What happens to a person after a blood transfusion. It has been proven that quantitative and qualitative changes in blood proteins are associated with the mobilization of reserve fine tissue proteins. The need for donor blood is low

Blood transfusions can lead to reactions and complications. Reactions manifest themselves in fever, chills, headache, and some malaise. It is customary to distinguish 3 types of reactions: mild (increase in temperature to 38°, slight chills), moderate (increased temperature to 39°, more pronounced chills, slight headache) and severe (increased temperature above 40°, severe chills, nausea). Reactions are characterized by their short duration (several hours, rarely longer) and the absence of dysfunction of vital functions. important organs. Therapeutic measures boil down to purpose symptomatic remedies: cardiac, drugs, heating pads, bed rest. When reactions happen allergic nature(urticarial rash, skin itching, angioedema of the face), then the use of desensitizing agents is indicated (diphenhydramine, suprastin, intravenous infusion of 10% solution calcium chloride).

A more serious clinical picture develops with post-transfusion complications. Their reasons are different. They are usually caused by transfusion incompatible blood(By group affiliation or Rh factor), much less often - transfusion of low-quality blood or plasma (infection, denaturation, hemolysis of blood) and violations of the transfusion technique (air embolism), as well as errors in determining the indications for blood transfusion, choosing the transfusion technique and dosage. Complications are expressed in the form of acute heart failure, pulmonary and cerebral edema.

The time for the development of transfusion complications varies and depends largely on their causes. Thus, with an air embolism, disaster can occur immediately after air enters the bloodstream. On the contrary, complications associated with heart failure develop at the end or shortly after transfusion of large doses of blood and plasma. Complications from transfusion of incompatible blood develop quickly, often after administration small quantities such blood, less often a catastrophe occurs in the near future after the end of the transfusion.

The course of post-transfusion complications can be divided into 4 periods: 1) blood transfusion shock; 2) oligoanuria; 3) restoration of diuresis; 4) recovery (V. A. Agranenko).

Painting blood transfusion shock(I period) is characterized by a fall blood pressure, tachycardia, a sharp violation breathing, anuria, increased bleeding, which can lead to bleeding, especially if incompatible transfusion blood was produced during the operation or in the immediate hours after it. With absence rational therapy transfusion shock can lead to death. In the second period, the patient's condition remains severe due to progressive impairment of renal function, electrolyte and water metabolism, increasing azotemia and increased intoxication, which often leads to death. The duration of this period is usually from 2 to 3 weeks and depends on the severity of the kidney damage. Less dangerous III period When kidney function is restored, diuresis normalizes. In the fourth period (recovery), anemia lasts for a long time.

In the first period of transfusion complications, it is necessary to combat severe hemodynamic disturbances and prevent the negative impact of toxic factors on the functions of vital organs, primarily the kidneys, liver, and heart. Massive exchange blood transfusions in a dose of up to 2-3 liters using single-group Rh-compatible blood with short shelf life, polyglucin, and cardiovascular drugs are justified here. In the second period (oliguria, anuria, azotemia), therapy should be aimed at normalizing water, electrolyte metabolism and the fight against intoxication and renal dysfunction. The patient is given a strict water regime. Liquid intake is limited to 600 ml per day with the addition of the amount of liquid that the patient excreted in the form of vomit and urine. Indicated as a transfusion liquid hypertonic solutions glucose (10-20% and even 40%). Gastric lavage and siphon enemas are prescribed at least 2 times a day. With increasing azotemia and increased intoxication, exchange transfusions, intra-abdominal and intra-intestinal dialysis, and especially hemodialysis using a “device” are indicated. artificial kidney" In the III and especially in the IV periods, symptomatic therapy is carried out.

Pathological anatomy of complications. The earliest pathomorphological changes at the height of shock are detected in the blood and lymph circulation. Edema and foci of hemorrhage are observed in the membranes of the brain and its substance, in the lungs, hemorrhagic effusion in pleural cavities, often small-point hemorrhages in the membranes and muscles of the heart, significant congestion and leukostasis in the vessels of the lungs and liver.

In the kidneys at the height of shock, a significant plethora of the stroma is revealed. However, the glomerular vasculature remains free of blood. In the liver at the height of shock, fiber discoloration and swelling are pronounced vascular walls, expansion of the pericapillary spaces, fields of light liver cells with swollen vacuolated protoplasm and an eccentrically located nucleus are often detected. If death does not occur at the height of shock, but in the next few hours, then in the kidneys there is swelling of the epithelium of the convoluted tubules, the lumens of which contain protein. The swelling of the stroma of the medulla is extremely pronounced. Necrobiosis of the tubular epithelium appears after 8-10 hours. and is most pronounced on the second or third day. In this case, in many straight tubules the main membrane is exposed, the lumen is filled with accumulations of destroyed epithelial cells, leukocytes and hyaline or hemoglobin casts. In case of death, extensive areas of necrosis may be found in the liver 1-2 days after blood transfusion. If death occurs in the first hours after blood transfusion incompatible group, along with pronounced circulatory disorders, accumulations of hemolyzed erythrocytes and free hemoglobin are detected in the lumens of the vessels of the liver, lungs, heart and other organs. Hemoglobin products released during the hemolysis of red blood cells are also found in the lumens renal tubules in the form of amorphous or granular masses, as well as hemoglobin cylinders.

In case of death from transfusion Rh positive blood In a recipient sensitized to the Rh factor, massive intravascular hemolysis comes to the fore. At microscopic examination in the kidneys there is a sharp expansion of the tubules; their lumens contain hemoglobin cylinders, fine-grained masses of hemoglobin with an admixture of decaying epithelial cells and leukocytes (Fig. 5). 1-2 days and later after blood transfusion in the kidneys, along with stromal edema, necrosis of the epithelium is detected. After 4-5 days, you can see signs of its regeneration, in the stroma - focal lymphocytic and leukocyte infiltrates. Kidney damage may be combined with changes in other organs characteristic of uremia.

In case of complications from the injection of poor-quality blood (infected, overheated, etc.), the signs of hemolysis are usually mildly expressed. The main ones are early and massive dystrophic changes, as well as multiple hemorrhages on the mucous membranes and serous membranes and in internal organs, especially often in the adrenal glands. When introducing bacterially contaminated blood, hyperplasia and proliferation of reticuloendothelial cells in the liver are also characteristic. Accumulations of microorganisms may be found in the vessels of organs. When overheated blood is transfused, widespread vascular thrombosis is often observed.

In cases of death from post-transfusion complications associated with hypersensitivity recipient, changes characteristic of blood transfusion shock can be combined with morphological characteristics allergic condition. In a small proportion of cases, blood transfusion complications occur without clinical picture shock and are associated with the presence of contraindications to blood transfusion in patients. The pathological changes observed in these cases indicate an exacerbation or intensification of the underlying disease.

Rice. 5. Hemoglobin casts and granular masses of hemoglobin in the lumen of the kidney tubules.

Blood transfusions with low hemoglobin are prescribed only in in case of emergency, when its level drops beyond the critical phase, namely less than 60 g/l. Thanks to these measures, not only iron levels rapidly increase, but also overall health improves significantly. Despite the expressed positive action from the procedure, the consequences of blood transfusion with low hemoglobin are not always predictable.

How does a blood transfusion occur to restore hemoglobin?

The process of blood transfusion with reduced hemoglobin readings is called blood transfusion in medical terminology. It is carried out only in a hospital setting and under close supervision. medical personnel. Blood is transfused to increase iron levels from a healthy donor to a recipient. The procedure is possible only if the blood type and Rh factor match.

Sequence of mandatory actions during blood transfusion:

• The doctor finds out whether there are good reasons for blood transfusion, and whether there are any contraindications. Taking anamnesis in in this case is mandatory, it is necessary to find out from the patient: whether a blood transfusion medium has previously been transfused to increase hemoglobin, there have been no allergic reactions or side effects, the presence chronic diseases and others individual characteristics organism that must be taken into account.
• After laboratory research personal blood parameters of the patient, such as group and Rh factor. Additional confirmation of the initial data will be required on site, that is, in the hospital. For this purpose in medical institution A repeat analysis is carried out, and the indicator is compared with the laboratory one - the data must completely match.
• Select the most appropriate donor red blood cell mass for blood transfusion with low hemoglobin. If there is even the slightest discrepancy in even one indicator, blood transfusion to increase hemoglobin is not permitted. The doctor must make sure that the packaging is sealed, and that the passport contains all the information regarding the number and date of the preparation, the name of the donor, his group and rhesus, the name of the organization of the preparation, the expiration date and the doctor’s signature. The storage duration of donor hematotransfusion composition varies from 20 to 30 days. But even with full compliance with all indicators with visual inspection, the specialist should not find any foreign clots or films in it. After a thorough quality check, a repeat analysis is carried out to confirm the group and rhesus.
• Compatibility is checked using the AB0 system, in which the donor’s blood is combined with the recipient’s blood on a special glass.
• To check the compatibility of the Rh factor, two parts of the patient’s serum mass, one part of the donor’s blood, part of the polyglucin, 5 milliliters of saline are added to a special test tube and the reaction is observed while rotating.
• After studying the compatibility data, a biological test is carried out by injecting 25 milliliters into the recipient donated blood. It is administered three times with an interval of three minutes between injections. At this time, the patient is closely monitored; if the heartbeat and pulse are normal, the face has no signs of redness and general health is stable, then the plasma is allowed for transfusion.
• Blood is not used in its original form; its various components are transfused depending on the intended purpose. If hemoglobin is low, packed red blood cells are transfused. This component of the blood flow is introduced by drip at a speed of 40–60 drops per minute. The patient must constantly be under the supervision of a doctor who monitors his general health, pulse, pressure, temperature, condition skin, followed by entering the information into the medical record.
• At the end of the process, the patient needs rest for two hours. He remains under doctor's supervision for another day, then has his blood and urine tested.
• After the transfusion is completed, approximately 15 milliliters of the recipient's blood serum and the donor's red blood cells are left. They are stored in the refrigerator for about 2 days, if there is a need to do an analysis, in case of complications.

Blood transfusion for anemia is not allowed for everyone, with the exception of people who have rare group blood. Restoration of hemoglobin in them can only be carried out using iron-containing preparations and special diet including foods rich in iron.

Possible consequences of blood transfusion to raise hemoglobin

Before placing an IV in the recipient, a series of compatibility tests are performed to avoid clumping (agglutination) of red blood cells, which can lead to death. Despite compliance with preliminary safety measures when performing blood transfusions with reduced hemoglobin, it is not always possible to avoid unforeseen consequences.

Types of complications during blood transfusion to increase hemoglobin:

• Jet:
  • increase in body temperature;
  • massive blood transfusion syndrome, which may be associated with a larger than necessary volume of administered blood;
  • hemolytic shock can develop due to antigenic incompatibility of the blood; in this situation, the membranes of red blood cells disintegrate, which leads to poisoning of the body with metabolic products;
  • citrate shock can only manifest itself if canned blood is used during transfusion, due to the use of citrate salt as a preservative;
  • post-transfusion shock is caused by the consequences of transfusion of “bad” blood in an overheated state, contaminated with toxins, with an admixture of decayed blood cells;
  • anaphylactic shock, may occur due to an allergy to the administered blood transfusion medium.

A blood-contact infection is possible when an emergency blood transfusion is necessary. sharp decline hemoglobin and there is no time to maintain it. IN mandatory the blood transfusion environment is carefully monitored for the presence of microorganisms. To do this, it is kept for six months and re-examined.

Symptoms of reduced hemoglobin

It is easy to determine the level of iron in the blood; all you need to do is take a blood test at a local clinic or diagnostic laboratory. The reason for taking the test may be an examination related to a visit to the doctor or the presence of obvious signs indicating anemia. Based on the results of the study, it will become clear which measures to restore iron in the body to prefer - iron-containing nutrition and medications or blood transfusion to increase hemoglobin.

The most common symptoms of anemia include:

• Palpitations and difficulty breathing.
• Fainting and dizziness.
• Pain in the head, sensation of tinnitus.
• Feeling of weakness and pain in the muscular system.
• Changes in taste and smell.
• Changes in the structure of nails.
• Thinning, dry hair.
• Paleness and dryness of mucous membranes and skin.
• Prolonged lethargy, apathy, fatigue, depression.
• Low blood pressure, abnormalities in the operation of the VGT system, cold lower extremities.

If the quantitative value of iron has not decreased much, then a person may not even be aware of it. Or he begins to worry about an ongoing feeling of fatigue, even after good sleep, although anemia is often accompanied by insomnia.

Such sensations are caused by oxygen starvation of the body due to a lack of iron-containing protein in red blood cells in the blood or a decrease in their number or volume. After all, as you know, it is the red blood cells that are entrusted with one of the most important missions of supplying all organs, systems and tissues of the body with oxygen and subsequent excretion carbon dioxide. Therefore, if there is a significant deviation from the norm in the hemoglobin level, it may be necessary to resort to blood transfusion to increase it.

Blood transfusion for insufficient hemoglobin in childhood

If you find one or more symptoms of reduced hemoglobin in yourself or your loved ones, you should contact the clinic for a study of the composition of the blood flow.

Particular attention should be paid to maintaining iron in the blood of children at the proper level.

The child is unlikely to be able to clearly explain what is happening to him. Namely in childhood disruption of oxygen metabolism is the most dangerous because it can lead to physical or mental retardation.

It is not uncommon for the need for transfusion to increase hemoglobin or eliminate the consequences of anemia in newborns and, especially in premature infants. It should be borne in mind that prematurity always entails an insufficient hemoglobin level, but in the absence of severe anemia, the iron level is completely restored on its own by the first year of life. In case of a vital need for blood transfusion with low hemoglobin, careful selection of donor blood will be required, since maternal blood is prohibited in such a situation.

A newborn may require a blood transfusion due to hemoglobin if hemolytic anemia- this is when the blood of mother and child is incompatible.

Hematological anemia has a number of serious consequences:

• Not the possibility of bearing a fetus.
• Birth of a baby with edema.
• The appearance of severe jaundice.

If a severe form of anemia is detected in a timely manner in the fetus during pregnancy, it is given an intrauterine transfusion of red blood cells. The procedure, in addition to following standard measures for selecting donor blood, testing for susceptibility and compatibility, is carried out using ultrasound.

A normal level of hemoglobin is necessary for all human life processes, the full formation of the body, and maintaining health. The level of iron in the bloodstream is one of the most important for healthy well-being. To maintain it normally, you only need to eat well and devote as much time as possible to walks in the fresh air.

In contact with

To date medical practice It is impossible to imagine without blood transfusions. There are many indications for this procedure, the main objective– restoration of the lost blood volume to the patient, necessary for normal functioning of the body. Despite the fact that it belongs to the category of vital manipulations, doctors try not to resort to it for as long as possible. The reason is that complications during transfusion of blood and its components are common, the consequences of which for the body can be very serious.

The main indication for blood transfusion is acute blood loss– a condition when the patient loses more than 30% of his or her blood volume within a few hours. This procedure is also used if there is unstoppable bleeding, a state of shock, anemia, hematological, purulent-septic diseases, or massive surgical interventions.

The blood infusion stabilizes the patient, and the recovery process after a blood transfusion is much faster.

Post-transfusion complications

Post-transfusion complications during transfusion of blood and its components are common; this procedure is very risky and requires careful preparation. Side effects arise due to non-compliance with the rules of blood transfusion, as well as individual intolerance.

All complications are divided into two groups. The first includes the pyrogenic reaction, citrate and potassium intoxication, anaphylaxis, bacterial shock, allergies. The second includes pathologies caused by incompatibility between the donor and recipient groups, such as blood transfusion shock, respiratory distress syndrome, renal failure, and coagulopathy.

Allergic reaction

Allergic reactions are the most common after blood transfusion. They are characterized by the following symptoms:

• skin rash;
• attacks of suffocation;
• Quincke's edema;
• nausea;
• vomit.

Allergies are provoked by individual intolerance to one of the components or sensitization to plasma proteins infused earlier.

Pyrogenic reactions

A pyrogenic reaction may occur within half an hour after infusion of the drugs. The recipient develops general weakness, increased temperature, chills, headache, myalgia.

The cause of this complication is the ingress of pyrogenic substances along with transfused media; they appear due to improper preparation of systems for transfusion. The use of disposable kits significantly reduces these reactions.

Citrate and potassium intoxication

Citrate intoxication occurs due to exposure of the body to sodium citrate, which is a preservative for hematological drugs. Most often it manifests itself during jet injection. Symptoms of this pathology are a decrease in blood pressure, changes in the electrocardiogram, clonic seizures, breathing disorders, up to apnea.

Potassium intoxication occurs when a large volume of drugs is administered that have been stored for more than two weeks. During storage, potassium levels in transfusion media increase significantly. This condition is characterized by lethargy, possible nausea with vomiting, bradycardia with arrhythmia, up to cardiac arrest.

To prevent these complications, before massive blood transfusion, the patient needs to be administered a 10% calcium chloride solution. It is recommended to pour in ingredients that were prepared no more than ten days ago.

Blood transfusion shock

Blood transfusion shock - acute reaction for blood transfusion, which appears due to incompatibility of the donor and recipient groups. Clinical symptoms of shock may occur immediately or within 10-20 minutes after the start of the infusion.

This condition is characterized arterial hypotension, tachycardia, shortness of breath, agitation, redness of the skin, lower back pain. Post-transfusion complications during blood transfusion also affect organs of cardio-vascular system: acute expansion of the heart, myocardial infarction develops, cardiac arrest. Long-term consequences such infusion is renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome, jaundice, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, coagulopathy.

There are three degrees of shock as complications after blood transfusion:

• mild is characterized low blood pressure up to 90 mm Hg st;
• average: systolic pressure decreases to 80 mmHg. st;
• severe - blood pressure drops to 70 mm Hg. Art.

At the first signs of transfusion shock, the infusion should be stopped immediately and medical assistance should be provided.

Respiratory distress syndrome

The development of post-transfusion complications and their severity can be unpredictable, even threatening the patient’s life. One of the most dangerous is the development respiratory distress syndrome. This condition is characterized acute disorder respiratory function.

The cause of the pathology may be the administration of incompatible drugs or non-compliance with the red blood cell infusion technique. As a result, the recipient's blood clotting is impaired; it begins to penetrate the walls of blood vessels, filling the cavities of the lungs and other parenchymal organs.

Symptomatically: the patient feels shortness of breath, the heart rate increases, pulmonary shock develops, oxygen starvation. During the examination, the doctor cannot listen to the affected part of the organ; on an x-ray, the pathology looks like a dark spot.

Coagulopathy

Among all the complications that appear after blood transfusion, not last place occupies coagulopathy. This condition is characterized by a clotting disorder, resulting in a syndrome massive blood loss With severe complication for the body.

The reason lies in the rapid increase in acute intravascular hemolysis, which occurs as a result of non-compliance with the rules for infusion of red blood cells or transfusion of different types of blood. With a volumetric infusion of red cells alone, the ratio of platelets responsible for coagulation is significantly reduced. As a result, the blood does not clot, and the walls of the blood vessels become thinner and more penetrating.

Kidney failure

One of the most severe complications after blood transfusion is acute renal failure, clinical symptoms which can be divided into three degrees: mild, moderate severity and heavy.

The first signs pointing to it are strong pain V lumbar region, hyperthermia, chills. Next, the patient begins

red urine is released, which indicates the presence of blood, then oliguria appears. Later, the “shock kidney” condition occurs, it is characterized by complete absence patient's urine. IN biochemical research such a patient will have a sharp increase in urea levels.

Anaphylactic shock

Anaphylactic shock is the most serious condition among allergic diseases. The cause of the appearance is the products included in the canned blood.

The first symptoms appear instantly, and immediately after the start of the infusion. Anaphylaxis is characterized by shortness of breath, suffocation, rapid pulse, drop in blood pressure, weakness, dizziness, myocardial infarction, and cardiac arrest. The condition never occurs with high blood pressure.

Along with pyrogenic and allergic reactions, shock is life-threatening for the patient. Failure to provide assistance in a timely manner may result in fatal outcome.

Transfusion of incompatible blood

The most dangerous consequences for the patient’s life are the consequences of transfused blood of different types. The first signs indicating the onset of a reaction are weakness, dizziness, increased temperature, decreased blood pressure, shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, and lower back pain.

In the future, the patient may develop myocardial infarction, renal and respiratory failure, hemorrhagic syndrome followed by massive bleeding. All these conditions require immediate response from medical staff and assistance. IN otherwise the patient may die.

Treatment of post-transfusion complications

After the first signs of post-transfusion complications appear, it is necessary to stop blood transfusion. Health care and treatment is individual for each pathology, it all depends on which organs and systems are involved. Blood transfusion, anaphylactic shock, acute respiratory and renal failure require hospitalization of the patient in the intensive care unit.

At different allergic reactions used for treatment antihistamines, in particular:

• Suprastin;
• Tavegil;
• Diphenhydramine.

Calcium chloride solution, glucose with insulin, sodium chloride - these drugs are the first aid for potassium and citrate intoxication.

As for cardiovascular drugs, Strofanthin, Korglykon, Norepinephrine, Furosemide are used. In case of renal failure, an emergency hemodialysis session is performed.

Impaired respiratory function requires provision of oxygen supply, administration of euphilin, severe cases– connection to a ventilator.

Prevention of complications during blood transfusion

Prevention of post-transfusion complications consists of strict compliance with all norms. The transfusion procedure must be carried out by a transfusiologist.

Concerning general rules, this includes compliance with all standards for the preparation, storage, and transportation of drugs. It is imperative to conduct an analysis to identify severe viral infections transmitted hematologically.

The most difficult complications that threaten the patient’s life are those caused by incompatibility of the transfused blood. To avoid similar situations, you need to adhere to the preparation plan for the procedure.

The first thing the doctor does is determine the patient’s group affiliation and order the required drug. Upon receipt, you must carefully inspect the packaging for damage and the label, which indicates the date of preparation, shelf life, and patient information. If the packaging does not raise suspicions, the next step should be to determine the group and rhesus of the donor; this is necessary for reinsurance, since it is possible misdiagnosis at the fence stage.

After this, a test is carried out for individual compatibility. To do this, the patient's serum is mixed with the donor's blood. If all checks have passed positively, they begin the transfusion procedure itself, making sure to conduct a biological test with each individual bottle of blood.

In case of massive blood transfusions, it is impossible to resort to jet infusion methods; it is advisable to use drugs that are stored for no more than 10 days; it is necessary to alternate the administration of red blood cells with plasma. If the technique is violated, complications are possible. If all standards are followed, the blood transfusion will be successful and the patient’s condition will improve significantly.

With a large volume of lost blood, a patient’s life can often be saved only after a transfusion of blood and its components, in particular, red blood cells, which also has a group affiliation. In the vast majority of cases, single-group material is transfused. Of course, there can be no doubt that the blood type will remain the same.

However, in emergency cases, when the patient’s life is at risk and there is no time to wait the right drug, doctors may try to transfuse the patient with blood of a different type. So, it is believed that the 1st group is universal donors. On the surface of such red blood cells there are no proteins - agglutinogens, which can cause sticking and destruction of red blood cells. blood cells. Therefore, when blood of any group enters, the introduced red blood cells will, of course, be attacked by agglutinins a and b contained in the plasma of people with group I (0). Some cells will collapse, but will fulfill their purpose transport function, and will also saturate the body with iron, necessary for the production of new blood cells.

On the other hand, owners of blood group IV are considered universal recipients. On the surface of their red blood cells there are agglutinogens of both types - A and B. Blood of groups 1 - 3, entering the body of such a patient, will react by gluing agglutinins infused with plasma with the patient’s red blood cells, but this reaction will not have significant clinical significance .

The question arises: if a patient is transfused with type 1 blood, will his own blood group change? Or if a blood transfusion is given to a patient with group 4, will he still have it?

Blood type does not change during transfusion for several reasons:

• this trait is inherited and determined by the gene set, which is not affected by transfused blood;
• foreign red blood cells introduced into the patient’s body are quickly destroyed, and agglutinogens on their surface are utilized;
• the amount of administered blood or red blood cells is always significantly less than the volume of the patient’s own circulating blood, therefore, even immediately after a blood transfusion, diluted donor material cannot affect the patient’s results.

There are four main exceptions to this rule:

• initially or repeatedly when determining blood grouping;
• the patient has a disease of the hematopoietic system, for example, aplastic anemia, and after treatment he may develop other antigenic properties of red blood cells, which were previously weakly expressed due to the disease;
• a massive blood transfusion was performed, replacing a large volume of donor blood; in this case, for several days, until the injected red blood cells die, a different blood type can be determined;
• the patient underwent a donor transplant bone marrow, before which all of one’s own blood precursor cells were destroyed by chemotherapy; after engraftment of the donor material, it can begin to produce cells with a different antigenic set; however, the likelihood of this is reduced to casuistry, since the donor is selected based on many parameters, including blood type. However, there are cases where after a bone marrow transplant, the blood type changes, as does the genetic structure of the blood cells. That is why the process of selecting a bone marrow donor with the closest antigenic characteristics is so important and so expensive.

You can calculate a child's blood type based on the blood groups of his parents.

An effective method for producing red blood cells, the lack of which leads to disease. Transfusion is effective method to restore hemoglobin and cures, for example, dizziness, constant nausea, as well as fatigue characteristic of patients.

Blood transfusions only temporarily relieve the symptoms of anemia.

The procedure can save the patient's life and alleviate complications from severe blood loss resulting from serious trauma. Excessive amounts can lead to a severe decrease in hemoglobin levels and cause damage internal organs person due to lack of oxygen. If bleeding continues for a long time, the amount of plasma necessary for life drops, which is why the blood cannot clot and continues to flow out of the wound. In this case, transfusion can stabilize the patient’s condition, which is caused by increased blood loss.

Transfusions are done directly through a special tube, which is inserted with a needle into the recipient's vein.

Harm

The blood transfusion procedure stores a large number of risks. If blood is given for transfusion, the patient may get AIDS. Hepatitis C, B and others are also transmitted through the blood. There is also always a high chance of infection bacterial infection, which is especially likely with platelet transfusions.

Transfusion includes some. For example, itching skin rashes, fever or feeling unwell. Another serious problem is breathing problems, which, however, are quite rare. Transfusions should be carried out with caution and only after checking that the recipient's blood matches the donor's. Transfused blood can have serious negative effect on immune system body.

If you experience symptoms of illness and the above problems, you should immediately inform your doctor or nurse.

A dangerous risk of the procedure is the body's hemolytic reaction, in which the patient's blood rejects the transfused donor blood as a result medical error when identifying the donor and recipient. Rejection can often be fatal.

Video on the topic

With furunculosis, autohemotherapy is often resorted to. The patient's own blood or its fractions are injected intramuscularly. Some doctors believe that autohemotherapy is an outdated method, while others are developing proprietary regimens for the treatment of various infectious and chronic diseases.

Instructions

In 1905, August Bier conducted an experiment in which he found that intramuscular injection of one’s own blood accelerates healing. The surgeon came to similar thoughts when he saw that fractures heal faster in the presence of a hematoma. Today, before autohemotherapy, necessary diagnostics and blood is administered according to specially designed schemes. The patient's blood is taken from a vein and immediately injected into the gluteal muscle. The injection is usually less painful than an antibiotic injection. Sometimes the blood is additionally processed, mixed with medicinal components and injected into active points.

The usual treatment regimen involves administering 1-2 ml on the first day, then the volume of injected blood is increased to a maximum, then gradually reducing the dosage. The body reacts to the introduction of blood components by activating the immune system in order to cope with the hematoma, but at the same time the problems of the underlying disease are also solved. Furunculosis, for example, most often occurs against the background of immunodeficiency; bacterial agents multiply unhindered, affecting the skin and subcutaneous fat layer; in severe cases, boils of internal organs may appear.