How to understand that there is a blood clot in the leg. Thrombophlebitis. Treatment with folk remedies. What contributes to the occurrence of vascular diseases

For many people, one of the threatening problems is thrombosis, which occurs due to blockage of the veins. It is very important to promptly prevent the formation of a blood clot, since in the absence of competent treatment, the patient may be at risk of thromboembolism (a fatal disease).

A thrombus is characterized by blood clots that occur in the vessels, thus disrupting the blood circulation process. A complication of the disease is that a blood clot can break off or form such a size that the venous lumen is blocked. As a result, the process of tissue death occurs and a blood clot enters the heart or pulmonary artery. Among the most dangerous consequences of this pathology are stroke, heart attack and the aforementioned thromboembolism (in most cases they end in disability, paralysis, or death of the patient).

Due to a blood clotting disorder, thrombosis begins to develop. Small blood clots accumulate in places where the vascular walls are damaged. A similar process occurs in areas of atherosclerotic plaques. After which microinflammation is activated with the subsequent appearance of fibrin threads. This is the root cause of a blood clot.

As thrombotic formations layer, the clot increases in size. Once a blood clot breaks off, blood flow immediately stops, which can be fatal.

Blood clots occur as a result of the following factors:

1. Pathological effects on vascular walls.
2. Significant decrease in blood flow rate.
3. Increased level blood clotting.
4. Poor patient mobility throughout long period time (consequences of paralysis, sedentary work).
5. Crash hormonal balance(consequence of taking a hormonal drug, abortion).
6. Injuries, surgical interventions.
7. Diseases of the cardiovascular system.
8. Heredity.

Types of blood emboli

The first thing you should pay attention to is that blood clots are different character, which is determined by the etiology of the disease.

1. Thrombosis of stagnant nature.
2. Inflammatory thrombosis.
3. Thrombosis, which occurs due to impaired hematopoiesis.

Based on the relationship between vessel walls and clot formations, there are the following forms of thrombosis:

1. Floating thrombosis.
2. Parietal blood clots.
3. Type of neoplasms of mixed nature.
4. Occlusive view of embolus.

Signs of illness

Pathology occurs in both deep and more superficial veins. In deep veins, clots cannot initially form. As the disease progresses, the following symptoms occur:

• there is a feeling of heaviness in the legs;
• there is severe swelling;
• lower limbs turn blue;
• the patient suffers from bursting pain in the legs;
• a febrile state occurs;
• noticeable inflammation of the lymph nodes;
• On palpation, a thickening is felt in the affected area.

In the absence of therapy, the disease quickly progresses and enters a new stage, which is defined as thrombophlebitis. This pathology provides, in addition to damage to the veins, inflammatory process. One of characteristic features thrombophlebitis is a high temperature. It is possible that without competent help, serious complications may occur.

Signs pathological process in superficial veins are the following symptoms:

• swelling lower limbs;
• hyperemia of the affected area of ​​the leg;
• a clear manifestation of the venous pattern;
• density of formation on the affected area;
• painful movements;
• convulsions.

Attention! If a pathological process occurs in the form of a blood clot in the leg, you should seek help from a specialist and not use self-treatment.

You can learn about what a blood clot and thrombosis are from the video.

Video - What is a blood clot and thrombosis

What is the danger of a blood clot?

The formation of this pathology leads to complex consequences, so therapy should be mandatory. There are cases where occlusal pathology causes gangrenous tissue damage.

Consequences

Diagnosis confirmation

To confirm the diagnosis, the patient must undergo a series of examinations, which include:

• Ultrasound (Dopplerography);
• Ultrasound (duplex angioscanning). One of the most reliable methods blood clot studies to date;
• blood analysis;
• rheovasography.

Taken together, all research data helps to recreate full picture blood clot in the leg. Based on this, the further course of treatment is determined.

A specialist will tell you how the pathology is diagnosed.

Video - Deep Vein Thrombosis

Treatment methods

After establishing the severity of the disease, the location of the inflammatory process, as well as the main indicators of the veins, the doctor begins to select therapy. Two directions of treatment have been identified – conservative and surgical.

Drug treatment includes:

1. Minimally invasive manipulations.
2. Use of medicines.
3. Traditional medicine methods (herbal medicine).
4. Individual diet.
5. Correct daily routine, normal sleep.

For positive results on the path to recovery, experts recommend using complex therapy. However, if it is noted serious condition patient, then a surgical solution to the problem is indicated.

As for drug therapy, it is based on the use of anticoagulants, anti-inflammatory drugs, and thrombolytics.

Details about the drugs

1. Anticoagulants (Heparin). Thanks to the use of this drug, it is possible to reduce the level of blood clotting, which blocks the process of blood clots or their further formation. For example, new generation drugs help a lot - Fragmin And Clexane.
2. Indirect anticoagulants. The main function is to suppress the formation of blood clots. This group drugs can be used for a long period of time (Dicumarin, Warfarin).
3. Thrombolytics. If a blood clot small sizes, then you can use drugs to remove it (Urokinase). By acting on fibrin fiber, active substance completely dissolves the blood clot.
4. Hemorheological drugs. Used to normalize blood circulation, thus reducing its viscosity (Refortan).
5. Anti-inflammatory drugs. To combat pain and inflammation that occurs against the background of blood clot formation, it is prescribed Diclofenac.
6. Minimally invasive therapy involves puncture of the vessel.

It is important! If a floating type of thrombus is observed (capable of moving through the vessel), then the use of vena cava filters is recommended. These traps block the blood clot and prevent it from traveling to the heart or lung.

About the consequences of thrombosis in the leg, in the absence proper treatment a highly qualified doctor will tell you.

Video - Consequences of thrombosis

Procedures to eliminate blood clots

• thrombectomy is a surgical procedure that helps to remove it using a special tube;
• stenting;
• surgical treatment using the Troyanov-Trendelenburg operation - the action is aimed at clamping the saphenous vein.

If a specialist has identified complications of thrombosis, then removal of a fragment of the diseased vein is indicated. This operation requires the use of general anesthesia. Despite the selected method of treatment, the patient is indicated special diet and bed rest.

Recommendations! In order to improve blood circulation during thrombosis, you need to lie on your back and put your legs on a raised surface. It is best to use a special roller. IN further doctor may recommend using an elastic bandage to wrap the sore area.

It is very important to review your diet and start a diet that excludes salty foods and fried foods. It is best to pay attention to seafood, which contains a sufficient amount of Omega-3.

Thrombosis is a disease accompanied by the formation of blood clots in the affected area. This pathology is very dangerous, because at any moment a blood clot can break off and lead to unpredictable consequences. Blood clots occur due to certain diseases that are based on the formation of a blood clot inside a vessel.

The clot attaches to the vessel due to a violation of the structure of the venous wall. Its surface becomes a little rough due to the fact that it loses its smoothness. Thus, blood clots attach much more easily to this area, accumulating and increasing in size over time.

There are such forms of pathologies:

• venous form of the disease: thrombophlebitis with damage to the saphenous veins, damage to the deep veins;
• arterial thrombosis.

For a disease of venous origin, the formation of a blood clot in one place is more typical. As a result of the influence of factors, it can divide into several particles and migrate through other vessels. The disease can affect a person regardless of age and gender.

Arterial thrombosis is characterized by the movement of formation from large arteries into small ones. Thus, blood flow in the vessels is completely blocked.

Depending on the location of the clot, there is different symptoms, indicating its presence:

1. The appearance of thrombophlebitis can be caused by an inflammatory process if there are varicose veins. The main signs of a blood clot in the leg are an increase in pain under the influence of activity, as well as a red color of the skin near the enlarged vessels.
2. Clots in the deep veins located below the knee, if they are single, are practically asymptomatic. If the lumen of the vessel is completely blocked, the skin turns blue and pain increases.
3. In the first minutes of an arterial block, severe pain appears at the site of the lesion, movement functions are impaired, and the skin becomes pale.

The greatest danger is from blood clots in the deep veins. If, with a complete blockage of the vessel, blood circulation is not restored within an hour and a half, you can lose a limb. Clots without symptoms in the vessels cause blockage of the pulmonary arteries. If blood flow is disrupted in small branches, then lung tissue inflamed. Subsequently, large vessels turn off, and sudden death. In order to know how to recognize a blood clot in the leg and its symptoms, you should understand the nature of the pathology and the principles of treatment.

Reasons for the occurrence of education

There are a number of reasons that influence the appearance of a blood clot in the leg. Thrombosis of the lower extremities is a fairly serious risk factor for the occurrence of thromboembolic complications.

All consequences may arise depending on its location. Venous blockages are divided into those affecting the superior vena cava and those affecting the inferior vena cava. The thrombus causes a slowdown in blood circulation through the vessels, and this causes the clot to increase in size.

The causes of the pathological process are divided depending on the form of the course.

Acute thrombosis is provoked by the following factors:

• Damage to the vessel wall from the inside or outside.
• Inflammation inside the vessel.
• Genetic changes that affect blood clotting.

These are common factors influencing the development of pathology and blood clot formation. Such changes can be provoked by external influences that affect a person every day.

In order for a blood clot to form, certain conditions are required. Their presence, together with the main reasons, can provoke the formation of a clot in the vessel.

Conditions for the formation of a clot include: a sedentary lifestyle; Varicose veins; infection and inflammatory process in any area; smoking and abuse alcoholic drinks; obesity in combination with diabetes mellitus And arterial hypertension; long-term treatment with hormones; Availability malignant neoplasms; surgical interventions.

The formation of blood clots occurs under the influence of several unfavorable conditions. The most common causes of pathology are trauma to the vessel wall and the presence of an inflammatory process in it. Long-term exposure provokes not only the formation of a blood clot, but also its separation, increasing the risks of complications.

For a clot to form, a basis in the form of diseases is needed, because most often thrombus formation is only a consequence of the neglect of certain diseases.

These include:

1. Varicose veins.
2. Thrombophlebitis with deep vein damage.
3. Postthrombophlebitic syndrome.

Any of these diseases creates conditions for the formation of blood clots and partial or complete blocking of the lumen of the vessel.

The main manifestations of the presence of a blood clot in the leg

Many people are interested in the question: how to identify a blood clot in the leg. There is no clear answer to this question, since the manifestation of blood clots depends on the specific disease that caused its appearance.

The symptoms of a blood clot in the leg do not have distinctive features; it all depends on the location and disease that provoked the formation of the clot.

The disease can be suspected based on certain signs inherent in this condition. The presence of a blood clot may be accompanied by regular pain in the limb when moving.

In addition, the presence of the following deviations is revealed: at rest or during exercise, pain can be observed in the groin area, as well as in the inner thigh; increased swelling of the feet and legs; changes in skin color, especially in the affected area (skin may appear blue or red); increase in body temperature.

With varicose veins accompanied by thrombosis, there are some differences in symptoms. This pathology does not always occur along with the appearance of clots, but is a factor provoking its appearance.

Most often, this disorder is observed in females due to anatomical features.

Typical manifestations of the disease are:

• , which affects the condition of the skin.
• Pain in to varying degrees expressiveness.
• Night cramps in the lower leg.

It is very difficult, if not impossible, to detect a blood clot on your leg on your own. But when intensified pain you need to see a doctor urgently.

Complications of varicose veins inevitably lead to thrombosis. When the condition is neglected, thrombophlebitis occurs, which has a number of characteristic symptoms. The patient may experience more than one symptom, after which he should consult a specialist. Signs of thrombophlebitis include:

1. increased body temperature;
2. normal temperature of the affected limb;
3. blue tint of the skin due to damage to the small veins of the lower limb;
4. pronounced pain in the limb even at rest;

This pathology can be detected and treated only in hospital conditions. A special distinguishing feature is pain in the leg due to thrombosis. Self-medication in such a situation is simply unacceptable, since the consequences may be irreversible.

The most common lesion of the deep veins is in the lower leg. It is difficult to identify this phenomenon on your own, so after persistent manifestations you need to contact a specialist urgently.

The main signs of this condition include pain syndrome shins and swelling in the feet and ankles.

In addition, there is the appearance of bursting sensations in the limb.

Carrying out diagnostics and treatment

Only a specialist knows how to check for the presence or absence of a blood clot in the leg. The key to a successful diagnosis is timely appeal to a medical facility.

IN diagnostic measures includes an examination in which the doctor can feel the affected vein. It also includes taking an anamnesis and asking about the patient’s complaints. Special tests are also used, based on the results of which the diagnosis and treatment strategy will be based.

Also, diagnosis of a blood clot in the leg involves the use of laboratory determination of blood clotting abilities using coagulation; and studies using triplex ultrasound scanning.

• impedance plethysmography (determining the amount of blood that has accumulated in the legs);
• thermography (determining temperature in different parts of the affected leg);
• tomography (indication - preparatory stage for surgical intervention);
• venography (helping to determine the degree of thrombosis).

The main purpose of the examination is to determine the presence or absence of a blood clot, as well as its parameters indicating the degree of the disease.

After determining the diagnosis, the doctor prescribes therapy. In case of such a pathology, it is important to start the treatment process on time.

Depending on the type of pathology, form and characteristics of the course, they can use drug therapy or surgery.

In addition, special droppers with solutions are used that can reduce blood viscosity.

Therapy for a blood clot in the legs should solve such problems.

Vein thrombosis- this is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in the lumen of a vessel, which leads to impaired circulation in this area. The disease is manifested by bursting pain, redness and swelling. General state the person does not deteriorate much. In 80% of cases, the disease is asymptomatic, but a blood clot can cause a fatal complication - pulmonary embolism.

According to statistics from the World Health Organization, every fourth person on the planet is at risk of developing a blood clot. Every year, thrombosis is diagnosed in 160 people for every 100 thousand population. In Russia alone, 240,000 people fall ill every year.

Vein thrombosis is considered more of a “female” disease. The beautiful half of humanity suffers from this pathology 5-6 times more often than men. The reason for this is high level female hormones, reception hormonal contraceptives and pregnancy.

Overweight people are also at great risk. Doctors say that after 40 years, with obesity of 3-4 degrees, the likelihood of a blood clot increases 5 times.

Blood clots can appear in the arteries, veins and capillaries of any organ. But most often the veins of the lower extremities, especially the lower legs, are affected. In most cases, blood clots are located near the wall (parietal), but they can also completely block the lumen (obstructive blood clots).

It must be remembered that the process of blood clot formation is a protective mechanism. Without it, we would die from loss of blood even after a minor injury. The blood coagulates, forming clots of platelets and collagen. They clog damaged vessels, stopping bleeding. When the wound heals, such blood clots resolve on their own. Problems arise if the balance of the blood coagulation and anticoagulation systems is disturbed.

Anatomy of veins

The vein wall has several layers:

1. Inner lining of veins(intimacy):
   • endothelial cell layer that come into contact with blood. Their function is to prevent the formation of blood clots and prevent blood clots from attaching to the vein wall. To do this, cells produce a special substance - prostacyclin.
   • a layer of thin elastic membrane made from connective tissue fibers.
2. Median tunica veins consists of smooth muscles. Muscle fibers there are few in the vein and they are located in bunches rather than in a continuous layer. Because of this, the veins collapse if there is little blood in them and easily stretch and expand when overflowing with blood. In the veins of bones, liver, spleen, brain and retina, the muscle layer is absent.
3. Outer shell(adventitia) is the thickest. Its function is to protect the vein from damage. It consists of a dense layer of elastic and collagen fibers of connective tissue, in which nerves and blood vessels pass. The outside of the vein is covered with a layer of loose connective tissue, with the help of which it is fixed to the muscles and organs.

Factors that prevent the formation of blood clots

13 factors (substances or enzymes) are responsible for blood clotting. Each of them has a counterweight (inhibitor), a substance that stops the action of the clotting factor. It is these inhibitors that make up the blood anticoagulation system. Its function is to maintain blood in a liquid form and protect blood vessels from the formation of blood clots.

Components of the anticoagulant system:

1. Anticoagulants – substances that inhibit fibrin production in the body
   • Primary anticoagulants, which are constantly contained in the blood, preventing platelets from sticking together. These are antithrombin III, heparin, a 1 -antitrypsin, a 2 -macroglobulin, protein C, protein S, thrombomodulin, etc.
   • Secondary anticoagulants. These substances are formed when the blood has already begun to clot. They stop this process. These include: antithrombin I (fibrin), antithrombin IX, auto-II anticoagulant, etc.
2. Fibrinolysis system. Its main component is plasmin. It is responsible for the breakdown of fibrin fibers, which make up the basis of the blood clot.

Fibrin S lines the veins from the inside. Its task is to prevent blood cells from adhering to the venous wall, preventing its damage and improving blood flow.

Deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities

A blood clot most often forms in the deep veins of the leg. In the first 3-4 days, the clot is weakly attached to the wall of the vessel. During this period, it can easily come off.

After about a week, inflammation of the vein wall begins around the blood clot - thrombophlebitis. During this period, the blood clot hardens and attaches to the wall of the vessel. Inflammation causes new blood clots to appear higher along the vein. Despite the involvement of large areas of the vein, the disease is often asymptomatic.

Causes of deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities

1. Congenital anomalies vessels:
   • congenital or acquired insufficiency of venous valves,
   • underdevelopment of the muscular or elastic membrane of the vein wall;
   • congenital varicose veins;
   • congenital fistulas between deep veins and arteries.
   These developmental features of veins lead to slow blood flow and stagnation in the veins. In this case, platelets easily stick together, forming a blood clot.
2. Oncological diseases
   • stomach cancer;
   • pancreas cancer;
   • lungs' cancer;
   • malignant tumors small pelvis.
   In people with cancer, metabolism is disrupted and blood clotting increases. Chemotherapy leads to damage to the inner lining of blood vessels, thereby activating substances that thicken the blood. What makes the situation worse is that cancer patients move little and are often completely bedridden.
3. Hormonal disorders
   • disorders of the sex glands;
   • use of combined oral contraceptives(COOK);
   • hormonal disbalance during pregnancy.
   Increased levels of female sex hormones cause blood thickening. Progesterone, which stops bleeding during menstruation, can cause blood clots. And estrogen is capable of activating fibrinogen and prothrombin, whose role in the formation of blood clots is very large.
4. Obesity . Fat cells produce the hormone leptin, which is similar to female sex hormones. Leptin acts on sensitive receptors on the surface of platelets, causing them to stick together.
5. Consequences surgical operations . After surgery, 30% of people over 40 years of age are diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis. A lot of tissue thromboplastin enters the blood. This substance causes blood clotting.
6. Fractures . Tissue thromboplastin (one of the blood clotting factors) enters the bloodstream and triggers a cascade of reactions leading to the formation of blood clots.
7. Paraplegics . Impaired movement of the lower extremities can be a consequence of injury or stroke. As a result, the innervation and nutrition of the vein walls deteriorates, which disrupts its functioning. In addition, the movement of blood through the veins largely depends on the work of the muscles. Therefore, if the muscles do not push the blood through, it stagnates, stretching the veins.
8. Infections
   • sepsis;
   • pneumonia;
   • purulent wounds, abscesses.
   Bacteria make the blood more viscous and damage the inner lining of the veins. They cause the release of substances that lead to the formation of a blood clot.

• age over 40 years;
• frequent flights or trips that last more than 4 hours;
• “standing” or “sedentary” work;
• heavy physical activity, sports;
• smoking.

Mechanism of thrombus formation

1. Damage to the wall of a blood vessel. The inner lining of the vein can be torn as a result of injury, damaged by allergens or microorganisms. Compressing or stretching a vein also disrupts the endothelial cells of the vessel.
2. Increased blood clotting. Damage to the vessel causes tissue thromboplastin and thrombin to enter the blood. These protein elastic fibers hold the blood cells together in the clot and activate the formation of other substances that increase blood viscosity. An increased concentration of platelets and red blood cells is also dangerous.
3. Slowing down blood flow . A decrease in blood speed in people who are forced to remain in bed, sit or stand for a long time at work, or wear a plaster cast. Atherosclerotic plaques and dysfunction of venous valves create vortex flows that form lumps of blood cells.

Symptoms of deep vein thrombosis

• swelling of the lower leg or entire limb;
• the skin of the affected leg becomes shiny, glossy;
• bluish skin tone;
• the saphenous veins are filled with blood from the deep veins and are clearly visible;
• To the touch, the diseased limb seems colder than the healthy one.

Diagnostics

Samples - these studies help the doctor determine the presence of a blood clot during an objective examination, even without equipment.

Lowenberg's sign

The doctor makes a test with a blood pressure cuff. The cuff is placed above the knee. Signs of vein blockage: at a value of 80-100 mm Hg. Painful sensations appear below the knee. On a healthy lower leg, even compression reaches 150-180 mm Hg. does not cause pain.

Marching test

An elastic bandage is applied to the leg from the toes to the groin. You will be asked to walk around for a few minutes, then the bandage will be removed.

Signs of thrombosis:

• bursting pain in the legs;
• not collapsed dilated saphenous veins.

Pratt-1 test

You will be asked to lie down, your calf circumference will be measured and the superficial veins will be drained using massage. After this, the doctor applies an elastic bandage, starting from the fingers. Thus, it compresses the subcutaneous vessels and directs blood into the deep veins. You will be asked to walk for 10 minutes, then the bandage will be removed.

Signs of deep vein thrombosis

• appear discomfort, pain in the lower leg - signs of impaired outflow through the deep veins;
• the volume of the lower leg increases due to blood stagnation.

You lie on your back, knees bent. The doctor will ask you to flex your foot. Signs of deep vein thrombosis:

• the appearance of sharp pallor on the calf;
• severe pain in the calf muscle.

You are lying on the couch, with a bolster under your sore leg. Using massage movements, the doctor drains the superficial veins and applies a tourniquet to the upper third of the thigh. You will be asked to walk with the tourniquet for 30-40 minutes.

Signs of deep vein thrombosis:

• the feeling of fullness in the leg increases;
• pain appears in the lower leg.

A research method based on the property of ultrasound to be reflected from moving objects. blood cells with changed frequency. As a result, the doctor receives a picture that describes the features of blood movement through the vessels.

Doppler ultrasound is 90% reliable when examining the femoral vein, but examining the deep veins of the leg is less informative.

Doppler ultrasound reveals the following signs of deep vein thrombosis:

• there are no changes in blood movement in the femoral artery during inspiration. This says that the blood clot is between the femoral vein and the heart;
• blood flow in the femoral vein does not increase after the doctor has expelled blood from the veins of the leg. This is evidence that there is a blood clot in the area between the lower leg and thigh;
• the speed of blood movement is slow in the popliteal, femoral and anterior tibial veins. This means that on its way, the blood encounters an obstacle in the form of a blood clot;
• There are differences in the movement of blood through the veins of the right and left legs.

The study of veins is called phlebography. This method is based on the injection of an iodine-based contrast agent into a vein. This compound is absolutely harmless to health. It makes the vein clearly visible on X-rays or CT scans. For research use special apparatus– angiograph.

Signs of thrombosis:

• the contrast agent does not penetrate into the vein blocked by a thrombus - the “chopped vein” effect;
• sharp narrowing of the lumen of the vessel;
• uneven contours of blood vessels indicate varicose veins and the deposition of atherosclerotic plaques on the inner wall of blood vessels;
• mural thrombi look like rounded formations attached to the wall of the vein, not stained with a contrast agent.

Thrombosis of the superficial veins of the lower extremities

Causes of superficial vein thrombosis

1. Varicose veins.

   A large amount of blood stagnates in the veins, while the vessels stretch and turn into reservoirs filled with blood. Without movement, blood cells stick together and grow into fibers fibrin.

2. Blood diseases
   • Erythremia is a disease in which the number of blood cells increases and the blood becomes thicker.
   • thrombophilia is a disease in which the number of platelets increases and the tendency to develop blood clots increases.
     These pathologies can be congenital or develop as a result of hypertension and autoimmune diseases.
3. Infectious diseases.
   • scarlet fever;
   • angina;
   • pneumonia;
   • sepsis;
   • mumps.
   Bacteria and viruses can damage the inner lining of veins, thereby activating substances that cause blood clots.
4. Injuries
   • bruises;
   • fractures;
   • burns;
   • frostbite;
   • surgical operations.
   In this case, three factors act at once: during an injury, the vessel wall may be damaged, blood clotting increases, and a plaster cast or bed rest leads to a slowdown in blood flow.
5. System autoimmune diseases
   • antiphospholipid syndrome (APS);
   • rheumatoid arthritis;
   • systemic vasculitis;
   • systemic lupus erythematosus.
   At systemic diseases The body releases antibodies that attack platelets and the cell membranes of the endothelium lining the veins, causing blood clots.
6. Allergic reactions . During allergies, the body experiences complex processes, as a result of which platelet-activating substances are released. And when the inner lining of blood vessels is damaged, other components are released that accelerate the production of fibrin.
7. Metabolic diseases
   • obesity;
   • diabetes.
   Fibrin and fibrinogen are proteins that bind blood cells into a blood clot. And metabolic disorders lead to an increase in their levels. In addition, adipose tissue cells produce the hormone leptin, which causes platelets to stick together.
8. Cardiovascular diseases
   • ischemic disease hearts;
   • phlebeurysm;
   • hypertonic disease;
   • atherosclerosis;
   • heart rhythm disturbance.
   These diseases cause the blood flow in the veins to slow down and venous stagnation. This creates conditions for the formation of blood clots. Atherosclerotic plaques adhere to the walls of the vessel and narrow its lumen. As a result, turbulences appear in the blood flow, which trap blood cells and they settle on top of the plaques.
9. Lung diseases
   • bronchial asthma;
   • chronic obstructive bronchitis.
   Insufficient oxygen causes heart problems and impairs blood circulation. This leads to stagnation of blood in the veins and an increase in the number of blood cells.
10. Oncological diseases . Cancerous tumors cause increased production of cells responsible for blood clotting. Chemotherapy activates the blood coagulation system.

Factors accelerating the development of superficial vein thrombosis

• compression of veins;
• dehydration if you drink less than 1.5-2 liters of fluid per day;
• uncontrolled use of diuretics;
• long bed rest;
• age over 50 years;
• lack of physical activity;
• reception birth control pills: Diane-35, Jess, Yarina, Zhanine, Novinet.
• smoking.

Mechanism of thrombus formation

1. Damage to the vessel wall. At this point, turbulence is formed, which causes retention of blood cells near the venous wall.
2. Drops of liquid begin to appear on the damaged area of ​​the vein. Platelets and other blood elements stick to them.
3. The intact vein wall and the blood cells have the same charge and therefore repel each other. But if the vein is damaged, it loses its charge and platelets can attach to this area.
4. Tissue thromboplastin is released from the damaged vein. It triggers the formation of other blood clotting factors. Thromboplastin causes the formation of a blood clot.
5. Blood flows around the clot, and its surface gradually becomes overgrown with layers of new platelets.

Symptoms

Subjective symptoms that the patient feels

1. Pain along the vein, which intensifies with physical stress.
2. Feeling of heaviness in the leg.
3. Swelling of the lower leg and foot.
4. Redness of the skin over the blood clot.
5. Increased sensitivity of the skin, feeling of “running goosebumps”.
6. Cramps of the calf muscles.

1. Varicose veins (but sometimes a blood clot can appear in an undilated vein).
2. The venous network is clearly visible due to its overflow with blood.
3. When pressed, the vein does not collapse, does not turn pale, but remains filled with blood.
4. Seal along the vein. It may be spherical or stretch along the vein.

Diagnosis of saphenous vein thrombosis

Brodie-Troyanov-Trendelenburg test.

You lie on your back, your sore leg is elevated. Blood is expelled from her veins with massage movements from her fingers to her groin. A rubber tourniquet is applied to the middle of the thigh. After this you will be asked to stand up.

Rapid filling of the veins below the tourniquet indicates a violation of the veins.

Hackenbruch test

The doctor pinches the place where the great saphenous vein flows into the femoral vein with his fingers and asks you to cough. A disruption is indicated by a push that is created by a reverse wave of blood reflected from a blood clot. The doctor feels this push under his fingers.

Doppler ultrasound or Doppler ultrasound

A painless examination that can be performed many times. To judge the effectiveness of the treatment, it is done once a week. An experienced doctor can determine the characteristics of blood movement, the condition of the walls of the veins and their valves, as well as the presence of a blood clot with an accuracy of 90%.

The study reveals the following signs of saphenous vein thrombosis:

• the vein in which there is a thrombus does not collapse under the pressure of the ultrasound sensor;
• a dense formed thrombus can be seen on the monitor in the form of a round formation or strand;
• in the thrombosed vein, the blood flow is disrupted, the narrowing of the vessel walls is noticeable;
• venous valves in the affected area do not move;
• the area in front of the thrombus is expanded and filled with blood;
• blood flow is slow compared to a healthy leg.

A small puncture is made in the vein and a contrast agent is injected through a catheter, which retains well X-rays. Then they do X-ray or computed tomography. The result is a very clear image. thrombosed veins and identify signs of the presence of a blood clot. The main advantage of the procedure is that it allows you to identify even fresh blood clots that are not visible during an ultrasound examination.

In case of thrombosis, angiography reveals the following changes:

• the walls of the vein are uneven, rough;
• the lumen of the vein sharply narrows. The contrast agent can be seen flowing through the narrow opening and around the thrombus;
• near the wall of the vein there is an “unpainted” round formation - a parietal thrombus;
• “stubbed” vein, when the contrast agent does not pass through the affected area. This indicates that the blood clot has completely blocked the vein.

Treatment of vein thrombosis

At the first appointment, the doctor determines the treatment tactics and decides whether you need to be treated in a hospital or can be done at home. If there is a danger that a blood clot may break off and block the pulmonary artery, then surgery will be required.

Drug treatment

The drug is designed to reduce thrombin activity in the blood and accelerate the production of antithrombin III, which helps maintain a fluid state of the blood.

At the beginning of treatment, heparin is administered intravenously at 5000 units. After 3 days, the dose is reduced to 30,000-40,000 units/day. This amount of the drug is divided into 3-6 times and administered subcutaneously.

Every 4 hours, the level of blood clotting is monitored to prevent bleeding or hemorrhages in the internal organs.

Modern low molecular weight heparins more convenient to use, injected subcutaneously into the abdomen. They are well absorbed and less likely to cause bleeding. Used for acute thrombosis Clexane, Fragmin, Fraxiparine. One injection once a day is enough.

Indirect anticoagulants: Warfarin, Coumadin

These drugs inhibit the formation of prothrombin, from which thrombin is subsequently formed. They also reduce the effect of other blood clotting factors that depend on vitamin K. Only a doctor can prescribe these medications and set the dosage. To avoid complications, it will be necessary to periodically monitor blood clotting parameters.

Take 2-10 mg per day (1-3 tablets) depending on the level of blood clotting. The drug is taken 1 time per day at the same time. Remember that if you are taking heparin, aspirin or other blood thinners at the same time, the risk of bleeding increases significantly.

Thrombolytics or enzyme preparations related to anticoagulants: Streptokinase, Urokinase

These medicines designed to dissolve blood clots. Enzymes dissolve fibrin fibers in blood clots and help reduce clots. They also inhibit the action of substances that cause blood clotting.
The dosage of the drug is determined by the doctor depending on the situation. Thrombolytics are mixed with saline or glucose solution and administered intravenously. The initial dose is 500,000 KIU, then 50,000-100,000 KIU/hour.

Hemorheologically active drugs: Refortan, Reosorbilact, Reopoliglyukin

They improve blood circulation through the capillaries, reduce blood viscosity and prevent platelets from forming clots. These drugs make the blood more liquid and “dilute” it.

Reopolyglucin is administered intravenously at a dose of 400-1000 ml/day. Duration of treatment is 5-10 days.

Nonspecific anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Diclofenac and Ketoprofen

The drugs relieve inflammation in the venous wall and help get rid of pain in the affected limb. In addition, they slightly reduce the risk of platelet aggregation.

The drug is taken 1 capsule (tablet) 2-3 times a day, preferably after meals, so as not to irritate the mucous membrane digestive tract. The course of treatment should not exceed 10-14 days.

Non-drug treatment

Start bandaging with your fingers, stretching the bandage moderately. Each next round should overlap the previous one by a few centimeters. The bandage can be removed at night.

Instead of a bandage, it is convenient to use special compression socks or stockings. They must be selected strictly according to size, and put on before you get out of bed.

Surgery

1. In the area where the blood clot formed, inflammation arose and thrombophlebitis developed.
2. There is a high risk of blood clot rupture and the development of pulmonary embolism.
3. The thrombus spreads up the deep veins.
4. The thrombus is not attached to the vein wall (floating thrombus).

1. The acute stage of thrombosis, when there is a risk of new postoperative blood clots.
2. Serious illnesses of cardio-vascular system.
3. Acute period infectious diseases.

Types of operations

Troyanov–Trendellenburg operation

The surgeon stitches the trunk of the great saphenous vein with metal clips or places a special clamp on it so that blood can pass through the remaining holes. This is necessary to ensure that the blood clot does not spread further to the femoral vein.

Installation of a vena cava filter

A filter trap resembling an umbrella frame is installed in the inferior vena cava. It allows blood to pass through, but traps blood clots, preventing them from reaching the heart, brain and lungs. Disadvantage of the method: if a large blood clot gets into the filter, the blood flow through the vein will be blocked, and the filter will have to be urgently removed.

Thrombectomy – surgery to remove a blood clot from a vein

It is carried out in the first 7 days after the formation of a blood clot, until it adheres to the walls of the vessel. A small hole is made in the groin through which the surgeon inserts a catheter (a thin, hollow tube). With its help it is possible to remove the blood clot. Disadvantage of the operation: a blood clot can form again in the same place due to damage to the inner lining of the vein.

Diet for vein thrombosis

• weight loss;
• strengthening the walls of blood vessels;
• decreased blood viscosity.

1. Drink at least 2 liters of fluid per day.
2. Eat plant fiber: vegetables, fruits, bran.
3. Include foods rich in antioxidants in your diet to protect the lining of blood vessels:
   • vitamin C: rose hips, black currants, Bell pepper, White cabbage, sea buckthorn, spinach, garlic, citrus fruits, dill, parsley.
   • vitamin E: sprouted wheat grains, sunflower seeds, avocados, nuts, liver, mint leaves, asparagus, bran, broccoli, peas, beans, corn and olive oil, fish oil and fatty varieties fish.
   • beta carotene: Pine nuts, pineapples, carrots, sorrel, greens, beef liver, watermelons.
4. Flavonoids strengthen the heart and the walls of blood vessels, increase their tone and eliminate blood stagnation. These include:
   • rutin or vitamin P: spinach, strawberries, blackberries, apricots, raspberries, buckwheat, walnuts, cabbage, lettuce, tomatoes, grapes, green tea leaves, rue.
   • hesperidin: tangerines, rose hips, blackberries.
5. Copper is necessary for the synthesis of elastin, which strengthens the walls of blood vessels. There is a lot of it in beef liver and seafood: squid, shrimp, crabs, mussels.
6. Onions, garlic, ginger, cherries, cranberries and blueberries are especially useful for thinning the blood.

1. Animal fats. There are a lot of them in sausages, sausages, butter, scrambled eggs, skin poultry, duck and lard.
2. Cream, concentrated milk, fatty cheeses, sour cream.
3. Confectionery: buttercream cakes, pastries, biscuits, chocolates and toffees, ice cream.
4. Deep-fried dishes: chips, french fries.
5. Coffee, chocolate.
6. Mayonnaise, cream sauces.
7. Alcohol.

Traditional methods of treating vein thrombosis

Infusion of verbena flowers. 1 tablespoon of dried flowers is poured into 2 cups of boiling water and brought to a boil. After this, remove from the heat and let it brew for an hour. Take 2 tablespoons of infusion 3 times a day before meals. You need to drink the infusion for 2-3 months.

White acacia contains many esters salicylic acid, which reduces blood clotting. Essential oils and tannins help improve vein tone.

To prepare the tincture, take fresh or dried acacia flowers and grind them. Fill the jar 1/5 full and fill it with vodka or 60% alcohol. Leave to infuse in a dark place for 7 days. Wipe the skin along the vein with the tincture 2 times a day. Take 5 drops orally 3-4 times a day. Duration of treatment is 2-4 weeks.

Hop cones contain phytoncides, polyphenols, organic acids, gum and essential oils. This plant perfectly calms and improves the functioning of the cardiovascular system.

To prepare the decoction, take 2 tbsp. hop inflorescences, pour 0.5 liters of water, bring to a boil and boil for 5 minutes. Leave in a warm place for 2 hours. Take 1/2 cup 4 times a day on an empty stomach. The course of treatment is 3-4 weeks.

Juice onions and honey. Onions contain natural anticoagulants that prevent the formation of blood clots. Scientists have proven that they are more effective than aspirin.

Chop the onion and squeeze out a glass of juice. Mix with a glass of honey and leave to infuse for 3 days at room temperature, and then 10 days in the refrigerator. Take 1 tbsp. 3 times a day. After the medicine runs out, take a break of 5 days and repeat the course.

What is acute venous thrombosis?

More often acute thrombosis occurs in the veins of the lower extremities. Blood clots may appear in the saphenous or deep veins. In this case, the blood flow through the vessel is partially or completely blocked.

Acute venous thrombosis occurs when three factors act on the body at once: damage to the vein wall, disruption of blood flow and increased blood clotting.

Signs of acute venous thrombosis:

• bursting pain;
• heaviness in the leg;
• rapidly increasing swelling of the limb;
• if the thrombus is located in superficial veins, then the skin above it turns red, and if in deep veins, then the leg turns pale and acquires a bluish tint.

What does a leg look like with vein thrombosis?

• a swollen, nodular vein is visible under the skin;
• the thrombus looks like a round or tortuous blue compaction;
• the skin around the blood clot is red and swollen;
• the small surrounding veins are filled with blood and are clearly visible under the skin in the form of blue sinuous lines.

How to prevent venous thrombosis?

• Drink more fluids.
• If you have a “sedentary” or “standing” job, then take a 5-minute break every hour to stretch your legs:
  • walk up the steps;
  • rise on your toes several times;
  • rotate your feet;
  • sit back in your chair and put your feet up on the table.
• Give your feet a massage. Start with your fingers. Using stroking movements, stimulate the movement of blood up the veins.
• Take a walk every day for at least 30 minutes.
• At the end of the day, take a foot bath or contrast shower at a comfortable temperature for 5-10 minutes.
• Eat right. Eat more plant food to avoid constipation and excess weight.
• After surgery or a serious illness, try to get back on your feet as soon as your doctor allows.
• Care for bedridden patients must be provided proper care: massage, passive gymnastics, roller underfoot.
• Stop smoking.
• Use compression stockings or elastic bandages to improve blood flow in the veins. This is especially true for people with varicose veins.
• The most effective means is considered drug prophylaxis. For these purposes, Aspirin is widely used, and Warfarin is recommended before and after surgery. People with high risk For the formation of blood clots, low molecular weight heparins are prescribed: Tinzaparin, Danaparoid.

Blood clots that occur in different parts body is a fairly common phenomenon. What is this pathology? A thrombus is a blood clot that has formed in the lumen of a vessel or cavity of the heart.

Why do blood clots appear?

This pathological phenomenon occurs due to a violation of the coagulation and anticoagulation systems, when thickening and increased blood clotting occur. Clots usually form at sites of damage to the walls of blood vessels or at areas with atherosclerotic plaques. After this, microinflammation occurs and, as a result, fibrin threads are deposited.

In this way, a primary thrombus is formed. The growth of a clot occurs through the layering of thrombotic masses both along the blood flow and against it. At the next stage, separation and cessation of blood flow occurs. This phenomenon can be fatal.

Causes of thrombosis:

• Damage to the walls of blood vessels;
• Decreased blood flow speed;
• Increased blood clotting;
• Prolonged immobility (work specifics, paralysis, etc.);
• Change hormonal levels(pregnancy, abortion, taking hormonal drugs, diseases of the endocrine system);
• Surgical intervention, trauma, injury;
• Diseases of the cardiovascular system (atherosclerosis, heart failure, heart rhythm disturbances);
• Genetic predisposition.

Symptoms of a blood clot formed in the leg

Signs differ depending on what part of the bloodstream it is located on. For example, when a clot is in a deep vein, fever, chills, severe pain, and blue discoloration occur. However, the course may be asymptomatic.

If a vein is inflamed and a blood clot is detected in its lumen, then this phenomenon in medicine is called thrombophlebitis. In this case, the main symptoms are: pain in the affected area, fever, bruising, redness, swelling of the tissue.

On next stage diseases, the skin begins to peel off, changes color, and bluish spots appear. Basically, these signs are a complication varicose veins veins

If it comes off, then the consequences can be disastrous. A clot can get stuck in any part of the circulatory system. This phenomenon very dangerous, as it often leads to death, for example, due to blockage of the pulmonary artery. When the pathology is localized in the head, obstruction of the cerebral vessels is possible and, as a result, a stroke.

The first signs of this are speech impairment, loss of balance and paralysis of the limbs. Blockage of intestinal vessels leads to mesenteric thrombosis and peritonitis. Damage to the vessel supplying the heart causes myocardial infarction.

How to prevent and treat blood clots on the legs

For prevention purposes, you must follow some rules that will help protect yourself from thrombosis:

• Avoid staying in one position for a long time. If this is not possible, try to take short breaks to move;
• Move more;
• Lead a healthy lifestyle, eat right, control blood pressure.

How to independently identify a blood clot in your leg

First, you need to carefully examine your legs, because clots most often occur in the extremities. We can talk about thrombophlebitis if compaction and redness of the vein area are detected, as well as pain upon palpation (pressure). In addition, the temperature in the affected area will increase significantly.

Homans sign - pain in calf muscles with dorsiflexion of the feet indicates a blood clot. You need to pay attention to uniformity skin legs In some cases, the disease is asymptomatic, but it can be detected by bluish areas on the skin and small swellings.

Secondary signs of the disease: general weakness, malaise, fever. It is worth noting that bedridden patients most often develop phlebothrombosis of the deep veins in the legs.

Seeing a doctor after this is mandatory. The doctor will also evaluate the signs of a blood clot that has formed in the leg and order an examination ( ultrasound scanning), tests for blood clotting (coagulogram), etc.

The method of getting rid of pathology is chosen individually in each specific case. The method of treatment depends on the location of the clot, its type, and the presence of concomitant diseases (for example, anticoagulants are contraindicated for stomach ulcers).

To prevent clot growth, anticoagulants (eg heparin) are prescribed. After the first course, the next one should begin, which consists of taking direct-acting anticoagulants (eg. Warfarin).

These drugs make the blood more fluid and liquid, which prevents the formation of blood clots. However, taking such medications should be accompanied by regular testing, since drugs of this series can cause bleeding (intestinal, gastric, which is often observed with ulcers). Treatment with tablets is effective only at the early stage of the disease.

If blood clots in the legs cause complications, then in some cases it is necessary to resort to surgical intervention. During surgery, the abnormal blood clot is removed. In medicine, this event is called thrombectomy.

In the presence of a floating thrombus, the decision on the need to take antiplatelet drugs is made only by the attending physician, because the consequences of taking them can lead to detachment. If it is localized in the veins of the legs, then a filter can be installed and thrombolytic therapy can be performed. In this case, the clot that has come off will not be able to pass further.

Another method of elimination, minimally invasive, involves passing medications through a catheter directly to the clot. Special absorbable drugs are administered using a catheter: Alteptase, Streptokinase, Urokinase. For example, this method can resolve a blood clot in the pulmonary artery.

The most effective preventative measure is taking aspirin (Thrombo ACC). Recommended to take this drug or its analogues for arrhythmia and hypertension. If the patient neglects such medications, then high probability thrombosis

How to resolve a blood clot that has formed in the leg

• Antibiotics are prescribed to relieve inflammation, with increased temperature, purulent processes;
• Anticoagulants to reduce clot formation. Initially, it is possible to use low molecular weight heparins, and then tablets. At this time, blood clotting is monitored to prevent bleeding;
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs relieve pain and inflammation, prevent the formation of blood clots;
• Fibrinolytics dissolve pathological clots;
• Strengthen vascular wall using such agents as Detralex, Rutozid and analogues;
• Heparin-based ointments, creams, gels;
• Chronic superficial thrombophlebitis can be treated with physiotherapy ( infrared rays, UV irradiation).

To correct blood flow in the veins, elastic bandages and bandages are used - elastic compression. There is often a need to apply bandages to all extremities. For two weeks, round-the-clock compression with elastic bandages medium elongation.

Vascular diseases are complex and often dangerous pathologies. One of the most insidious ailments is thrombosis deep limbs. Treatment of such a disease should begin as early as possible. After all, the disease is so insidious that it can not only cause disability, but also take the patient’s life.

Characteristics of the disease

This pathology is based on the formation of a blood clot in the deep veins, which is called a thrombus. Sometimes an acute illness accompanies an inflammatory process in the wall venous vessel. In medicine, the latter is called phlebitis. In this case, the patient is diagnosed with thrombophlebitis.

When a blood clot forms, the patient is signaled about the development of the disease “deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities” symptoms. The photo clearly demonstrates them. Inflammation begins to develop around the blood clot. The blood clot attaches to the vein wall. As a result, it becomes inflamed and damaged. This is a very dangerous disease - deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities. Treatment not started on time leads to progression of the disease and quite serious consequences.

Danger of pathology

The seriousness of the disease lies in the fact that a piece of the blood clot can come off. With the blood flow, it can spread through the vein system, thereby disrupting blood flow. For a patient diagnosed with this serious illness, any movement can be dangerous. Often, muscle contraction affects the condition of the blood clot, and sometimes leads to fragmentation of the clot. In this case, its particles spread throughout the body very easily.

Sometimes blood clots form in the superficial subcutaneous vessels. But, of course, the most dangerous is deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities. Treatment, timely and adequate, - the only way fight against pathology.

This pathology can even lead to an aortic aneurysm. It is known that blood from the lower extremities moves to the heart. Then into the lungs, saturating them with oxygen, and again returns to the peripheral organs. It is dangerous if pieces of blood clots - emboli - move along with it. Their entry into the pulmonary artery leads to disruption of blood flow and blockage. As a result, the patient develops respiratory and heart failure. This complication in medicine is called

Reasons for the development of the disease

There are three main sources known that provoke deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities. These reasons are called in medicine “Virokhov’s Triad”:

1. Increased blood clotting. This pathology is observed in cases of metabolic disorders, cancer, and liver diseases.
2. Changed structure of the venous walls. As a result of surgical operations, injections, injuries, such a picture can be observed. Sometimes the underlying pathology is infectious process or immunoallergic.
3. Slow blood flow leading to stagnation in the veins. This feature observed with compression of blood vessels, varicose veins.

Thrombosis can occur in older and younger people. Its development is facilitated by prolonged sitting or standing. Therefore, people whose work involves long flights, sitting in a car or at a computer are at risk.

The following factors can provoke pathology:

• pregnancy, childbirth (women who have had a caesarean section are especially at risk of developing the disease);
• long trips in transport and air travel;
• complex fractures, abdominal operations, surgical interventions on joints;
• smoking;
• overweight;
• lack of fluid in the body, provoking;
• use medicines, increasing blood clotting;
• myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, heart failure and other pathologies of the cardiovascular system.

How does the disease develop?

Many people are forced long time sit or stand still. However, not all of them develop the disease deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities. The medical history is as follows.

Forced immobilization of muscles leads to stagnation of blood. The patient develops a blood clot. The risk especially increases in people with a tendency to rapid blood clotting.

In most cases, small blood clots resolve on their own. This is facilitated by connecting internal backup mechanisms regulation. But, unfortunately, there are cases when blood clots do not resolve, but rise higher through the veins.

Six months later, the patency of the venous trunks is restored in many patients. But in some patients (45%), the pathology turns into chronic form venous insufficiency. This is a rather complex disease. Deep veins become like hard tubes that are damaged valve apparatus. The function of blood outflow is impaired. Insufficient tissue nutrition leads to the formation of ulcers on the legs.

Types of pathology

Phlebologists use several classifications that give an idea of ​​the pathology of deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities. The symptoms of each form have their own distinctive features.

Pathology differs in:

1. The primary form is phlebothrombosis. A feature of this pathology is the fragile attachment of the formed blood clot to the wall in the lumen of the vessel. There is a high probability of sudden detachment. This form often leads to quite dangerous complications, often fatal.
2. The secondary form is thrombophlebitis. The origins of this pathology lie in inflammation of the internal venous membrane. The thrombus is securely fixed. The likelihood of sudden separation is extremely low.

A widespread classification takes into account the causes of the disease. The following types are distinguished:

1. Stagnant. The pathology is caused by compression of the veins from the outside. As a result, there are obstacles to the free flow of blood.
2. Inflammatory. The cause of the disease is injury, infectious diseases, injections, allergic reactions of the body.
3. Hemostatic. The main factor in this pathology is a violation of coagulation properties. This type of illness is observed in patients with liver diseases, metabolic disorders, and oncology.

A fairly important classification characterizes the connection of a blood clot with the venous wall:

1. Occlusive thrombosis. The lumen of the vessel closes completely. There is no blood flow. Over time, this thrombus grows to the venous wall.
2. Parietal. The clot is partially fused with the wall. There is a gap through which blood flows.
3. Floating. This pathology is characterized by large thrombus sizes. It can reach 20 cm in length. The clot oscillates with the movement of blood. The danger is that the blood clot can penetrate into small vessel, causing occlusion of the latter.
4. Mixed. This is a pathology in which the clot is able to go into the ascending segment or descend into the descending segment.

Symptoms of pathology

Redness of the skin and pain are rarely accompanied by deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities. Symptoms of pathology are expressed, as a rule, minimally. Therefore, it is sometimes difficult to determine the disease. And in almost half of people the pathology is completely asymptomatic. Often such patients experience chest pain. Unfortunately, this is a sign of a developing serious complication - pulmonary embolism.

Let's look at the clinical symptoms characteristic of deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities. The photo located in the article clearly demonstrates the main features. Patients may experience the following symptoms:

• redness;
• swelling of the limbs;
• heaviness in the legs;
• night cramps;
• feeling of heat in the affected area;
• increased sensitivity or painful discomfort localized in the lower leg, thigh while standing, walking, and sometimes touching.

Acute thrombosis

Pathology can be provoked by the following factors and ailments:

• heart valve disease;
• endocarditis;
• atherosclerosis;
• aneurysm;
• diphtheria;
• typhoid fever;
• postoperative period.

The symptoms of acute thrombosis are extremely pronounced. The disease begins:

• painful, sharp discomfort in the injured limb;
• cold feet are observed;
• increase in temperature (indicators can reach 39-40 C);
• sensitivity is significantly reduced (sometimes complete numbness is possible);
• the skin is extremely pale, acquiring a marble tint;
• the position of the fingers is claw-shaped;
• it is impossible to feel the pulse in the peripheral parts;
• Below the thrombosed artery there is no joint mobility;
• palpation is painful.

It is necessary to urgently hospitalize a patient who is suspected of having acute deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities. Treatment should be provided to such a patient as early as possible.

With this pathology, it is forbidden to rub the sore leg, warm it or give the limbs exalted position. During transportation of such a person, the inflamed limb must be positioned in such a way as to ensure a state of maximum rest.

It is important to understand that with timely hospitalization, a person can avoid amputation as a result of gangrene. In addition, it is necessary to begin immediately conservative treatment. The medications prescribed by the doctor will help restore the impaired circulatory process.

Diagnosis of the disease

Before prescribing the treatment necessary for deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities, the symptoms must be correctly diagnosed.

During the examination by a doctor, the presence of signs characteristic of this pathology is recorded:

1. Pratt's sign. The patient has protruding saphenous veins and a glossy surface.
2. Lowenberg's sign. There is painful discomfort in the affected limb when trying to pump air into the cuff wrapped around the lower leg of a pressure measuring device. Unpleasant symptoms appear already at 80 mm Hg.
3. Payra's symptom. When pressing on the inner area of ​​the ankle, radiating pain appears in the calf muscle.

A medical examination and palpation of the limbs can only assess external manifestations illness. For a more accurate diagnosis, the following studies will be needed:

1. INR blood. The test determines blood clotting.
2. Ultrasound examination gives an idea of ​​the lumen of the vein and the degree of narrowing. The analysis determines the presence of a floating thrombus.
3. Phlebography. The examination involves injecting a contrast agent into a vein, after which an x-ray is taken. Such a study clarifies the diagnosis if a mobile thrombus was suspected.
4. MR phlebology. The analysis is based on signal transmission from blood moving through the veins. If there is a thrombus from the affected segment, no sound is produced.

Drug treatment

A patient who has been diagnosed with a pathology must begin the fight against the disease as early as possible. In the absence of adequate therapy, half of the patients develop PE within 3 months.

Often, the doctor selects conservative therapy to combat the disease deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities. Surgical treatment is required in in some cases. As a rule, the patient needs to be in a hospital. In case of circulatory disorders below the popliteal veins, outpatient treatment is permitted in some cases.

When diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities, medication is required to be prescribed. The following drugs are recommended:

1. Anticoagulant drugs, antiplatelet agents: Heparin, Clexane, Clopidogrel, Ticlopidine, Fraxiparin.
2. Vascular, rheological agents: “Reosobilakt”, “Pentoxifyline”, “Trental”, “Tivortin”.
3. Prostaglandin medications: Vazaprostan, Ilomedin, Alprostan.
4. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Dicloberl, Melbek, Olfen.
5. Glucocorticoids (small doses): Dexamethasone, Methylprednisolone.

Patients are recommended to use elastic compression. It significantly improves blood flow. It is possible to use elastic bandages. The use of compression hosiery is effective. This should not be ignored therapeutic effect. Positive result elastic compression provides. ABOUT necessary methods such therapy should be consulted with a specialist.

Pathology treatment methods

An effective procedure is thrombolysis. Using a special catheter, a certain substance is injected into the vessel that can dissolve the blood clot. This event is carried out only by a vascular surgeon. The procedure carries a risk of bleeding. The advantage of thrombolysis is the ability to dissolve large clots.

In severe form conservative methods unable to heal the patient. In this case, there is a need for surgical intervention. You may need surgery to remove thrombotic masses in the large veins of the lower extremities - thrombectomy. If the blockage exists for a long time, the need for bypass surgery is considered. Or a low-traumatic intervention - stenting in the affected segment.

Some patients are recommended to install a special metal vena cava filter inside the vena cava. This is especially true if the patient has contraindications to blood thinning medications or if they are ineffective. Such a device is able to protect a person from migrating particles of a blood clot. The action of the vena cava filter resembles a “trap” mechanism. This device is installed for a certain period of time - 3-4 weeks. Sometimes - permanently. The procedure is performed under local anesthesia.

New, safer methods are being developed to combat such a disease as deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities. Laser treatment is one of them. Under the influence of the device, it is possible to achieve a stable hypocoagulation effect. This helps protect the patient from unpleasant complication- PE - and effectively defeat deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities. Treatment in Moscow, so modern and safe, is practiced by many clinics.

Patients must adhere to proper diet to treat deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities. The diet is based on consumption large quantity vegetables, fruits. These foods are rich in fiber, which helps strengthen the walls of blood vessels.

To prevent the formation of clots and blood thinning, you should eat foods enriched with vitamin E and essential fatty acids. They are: fish oil, seafood, linseed oil. Required diet The attending physician will advise the patient.

Folk remedies

Healers have created many recipes to help heal deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities. Treatment folk remedies includes the use of a variety of tinctures and decoctions. Some products are used for compresses. Others are intended for internal use.

1. White acacia. To prepare the tincture you will need: pour a tablespoon of flowers with alcohol - 100 ml. The raw materials are infused in a closed container in a warm, dark place. After 10 days, the product for external use is ready. It is used for rubbing and compresses.
2. Patients who have been diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities can be treated with folk remedies using a tincture for internal reception. You will need thoroughly washed and finely chopped white. For 50 grams of raw materials you will need 0.5 liters of vodka. The components are mixed (preferably in a jar). Cover the container with a lid and leave in a dark place for 3 weeks. The tincture should be taken one teaspoon three times a day.
3. Effective medicinal baths. They eliminate pain and relieve swelling. A positive result is observed from using a decoction of tannic root. For preparation you will need a kilogram of raw materials. It is poured with 5 liters of water and boiled for an hour. After straining the broth, your feet will float in it.
4. Treatment with propolis has a beneficial effect in cases of deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities. This product helps reduce blood clotting and removes “bad” cholesterol from the body. It is recommended to consume 5 g of propolis between meals. This remedy can be used as an excellent prevention of thrombosis.
5. Honey is very useful in the treatment of pathology. Mix a glass of the product with the same amount of onion juice. In a warm place, the mixed ingredients should be infused for three days. After this, the composition is transferred to a cold place and kept for another week. This remedy should be taken before meals, 1 tbsp. l. three times a day.

When choosing the right product, do not forget that before use you must agree with your doctor. IN special attention requires acute deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities. Treatment with the folk remedies described above can only be started if the doctor fully supports the remedy you have chosen. You shouldn’t tempt fate and self-medicate.

Patient opinions

What is the most effective treatment for deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities? Reviews indicate that a favorable result is achieved by the method of combating pathology prescribed by the attending doctor.

At the same time, patients notice that it is extremely important to recognize the first signs of the disease in time. And be sure not to ignore the developing pathology. Only in this case can you count on a favorable prognosis.

Those patients who required surgical intervention, in most cases, are satisfied with the operation. Such patients report that their legs have finally stopped bothering them.

Conclusion

Thrombosis is a very unpredictable and dangerous pathology. Self-treatment, choosing medications or using folk remedies without consulting a doctor are completely unacceptable methods. Only professional therapy after a thorough examination can cope with the disease.