Variable morphological features of the word if. Noun

A noun is an independent part of speech, denotes an object, answers the questions who? What?
An example of part-of-speech words is a noun: school, summer, Russia, Volga, MKAD, VAZ, TekhStroyProm, law school.

Morphological characteristics

A noun is an independent inflected (changeable) part of speech, has constant and unstable morphological characteristics.

The part of speech has a noun:

There are four genders: masculine (student, table), feminine (student, desk), neuter (sun, education) and common for words whose gender can be both masculine and feminine (doctor, good fellow). Sometimes the general genus is called indefinite. Note that not all school programs use the definition of general gender and operate only with three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter). Nouns do not change according to gender. The gender of plural nouns is not determined;
Numbers two: singular (student, book), plural (students, books). There are words that are used only in the plural (vacations, twilight, etc.), only in the singular (youth, asphalt, etc.);
There are six cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional;
There are three declensions: 1st (feminine and masculine, words ending in -а, -я), 2nd (masculine and neuter, words ending in -о, -е or have a zero ending), 3rd (feminine gender, words starting with -ь).

Nouns denoting a material object are:

animate - answer the question who? (parent, clown, eagle);
inanimate - answer the question what? (table, sky, city);
common nouns - indicate the name of an object and are written with a small letter (student, book);
proper - they call the name of the object and are written with a capital letter (Mikhail, St. Petersburg, Baikal).

Constant morphological features: gender, declension, animation and inanimateness, proper or common noun. Inconstants: number and case. Thus, nouns are inflected by number and declined by case. The initial form of nouns is the nominative singular. Sometimes the initial form is called the canonical form.

Examples of nouns

Let us give examples of nouns with different morphological features.

Masculine: snow, rooster, St. Petersburg, Egypt.
Feminine: spring, dream, cat, mother, country, Motherland, Moscow.
Neuter gender: metro, chair, Solntsevo.
General genus: kangaroo, Cheburashka.

By case

By numbers

Singular: table, sheet, seam, doctor.
Plural: tables, leaves, stitches, doctors.

Only in the singular: plastic, air, children.
Only in the plural: day, manger, people.

By declination

1st declension: spring, alley, pen
2nd declension: summer, park, pencil case
3rd declension: autumn, steppe, notebook

Syntactic role

In a sentence, a noun can play a different syntactic role: subject, object, inconsistent attribute, circumstance, application, nominal part of a compound predicate.

A book makes a person the master of the universe (P. Pavlenko) - the noun “book” is the subject.
The whole life of mankind was settled in a book (A. Herzen) - a noun with the preposition “in a book” acts as an object.
A book is a repository of knowledge (B. Polevoy) - the noun “repository” acts as a nominal part of a compound predicate.
The dampness from the earth began to chill the side (A. Gaidar) - a noun with the preposition “from the earth” acts as an inconsistent definition.
Over the gray plain of the sea, the wind gathers clouds (M. Gorky) - a noun with the preposition “above the plain” acts as a circumstance of place.
On a hillock there is a birch-candle in silver moon feathers (S. Yesenin) - the noun “candle” acts as an appendix.

§1. General characteristics of a noun

A noun is an independent significant part of speech.

1. Grammatical meaning- "item".
Nouns include words that answer questions:
Who? , What?

2. Morphological characteristics:

constants - common/proper nouns, animate/inanimate, gender, type of declension;
changeable - number, case.

3. Syntactic role in a sentence any, especially frequently: subject and object.

Guys love vacations.

As an address and introductory words, the noun is not a member of the sentence:

- Sergey!- Mom calls me from the yard.

(Sergey- appeal)

Unfortunately, it's time to go do homework.

(Unfortunately- introductory word)

§2. Morphological features of nouns

Nouns have a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or unchangeable). Others, on the contrary, are impermanent (or changeable). Unchangeable features relate to the entire word as a whole, and changeable features refer to the forms of the word. So noun Natalia- animate, own, f.r., 1 text. No matter what form it takes, these signs will remain. Noun Natalia may be in the form of units. and many more numbers, in different cases. Number and case are inconsistent features of nouns. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to such unstable or variable morphological characters. It is necessary to learn to distinguish which signs are constant and which are not constant.

§3. Common nouns - proper nouns

This is the division of nouns according to their meaning. Common nouns denote homogeneous objects, i.e. any object from their series, and proper nouns name a separate specific object.
Compare nouns:

child, country, river, lake, fairy tale, turnip - common nouns
Alexey, Russia, Volga, Baikal, “Turnip” - own

Common nouns are varied. Their ranks by value:

specific: table, computer, document, mouse, notebook, fishing rod
abstract (abstract): surprise, joy, fear, happiness, miracle
real: iron, gold, water, oxygen, milk, coffee
collective: youth, foliage, nobility, spectator

Proper nouns include names of people, names of animals, geographical names, names of works of literature and art, etc.: Alexander, Sashka, Sashenka, Zhuchka, Ob, Ural, “Teenager”, “Kolobok” and so on.

§4. Animation - inanimateness

Animate nouns name “living” objects, while inanimate nouns name non-living objects.

Animated: mother, father, child, dog, ant, Kolobok (fairy tale hero acting as a living person)
Inanimate: orange, ocean, war, lilac, program, toy, delight, laughter

For morphology it is important that

in plural in animate nouns
Near the school I saw familiar girls and boys (vin. fall. = born. fall.), and for inanimate nouns wine form pad. matches the form. pad.: I love books and films (vin. pad. = im. pad.)
singular in animate nouns of the masculine gender wine form pad. coincides with the form of the genus. pad.:
The fox saw Kolobok (vin. fall. = born. fall.), and for inanimate nouns the masculine gender wine form pad. matches the form. pad.: I baked a bun (vin. pad. = named pad.)

The remaining nouns have the forms im., vin. and family cases differ.

Means, sign of animate-inanimate can be determined not only based on the meaning, but also on the set of word endings.

§5. Genus

Gender of nouns- This is a constant morphological feature. Nouns do not change according to gender.

There are three genders in Russian: male, female And average. The sets of endings for nouns of different genders differ.
In animate nouns, classification as masculine or feminine is motivated by gender, since words denote male or female persons: father - mother, brother - sister, husband - wife, man - woman, boy - girl etc. The grammatical sign of gender is correlated with gender.
For inanimate nouns, the belonging of a word to one of the three genders is not motivated. Words ocean, sea, river, lake, pond- of different kinds, and the gender is not determined by the meaning of the words.

The morphological indicator of the genus is the endings.
If the word ends:

a, y or a, ohm, e in the singular and s, ov, am, s or ow, ami, ah in plural , then it is a masculine noun

a, s, e, y, oh, e singular and s, am or s, ami, ah in the plural, it is a feminine noun

oh, a, y, oh, ohm, e in the singular and a, am, a, ami, ah in the plural, it is a neuter noun.

Do all nouns belong to one of the three genders?

No. There is a small group of amazing nouns. They are interesting because they can refer to both male and female persons. These are the words: smart girl glutton, sleepyhead, greedy, crybaby, ignorant, ignorant, mean, bully, slob, mean, bungler, scoundrel, daredevil and so on. The form of such words coincides with the form of feminine words: they have the same set of endings. But the syntactic compatibility is different.
In Russian you can say:
She's so smart! AND: He's so smart! The meaning of the gender of an animate person can be determined by the form of the pronoun (as in our example) or adjective or verb in the past tense: Sonya woke up. AND: Sonya woke up. Such nouns are called common nouns.

Common nouns do not include words that name professions. You may already know that many of them are masculine nouns: doctor, driver, engineer, economist, geologist, philologist and so on. But they can designate both male and female persons. My mother is a good doctor. My father is a good doctor. Even if the word names a female person, then adjectives and verbs in the past tense can be used in both the masculine and feminine gender: The doctor has arrived. AND: The doctor has arrived.

How to determine the gender of unchangeable words?

There are unchangeable nouns in the language. All of them are borrowed from other languages. In Russian they have a gender. How to determine the genus? It's not difficult if you understand what the word means. Let's look at examples:

Monsieur - Madame- for words denoting an animate person, gender corresponds to gender.

Kangaroo, chimpanzee- words naming animals, male.

Tbilisi, Sukhumi- words - names of cities - male.

Congo, Zimbabwe- words - names of states - neuter.

Mississippi, Yangtze- words - names of rivers - female.

Coat, muffler- words denoting inanimate objects are more common neuter.

Are there any exceptions? Eat. Therefore, it is recommended to be careful about unchangeable words and remember how they are used. Gender is expressed not by the ending (indeclinable words do not have endings), but by the form of other words that are related to the unchangeable noun in meaning and grammatically. These can be adjectives, pronouns or verbs in the past tense. For example:

Mississippi wide and deep.

Short adjectives in the form of zh.r. indicate that the word Mississippi w.r.

§6. Declension

Declension is a type of word change. Nouns change according to number and case. Number and case are variable morphological features. Depending on what forms a word has in different numbers and cases, based on the totality of all possible forms, nouns belong to one of the declensions.

Nouns have three declensions: 1st, 2nd and 3rd. The vast majority of Russian nouns are nouns of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd declension. The type of declension is a constant, unchangeable morphological feature of nouns.

The 1st declension includes feminine and masculine words with endings A, I in its initial form.
Examples: mom, dad, grandpa, water, earth, Anna, Anya, lecture - ending [a].

The 2nd declension includes masculine words with zero endings and neuter words with endings O, e in its initial form.
Examples: father, brother, house, Alexander, sea, lake, building - ending [e] , genius, Alexey.

The 3rd declension includes feminine words ending in zero in its initial form.
Examples: mother, mouse, night, news, rye, lie.

Initial form- this is the form of the word in which it is usually recorded in dictionaries. For nouns, this is the nominative singular form.

Pay attention to the words traditionally called nouns on yeah, yeah, th : lecture, building, genius.

How to correctly mark the endings in such words?

Do you remember that the letters I And e, which are written at the end of such feminine and neuter nouns after vowels, and the letter And - does a vowel represent two sounds? Lecture- [iya’a], building- [iy’e], and the sound [y’] is the last consonant of the base. So, in words like lecture ending [a], in words like building- [e], and in words like genius- zero ending.

Therefore, feminine nouns: lecture, station, demonstration belong to the 1st declension, and masculine: genius and average: building- to the 2nd.

One more group of words requires comment. These are the so-called neuter nouns me , words way and child. These are indeclinable nouns.

Indeclinable nouns- these are words that have endings characteristic of forms of different declensions.
There are few such words. They are all very ancient. Some of them are common in today's speech.

List of nouns on My name: stirrup, tribe, seed, burden, udder, crown, time, name, flame, banner.

For their spelling, see All spelling. Spelling nouns

§7. Number

Number- this is a morphological feature, changeable for some nouns and unchangeable, constant for others.
The overwhelming number of Russian nouns vary in number. For example: house - houses, girl - girls, elephant - elephants, night - nights. Nouns that vary in number have both singular and plural forms and endings corresponding to these forms. For a number of nouns, the singular and plural forms differ not only in endings, but also in the stem. For example: person - people, child - children, kitten - kittens.

The minority of Russian nouns do not change in number, but have the form of only one number: either singular or plural.

Singular nouns:

collective: nobility, children
real: gold, milk, curdled milk
abstract (or abstract): greed, anger, goodness
some of our own, namely: geographical names: Russia, Suzdal, St. Petersburg

Nouns that have a plural form:

collective: shoots
real: cream, cabbage soup
abstract (or abstract): chores, elections, twilight
some proper, namely geographical names: Carpathians, Himalayas
some specific (object) watches, sleds, as well as a group of nouns denoting objects that consist of two parts: skis, skates, glasses, gates

Remember:

Most objects denoted by nouns that have only singular or plural forms cannot be counted.
For such nouns, number is an unchangeable morphological feature.

§8. Case

Case- this is a non-constant, changeable morphological feature of nouns. There are six cases in Russian:

Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional

You need to firmly know the case questions, with the help of which it is determined which case form the noun is in. Since, as you know, nouns can be animate and inanimate, there are two questions for each case:

I.p. - who what?
R.p. - who?, what?
D.p. - to whom; to what?
V.p. - who?, what?
etc. - by whom?, what?
P.p. - (About who about what?

You see that for animate nouns the questions vin.p are the same. and family etc., and for the inanimate - them. p. and wine P.
To avoid mistakes and correctly determine the case, always use both questions.

For example: I see an old park, a shady alley and a girl and a young man walking along it.
I see (who?, what?) a park(vin. p.), alley(vin. p.), girl(vin. p.), person(vin. p.).

Do all nouns change by case?

No, not all. Nouns, which are called unchangeable, do not change.

Cockatoo (1) sits in a cage in a store. I approach the cockatoo (2). This is a big beautiful parrot. I look at the cockatoo (3) with interest and think: -What do I know about the cockatoo (4)? I don't have a cockatoo (5). It's interesting with a cockatoo (6).

Word cockatoo occurred in this context 6 times:

(1) who?, what? - cockatoo- I.p.
(2) approaching (to) whom?, what? - (to) cockatoo- D.p.
(3) looking (at) who?, what? - (on) a cockatoo- V.p.
(4) know (about) whom?, what? - ( o) cockatoo- P.p.
(5) no who?, what? - cockatoo- R.p.
(6) interesting (with) who?, what? - (from cockatoo)- etc.

In different cases, the form of unchangeable nouns is the same. But the case is determined easily. Case questions help with this, as well as other parts of the sentence. If such a noun has a definition expressed by an adjective, pronoun, numeral or participle, i.e. a word that changes according to cases, then it will be in the form of the same case as the unchangeable noun itself.

Example: How long can you talk about this cockatoo?- (about) whom?. how? - P.p.

§9. Syntactic role of nouns in a sentence

Mother sits by the window. She leafs through a magazine, looking at photographs of people and nature. My mother is a geography teacher. “Mom,” I call her.

Mother - subject

Near the window - circumstance

Magazine- addition

Photos- addition

Of people- definition

Nature- definition

Mother- subject

Teacher- predicate

Geographies- definition

Mother- addresses, like introductory words, prepositions, conjunctions, particles are not members of the sentence.

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

What nouns denote individual specific objects, rather than groups of homogeneous objects?
- Proper names
- Common nouns
Which group of nouns has the most variety in meaning?
- Proper names
- Common nouns
Is animate-inanimateness expressed grammatically: by a set of endings?
How can you find out the gender of a noun?
- By value
- By compatibility with other words (adjectives, pronouns, past tense verbs) and by endings
What are the names of nouns that have endings characteristic of different declensions?
- Unbowed
- Divergent
What is the sign of number in nouns? good, evil, envy?
- Permanent (unchangeable)
- Impermanent (changeable)

Constant signs of nouns are... non-constant signs are... .., non-constant signs are...

Inconstant - number, case
3rd kind;
4th declension;

2nd case.
Constant signs - gender, declension, animate/inanimate
Inconstant - number, case
The constant features of a noun are gender, declension
Constant signs:
1 proper or common noun;
2 animate or inanimate;
3rd kind;
4th declension;
5th number (if the word has only one form, singular or plural).
Variable signs:
1 number (if the word changes in units/pl);
2nd case.
Constant morphological characteristics:
1 proper or common noun;
2 animate or inanimate;
3rd kind;
4th declension;
5th number (if the word has only one form, singular or plural).
Variable morphological characteristics:
1 number (if the word changes by numbers);
2nd case.
Constant morphological characteristics:
1 proper or common noun;
2 animate or inanimate;
3rd kind;
4th declension;
5th number (if the word has only one form, singular or plural).
Variable morphological characteristics:
1 number (if the word changes by numbers);
2nd case.
constant signs are gender, declension, animate and inanimate! non-constant signs are number, case
Constant signs - gender, declension, animate/inanimate
Inconstant - number, case
proper or common noun animate or inanimate declension gender case
Constant morphological characteristics:
1 proper or common noun;
2 animate or inanimate;
3rd kind;
4th declension;
5th number (if the word has only one form, singular or plural).
Variable morphological characteristics:
1 number (if the word changes by numbers);
2nd case.
You are deprived of rights)
Constant morphological characteristics:
1 proper or common noun;
2 animate or inanimate;
3rd kind;
4th declension;
5th number (if the word has only one form, singular or plural).
Variable morphological characteristics:
1 number (if the word changes by numbers);
2nd case.
Constant morphological characteristics:
1 proper or common noun;
2 animate or inanimate;
3rd kind;
4th declension;
5th number (if the word has only one form, singular or plural).
Variable morphological characteristics:
1 number (if the word changes by numbers);
2nd case.
The constant features of a noun are gender, declension, and animate or inanimate.
The inconstant features of a noun are number and case.
gender number animate or inanimate. personal or vernacular declination.
Constant signs of them. noun - proper or common noun; 2 animate or inanimate; 3rd generation; 4th declension; 5 number (if the word has only one form, singular or plural).
Fickle signs of them. noun - number (if the word changes by numbers); 2. case.
Adjectives have post. sign - category (qualitative, relative, possessive)
Non-post. signs - degree of comparison (if any), full or short form (only for qualitative adjectives), number, gender, case.
Fast. signs of a verb - aspect (perfect or imperfect), conjugation, transitive or intransitive, reflexive or non-reflexive
Inconstant: mood (indicative, imperative, conditional), tense (in the indicative mood in the present and future tense), gender (in the past tense), number.
this is the genus

noun e is an independent significant part of speech, combining words that

1) have a generalized meaning of objectivity and answer the questions who? or what?;

2) are proper or common nouns, animate or inanimate, have a constant gender sign and inconsistent (for most nouns) number and case signs;

3) in a sentence they most often act as subjects or objects, but can be any other members of the sentence.

Noun- this is a part of speech, when highlighted, the grammatical features of words come to the fore. As for the meaning of nouns, this is the only part of speech that can mean anything: an object (table), a person (boy), an animal (cow), a sign (depth), an abstract concept (conscience), an action (singing) , relation (equality). From the point of view of meaning, these words are united by the fact that they can be asked the question who? or what?; This, in fact, is their objectivity.

Common nouns designate objects without distinguishing them from the class of the same type (city, river, girl, newspaper).

Proper nouns designate objects, distinguishing them from the class of homogeneous objects, individualizing them (Moscow, Volga, Masha, Izvestia). It is necessary to distinguish proper names from proper names - ambiguous names of individualized objects (“Evening Moscow”). Proper names do not necessarily include a proper name (Moscow State University).

Animate and inanimate nouns

Nouns have a constant morphological sign of animation.

The sign of animacy of nouns is closely related to the concept of living / inanimate. Nevertheless, animacy is not a category of meaning, but a morphological feature itself.

Animacy as a morphological feature also has formal means of expression. Firstly, animateness/inanimateness is expressed by the endings of the noun itself:

1) animate nouns have the same plural endings. numbers V. p. and R. p., and for nouns husband. This also applies to units. number;

2) inanimate nouns have the same plural endings. numbers V. p. and I. p., and for nouns husband. This also applies to units. number.

The animacy of most nouns reflects a certain state of affairs in extra-linguistic reality: animate nouns are mainly called living beings, and inanimate are inanimate objects, but there are cases of violation of this pattern:

fluctuation in animation	an object cannot be both living and non-living:
alive but inanimate	1) a collection of living beings: (I see)armies, crowds, peoples ;
	2) plants, mushrooms: (gather)chanterelles ;


inanimate but animate	1) toys in the form of a person: (I see)dolls, nesting dolls, tumblers ;
inanimate but animate
	2) figures of some games: (play)kings, queens ;
	3) deceased: (I see)dead, drowned , Butdead body (inanimate);
	4) fictional creatures: (I see)mermaids, goblins, brownies.

Nouns have a constant morphological gender marker and relate to male, female or neuter.

Masculine, feminine and neuter gender include words with the following compatibility:

Some nouns with the ending -a, denoting characteristics, properties of persons, in I. p. have a double gender characterization depending on the gender of the designated person:

your ignoramus has come,

your ignoramus came.

Such nouns belong to the general gender.

Nouns are plural only (cream, scissors) do not belong to any of the genders, since in the plural the formal differences between nouns of different genders are not expressed (cf.: desks - tables).

Nouns change according to number and case. Most nouns have singular and plural forms ( city - cities, village - villages). However, some nouns have either only a singular form (for example, peasantry, asphalt, combustion), or only the plural form (for example, scissors, railings, everyday life, Luzhniki).

Case as a morphological feature of nouns

Nouns change by case, that is, they have an inconsistent morphological sign of number.

There are 6 cases in the Russian language: nominative (I. p.), genitive (R. p.), dative (D. p.), accusative (V. p.), instrumental (T. p.), prepositional (P. P.). These case forms are diagnosed in the following contexts:

I. p.who is this? What?

R. p. no one? what?

D. p.happy for whom? what?

V. p. see who? What?

T.p.proud of whom? how?

P.P. I'm thinking about whom? how?

The endings of different cases are different depending on which declension the noun belongs to.

Declension of nouns

Changing nouns by case is called declension.

TO I declension include nouns husband. and wives kind with ending I. p. unit. numbers -a(-i), including words ending in -i: mom-a, dad-a, earth-ya, lecture-ya (lecture-a). Words with a stem ending in a hard consonant (hard version), a soft consonant (soft version) and with a stem ending in -иj have some differences in endings, for example:

Case	Singular
Case	Solid option	Soft option	On - and I
Name	Countries - A	Earth -I	Army -I
R.p.	Countries - s	Earth -And	Army -And
D.p.	Countries - e	Earth -e	Army -And
V.p.	Countries - at	Earth -Yu	Army -Yu
etc.	Countries -Ouch (-oh )	Earth -to her (-yoyu )	Army -to her (-her )
P.p.	Countries -e	Earth -e	Army -And

Co. II declension include nouns husband. genders with zero ending I. p., including words starting with -iy, and nouns m. and cf. genders ending in -о(-е), including words ending in -е: table-, genius-, town-o, window-o, half-e, peni-e (penij-e).

TO III declension include nouns female. kind with zero ending in I. p.: dust- , night-.

In addition to nouns that have endings in only one of these declensions, there are words that have part of the endings from one declension, and part from the other. They are called heterogeneous. These are 10 words starting with -mya (burden, time, stirrup, tribe, seed, name, flame, banner, udder, crown) and path.

In the Russian language there are so-called indeclinable nouns. These include many common nouns and personal borrowings (coat, Tokyo), Russian surnames with -yh, -ikh, -vo (Petrovykh, Dolgikh, Durnovo). They are usually described as words without endings.

Morphological analysis of a noun

The noun is parsed according to the following plan:

I. Part of speech. General meaning. Initial form (nominative singular).

II. Morphological characteristics:

1. Constant features: a) proper or common noun, b) animate or inanimate, c) gender (masculine, feminine, neuter, common), d) declension.
2. Non-constant signs: a) case, b) number.

III. Syntactic role.

Sample morphological analysis of a noun

Two ladies ran up to Luzhin and helped him get up; he began to knock the dust off his coat with his palm (according to V. Nabokov).

I. Ladies- noun;

initial form - lady.

II. Constant signs: nat., soul., female. genus, I class;

inconsistent signs: plural. number, I. p.

III. They ran up(Who?) ladies (part of the subject).

I.(To) Luzhin- noun;

initial form - Luzhin;

II. Constant signs: own, soulful, male. genus, I class;

inconsistent signs: units. number, D. p.;

III. They ran up(to whom?) .underline ( border-bottom: 1px dashed blue; ) to Luzhin(addition).

I. Palm- noun;

initial form - palm;

II. Constant signs: nav., inanimate., female. genus, I class;

inconsistent signs: units. number, T. p.;

III. Began to shoot down(how?) palm(addition).

I. Dust- noun;

initial form - dust;

II. Constant signs: nav., inanimate., female. genus, III class;

inconsistent signs: units. number, V. p.;

III. Began to shoot down(What?) dust(addition).

I. Coat- noun;

initial form - coat;

II. Constant signs: vernacular, inanimate, cf. gen., undeclined;

inconsistent signs: the number is not determined by the context, R. p.;

III. Began to shoot down(why?) with coat(addition).

General grammatical meaning- this is the meaning of the subject, that is, everything that can be said about: who is this? or what's this? This is the only part of speech that can mean anything, namely:

1) names of specific things and objects (house, tree, notebook, book, briefcase, bed, lamp);

2) names of living beings (man, engineer, girl, boy, deer, mosquito);

3) names of various substances (oxygen, gasoline, lead, sugar, salt);

4) names of various natural and social phenomena (storm, frost, rain, holiday, war);

5) names of abstract properties and characteristics (freshness, whiteness, blueness);

6) names of abstract actions and states (waiting, killing, running).

Morphological characteristics a noun is gender, number, case, declension. Nouns

1) belong to one of four genders - masculine, feminine, neuter, general, but do not vary by gender: ocean, river, sea; see How to determine the gender of a noun?;

2) change by numbers: ocean - oceans, river - rivers, sea - seas;

3) change by case: ocean - ocean, ocean, ocean etc.; see What cases are there in Russian?

Changing by cases and numbers is called declination. See: How to determine the declension of nouns?

The initial form of the noun is the nominative singular.

Syntactic features: in a sentence, nouns most often act as subjects or objects, but can be any other members of the sentence:

Book makes a person the master of the universe (P. Pavlenko) - subject ;
The whole life of mankind was settled in a book (A. Herzen) - addition ;
Book - storage knowledge (B. Polevoy) - predicative ;
Dampness from the earth my side began to feel cold (A. Gaidar) - inconsistent definition ;
Above gray-haired plain of the sea, the wind is driving up the clouds (M. Lermontov) - circumstance of place ;
The people will not forget - winner their selfless heroes (V. Lebedev-Kumach) - application .

A noun in a sentence can act as appeals(not part of the sentence): Lucy , I'm waiting for you!

Based on the nature of their lexical meaning, nouns are divided into two categories:

common nouns- these are nouns that name a class of homogeneous objects: table, boy, bird, spring;

proper nouns- these are nouns that name single (individual) objects, which include first names, patronymics, last names of people, names of animals, names of cities, rivers, seas, oceans, lakes, mountains, deserts (geographical names), names of books, paintings, films , magazines, newspapers, performances, names of ships, trains, various organizations, historical events, etc.: Alexander, Zhuchka, Russia, Astrakhan, Volga, Baikal, “The Captain's Daughter”.

Note. Proper nouns have a number of features.

1) Proper names can consist of one word ( Moscow, Caspian Sea, Caucasus, "Mtsyri") or from several words ( Nizhny Novgorod, New Orleans, Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky, “War and Peace”, East Siberian Sea).

2) Proper names are written with a capital letter ( Tula, Alps).

3) Titles (titles) of books, newspapers, magazines, films, paintings, ships, trains, etc. are written with a capital letter and, in addition, are highlighted with quotation marks ( novel “Eugene Onegin”, painting “Morning in the Forest”, motor ship “Vasily Surikov”).

4) Proper names are not used in the plural and are not combined with numerals (except in cases of designating different objects and persons called the same: We have two Iras and three Olyas in our class.). City of Naberezhnye Chelny.
5) Proper nouns can turn into common nouns, and common nouns into proper nouns, for example: Narcissus(the name of a handsome young man in ancient Greek mythology) - narcissus(flower); Boston(city in USA) - Boston(wool fabric), Boston(slow waltz), Boston(card game); labor - newspaper "Trud".

Based on their meaning, nouns are divided into four main categories:

specific- these are nouns that name specific objects of animate and inanimate nature (they vary in numbers, are combined with cardinal numerals). For example: table ( tables, two tables), student ( students, two students), mountain ( mountains, two mountains);

real- these are nouns that name various substances, a homogeneous mass of something (they have only one form of number - singular or plural; they are not combined in cardinal numerals; they are combined with words a lot, a little, as well as with different units of measurement). For example: air (there is no plural; you cannot say: two air, but you can: a lot of air, little air; two cubic meters of air), dirt (no plural; cannot say: two dirt, but you can: a lot of dirt, a little dirt; two kilograms of dirt), ink (no singular; cannot say: five ink, but you can: a lot of ink, a little ink, two hundred grams of ink), sawdust (there is no singular; you cannot say: five sawdust, but you can: a lot of sawdust, little sawdust; half a kilogram of sawdust);

abstract (abstract)- these are nouns that name abstract phenomena perceived mentally (they have only a singular or only a plural, and are not combined with cardinal numerals). For example: compassion (there is no plural; you cannot say: two compassions), warmth (no plural; cannot say: two heats), bitterness (no plural; cannot say: two bitternesses), troubles (there is no singular; you cannot say: five troubles);

collective- these are nouns that name many identical objects as one whole (they have only a singular form; they are not combined with cardinal numerals). For example: youth (there is no plural, although it means many; you cannot say: two youth), teaching (there is no plural, although it means many; you cannot say: two teachers), beast (there is no plural, although it means many; you cannot say: two animals), foliage (there is no plural, although it means many; you cannot say: two leaves);

single- these are nouns that are a type of material nouns. These nouns name one instance of those objects that make up the set. For example: pearl - pearl, potato - potato, sand - grain of sand, pea - pea, snow - snowflake, straw - straw.

EXERCISE. Draw a table. Learn

In writing

Rewrite. Write the categories of nouns by meaning (proper - common nouns; animate - inanimate; concrete - material - abstract - collective).

1. It was a cloudy but stuffy day. Kryukov wandered aimlessly through the rooms, looked out the windows, or leafed through long-bored albums. On this day, for some reason, it seemed to him that the children were behaving disgustingly, that his wife was not looking after the servants well, that expenses were being carried out inconsistently with income (Chekhov). 2. So the youth grew up together with their city, together with their park, and in their own way baptized its districts, settlements, streets (Fadeev). 3. “The vague glow that goes around the entire sky like a yoke is called the Milky Way,” the teacher (Zakrutkin) said quietly. 4. The Chinese tried to throw the animal ashore with sticks (Arsenyev). 5. His voice, like a knife, scratched his heart, and the dead man suddenly went underground (Gogol).

Computer science

Learn: §12, pp. 83-85

5 CLASS (literature)

THEME “Surgery” is a ridicule of the stupidity and ignorance of the characters in the story. Humor of the situation. The speech of characters as a means of characterizing them.

Works that make us laugh are called humorous. What is humor? Let's look at the entry:

WRITING (learn)

Humor (eng. Humor “temper”, “mood”) is an image of something in a funny, comic form.

Humor is always what kind of laughter? (Kind) Yes, this is laughter that does not destroy a person, it makes fun of his shortcomings.

Did you like the story? What impression did he make on you?

Surely some meanings of words did not seem entirely clear to you.