The list of studies for vascular stenosis is wide and depends on the individual patient. The doctor must order examinations until the exact cause of the disease is identified.

Treatment methods

In medicine, all types of treatment are divided into traditional (pills) and surgical (surgery). In our case, traditional treatment is also divided into medicinal and health-improving. In turn, with stenosing atherosclerosis, drug treatment is divided into symptomatic and directly therapeutic. In order not to get confused in this hierarchy, let's start from the very bottom.

Symptomatic treatment is aimed at eliminating the symptoms caused by atherosclerosis. This could be aspirin to thin the blood, painkillers to relieve pain, or a wide range of drugs to get the brain in order.

Therapeutic drugs control the disease itself. Some pills can lower cholesterol levels in the blood, some lower blood pressure to reduce the burden on the blood system.

Along with therapeutic and symptomatic medications, the patient is prescribed exercise therapy and wellness treatments. Since the disease is most often triggered by an unhealthy lifestyle, the patient needs to stop smoking, walk more, exercise, be less nervous, sleep well and eat right. The same list is included in the treatment of atherosclerosis.

In total, tablets and healthy image life must stop the development of atherosclerosis and slowly restore damaged arteries. But sometimes the disease progresses so far that traditional treatment is no longer enough. In this case, the specialist may prescribe surgical intervention - bypass surgery, angioplasty, stenting or removal surgery. When bypassing, an artificial vessel is installed to bypass the affected artery, angioplasty expands the lumen of the vessel, stenting slows down the development of plaque using a special frame, and when removed, the damaged vessel is completely removed.

In general, surgical assistance is required relatively infrequently. If the patient consults a doctor in time and does not harm himself with self-medication, he can usually be treated with traditional methods.

So, stenosing atherosclerosis is a systemic chronic illness, which develops asymptomatically for a long time and makes itself felt after about 40 years. It manifests itself in the form of plaques in the arteries and impairs blood flow until it is completely blocked. If left untreated, it leads to severe disorders in the body, disability and death. If you suspect this disease, you should not self-medicate so as not to waste time - you need to see a doctor as soon as possible and begin an examination.

cardiogid.ru

Who is at risk of getting atherosclerosis early?

Atherosclerosis is considered by many to be an indispensable disease of old age. However, when older people are tested, not everyone shows obvious signs. It has been established that the “preferred” contingent is:

• people with a family history (family members have hypertension, myocardial ischemia, strokes);
• little physical work;
• with limited motor activity;
• prone to overeating and excess weight;
• those who have experienced emotional stress and have a profession with great nervous tension.

What happens to blood vessels during the latent period?

It is wrong to choose one of the reasons and limit yourself, for example, to only the nutritional factor (nutrition). The appearance of a plaque narrowing the artery is preceded by a long period, starting from childhood. Non-stenotic atherosclerosis has to go through certain stages.

In the pre-lipid period, blood vessels undergo frequent spasms. Of primary importance are the factors involved in the response to stressful situations, including pituitary-adrenal changes. For the progression of atherosclerosis, increased vessel permeability and changes in the structure of the wall are necessary. This role is played by infectious agents that disrupt innervation.

Lipoidosis occurs when fatty inclusions freely penetrate into the arterial wall from the lumen of the vessel along with blood plasma.

The amount of lipids supplied with food is 10 times less than is synthesized inside the human body. The fatty substances into which cholesterol breaks down during “precipitation” have been established: triglycerides, α-lipoproteins and β-lipoproteins. These are protein-fat complexes that differ in the proportions of protein and fat (α-lipoproteins contain 39.3% lipids and 60% proteins, β-lipoproteins contain 76.7% lipids and 43% protein). Due to fat overload, β-lipoproteins are less stable and easily break down, releasing soluble lipids.

Triglycerides are processed by the enzyme lipase. It breaks down compounds to form β-lipoproteins. Therefore, reduced lipase activity is considered important in the formation of cholesterol deposits in blood vessels.

What symptoms can presumably be associated with the initial period of atherosclerosis?

Early atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels are not accompanied by severe clinical symptoms and are therefore not usually diagnosed. The initial period or non-stenotic form of the course can be assumed on the basis of neurovascular and metabolic disorders:

• tendency to general or regional spasms;
• increased blood cholesterol levels and changes in the composition of lipoproteins;
• identification of vascular pathology during examination.

Most often, non-stenotic atherosclerosis affects the brachiocephalic arteries, the aorta and the vessels of the lower extremities.

There are 2 stages of the disease:

1. preclinical,
2. with clinical signs.

It is known that Clinical signs appear when there is a narrowing of half the diameter of the vessel or more. Then the patient will definitely feel changes in his condition.

Spasmodic contractions of the arteries of the brain cause the following early symptoms:

• increased fatigue;
• weakening of attention;
• dizziness;
• irritability;
• memory loss;
• insomnia.

The doctor should clarify preclinical symptoms with leading questions. The general appearance of the patient indicates premature aging:

• dry wrinkled skin;
• thinning and hair loss;
• breaking nails;
• gait in small steps;
• change in character and intelligence.

In the initial stage of atherosclerosis of the brachiocephalic arteries (these include the complex of the right subclavian, carotid and vertebral), when interviewing the patient, one can identify:

• headaches with nausea and dizziness with normal blood pressure;
• tinnitus that gets worse when you move your head;
• the appearance of general weakness;
• numbness of the lower extremities;
• decreased vision, periodic darkening, “spots” and “snow flakes” in the eyes.

With preclinical damage to the aorta, atherosclerosis is possible in any part of it, both thoracic and abdominal. The patient has:

• discomfort in the heart area;
• periodic attacks of abdominal pain not associated with food intake;
• unexpectedly increased systolic (upper) pressure is detected;
• hoarseness and cough without symptoms of a cold.

The onset of atherosclerosis of the arteries of the lower extremities is indicated by:

• limping while walking due to pain in the calf muscles;
• pain disappears on its own after rest;
• leg cramps at night;
• chilly feet even in warm conditions.

Diagnostic signs

To simple diagnostic signs that all doctors know about include:

• increased systolic pressure with normal numbers lower level, pronounced noise during auscultation on the aorta with atherosclerosis of the aorta;
• decreased temperature of the affected foot to the touch, inability to determine pulsation on the dorsum of the foot, determination of the ankle-brachial index (measure the pressure on the leg by placing a cuff just above the knee and in the usual way on the arm), the ratio of values ​​should be equal to 1; when the ratio decreases to 0.8, one can conclude about sclerosis of the vessels of the legs.

Instrumental methods:

• rheoencephalography - allows you to establish a decrease in brain nutrition through the adductor arteries;
• rheovasography is a similar method used to check vessels in other areas;
• angiography - a contrast agent records the appearance and patency of the arteries on radiographs;
• X-ray of the heart in two projections - shows the condition of the aortic arch;
• Ultrasound of the carotid arteries - visualizes narrowing at the level of the bifurcation;
• Doppler scanning of vessels - a technique for studying the size of the vessel, blood flow speed, contours and wall density;
• Isotope scanning is an expensive study and is carried out in specialized centers.

What are considered complications?

The transition of a non-stenotic process to narrowing with the development of subsequent ischemic, thromonecrotic and fibrotic stages can be considered a complicating mechanism.

1. At the stage of ischemia - the patient suffers from classic manifestations of coronary heart disease with typical attacks of angina pectoris, chronic ischemic insufficiency of the brain is formed, blood flow through the renal arteries, femoral and mesenteric vessels.
2. Thrombonecrotic complications - characterized by symptoms of acute disruption of blood flow: myocardial infarction, stroke, thrombosis and embolism of other vessels.
3. In the fibrous or sclerotic stage, the parenchyma of organs is replaced by scar tissue, their function sharply decreases, symptoms indicate failure of the heart, brain, kidneys and liver. These changes are irreversible.

Treatment methods

Treatment of atherosclerosis in the preclinical stage serves to prevent the spread and manifestation of complications.

The diet should be changed according to dietary table No. 10, reducing the intake of animal fat and salt.

Only a doctor can select medications. Depending on the initial symptoms, blood tests and local manifestations recommended:

• statins to maintain normal lipoprotein levels;
• course use of vasodilators;
• medications that thin the blood and prevent blood clots are prescribed prophylactically;
• Vitamin and mineral complexes help support metabolism in the vascular wall and stop aging.

It is worth consulting about the use of immunostimulants in treatment; they prevent susceptibility to infections, therefore, they also protect the walls of blood vessels.

The detection of atherosclerosis in a non-stenotic form should be considered as an incentive to take action to preserve health. At this stage, much is determined by the patient’s attitude towards his loved one.

serdec.ru

Causes of the disease

The first and most important cause of atherosclerosis is age-related changes in blood vessels, which can be triggered by various factors. In the initial stages, the disease may not manifest itself in any way, so most people do not even suspect that they have problems with blood vessels.

The stenosing type of atherosclerosis most often appears in males, while the female half of humanity practically does not suffer from this disease.

Predisposing factors

In addition to the age factor, the appearance of atherosclerosis of the stenosing type is also influenced by:

Among these factors, bad habits are considered the most important. They provoke the development of atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels. The second predisposing factor is poor nutrition, which contains a large number of cholesterol harmful to the body. Harmful cholesterol does not completely dissolve in the blood plasma; it leaves a sediment, which settles on the walls of blood vessels, forming atherosclerotic plaques.

The vessels of the lower extremities are most susceptible to atherosclerotic changes. Of course, other vascular systems also suffer from stenosing atherosclerosis, but it is the vessels of the lower extremities that are most susceptible to changes. This is explained by the fact that the vessels on the legs are lower than all other vessels, no matter how strange it all sounds.

Intoxication with alcohol and nicotine has the most detrimental effect on blood vessels. Nicotine contained in cigarettes can cause spasms in blood vessels. Alcohol has a bad effect on nervous system humans and causes an increase in cholesterol.

In addition, a person’s lifestyle and working conditions also influence. If a person leads a sedentary lifestyle and works in a warm, cozy office, then after 10 years of such a life, atherosclerosis is guaranteed in almost one hundred percent of cases. In order for the blood vessels to be in good shape, a person must walk at least 10 kilometers every day, and with such a lifestyle this is almost impossible.

Also, local factors can influence atherosclerotic diseases of the lower extremities:

Types of stenosing atherosclerosis. Brachiocephalic atherosclerosis of stenotic type

There are several types of atherosclerosis. The most dangerous type can be called atherosclerosis of the carotid (or, scientifically, brachiocephalic) arteries. These arteries are vital because they transport oxygen-rich blood directly to the brain.

Atherosclerosis can affect the carotid arteries only if other vascular systems of the body are affected.

Signs of stenosing atherosclerosis of the brachiocephalic arteries:

These signs may be signs not only of atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries, but also of other vessels. To find out exactly what type of atherosclerosis you have, consult your doctor.

The main cause of atherosclerotic disease of the carotid arteries is the appearance of plaque. Basically, atherosclerotic plaques appear due to wrong image life (consuming animal fats in large quantities).

Symptoms of disease development

Symptoms of the disease may vary. It all depends on which vessels were affected. For example, atherosclerosis of the lower extremities can manifest itself in the appearance of snoring at night during sleep. However, this may also be a consequence of another form of atherosclerosis.

Thus, at the first stage, atherosclerosis of the obliterating type can manifest itself as follows:

At the second stage of the disease, pain in the legs and rapid fatigue of one of the limbs may be added to the previous symptoms. Also, toenails may begin to break and become rough, and discomfort will appear in the calves. Symptoms of coronary artery disease will appear. In addition, the pulsation in the vessels in the legs will decrease.

During the third stage, lameness will increase. Every fifty to seventy steps you will have to stop. There will be pain in the fingers even during rest. The lower leg muscles partially atrophy. Hair will begin to fall out, the skin will become thin and unattractive, and cracks will appear on the fingers.

The fourth stage of the disease is the most serious, its processes are almost irreversible. The skin becomes red with a copper tint. The feet will begin to swell and trophic ulcers will appear. At night, mild pain will begin, which will begin to intensify over time. Often your body temperature will be elevated. The worst manifestation of the disease is the appearance of gangrene, in which case there is practically no chance of recovery.

Stenosing atherosclerosis of the main parts of the brain

Stenosing atherosclerosis of the main arteries of the head can cause brain failure. Atherosclerotic plaques, which are located in the carotid and other arteries that transport blood to the brain, are the most dangerous, since in these places they will grow much faster than in other places.

Symptoms of brain failure

IN in this case Three different groups of symptoms can be distinguished. General cerebral symptoms include:

• Poor memory;
• Decreased brain activity and endurance;

Manifestations of an ocular nature include:

• Partial blindness, “attacks” of blindness;

Hemispheric manifestations:

• Speech disorders;
• Facial asymmetry;
• Pain and disturbances during movement in the limbs.

Stenosing atherosclerosis of the BCA is characterized by the following manifestations:

How to diagnose the disease?

To diagnose cerebral vascular diseases, it is necessary to perform an ultrasound examination. This can be done using a modern ultrasound machine that has a vascular sensor.

Only a duplex ultrasound examination can diagnose damage to the carotid arteries in humans. The study will help not only diagnose the disease, but also accurately determine its stage. An ultrasound machine can determine how strongly the vessels are narrowed, where the plaque (narrowing) is located, the speed of blood flow, as well as its direction.

Treatment is prescribed exclusively by a medical professional and depends directly on the stage of the disease and its location. Treatment is usually prescribed in a comprehensive manner. For example, if a patient high blood pressure, then he is prescribed drugs that reduce it.

• Compliance with the regime;
• Proper nutrition, in which animal fats are almost completely absent;
• Regular walks for several hours.

In addition, they are appointed medical supplies, lowering cholesterol levels. Before this, the necessary tests are taken. In particularly difficult cases, drugs containing a statin are prescribed, which suppresses the production of cholesterol in the liver. Proper nutrition also almost completely eliminates salt and sugar.

As complementary therapy You can use traditional and homeopathic medicine. Before using them, be sure to consult your doctor.

Treatment time depends on individual characteristics body, but usually lasts at least six months. To prevent the development of the disease, follow these recommendations:

1. Move more. Walk at least 10 kilometers regularly;
2. If you work in an office, do a short warm-up every half hour;
3. Eat healthy and balanced, consume less salt and animal fats;
4. Give up bad habits. Doctors recommend doing this gradually, and not abruptly, so as not to provoke a stressful situation in the body;
Obliterating atherosclerosis of the arteries of the lower extremities Cerebral atherosclerosis - what is it?

What is cerebral atherosclerosis

At the initial stage of narrowing, non-stenotic atherosclerosis of the main arteries of the head is diagnosed. At this point, the disease is practically asymptomatic. The disease is usually discovered accidentally during one of your regular aptitude tests or when visiting a doctor.

Once the cholesterol plaque covers more than 50% of the internal lumen, stenosing atherosclerosis of the main arteries of the head is diagnosed. This pathology is more dangerous and threatens serious complications. Atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels become chronic. The pathology acquires a clear clinical picture. The cardiologist is required to determine what type of disease the patient has.

Due to the fact that pathologies of cerebral vessels threaten human life, in order to defeat atherosclerosis, it is necessary to carefully follow the doctor’s recommendations. Self-medication is unacceptable!

Signs of the disease

• Ultrasonography.
• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging).
• CT (computed tomography).
• Angiography - the study is carried out with the introduction of contrast. Angiography helps to see the location, extent of damage and the consequences of atherosclerosis.

According to international classification diseases, atherosclerosis is considered to be a separate pathology. To coordinate the efforts of doctors, the disease is assigned its own ICD 10 code.

Why is atherosclerosis dangerous?

Diffuse atherosclerosis in this regard poses the greatest danger, since it does not have strict localization and spreads through adjacent vessels and arteries.

Another serious complication is the risk of loss of integrity and rupture of vascular tissue. As a result of narrowing of the arteries, blood pressure increases. Over time, the walls of blood vessels become thinner and lose their elasticity as a result of constant stress. Atherosclerotic plaques are constantly growing. Any hypertensive crisis can lead to a stroke - rupture of blood vessels and internal hemorrhage of the brain.

The first sign of a developing stroke is partial or complete loss of vision over a short period of time. If the necessary drug treatment for cerebral atherosclerosis is not prescribed, the changes can be fatal.

How and with what to treat the disease

Modern treatment methods are aimed at eliminating the consequences of the disease and restoring the normal functionality of blood vessels and arteries. For this purpose the following are assigned:

Disability is assigned to the patient when vascular stenosis is diagnosed. In this case, any overexertion can cause a stroke or lead to other complications.

How to cleanse brain vessels

To clean the vessels, the following is prescribed:

• Treatment with leeches. The saliva that enters the patient's bloodstream when bitten by a leech contains an enzyme that thins the blood and loosens existing cholesterol plaques. Through several hirudotherapy procedures, congestion is eliminated and the metabolic process is activated.
• Homeopathy - the essence of the method comes down to the correct dosage selection of the drug aimed at the causes of atherosclerosis.
• Therapeutic exercises - normalizes blood pressure, promotes metabolic processes, ensures blood flow and flushes out deposits from the body. Physical exercise increase vascular tone, with a gradual restoration of their elasticity.

Folk remedies for atherosclerosis

Traditional methods of treatment make it possible to normalize blood pressure and provide the body with all essential vitamins to normalize metabolic processes. The following recipes are popular:

• Every day you need to eat half a glass chokeberry. The product normalizes blood pressure well and gives the body the necessary amount of vitamin C.
• 1 tbsp. A spoonful of dill is poured into half a liter of boiling water. After infusing for an hour, take 100 ml of the decoction before meals.
• Raw potato juice is taken three times every day. To do this, peel a medium-sized potato, grate it, and then squeeze the juice through cheesecloth. This recipe can help even with cerebral type atherosclerosis, but requires long-term use.

Diet and nutrition rules

Healthy foods include fruits and vegetables, fish, lean meats, grains and boiled potatoes. You can season salads and food in any way. vegetable oil, better olive or sunflower.

The cardiologist will definitely plan the diet of a patient suffering from atherosclerosis and help find best option food for a week.

Prevention and prevention of disease