Hypertensive crisis: concept, clinical picture, treatment. Radar Kris - photo radar complex (camera, system, device, detector) for traffic police (traffic police)
It is increasing rapidly. And that's just official statistics. And a third of them have already experienced a hypertensive crisis. Not only patients, but also people who do not suffer from hypertension need to know what it is in order to help their loved ones and friends overcome this difficult period.
Everyone knows that clinical picture of this disease characterized by increased blood pressure due to a violation of the mechanisms of regulation of this process. And the crisis itself is a severe manifestation of the disease, which can lead to irreversible consequences.
Causes of hypertension
In most cases, a prerequisite for development hypertension neuropsychic stress and stressful situations that continue a long period time. Therefore if work activity person is carried out in constant emotional stress, the risk of developing the disease is very high.
Hypertension often results from a concussion. Moreover, the disease may not appear immediately after the injury, but after several weeks or even months. Therefore, many patients do not even associate a concussion with the occurrence of hypertension.
Hereditary predisposition also occupies one of the first places in the list of causes of this disease. So, if someone in the family had hypertension, the disease can manifest itself in the heirs, regardless of age and lifestyle. Therefore, people in this risk group should think about preventing the disease even before the first symptoms appear.
Another cause of hypertension is age-related physical inactivity, in which in the human body, due to the aging process, a violation of vital functions occurs. important functions body, one of which is blood circulation. Against the background of this natural process, atherosclerosis may appear, which can be aggravated by hypertension. The danger of the disease lies in the fact that blood flow to vital organs is significantly reduced. And if there are atherosclerotic deposits in the vessels, so-called plaques, then a stroke and even myocardial infarction are possible.
For representatives of the fair sex, the dangerous period when hypertension can occur is the time of restructuring female body during menopause. In addition, the risk increases several times with excessive salt consumption and smoking.
Symptoms of hypertension
One of the first symptoms by which the disease can be recognized is, of course, high blood pressure. U healthy person these indicators should not exceed the limit norm at rest 130/85. During emotional stress or physical exertion, these values can increase by 10-15 units, but after a few minutes of rest they should return to normal. In patients with hypertension, blood pressure exceeds acceptable levels even in calm state, and in stressful situations the indicators increase significantly.
In addition to the increased values blood pressure, the disease is characterized by headache. This occurs due to spasm and constriction of blood vessels in the brain. Patients often also complain of tinnitus, general weakness, a veil before my eyes, frequent dizziness and a feeling of heaviness in the head. And all these signs appear already at the first initial stage hypertension. If you experience even one of these symptoms in combination with high blood pressure, you should immediately seek qualified medical attention. medical care in order to prevent further development diseases. Neglect of treatment at the initial stage of development of hypertension can lead to a hypertensive crisis. What it is and what the consequences may be needs to be understood in more detail.
So what is it?
By this frightening concept of “hypertensive crisis”, the causes of which we have examined, doctors mean a sudden deterioration in the condition of a patient with hypertension, in which blood pressure levels are at the level of 220/120 and above. If a person in such a condition is not provided with the necessary first aid, the disease can lead to irreversible consequences, such as stroke, heart attack, etc. However, given the level of modern medical equipment, such complications occur very rarely today.
Even if the crisis was managed at home, it is imperative to see a doctor on the same or the next day. The specialist will carry out everything necessary measures to examine the condition and prescribe systematic therapy, which will avoid the occurrence of such situations.
The mechanism of occurrence of hypertensive crisis
Just like hypertension, a hypertensive crisis occurs because the balance between vascular tone and minute volume blood, which is in vascular bed pushed out by the heart. In a state of crisis, a patient with sufficiently powerful heart contractions experiences a spasm of small arterioles (vessels). The consequence is an increase in blood pressure to very high performance and disruption of the delivery of the required volume of oxygen to tissues and organs. It is the latter factor that explains frequent development ischemic complications such as strokes and heart attacks.
Exogenous causes of hypertensive crises
Even a slight increase in blood pressure may indicate that hypertension is beginning to develop. The risk with this disease is mainly associated not even with the occurrence of crises, but with their consequences. Therefore, in order to prevent deterioration of the patient’s condition, it is worth excluding its main exogenous causes if possible.
The impetus for the development of a hypertensive crisis is often psycho-emotional stress and severe physical fatigue. Therefore, patients with hypertension should be more attentive to the rhythm of their lives, and sometimes even give up their favorite sport or responsible work.
To reduce the risk of a hypertensive crisis, you need to reconsider not only your life priorities, but also your own diet. You should exclude trusted salt from it or reduce its consumption to a minimum. After all, it is this component of all dishes that prevents the removal of fluid from the body, the amount of which also needs to be reduced. Even at the initial stage of hypertension, the volume of drinks and water should be reduced, especially coffee.
Not so often, a hypertensive crisis can become a consequence of irrational therapy. Most often, patients who neglect the recommendations of doctors and independently stop taking antihypertensive medications become hostages of this situation. A crisis can also arise when, against the background long-term use sympatholytics are administered by adrenergic drugs. Therefore, when contacting a specialist, it is important to inform about the medications that were used during the previous period.
Endogenous factors in the occurrence of crises in hypertension
If we exclude the causes of hypertensive crisis, which depend on external factors, it is possible that endogenous effects cannot be prevented. For example, the risk group includes patients with coronary artery disease, especially during periods of its exacerbation. This list is supplemented by those who suffer from cerebrovascular disorders, pain syndromes of various origins, etc.
If we consider the age criterion of the risk group, then it includes people in the second half of life, from about 35 years old. Exacerbations focal infections can also provoke a hypertensive crisis, which is understandable. Indeed, at the moment of development inflammatory process all the body’s forces are aimed at stopping the outbreak, which makes the activities of other vital important organs and systems.
This disease is especially dangerous for women. Hypertension may progress slightly long years, but appear during age-related hormonal changes.
Classification of hypertensive crises
Today in medical practice The division of crises in hypertension into two main types is used. The first is caused by an excessive release of adrenaline and occurs when arterial hypertension is just beginning to develop. This type of crisis is characterized by an increase in systolic blood pressure. The duration of this state can be calculated in minutes or hours. It is characterized by such clinical manifestations, such as trembling in the body, hyperemia and local hyperhidrosis of the skin, rapid pulse and high systolic pressure. The crisis resolves quickly enough and does not lead to particularly serious consequences.
The second type most often develops in people suffering from late and it is caused by big amount norepinephrine in the blood. The clinical picture of this condition is characterized sharp increase diastolic pressure, in in rare cases also systolic. Patients complain of severe headaches, blurred vision, lethargy, vomiting and nausea. This condition can continue even for several days. And if measures are not taken to stop the crisis, it is simply impossible to predict how difficult the consequences will be. Indeed, at this time, when arterial hypertension is in the acute phase, not only cerebral circulatory disorders with characteristic symptoms or true stroke, but also kidney damage, left ventricular failure, myocardial infarction.
Clinical picture
Characteristic symptoms for this dangerous condition is sharp pain V occipital region heads. The condition is aggravated by the sensation strong pulsation in the temple area, as well as nausea and vomiting, which does not bring relief. Most patients experience unreasonable feeling fear and anxiety even for the slightest reason, hyperemia and swelling of the face may also appear, and vision may deteriorate. In addition, during a hypertensive crisis, various neurological disorders which are accompanied by dissociation of reflexes.
Depending on the type of hemodynamic disorder, the type of increase in blood pressure and the pathophysiological mechanism of development of acute manifestations of hypertension, the symptoms may be more extensive. Therefore, it is so important to seek qualified help at the first symptoms listed above and prevent all possible consequences.
Complications
If hypertension is diagnosed, treatment should begin immediately, as this disease can cause many serious illnesses. Due to a hypertensive crisis, the patient may experience acute acute heart attack myocardium, hemodynamic angina, renal failure and many others serious illnesses. All these complications can not only significantly undermine human health, but also cause death.
Treatment of hypertensive crises
Often, when a person experiences a hypertensive crisis, he simply does not know what it is and what measures should be taken. And he perceives his condition as a natural manifestation of hypertension. And then he regrets his carelessness. To avoid finding yourself in such a situation, the patient and his family members should find out what assistance should be provided when hypertensive crisis and what drugs should be constantly in home medicine cabinet. Such precautions can not only alleviate the condition and prevent complications, but sometimes even save lives.
Of course, a hypertensive crisis of any severity, type and origin requires a differentiated treatment algorithm, so you must immediately seek qualified medical help. And until the emergency team arrives, the patient’s condition should be alleviated as much as possible, providing him with complete rest. If blood pressure readings are in the critical zone, you need to try to stabilize it yourself with the help of medications. vascular system. But it is worth remembering that blood pressure should be reduced gradually to avoid acute vascular accidents. During the first 60 minutes, the readings should be reduced by 15-20%, and over the next 2-6 hours the blood pressure should be increased to 160/100 mmHg. Art. Only such an algorithm in case of a hypertensive crisis will stabilize the patient’s condition without harm to his health.
For an uncomplicated crisis, the drug Nifedipine is used, which blocks calcium channels, relieves spasms and dilates blood vessels. Vasodilators are also used to reduce the load on the heart, such as Diazoxide and Sodium Nitroprusside. As ACE inhibitors use the drugs Captopril and Enalapril. Of course, other groups of drugs can be used to stop a crisis, but they, like drugs for treating hypertension, must be prescribed directly by a doctor.
Concerning symptomatic treatment hypertensive crises, it includes the administration of antiarrhythmic, analgesic, antianginal, sedatives, as well as diuretics and cardiac glycosides. Doctors recommend using oxygen therapy and distraction procedures, such as mustard plasters and hot foot baths.
Treatment of hypertension
Since a hypertensive crisis is nothing more than an exacerbation of hypertension, everyone should know how to treat it. And the first thing you should start with is contacting a cardiologist, because it is this specialist who will be able to tell at what stage of development in this moment the disease persists. Hypertension is treated not only medications, this process consists of a set of measures aimed at stabilizing blood pressure and preventing crises.
After receiving the results of the examination, the doctor will prescribe a course of treatment that will be able to maintain normal blood pressure. For this, b-blockers that reduce heart rate and vascular resistance, such as Metoprodol, Visken, Atenolol and others, can be used. Another group of drugs for lowering blood pressure are ACEIs - inhibitors that block the production of renin. It includes the products “Methiopril”, “Moex”, “Spirapril”, “Capoten”. Often a patient with hypertension is prescribed diuretics that remove excess liquid from the body. However, these medications should be used with extreme caution, as many of them can leach away beneficial potassium.
It is completely impossible to get rid of hypertension, because the walls of blood vessels have been adapting to high blood pressure, and therefore it will no longer be possible to return them to their previous form. Therefore, in addition to systematic therapy, it is necessary to constantly monitor blood pressure and right moment respond quickly to acute manifestations diseases.
Prevention of hypertension and hypertensive crises
If we consider that a hypertensive crisis is the “brainchild” of hypertension, then preventive actions they are almost identical. And the first place on this list, of course, is rational mode rest and work. Exhaustive activities should be avoided if possible physical activity, compensate for the expended forces with full sound sleep. This is especially important for those who already suffer from hypertension and want to prevent a possible hypertensive crisis. What it is, you can find out at own experience, if you abuse alcohol and nicotine, therefore from these bad habits must be abandoned immediately. It's worth reconsidering daily diet nutrition, excluding from it table salt, as well as fatty and spicy foods.
In addition, if hypertension has already appeared, treatment should be carried out strictly in accordance with the doctor’s instructions and should not be discontinued on your own. antihypertensive drugs. Last action may provoke the body to respond to drug withdrawal with a hypertensive crisis.
This dagger with a clearly memorable asymmetrical blade shape, sharply expanding at the root and a richly decorated handle is the national pride of the people of Indonesia and Malaysia. Kriss began to be made on the island of Java from meteorite iron.
Due to the presence of natural nickel in these fragments, “moire” patterns appeared on the kris blades, which became one of distinctive features this combat and status dagger, on a par with the traditional T-shaped scabbard. Chrises initial period have their own name - “majapahits”, formed according to the place of their production.
Indonesians treat their legendary dagger with great respect and keep them as the greatest family value. Chris - required attribute of every Indonesian male that a young man receives upon coming of age.
There are many rituals and rules associated with the dagger. So, the exchange of daggers meant eternal friendship; the hilt of the weapon could not be exposed while visiting - this is the gravest insult to the owner of the house, so it was hidden under clothes; The kris was worn on the right side in peacetime, and on the left during war; the loss of weapons was considered one of the most terrible offenses. After purchasing a dagger, its owner had to put the weapon under his pillow on the first night, and if he dreamed bad dreams– urgently go and replace the chris with another one, it’s so strong meaning given mental connection weapon and its owner. Sometimes the kris was hung over front door into the house as a talisman for protection.
In many regions there were special varieties of kris intended for executions - with a long, thin and straight blade. It is known that special kris was specially prepared to kill a specific person.
In more later periods The blade of the kris was made of multi-layer Pomor steel, and the handle was made of wood, jade or rock crystal. The art of creating a blade with patterns on metal among the gunsmiths of Indonesia and Malaysia is very developed, and it was possible to get a blade with a pattern up to sayings from the Koran, but the kris with a random pattern, where silhouettes of people or animals were visible, was considered the most magically powerful.
The kris blade can be straight or curved (necessarily with an odd number of bends); in the root part there are two small indentations for the index and thumb. On the other side of the heel, to which a metal strip of “ganja” is welded, there are small spikes. The handle of the kris is wooden or, less commonly, made of metal, richly inlaid and decorated, as a rule, has a curved shape “a la pistol” - thanks to this design, the dagger intended for stabbing becomes like a continuation index finger. Wooden scabbard.
In 2005, the kris was declared by UNESCO as a masterpiece of world heritage and there is even a special science of studying the design, history, social and cultural aspects, and even mystical properties krisa - krisology.
Photoradar complex "KRIS" for the traffic police is a special device, the main purpose of which is to automatically record violations of the rules traffic. Besides, stationary photoradar complex KRIS-S (as well as its modified model - the photoradar mobile complex "KRIS-P") can also recognize vehicle license plates, run them through both federal and regional databases and transmit the received information to traffic police posts.
Operating principle of the traffic police radar KRIS-P (S)
Radar KRIS-P(pictured) is usually installed near the edge of the road on a special tripod. The complex is oriented relative to the road surface in such a way as to cover all traffic lanes at once. Camera KRIS-a records the offender with all the data about him (this is facilitated by the built-in speed meter). The received information is transmitted to a central receiving point (often a mobile traffic police station) or an external computer intended for this purpose, on which special program processes data and creates a database of traffic violators. In addition to actually processing the received data, using a computer you can configure the radar and control its main operating parameters, in particular, set a threshold speed and receive some selective data about intruders.
It would not be amiss to note that, unlike similar devices of other models, the "KRIS" sensor selects targets according to the direction of their movement at a fairly large distance. In turn, this significantly expands its capabilities and increases operational efficiency.
Data transmission to mobile posts and to external computers is carried out both through a regular telephone line and GSM cellular communications. Also, the KRIS-P device (photo below) is capable, thanks to the built-in module, of transmitting information about the intruder via a radio channel. All data transmitted by the sensor is reliably protected by the built-in security system.
KRIS-P (S) radar technical characteristics, instructions
The technical characteristics of KRIS-P are as follows. Speed measurement range - 150 m, range of measured speeds from 20 to 250 km/h, measurement error KRIS-P ± 1 km/h. The maximum range of visual identification of a vehicle's fire protection zone from a photograph with illumination of at least 50 lux in the control zone up to 100 m, less than 50 lux with infrared illumination is 50 m. The maximum range of data transmission via radio channel is 1.5 km, the maximum range of infrared illumination is 50 m. Maximum amount frames saved on the sensor’s flash drive (2 GB) - at least 9000 frames. The permissible operating time from a battery with a capacity of 55A*h is at least 8 hours. The error of non-volatile clocks is no more than 2 seconds per day. Operating conditions of use: ambient temperature from -30 to +50 °C, relative humidity up to 90% at +30 °C, atmospheric pressure from 60 to 107.6 kPa. Average term service until decommissioning for at least 6 years. Interverification interval is 2 years.
Defense and appeal CRIS: the impossible is possible!
No matter how high-quality and accurate the mobile photo radar complex "KRIS-S", many special devices have already been released that allow you to warn the owner vehicle about approaching the recording device. Radar detector for CRIS, regardless of the model and manufacturer, is capable of recording the location of a post with an installed speed meter and warning the driver when approaching it. As a rule, warning occurs using sound signal and after it sounds, the driver has the opportunity to slow down or go around the post on another road, since the radar detector’s operating range is quite large.
It should be noted that today not every anti-CDIS radar detector on the domestic market is able to effectively cope with its intended purpose. Some, as car owners complain, cannot register the presence of a radar on the road in time, while others, although they warn the driver, are too late when the registration device takes a picture and records the speed of movement. How to fool CHRIS P? Today, the radar detectors of the following models have proven themselves well in the fight against the KRIS-P speed meter - Saver 425, Star 2015 and Star 2015. According to reviews of car owners who have installed these devices, they cope quite effectively with their intended purpose and warn in time about the presence on the roadway "KRIS" systems.
Well, for those motorists who did not have time to acquire a radar detector and were caught in the camera lens, there is only one way out - appealing photo recording Chris-P. It would not be amiss to note the fact that appealing a “chain letter” from the traffic police, made with the help of the CRIS, in court is quite simple, especially if you understand a little about the laws. So, for example, one of the arguments in favor of the car owner may be the fact that the technical documentation for the radar does not contain data on the complete automaticity of its operation. It follows from this that changes can be made by the traffic police officer himself in his own favor and are not reliable.
Price of the KRIS radar complex
The price for the KRIS-P radar is not strictly established within any specific framework. The thing is that the cost, as a rule, depends on the configuration of the crime registration system, as well as on the model of the radar itself. You can determine the actual cost of the KRIS speed meter and buy it on the manufacturer’s website.
Hypertensive crisis: concept, clinical picture, treatment in Rostov-on-Don: doctors of medical sciences, candidates of medical sciences, academicians, professors, corresponding members of the academy. Make an appointment, consultation, reviews, prices, addresses, detailed information. Make an appointment with a leading cardiac surgeon. Rostov-on-Don without a queue at a time convenient for you.
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What is a hypertensive crisis?
— emergency, which occurs due to an excessive jump in blood pressure (diastolic and systolic). This condition develops in approximately 1-2% of patients with pathology of cardio-vascular system(arterial hypertension). A hypertensive crisis usually lasts from several hours to several days (the latter less often) leads to transient neurovegetative disorders and disturbances of coronary, cerebral, and renal blood flow.
What are the causes of hypertensive crisis?
Often, a hypertensive crisis occurs against the background of diseases associated with arterial hypertension, but it can also occur without a persistent increase in blood pressure before the attack.
Such conditions occur in approximately 30% of patients with hypertension. They are often found in women who are experiencing menopause. Often, a hypertensive crisis complicates the course of atherosclerotic disease of the aorta (or its branches), renal pathologies(pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, nephroptosis), systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetic nephropathy, periarteritis nodosa, nephropathy in pregnant women. Also crises during arterial hypertension appear in following cases: for pheochromocytoma, Itsenko-Cushing's disease, primary hyperaldosteronism. Often the cause of a hypertensive crisis is “withdrawal syndrome”—cessation of taking antihypertensive drugs.
Pathogenesis of hypertensive crises during various diseases not the same. The basis of a hypertensive crisis in hypertension (or arterial hypertension) is a violation of neurohumoral control, activation of the sympathetic influence on the circulatory system, and changes in vascular tone. A sudden increase in arterial tone contributes to a pathological increase in blood pressure and creates additional stress on the peripheral blood flow regulation systems.
Symptoms of hypertensive crisis.
Hypertensive crisis (with a predominance of neuro-vegetative syndrome) is often associated with a sharp and significant release of adrenaline and usually develops as a result of acute stressful situation. A neurovegetative crisis is characterized by nervous, excited, restless behavior of patients. There is increased hyperemia of the skin of the face and neck, sweating, hand tremors, and dry mouth. The course of this form of hypertensive crisis is accompanied by cerebral symptoms: very severe headaches (spread out or localized in the temporal or occipital region), dizziness, blurred vision (“flickering spots” before the eyes), nausea and vomiting, a feeling of noise in the head. With this form of hypertensive crisis, an increase in pulse pressure and tachycardia, a predominant increase in systolic blood pressure. During the period of resolution of the condition, frequent urination is noted, and an increased volume of urine is released. The duration of a hypertensive crisis averages from 1 to 5 hours.
Treatment of hypertensive crisis.
In case of a critical rise in blood pressure, the patient is provided with rest and bed rest. The main place in stopping the crisis belongs to urgent drug therapy, which is aimed at reducing blood pressure and stabilizing the vascular system.
To lower blood pressure values during an uncomplicated hypertensive crisis, the following are used:
Calcium channel blockers (nifedipine)
ACE inhibitors (captopril, enalapril)
Vasodilators (sodium nitroprusside, diazoxide)
Imidazoline receptor agonists (clonidine)
-ß-blockers (labetalol)
It is extremely important to ensure a gradual reduction in pressure: approximately 20-25% of
Symptomatic treatment of this condition consists of oxygen therapy, the administration of diuretics, cardiac glycosides, antianginal, antiemetics, antiarrhythmics, sedatives, anticonvulsants and analgesics. Hirudotherapy sessions and distraction procedures (hot foot baths and a heating pad on the feet) are also indicated.
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