Help with chemical stomach poisoning. If necessary, hemodialysis is performed. Berthollet salt poisoning

40% of household chemical poisoning is associated with contact with detergents and disinfectants. Causes undesirable consequences consist of non-compliance with the recommendations given by the manufacturer. Children most often suffer when their parents leave them unattended. To provide up to medical care you need to know the signs of poisoning and the specifics of treatment.

What household chemicals can cause poisoning?

Disinfectants containing various substances are used everywhere – at work and at home:

• Surfactants – present in soap, washing powders and dishwashing detergents. They effectively combat contaminants that are difficult to remove with water. Connecting with fat molecules, they are easily washed off from the surface. Surfactants have a negative effect on the skin, disrupting it protective layer. These substances accumulate in the brain, liver, muscle structures and heart.
• Oxidizing agents – found in chlorine and oxygen bleaches, stain removers, and plumbing cleaners. Used for disinfection to destroy organic compounds.
• Alkalis - based on them, detergents for kitchen utensils and various cleaners for sewer pipes have been developed.
• Acids – designed to remove stubborn stains. It is recommended to use rubber gloves to eliminate the possibility of contact with skin.

According to statistics, children and pregnant women whose bodies are not yet strong or are weakened are more susceptible to the development of poisoning.

Causes of intoxication

Poisoning from household chemicals most often occurs when using products Low quality, which contain a high content of oxalic acid and chlorine. There are several ways of causing harm to the human body when in contact with detergents, cleaning agents and disinfectants.

The mechanism of poisoning is the same for all household chemicals:

• Ingestion - a child may taste the product out of curiosity, and an adult may confuse it with drinking water.
• Contact with skin – prolonged and frequent use leads to a decrease in the protective properties of the skin, which can lead to damage.
• Contact with mucous membranes - in case of contact with eyes, mouth or digestive tract their functions decrease.
• Inhalation – Most products emit toxic fumes and should not be used in areas where there is no ventilation.

Symptoms of poisoning

When the body is exposed to toxic substances, characteristic symptoms of poisoning by household chemicals develop:

1. Surfactant – pain in the intestines and stomach, appearance foamy discharge from the mouth, difficulty breathing and vomiting. The victim has yellowing of the skin due to liver dysfunction.
2. Oxygen and chloride oxidizers - if a person inhales vapors, swelling of the mucous membranes in the mouth and respiratory tract occurs, which is accompanied by suffocation, lacrimation and coughing. Constant continuous exposure is fraught with the development of anemia, vascular atherosclerosis and increased blood pressure. If penetrated inside, a burn to the stomach, erosion of the mucous membranes, liver damage and the development of hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells) are possible.
3. Acids - chemicals containing these substances can burn the stomach and burn internal organs. Poisoning is accompanied by vomiting, severe pain, and attacks of suffocation.
4. Alkalies - signs include the appearance of diarrhea and vomiting with blood, swelling of the nasopharynx, pain in the eyes, attacks of suffocation and the appearance of severe discomfort in the gastrointestinal tract. As a result of painful shock and pulmonary edema, the victim may die.

When the body is intoxicated, it is noted headache which turns into a migraine. A seemingly insignificant cough develops into a “barking” cough. Due to impaired liver function, a pronounced bitter taste occurs in the mouth. Quite often, such a sign as a rash at the points of contact appears. detergent with skin. With severe damage, large blisters filled with liquid appear.

The victim becomes weak and feels short of breath. There is profuse sweating followed by cyanosis. Possible loss of spatial orientation and decreased visual function.

Consequences

Penetrating into the blood, toxic compounds cause intoxication of the body, destroying red blood cells. This leads to the fact that internal organs do not receive enough oxygen. As a result, brain hypoxia develops.

The victim may faint. It is possible that cramps may occur in the limbs. In rare cases, damage occurs of cardio-vascular system(bradycardia, tachycardia), heart failure or arterial hypertension develops.

Among the most common complications of chemical poisoning are:

• Burns to the gastrointestinal mucosa lead to scarring.
• Chemical compounds penetrate into the lungs, causing swelling followed by respiratory arrest.
• The kidneys stop coping with cleansing the body, which is accompanied by the appearance of blood in the urine.
• Disorder of the functions of the digestive system is fraught with paralysis of the smooth muscles of internal organs.

If you notice symptoms of chemical poisoning, it is recommended to call a doctor as soon as possible. Before the ambulance arrives, be sure to take immediate measures.

First aid

While the doctor arrives, you need to do the following:

1. If a surfactant is swallowed, induce vomiting to maximally cleanse the body of chemicals.
2. If alkali or acids get into the gastrointestinal tract, do not rinse the stomach under any circumstances and do not induce vomiting. This will cause secondary damage to the gastrointestinal tract.
3. If large amounts of chemical gas are inhaled, provide the victim with access to fresh air.
4. If exposed to the skin or mucous membranes, it is recommended to rinse them with plenty of running water.

If the victim has lost consciousness, he should be laid on his side so that his head is higher than his torso. Must be released Airways from vomit and make sure that the tongue does not sink.

It is unacceptable to give the victim any drugs when providing first aid. Only a doctor can decide on the prescription of medication, e.g. activated carbon. Under no circumstances should you give the victim potassium permanganate or give enemas.

Treatment

Full therapy can only be carried out in a hospital setting and includes:

• Gastric lavage (if necessary).
• Blood transfusion.
• Prescription of drugs to restore blood vessels and cardiac activity.
• Inhalations that facilitate respiratory functions.

The doctor prescribes treatment based on the patient’s condition. Must be shown medical worker instructions for the disinfectant or detergent.

Prevention

To prevent poisoning from chemicals, contact with them should be limited. If pipes become clogged, you need to work with cleaners with extreme caution, as they are highly concentrated. It is mandatory to wear gloves and a protective mask.

1. Before starting use, carefully read the instructions.
2. Store disinfectants and cosmetical tools in tightly sealed vials. It is advisable to buy bottles with childproof stoppers.
3. It is not recommended to pour liquid into other containers. Especially if we're talking about about plastic bottles.
4. Place disinfectants away from food. Designate a separate space in the bathroom for this.

If you are poisoned by household chemicals, do not try to treat yourself. Even with minor injuries, consult a doctor to eliminate the possibility of developing serious complications. Use cleaning and disinfection products strictly in accordance with the instructions and do not disregard the manufacturer's recommendations.

Poisonings usually occur as a result of improper storage of such products or failure to comply with safety precautions during use.

Children suffer most often, because all the bottles and packaging are bright and colorful, which attracts the child’s attention.

Description and types of household chemicals

There are several types of household chemicals:

• Cosmetics,
• Washing and cleaning products,
• Preparations for killing insects,
• Varnishes and paints,
• Means for getting rid of stains.

Cosmetic substances often contain various alcohols, which, when penetrated, adversely affect the body.

Insecticides are used to get rid of various insects. Most often, the composition includes organophosphorus compounds, poisoning with which is very dangerous.

Plumbing cleaning fluids contain a variety of acids or alkalis. Poisoning with them is quite severe for the body.

Stain removers often contain chlorine-containing substances, which also pose a danger. Intoxication with household chemicals causes people a lot of trouble and problems. In severe cases, death is possible.

Causes of poisoning from household chemicals

Poisoning with household chemicals occurs due to various reasons. The main ones are the following:

• Failure to follow instructions for use, work in unventilated areas,
• Failure to comply with storage rules. Bright labels attract the attention of young children, and they can easily drink liquids containing chemicals.
• Frequent use of products can cause gradual accumulation in the body.
• There are often cases when people simply confused chemicals with water and drank it.
• Poisoning can cause drugs to come into contact with the skin or mucous membranes.

Upon penetration into the body, a person may experience disruptions in the functioning of internal organs, and respiratory arrest may occur.

Signs and symptoms of chemical poisoning

Symptoms of poisoning from household chemicals are varied. They depend on what exactly the poisoning occurred with and in what way.

It can be:

• Nausea,
• Vomit,
• Upset stomach, diarrhea,
• Painful sensations in the abdomen,
• lethargy, apathy,
• Headaches
• Discomfort in the throat, cough
• Vision problems
• Labored breathing,
• Foam from the mouth,
• Cramps,
• Loss of consciousness.

In case of poisoning with plumbing cleaners Nausea and respiratory irritation may occur, if a person inhales the resulting vapors, a skin rash.

When a person is poisoned by a chlorine-containing substance, problems occur respiratory function and blood circulation.

When absorbed into the blood, some toxic compounds can kill red cells, while the access of oxygen to the organs through the blood is limited. The result may be brain hypoxia.

If the chemical gets on the skin, it can cause ulcers, wounds, and burns.

If swallowed toxic substance There is pain in the larynx, vomiting blood. A person may smell chemically.

If you notice at least some of the symptoms, you must call emergency help.

Treatment and first aid for poisoning

Before the doctors arrive, you need to provide first aid to the person. It will depend on how the poisoning occurred:

• If this happened orally with an acidic or alkaline substance, then it is prohibited. This will provoke increased vomiting, the larynx may swell and the person will begin to choke. The maximum you can give to a poisoned person is more than 600 ml of water. Do not try to neutralize the acid with a large amount of alkaline and vice versa. The result will be the formation of a lot of carbon dioxide. This will increase bleeding and pain. In case of acid poisoning, add a little soda to the drinking solution, and in case of alkali poisoning - a little lemon or acetic acid. But this must be done very carefully. But first of all you need to call an ambulance.
• In case of poisoning from cosmetics , on the contrary, it is worth rinsing the stomach. To do this, the victim is given salt water and vomited. If a person has lost consciousness, then his head should be turned to the side so that substances from the stomach do not enter the respiratory tract.
• If poisoning with household chemicals occurs through the respiratory tract, the person should be provided with access to clean air and remove clothing that is saturated with toxic fumes and does not allow him to breathe normally. You can rinse your mouth with a weak soda solution.
• If household chemicals get on the skin or mucous membranes, you need to rinse these areas with plenty of cool water. The same applies to poisons getting into the eyes.

Definitive treatment is carried out in medical institutions.

It includes:

• If necessary, gastric lavage
• Use of various intravenous solutions,
• Blood transfusion,
• Prescribe drugs that normalize cardiac activity,
• If necessary, use inhalations.

The doctor selects the method of therapy that is most suitable in a particular case.

Coping with household chemical poisoning is difficult, but quite possible. In this case, it is necessary to comply with all doctor’s instructions. Timely assistance also plays an important role.

Poisoning from household chemicals: prevention

In order to avoid poisoning, it is enough to know a few rules:

• Products should be stored out of the reach of children.
• You should not drink from bottles without labels, it may not contain water,
• Follow the instructions for using the product. If necessary, work with gloves and a respirator.
• Do not store such drugs near food or water.
• Preventing poisoning is much easier than treating its consequences.

Household chemicals are used in every home; people have long been accustomed to them. Unfortunately, sometimes carelessness in use and storage can lead to poisoning.

If any suspicious symptoms are detected, you should immediately call emergency help. You should not try to cope on your own; you can only slightly alleviate the patient’s condition until the doctors arrive.

Video: how not to get infected by chemicals right in the store

What is Chemical Poisoning

Chemical poisoning is a condition caused by the ingestion of a toxic substance/poison into gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract or upon contact with skin, eyes, mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, etc.

Toxic substances/poisons include some medications, household substances, solvents, pesticides and other chemicals.

In case of poisoning chemicals Symptoms may vary as toxins affect different systems.

The main symptoms of chemical poisoning:

·nausea, vomiting

·cold sweat

·chills

·convulsions

Breathing disorders: shortness of breath, suffocation

increased heart rate or cardiac arrest

sudden lethargy

·drowsiness

·stomach ache

headache and dizziness

drooling and/or lacrimation

burns around the lips, on the tongue or on the skin

strange behavior of the victim

$1· constriction or dilation of the pupils (miosis and mydriasis).

Each class of substances is characterized by effects on certain organs and systems, so the signs of poisoning by chemicals are specific.

Thus, when toxic substances enter through the lungs, coughing, mucus discharge from the nose, sputum discharge, bronchospasm and the inability to exhale are possible. Toxic pulmonary edema is also possible. If the poison enters the gastrointestinal tract, then chemical poisoning symptoms may include abdominal pain, heartburn, and vomiting.

First aid for poisoning:

• Stop or limit the flow of poison into the body.
• Remove the poison that has already entered the body as soon as possible, if possible.
• Provide the victim with a safe environment.
• Bring the victim to his senses, if necessary, carry outartificial respiration and indirect cardiac massage.
• Take the victim to a hospital as soon as possible hospital

First aid can be provided both by strangers and by the victims themselves. It often turns out that timely first aid in the treatment of poisoning helps save lives. According to statistics, in the vast majority of cases household poisoning account for 97-98%, while production is only 2-3%.

Household poisonings are divided into alcohol poisonings intoxication , domestic accidents and suicidal poisonings undertaken intentionally.

It largely depends on how the poison entered the body, as well as on the patient’s condition. first aid and treatment of poisoning.

What to do in case of poisoning depending on the route of entry of the poison

In case of poisoning alcohol, poor quality food, mushrooms, poisonous plants and their fruits, When poison enters the body through the mouth, the victim, if he is conscious, is given a large amount of liquid to drink and vomiting is induced by pressing on the root of the tongue (for persons over 6 years old) with fingers. The procedure is repeated until the wash water is clear.

After washing stomach You can give crushed activated carbon (1 tablet per 10 kg of weight), smect and other sorbents.

The victim is placed in a recovery position - on his side (so that he does not choke vomiting masses), warm the legs using heating pads. They give drinking plenty of fluids. Tea and water are suitable for this.

You need to call an ambulance as soon as possible medical care for hospitalization of the victim, as his condition may worsen. It is advisable to save and pass on doctor substance that poisoned the patient.

In case of poisoning with acids (vinegar) and alkalis

You can’t wash your stomach!

In case of poisoning with gaseous chemicals (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, bromine vapor, hydrogen fluoride, chlorine, sulfur dioxide, etc..), When the poison enters the body through the lungs, The victim must first be taken out into fresh air, provided with a comfortable horizontal position, and freed from restrictive clothing.

It is necessary to rub the victim’s body with your palms to improve blood circulation, then wrap him warmly, apply warming pads to his legs, let him sniff cotton wool with ammonia, if the victim is conscious, you can rinse his throat and mouth with a soda solution. In case of absence of breathing or its significant weakening, artificial respiration should be started.

Regardless of the degree of poisoning, the victim is hospitalized in a hospital in case complications from the nervous and respiratory systems arise later;

In case of poisoning with toxic substances (some poisonous plants, chemical solvents and insect repellents - organophosphorus compounds (karbofos, dichlorvos, etc.), when the poison enters the body through the skin you need to remove this substance from the surface of the skin as quickly as possible with a cotton or gauze swab, being careful not to smear it on the surface of the skin.

After this, the skin should be washed well with warm water and soap or a weak solution of drinking (baking) soda, and treat the affected area on the skin with a 5-10% solution of ammonia. In the presence of wounds such as a burn, apply a clean or sterile, moist bandage. Next, rinse the stomach twice with a 2% solution baking soda(1 tsp soda per 1 glass of water).

Then you should drink 0.5 cups of a 2% solution of baking soda with the addition of activated carbon or a saline laxative. The victim is given strong tea to drink. Wait for the ambulance team to arrive.

If a toxic substance gets into your eyes, rinse them immediately with a stream of water with your eyelids open. Rinsing should be thorough for 20-30 minutes, since even a small amount of a toxic substance that gets into the eyes can cause deep damage. After rinsing the eyes, apply a dry bandage and immediately contact eye doctor.

Chemical poisoning is damage to the body as a result of the penetration of toxic substances into the blood, stomach and intestines. Many can provoke intoxication hazardous substances, used by humans in everyday life (glue, acetic acid, paints, solvents, varnishes, acetone-based liquids, fertilizers, etc.) or in production (highly toxic chemicals).

Any of these substances contain poisons that are dangerous to human health or life. If caustic chemicals are handled carelessly, there is a high risk of them coming into contact with the skin or entering the body through the mouth or respiratory tract, which can lead to severe intoxication.

In case of poisoning with chemicals, a person must urgently provide first aid to avoid death.

In the International Classification of Diseases (ICD 10), chemical poisoning is listed under codes X40 - X49.

Types of chemical poisoning

Acute chemical poisonings are divided into several groups:

• According to the effect on the body. These include poisons of irritant, nerve paralytic, lachrymatory, psychotomimetic, suffocating, vesicant and general poisonous effects.
• According to the structure of poisons (OPS, nitrites, arsenic compounds, benzyl acid and its derivatives, halogenated derivatives of carbonic acid, etc.).
• According to the degree of toxicity (especially toxic, chemicals of high or moderate toxicity, non-toxic).
• According to the degree of loss - destructive (warfare agents) and temporary action (leading to incapacitation for a certain period).
• By exposure time. Persistent poisons evaporate slowly and have an infectious effect for a long time. Unstable - they evaporate quickly, and the infectious effect lasts a short time.
• By state of aggregation(aerosols, vapors, solids and liquids).
• By application (industry, medicines, warfare agents, household chemicals and pesticides, biological poisons).
• According to the speed of damage (you can get poisoned quickly, almost immediately, or after some time).

Thus, the condition of the victim will depend on the type of poisoning. Depending on this in each special case The clinical picture, duration of poisoning and its severity will be different.

Causes of poisoning

Chemical poisoning can be caused by various substances, from medications and household chemicals to chemical weapons. Poisons can enter the body for several main reasons:

• careless handling of chemicals, as a result of which the poison may accidentally get on the mucous membranes or skin;
• accidental or intentional ingestion of a substance;
• when vapors enter the body through the respiratory system (industrial emergencies when working with hazardous chemicals, chemical attack, working with poisons at home in an unventilated area, etc.).

The main cause of intoxication with chemicals is carelessness in handling them. Less commonly, poisoning is caused by exposure to external poisons that do not depend on a person’s ability to handle hazardous compounds.

Symptoms of chemical poisoning depending on the type

Signs of chemical poisoning are always closely related to the route of penetration of poisons into the body. Depending on this, the symptoms will vary.

Vapor poisoning

When intoxicated by toxic fumes, a person will develop:

• cough;
• dyspnea;
• dry eyes or, conversely, increased lacrimation;
• bluish discoloration of the skin or pallor;
• chemical burn of the upper respiratory tract;
• hallucinations and disorientation in space;
• loss of consciousness;
• heartbeat disturbances.

In severe cases, chemical vapor poisoning causes acute respiratory failure, breathing slows or stops, and loss of consciousness. If the victim is not given first aid in time, death will occur.

Poisoning through the esophagus

If poison is intentionally or accidentally ingested, intoxication is inevitable. In such cases, signs of chemical poisoning will appear as follows:

• nausea;
• vomiting (if internal bleeding develops, the vomit will turn dark brown or black);
• severe pain in the mouth, throat and stomach;
• chemical burn of the digestive system;
• stomach upset, mushy stool black due to bleeding of internal organs;
• dehydration due to excessive diarrhea and vomiting.

Read also: Poisoning in humans with Domestos

The severity of intoxication depends on the chemical itself and its action: alkalis and acids will immediately cause burns to the mucous membranes. Other chemicals are quickly absorbed into the blood, carried through the organs and poison the entire body.

After contact with skin

Here, too, a lot depends on the chemical. If acids and alkalis get on the skin or mucous membranes, a person will get burns, and some highly toxic substances can be absorbed through the skin and poison the body from the inside.

Symptoms of chemical poisoning are as follows:

• burns of varying degrees (from slight redness to deep erosion of skin layers);
• allergic reaction in the form of rash, redness, spots;
• severe pain in the affected area;
• uneven breathing, irregular heart rhythm.

Concentrated caustic compounds, if not promptly removed from the affected area, can lead to tissue necrosis and subsequent amputation.

General symptoms

Regardless of how the poison entered the body, general symptoms are observed during intoxication with chemicals:

• dysfunction of the central nervous system;
• heart problems up to cardiac arrest;
• anaphylactic or toxic shock;
• loss of consciousness (sometimes coma);
• liver or kidney failure;
• pancreatitis;
• destruction of red cells (erythrocytes) and anemia.

If such symptoms are present, failure to provide first aid for chemical poisoning will lead to a sad outcome.

Symptoms of chemical poisoning depending on severity

There are light, medium and severe degree intoxication. In mild forms, the clinical picture is usually as follows:

• dizziness;
• vomiting preceded by nausea;
• lacrimation;
• redness and dryness of the skin;
• nasal congestion;
• Sometimes swelling of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract is possible.

Moderate and severe degrees of chemical poisoning are characterized by more dangerous symptoms:

• nausea, vomiting;
• temperature increase;
• swelling of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, Quincke;
• decreased vision;
• bronchospasm;
• convulsions;
• disorientation and hallucinations;
• loss of speech;
• paralysis of limbs;
• fainting;
• damage to the central nervous system;
• burns of the mucous membranes of the esophagus and respiratory tract and irreversible processes in the gastrointestinal tract.

If a person is not given first aid in time for poisoning, a coma will occur, followed by the death of the victim.

In severe cases, all the symptoms of chemical poisoning may appear at the same time, but this does not always happen immediately (sometimes the signs will not become noticeable until the next day). Victims, as a rule, do not pay attention to minor malaise and weakness, without in any way connecting this with intoxication. However, pathological processes in the body have already started, and if you don’t get timely assistance In case of chemical poisoning, you may not be able to fully recover.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of chemical poisoning is necessary to determine the poison (if it is initially unknown what the person was poisoned with), its quantity and duration of impact on the body. Before receiving diagnostic results, the doctor will be forced to focus only on symptoms. Therefore, it is first carried out general examination the patient, interviewing eyewitnesses of the poisoning or the patient himself (if he is conscious). Then a diagnostic examination begins, allowing not only to determine the chemicals that caused the poisoning, but also to identify possible damage to internal organs:

• urine and blood tests (biochemical and general);
• biochemistry of gastric juice;
• blood for toxins;
• X-ray;
• Ultrasound of internal organs.

After receiving the diagnostic results, doctors urgently begin targeted treatment of a patient with poisoning.

First aid and treatment for chemical poisoning

For a person who has been poisoned by chemicals, everything will depend on how quickly he is given help and how competently it is done.

What to do first in case of chemical poisoning

Those who were close to the poisoned person when the first symptoms appeared should first immediately call an ambulance. Then urgently provide the victim with assistance in case of chemical poisoning:

• if contamination by vapors occurs, evacuate the victim from the poisoned place, thus stopping the toxic effects of vapors;
• loosen clothing around your chest or even remove it altogether (if it is saturated with a chemical);
• open the windows;
• if toxic substances get inside, give 2-3 glasses of water (possibly salted) to drink to cleanse the stomach and induce vomiting;
• give milk or starch diluted in water to soothe affected mucous membranes;
• give a sorbent so that it absorbs poisons;
• give an enema or laxative;
• if symptoms increase, offer the patient a diuretic or diaphoretic to accelerate the removal of toxins from the body through sweat and urine;
• if the substance gets on the skin, rinse it thoroughly with running water for 20 minutes so that the chemical does not have time to be absorbed into the blood;
• provide peace.

Usually these measures are sufficient before the doctor arrives. But in the process of providing first aid for poisoning with chemicals, the main principle should be “do no harm,” so it is important to know what measures are strictly prohibited. For example, when acid poisoning occurs, you should not give soda solutions or rinse the stomach (caustic compounds, passing through the esophagus a second time along with the vomit, will again burn the mucous membranes). You should also not give a laxative, as you can re-burn the intestines.

Professional help

Doctors in the hospital will immediately begin providing first aid and will definitely carry out the procedures prescribed for intoxication with any chemical:

• removal of poisons to prevent their further absorption;
• symptomatic treatment to restore the functions of affected organs.

For various reasons, poisoning can occur with various chemicals: potent, poisonous, chemically hazardous, toxic and harmful to human health and life.

You need to know certain signs that a person has been poisoned by a toxic substance. Medical assistance will certainly be provided in the hospital for the injured person, if we, of course, call an ambulance, but this is not enough to reduce the risk of complications from poisoning.

It is necessary to know and be able to know what to do in the current dangerous situation and how to provide first emergency first aid at home while the ambulance is on its way to the victim.

First aid: what to do

Ammonia poisoning

Ammonia is a gas with a pungent odor, almost twice as heavy as air. Used in industry (for installation of refrigerators, sugar factories, petrochemical and paint factories). Used in the production of fertilizers and explosives. With water or air moisture it forms ammonia. Ammonia enters the body through the respiratory tract or skin. It has an irritating and suffocating effect on the body and disrupts blood clotting. When humans are exposed to large doses of ammonia, death occurs quickly.

Symptoms of poisoning

When inhaling ammonia vapors, signs of irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract occur. Their intensity depends on the gas concentration.

Ammonia causes watery eyes, runny nose, frequent sneezing, drooling, facial flushing, sweating, convulsive cough, feeling of tightness in the chest. Sometimes it can cause laryngospasm and swelling of the vocal folds.

A person exposed to ammonia vapor experiences a feeling of suffocation, anxiety, dizziness, and chest pain. Then vomiting begins. The victim may lose consciousness and develop convulsions. If exposure to vapors continues, severe muscle weakness, signs of respiratory and circulatory disorders appear. Death occurs due to symptoms of cardiovascular failure.

Subsequently, after treatment, various neurological disorders may occur - memory loss, various tics, hearing loss and pain sensitivity, as well as clouding of the lens and cornea. Ultimately, the victim may lose his sight.

How to survive?

If a person finds himself in an area poisoned by ammonia, he must go down to the basement or to the lower floor of the building (ammonia is lighter than air!). You cannot leave the area by running. You should try to walk at a slow pace, covering your mouth and nose with a scarf, gloves or hat. After leaving the affected area, under no circumstances should you drink alcohol or smoke! When providing assistance to victims, you need to wear a protective suit, boots, gloves, and a gas mask.

First aid

1. Remove the victim from the affected area as quickly as possible;
2. oxygen inhalation or fresh air;
3. rinse your throat, nose and mouth clean water 10–15 minutes (preferably with the addition of citric or glutamic acid);
4. even if ammonia poisoning was mild, the victim must be provided with complete rest for 24 hours;
5. drip a 0.5% solution of Dicaine into the eyes, close the eyes with a light-protective bandage or wear dark glasses;
6. if poison gets on the skin, rinse the area of ​​contamination well with water and apply a clean bandage;
7. if poison gets into the stomach, rinse the stomach;
8. Hospitalization of all victims is mandatory.

First aid in a hospital setting

1. Remove the victim from the toxic environment and rinse the affected areas of the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes with plenty of water.
2. Give me something to drink warm milk with Borjomi or soda.
3. Silent mode.
4. For spasm of the glottis and swelling of the larynx, mustard plasters and a warm compress on the neck are used.
5. Hot foot baths are also effective.
6. Inhalation of citric or acetic acid vapors, oil inhalations and inhalations with antibiotics.
7. Instill a 30% solution of sodium sulfacyl, a 12% solution of Novocaine or a 0.5% solution of Dicaine into the eyes every 2 hours. In the nose - vasoconstrictors (3% solution of Ephedrine).
8. Orally – codeine (0.015 g), Dionine (0.01 g).
9. Intravenously or subcutaneously - Morphine, Atropine, for suffocation - tracheotomy.

Poisoning from these drugs is usually very severe and the prognosis is often poor.

Antifreeze poisoning: ethylene glycol

Symptoms And signs in case of antifreeze poisoning, the following: the victim feels a slight intoxication, gradually increasing. Euphoria sets in (a feeling of joy, a feeling of freedom and complete happiness), facial hyperemia, an unsteady gait, and fussiness appear.

After some time, the patient begins to feel pain in the epigastric region. Nausea and vomiting appear. After 6–8 hours, the second stage begins – nervous. After strong excitement, drowsiness sets in and consciousness becomes dark. The pupils react sluggishly to light and are dilated. Involuntary urination and defecation. Glubokoye noisy breathing. The amount of urine is reduced. In severe cases, this phase can end in the death of the patient. In milder cases of poisoning, consciousness gradually clears up and the general condition improves.

Treatment almost the same as for alcohol poisoning:

1. gastric lavage and saline laxative,
2. combating breathing problems and acidosis with a solution of sodium bicarbonate (soda), which is taken orally or administered intravenously.

Specific to this poisoning is the fight against renal dysfunction. To do this, you should prescribe plenty of fluids, osmotic diuretics or furosemide (0.04–0.12 g orally or 23 ml of a 1% solution into a vein or muscle).

When taking diuretics, the loss of water, potassium, sodium and chlorine from the body should be compensated by the accompanying administration of saline plasma replacement solutions in an amount equal to or slightly greater than diuresis.

To prevent kidney damage from calcium oxalate, it is necessary to prescribe magnesium sulfate intramuscularly, 5 ml of a 25% solution per day.

If there are signs of cerebral edema and meningeal symptoms a lumbar puncture should be performed.

When ingesting more than 200 ml of poison - hemodialysis on the 1st day after poisoning, peritoneal dialysis. With the development of anuria, the prognosis is extremely unfavorable.

After first aid, hospitalization. In the first days after poisoning, a diet with a sharp limitation in the amount of protein.

Poisoning with belloid, bellaspon, bellataminal

There are three phases of poisoning: phase of depression of consciousness, phase of excitation and comatose phase.

At mild poisoning Symptoms such as stupor, dizziness, rapid heartbeat, skin flushing, and dilated pupils are noted. The patient falls asleep and sleeps for 6–8 hours.

At more severe poisoning The patient becomes drowsy and vomits. He falls asleep within 1–1.5 hours, and sleep can be uninterrupted. During sleep, signs of psychosis appear with hallucinations and attempts to escape. After 2–3 hours, the patient calms down and sleeps for 10–12 hours. At this time, signs such as rapid heartbeat (pulse reaches 120 beats per minute), dry mucous membranes, moderate dilation of the pupils, flushed skin, and slow breathing appear. Blood pressure drops to 80/40.

At severe poisoning the patient is deeply stunned with visual hallucinations, pupils are dilated, the skin is hyperemic. Shortness of breath and tachycardia are severe. Blood pressure drops to very low numbers. Body temperature is increased. The patient quickly falls into coma, skin hyperemia gives way to pallor, tachycardia gives way to bradycardia (rare heartbeats), body temperature rises to 40 °C, and pulmonary edema develops.

Death occurs from respiratory and cardiovascular failure.

First aid

1. Rinse the stomach as quickly and thoroughly as possible;
2. give a saline laxative, cleanse the intestines;
3. fresh air, if possible - oxygen inhalation;
4. give a Panangin tablet, if it is in the first aid kit;
5. urgently transport the victim to medical institution– remember: delay in providing medical care is dangerous for the life of the victim.

Emergency care in hospital

1. Gastric lavage.
2. Forced diuresis.
3. Hemosorption.
4. When excited - neuroleptics (2.5% solution of aminazine intramuscularly: up to 1 year - 0.15-0.2 ml, at the age of 1-2 years - 0.25 ml, 3-6 years - 0.4 ml, 7–9 years – 0.5 ml, 10–14 years – 0.6 ml 1–2 times).
5. If coma develops, the tactics are the same as for barbiturate poisoning: breathing correction - oxygen therapy, artificial ventilation lungs, drugs that support cardiac activity (0.0.1% solution of Korglykon – 0.1–0.8 ml, 0.05% solution of Strophanthin – 0.1–0.4 ml).

Berthollet salt poisoning

Used in medicine: for rinsing (2–5% aqueous solution) for stomatitis, sore throat, to prevent the appearance of mercury stomatitis when treated with mercury. Internal use, due to its high toxicity, is irrational. The simultaneous ingestion of potassium iodide and the prescription of berthollet salt in powders together with sulfur, coal, organic (tannin, sugar, starch, etc.) substances (during preparation - ignition, explosion) are contraindicated.

Main symptoms Poisoning with Berthollet salt includes: nausea, vomiting, icteric discoloration of the skin, pain in the stomach and lumbar region, nosebleeds, blood in the urine, increased heart rate, hiccups.

The temperature rises to high levels.

In case of severe poisoning - loss of consciousness. Toxic dose – 8-10 g, lethal – 10-30 g.

First aid

1. Cleanse the stomach with plenty of water;
2. put an ice compress on your head and let them swallow ice;
3. if possible, perform bloodletting;
4. water cold water along the spine:
5. urgent hospitalization.

First aid in hospital

1. Give oxygen;
2. infuse intravenous alkaline saline solution;
3. inject a significant amount of diuretic solutions orally;
4. after sufficient dilution of the blood, prescribe a Pilocarpine solution under the skin to remove the poison with saliva and sweat; for collapse - Camphor.

In case of poisoning with Bertholet salt, the following are contraindicated: sour drinks, alcohol and its preparations.

Nitrogen dioxide or trioxide poisoning

Nitrous gases (nitrogen oxide, dioxide, trioxide) are formed when nitric or nitrous acid reacts with metals or organic materials. Lethal dose nitrous gases – 0.005% with exposure for a minute.

After inhaling these gases, the victim develops burns of the upper respiratory tract, swelling of the vocal folds, and pulmonary edema.

The picture of intoxication is the same as for chlorine poisoning.

First aid

In case of poisoning nitrous oxide or nitrous oxide the victim is taken out into fresh air, given carbogen to inhale, cardiac medications are administered inside, glucose is administered intravenously (20–30 ml of a 40% solution), and, if necessary, bloodletting.

In case of poisoning nitrogen dioxide - the same measures as for nitric oxide poisoning, oxygen therapy, 10% calcium chloride solution intravenously (5 ml). With the “gray” type of anoxemia, bloodletting is contraindicated.

1. Rinse your eyes, nose and mouth with running water;
2. If the patient is suffering coughing give him a Codeine tablet or any cough medicine;
3. If the heart function is disrupted or there is no breathing, resuscitation measures ( external massage heart, artificial respiration).

At sodium nitrite poisoning - gastric lavage, Carbogen, drip injection of a 5% glucose solution, under the skin - an isotonic sodium chloride solution, tonics (Camphor, Caffeine, Corazol), for shortness of breath - Lobelin.

After providing first aid, the victim should be hospitalized.

Dichloroethane poisoning

Dichloroethane is widely used as an organic solvent, both in industry and in agriculture. In everyday life, dichloroethane has become widespread as component adhesives for plastic products.

Dichloroethane poisoning can occur through the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract and skin.

In case of poisoning through the mouth, dichloroethane is quickly absorbed in the stomach, and absorption is accelerated if it is taken against the background of alcohol intoxication.

As a toxic substance, dichloroethane affects the liver, central nervous system and heart.

In case of poisoning with this substance, its maximum concentration in the blood is observed after 3–4 hours.

Symptoms: patients complain of nausea, vomiting, profuse drooling, pain throughout the abdomen, diarrhea, headache. There is a sharp excitation of the central nervous system. In the final stage, renal and liver failure, renal coma, shock.

First aid

1. It is necessary to change the victim’s clothes or undress him, as the poison easily permeates clothes and its vapors can intensify the poisoning. Vapors of a toxic substance can also cause poisoning in those providing assistance. We need to remember this.
2. Call immediately Ambulance“, since a delay in providing medical care is deadly.
3. If the patient is conscious, rinse the stomach with 4–6 liters warm water. To induce vomiting, it is necessary to give the patient to drink 1-2 liters (more is possible) of water, or iced tea, or coffee, and then irritate the root of the tongue with your finger. Repeat the procedure 2-3 times.
4. Give a laxative or coating substance (jelly, jelly). Vaseline oil (100–150 ml) can be successfully used as a laxative, since it is not absorbed in the intestines and actively binds fat-soluble toxic substances, in particular dichloroethane. You can reduce the absorption of poison in the stomach with the help of coating substances (jelly, jelly).
5. If the functioning of the heart and lungs is impaired, resuscitation methods are indirect cardiac massage and artificial respiration.
6. Hospitalization is required.

Precautionary measures

1. If the victim is unconscious, the stomach cannot be washed. It is urgent to call an ambulance.
2. Time has vital importance. The sooner help is started, the more likely positive outcome.

Kerosene poisoning

Ingestion of concentrated kerosene vapors into the respiratory tract and ingestion of 20–50 g of kerosene lead to poisoning. Kerosene has a toxic effect if exposed to large area skin. In this case, the central nervous system may be affected.

Signs of poisoning are: severe weakness, pain throughout the abdomen, diarrhea, rare pulse, dilated pupils.

First aid

First of all, you need to call a doctor who has been poisoned and placed where there is a flow fresh air To ensure good access of oxygen, perform artificial respiration.

Treatment

Induce vomiting by any means. Give emetics in large quantities (warm, salted water). After the patient vomits, give a decoction of flaxseed, milk, water with whipped protein, activated carbon 2-3 tablets every hour, starch, salep for oral administration. Place a heating pad on your stomach and change it as it cools down.

To support the cardiovascular system you need to take Camphor, Cordiamine or Caffeine.

The use of adrenaline, emetics and alcoholic beverages is strictly prohibited.

To quickly restore all body functions, you should spend more time in the fresh air and adhere to a gentle diet.

For kerosene pneumonia, ACTH is prescribed (forty units every day) and injections of ascorbic acid (five percent solution, 10 ml intramuscularly).

Poisoning with strong acids

In everyday life, poisoning most often occurs with sulfuric and hydrochloric (“soldering”) acid.

Then, in terms of the frequency of burns, come hydrochloric, nitric acids and the so-called “regia vodka” - a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids.

When strong acids are taken orally, the victim quickly develops serious condition due to extensive burns of the mucous membrane of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach. This condition is aggravated by the fact that the breakdown products of acids, being absorbed into the blood, poison the body.

Symptoms

The mucous membrane of the lips, mouth, pharynx, back wall of the pharynx is burned, swollen, the burn sites are covered with plaque; a scab of different colors depending on the acid that caused the burn (gray-black for a burn with sulfuric acid, yellow for nitric acid, whitish for hydrochloric acid, light gray or brown for acetic acid).

Often there are burns to the skin of the face near the mouth and neck. There is sharp pain at the burn sites.

Swallowing and even passing liquid food difficult (sometimes to the point of complete obstruction). The secretion of saliva is sharply increased. Almost always there is painful vomiting of acidic masses mixed with blood. The victim is excited and moaning. Severe pain in the stomach area. Patients quickly experience pain shock. Possible breathing problems (due to swelling of the larynx) and cardiac weakness.

Warning

The minimum lethal doses when taken orally are: for nitric acid– 12 ml; sulfur – 5 ml; hydrochloric acid – 15–20 ml; vinegar – 25 ml; carbolic acid – 4–10 ml; lemon 30 g; sorrel – 5‑15 (30) g.

Urgent Care

Inject subcutaneously 1–2 ml of a 1% solution of morphine (omnopon) and 0.5–1 ml of a 0.1% solution of atropine. It is possible to perform early (within the first hour after taking acid) and abundant gastric lavage with warm water using a probe that has been well lubricated beforehand. liquid oil. Admixture of blood in washing waters is not a contraindication to continued rinsing.

Gastric lavage later than 1 hour after taking acid is useless and even dangerous.

If it is impossible to lavage the stomach, you should give water with burnt magnesia (20.0 to 200.0) to drink in separate sips. Internally, administer vegetable oil in separate sips of 200 g per day, and with next day– milk, egg whites, cow’s butter, mucous decoctions.

To combat acidosis, it is necessary to administer a 4% solution of sodium bicarbonate intravenously or in a drip enema (500-1000-2000 ml). The amount and method of administration of sodium bicarbonate depends on what acids caused the poisoning (inorganic or organic) and what predominates in clinical picture diseases – local or general toxic effect.

500-1000 ml of a mixture of physiological sodium chloride and 5% glucose solution in equal proportions, 10 ml of a 10% calcium chloride solution (or 10 ml of a 10% calcium gluconate solution intramuscularly) are injected intravenously.

In case of poisoning oxalic acid or its salts Calcium chloride must be administered intravenously in large quantities (10 ml of a 10% solution 2-3 times on the first day), since oxalic acid combines with ionized calcium and forms insoluble calcium oxalate. At the same time, diuretics should be prescribed (1–2 ml of Novurit subcutaneously or 1 ml intravenously) to prevent blockage of the renal canals by calcium oxalate crystals.

Poisoning vinegar essence(70–90% acetic acid) has a more pronounced resorptive effect. The absorption of acetic acid into the blood causes a number of toxic manifestations, among which the most important are the rapidly occurring massive hemolysis of red blood cells and hemoglobinuria. The patient’s urine has a high specific gravity, dark red (cherry) or almost black, and contains a large amount of protein, broken red blood cells and clumps of hemoglobin. The latter clog (block) the renal tubules, causing so-called excretory hemoglobinuric nephrosis with a typical clinical picture of acute renal failure (oliguria, anuria, hypertension, increased residual blood nitrogen, hyperkalemia). Hemolysis of red blood cells is accompanied by bilirubinemia (increased indirect bilirubin), moderate jaundice and anemia.

Blood viscosity increases, creating favorable conditions for intravascular thrombus formation and hemodynamic disturbances.

Resorption of acetic acid causes severe acidosis and a decrease in alkaline blood reserves. Acidosis and hemolysis of erythrocytes largely determine the severity of the course and greater mortality in the first 2 days after poisoning.

Emergency care for poisoning with vinegar essence

The main emergency measures for poisoning with vinegar essence are intravenous administration of sodium bicarbonate. This achieves the restoration of normal acid-base balance, alkalinization of the blood and urine and prevents blockage renal tubules, since in alkaline urine hemoglobin is not deposited in the renal tubules and is freely excreted from the body. First, at least 2000 ml of a 4% sodium bicarbonate solution, 500 ml of a glucose-novocaine mixture (5% glucose solution and 0.25% novocaine solution in equal quantities) and 500‑1000 ml saline solution liquids I.R. Petrov, containing electrolytes (1.5% sodium chloride, 0.02% potassium chloride, 0.01% calcium chloride). To enhance diuresis, 150–200 ml of a 30% urea solution is administered intravenously (at a rate of 60–80 drops per minute); in its absence, 1 ml of Novurit is administered intravenously (or 1–2 ml subcutaneously). It is very important to introduce sodium bicarbonate as early as possible.

In the first hours (days) of the disease, when shock and collapse may predominate in the clinical picture, and also in order to prevent them, 15-30 mg of Prednisolone or 100-150 mg of Cortisone should be administered intramuscularly or intravenously (depending on the severity of the patient’s condition). (hydrocortisone). 0.5–1 ml of a 3% solution of Prednisolone or 4–6 ml of microcrystalline hydrocortisone in 150–200 ml of saline is administered intravenously at a rate of 20–30 drops per minute.

With the development of acute renal failure good effect can provide hemodialysis using a machine " artificial kidney" The remaining measures are the same as for poisoning with other strong acids.

Note: in case of phenol and carbolic acid poisoning, the patient should not be given fats and milk!

In case of acid poisoning, do not give emetics!

In all cases of acid poisoning cardiovasotonic agents are administered (Cordiamin, Caffeine, Camphor, for hypotension - Mezaton), oxygen inhalations, in case of shock and collapse - a set of appropriate measures. Antibiotics are administered to prevent infection. For swelling of the larynx, the patient can be prescribed inhalation of aerosols containing alkalis, Ephedrine, Novocaine and Penicillin (1 ml of a 5% solution of Ephedrine, 3 ml of a 1% solution of Novocaine, in which 300,000 units of Penicillin are dissolved, 3 ml of a 5% solution sodium bicarbonate).

In case of asphyxia, immediate tracheotomy is resorted to, and in cases of gastric perforation, surgical intervention is used.

Manganese poisoning

When potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) gets on the mucous membranes, a chemical burn of tissue occurs and the content of manganese and potassium in the blood increases.

Symptoms

In case of poisoning through the gastrointestinal tract, patients complain of increased salivation, pain in the epigastric region, vomiting streaked with blood, diarrhea. Changes in the nervous system are observed: psychomotor agitation and convulsions may occur. On the skin of the face in the area of ​​the mouth and lips, you can notice pinpoint burns from manganese crystals. The mucous membranes of the oral cavity, gums, pharynx and pharynx are brownish-violet in color with bleeding erosions and swollen. In case of severe poisoning, victims may develop swelling of the larynx (from a burn), laryngospasm, and respiratory failure.

Death from manganese poisoning can occur from shock, mechanical asphyxia or from primary gastrointestinal bleeding.

Urgent Care

1. Give the patient a large amount of warm water with activated carbon, induce vomiting;
2. It is very effective to rinse the stomach with 1% ascorbic acid or a mixture of the following composition: add 100 ml of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 200 ml of 3% acetic acid to 2 liters of water:
3. after gastric lavage, give the patient a 0.5% solution of ascorbic acid and a 0.5% solution of novocaine to drink;
4. open doors and windows to provide the victim with access to fresh air;
5. give something painkiller;
6. if possible, inject subcutaneously a 0.5–0.1% solution of Atropine;
7. treat the oral cavity and the skin around the mouth with a swab moistened with a 1% solution of ascorbic acid (ascorbic acid, when reacting with manganese, forms non-toxic compounds, which are then easily removed from the body);
8. in the absence of ascorbic acid, manganese crystals can be removed from tissues with a napkin moistened with a mixture of water, 3% hydrogen peroxide solution and 3% acetic acid (all taken in a 1:1:1 ratio);
9. Be sure to call a doctor at home or take the patient to a medical facility.

Copper sulfate poisoning - copper

Copper sulfate acts locally, irritates and cauterizes mucous membranes. It is a strong hemolytic poison.

Copper poisoning It's almost never intentional.

It usually happens when cooking jam or various dishes in copper or poorly tinned containers.

Main symptoms Copper poisoning results in nausea, vomiting of green matter, metallic taste in the mouth, abdominal pain, frequent loose stool mixed with blood, dizziness, weakness. In very severe cases, severe stomach bleeding, kidney failure, and shock may develop.

Treatment

1. Mandatory gastric lavage with plenty of water;
2. induce vomiting;
3. The antidote for copper sulfate poisoning is yellow blood salt. If available, give 1 tablespoon of a 0.1% solution orally;

In case of copper sulfate poisoning, do not give the victim oily or acidic foods!

1. Traditional medicine advises giving copper sulfate orally in case of copper sulfate poisoning. sugar syrup with burnt magnesia and skim milk with egg white;
2. Activated carbon has a good effect (3-4 tablets every 20-30 minutes).

Poisoning with ammonia, alkalis, caustic soda, washing soda, potash

The most common alkalis in everyday life include caustic soda and ammonia.

Poisoning can occur when these substances are ingested or used incorrectly. Alkaline poisoning is possible when children swallow baking soda solutions while gargling or when peptic ulcers and gastritis are not treated correctly with alkaline preparations. Caustic alkaline substances have a strong cauterizing effect on body tissues. Ammonia also has irritating effect.

Burns with alkalis differ from burns with acids in the greater depth of the damage. At the site of contact of the skin or mucous membrane with alkali, ulcerations are formed, covered with a scab.

Symptoms

Poisoning is accompanied by the following symptoms:

1. strong thirst
2. drooling,
3. bloody vomiting.

The development of painful shock is characteristic.

Signs of poisoning: burning pain in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus; choking, vomiting, often with blood, thirst, bloating, cold skin.

In case of ammonia poisoning: sneezing, coughing, drooling and after 30 minutes diarrhea, and soon with blood; loss of consciousness, convulsions.

In case of alkali poisoning, all vital functions are affected. important organs, are developing internal bleeding, which are associated with deep injury to the walls of the gastrointestinal tract. This can lead to inflammation in the abdominal cavity and death. In case of poisoning with ammonia, the respiratory center is depressed, and pulmonary and cerebral edema develops.

First aid

If alkali gets into your eyes, you must immediately rinse them under running water and drip a 2% Novocaine solution. In case of contact with caustic alkaline solutions on the skin, you should also rinse the affected area under running water.

In case of superficial burns, a 2% solution can be used to neutralize alkalis and ammonia. citric acid.

When taking alkalis orally, you need to rinse your stomach through a thick rubber tube.

First aid to the victim:

1. give milk or any diluted acid to drink plant origin(lemon, vinegar, crushed gooseberries, cranberries);
2. Give vegetable oil and milk every 15 minutes.

Do not give the victim salts, soda, or emetics!

Nicotine – tobacco poisoning

The tobacco plant contains a strong poison - nicotine, under the influence of which the blood flow in the capillaries slows down.

Vessels contract during smoking and for almost half an hour after it. Therefore, a person who smokes a cigarette every 30 minutes keeps his blood vessels in a constant spasmodic state.

In addition, by irritating the adrenal glands, nicotine causes them to secrete increased amount adrenaline, which leads to additional vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure. Constant spasm of blood vessels leads to changes in their walls and ultimately to angina.

Nicotine, like coffee or tea, is a “whip” for the heart, which, in order to restore normal blood supply to organs, must make 10–15 thousand more contractions per day. The heart quickly wears out, life is shortened.

Constant smoking, especially in the morning, leads to the development of peptic ulcers of the stomach and duodenum, and to progressive deterioration of hearing and vision. Most chronic lung diseases are caused by nicotine.

Acute nicotine poisoning is quite rare. This happens in cases when a child gets his hands on cigarettes for the first time and gets high, or a non-smoking person finds himself in a very smoky room.

First aid for nicotine poisoning

First aid consists of:

• it is necessary to take the person out into the fresh air, unbutton his clothes, and give him access to oxygen;
• every 15 minutes the patient should be given ammonia-anise drops (15–20 drops per dose) or tannin solution (1 tablespoon).

Fish poisoning

Fish poisoning occurs after eating fish tissues and organs containing poison.

The clinical picture of the disease depends on the type of fish and the conditions in which the poisoning occurred.

There are two main forms of poisoning: cholera-like and paralytic.

At cholera-like form poisoning, the patient experiences nausea, pain in the stomach and throughout the abdomen, vomiting, diarrhea, dry mouth, thirst, urinary retention, and convulsions.

At paralytic form Symptoms of damage to the central nervous system come first. IN initial stage Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dry mouth, and thirst are observed. As the symptoms increase, dry skin, decreased temperature, and convulsions are observed, usually ending in partial or complete paralysis.

When the first symptoms of poisoning appear (usually after three to four hours), you should seek help from a medical facility.

Treatment

For successful treatment:

1. before the doctor arrives, it is necessary to rinse the stomach as quickly as possible and with as much water as possible;
2. give a laxative (two tablespoons castor oil);
3. do a deep enema with two tablespoons of castor oil or freshly prepared strong infusion of chamomile;
4. warm baths and general warming are useful;
5. every half hour the patient should be given a hot drink, strong tea, coffee, hot wine, compote and other drinks;
6. rub the body with a cloth soaked in vinegar or vodka;
7. Traditional medicine advises using reed in case of fish poisoning; for this, the reed rhizome is thoroughly crushed, and the patient is given 4–6 tablespoons of the mixture orally for 5–6 hours.

Poisoning by mercury and its compounds: sublimate, calomel, granosan

Poisoning with mercury compounds is characterized by both local irritant and general toxic effects.

Local signs of poisoning: severe salivation, copper-red coloring of the lips, mouth and throat, metallic taste in the mouth, bleeding gums, later - a dark border of mercury sulfite on the gums.

General signs: vomiting blood, severe pain and cramping in the stomach and intestines, fever, lack of urine, diarrhea with blood, pain in the joints and bones, convulsions.

First aid

1. Induce vomiting (ipecac, emetic root, drinking large amounts of water and then inducing vomiting);
2. drinking large amounts of milk with protein (in case of severe poisoning, shake 15–20 egg whites in two glasses of milk or water and drink immediately;
3. after half an hour, drink the same portion (the procedure will cause vomiting and cleanse the stomach well);

Note: in case of poisoning with mercury and its compounds, the patient should never be given salt (including Epsom salt).

1. every five minutes the patient should be given alkali, lime water, chalk, soda, magnesia;
2. in the absence of alkalis, give fresh or fresh milk;
3. Taking fine charcoal powder in a bowl often has a good effect. oatmeal broth. Give one tablespoon after an hour.

Treatment in case of intoxication with mercury and its compounds should be complex, differentiated, taking into account the severity of the pathological process.

1. in case of acute poisoning - immediate hospitalization;
2. at chronic intoxication – hospital treatment, in the initial stage - outpatient or sanatorium treatment. In case of occupational poisoning - transfer to another job.

Essential medicines:

1. unithiol
2. taurine
3. methionine
4. DMSA (dimercaptosuccinic acid, succimer, chemet).

Poisoning with compounds of heavy metals and arsenic

Poisoning with compounds of heavy metals and arsenic has been known since ancient times. In the Middle Ages, sublimate and arsenic were the most common inorganic poisons that were used for criminal purposes, both in politics and in everyday life.

Mortality from poisoning with compounds of heavy metals and arsenic, which previously reached 85%, has now decreased significantly and amounts to 20–25% of all poisoned people.

The lethal dose of soluble mercury compounds is 0.5 g, calomel – 1–2 g, copper sulfate– 10 g, arsenic – 0.1–0.2 g.

Organic and inorganic compounds of heavy metals and arsenic are used in many industries as raw materials or by-products, are used in agriculture as herbicides and insecticides (granozan, etc.). Arsenic and some heavy metals are found in various medications.

The clinical picture of poisoning with compounds of heavy metals and arsenic is varied and depends on many reasons: the state of the victim’s body, the dose taken, the type of poison, etc., but in any case, the gastrointestinal tract is primarily affected. Patients develop a metallic taste in the mouth, pain when swallowing, along the esophagus, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. In severe cases, diarrhea occurs and gastrointestinal bleeding occurs.

Taking large doses of arsenic leads to severe damage to the central nervous system: general convulsions, a state of stupor (severe stupor), collapse, and coma appear.

First aid

Remove toxic products from the stomach. Induce vomiting (ipecac, root emetic, warm salted water in large quantities, etc.)

In case of poisoning with arsenic and heavy metal compounds, the patient should not be given any acidic drinks or ammonia!

1. Every five minutes, give the patient 1 teaspoon of burnt magnesia (to obtain a solution, one and a half tablespoons of magnesia are dissolved in 200 ml of water).
2. If there is a special “arsenic antidote” available, which is often found in special first-aid kits, then give it to the patient 1 tablespoon every five minutes;
3. rinse the intestines. Make a deep enema of clean water;
4. constantly warm the patient.

This site has a separate page dedicated to a children's first aid kit.
Traditional medicine advises taking cow's milk, cow butter, wood butter, vegetable fat, charcoal powder.

A specialized remedy for herbalists and healers for poisoning with arsenic and heavy metal salts - lobia seed juice.

The juice is squeezed from fresh seeds and the patient is given 2-3 tablespoons to drink. It is advisable to drink the juice three to four times a day. Fast for 2-3 days. You can drink tea with mint or St. John's wort.

Help and antidotes for arsenic poisoning: taking aqueous solutions of sodium thiosulfate, gastric lavage, taking milk and cottage cheese; specific antidote – unithiol.

Poisoning by sulfur compounds: sulfur dioxide, sulfur dioxide

Sulfur compounds are used in refrigeration units, in the food, leather and pulp industries. At home, they are used as disinfectants, bleaches and preservatives.

Sulfur dioxide has a strong irritant effect, since upon contact with water it forms sulfuric and sulfurous acids. The gas will enter the body through the respiratory tract.

Symptoms of sulfur dioxide poisoning are the same as for chlorine poisoning - tearing and drooling, irritation and pain in the eyes, shortness of breath and suffocation, convulsive cough, nausea, vomiting.

First aid

1. Take the patient to fresh air;
2. unbutton clothes, provide oxygen flow;
3. put wet towel on the forehead and back of the head;
4. call a doctor.

First aid

1. In case of contact with skin or mucous membranes, rinse with running water.
2. If ingested, lavage the stomach through a tube.
3. Antidote therapy.
4. Forced diuresis.
5. Oxygen therapy, hyperbaric oxygenation.
6. Symptomatic therapy.
7. Specific (antidote) therapy for hydrogen sulfide poisoning.
8. Amyl nitrite - inhalation 0.2 ml for 30 seconds every minute.
9. Sodium thiosulfate is contraindicated.
10. Hospitalization to a poison control center.

Symptomatic drug therapy

1. For convulsions - diazepam 10 mg IV.
2. Drugs that improve metabolism and blood supply to the brain and peripheral nervous system (for example, Pyridoxine, Pyritinol).
3. For an uncontrollable cough - Codeine orally.
4. Bronchodilators.
5. Corticosteroids (Prednisolone 2–5 mg/kg IV).
6. For hydrogen sulfide poisoning - 10 ml of 10% calcium chloride or calcium gluconate solution intravenously.
7. Antibiotics.

In case of carbon disulfide poisoning, encephalopolyneuritis is formed after emerging from a coma. At functional disorders on the part of the central nervous system, even in the initial stage, it is necessary to transfer to work that excludes contact with carbon disulfide. In severe forms, work capacity is persistently reduced.

Poisoning with vinegar essence

When ingesting vinegar essence by mistake or for the purpose of poisoning, a burning pain occurs in the throat and stomach. The patient is tossing about in pain. Appears severe vomiting, often mixed with blood, severe thirst, diarrhea, swelling of the mucous membranes of the mouth and pharynx. Painful shock sets in quickly. A severe burn of the mucous membranes occurs. Severe pain makes it impossible to swallow even liquids. During inhalation, saliva along with air entering the respiratory tract can cause suffocation. Therefore, saliva is urgently removed with a gauze swab wrapped around a finger. Since drooling is usually severe, saliva should be removed constantly. In case of suffocation and cardiac dysfunction, the victim is given artificial respiration.

First aid

In case of poisoning, first of all, you need to repeatedly, thoroughly rinse your mouth with water. It is important not to swallow water!

Then - gastric lavage through a tube.

In case of poisoning with “cauterizing” poisons, under no circumstances should you rinse the stomach by inducing vomiting! The stomach is washed only through a tube, to clean rinsing water (8-10 liters of cold water).

Before insertion, the probe is generously lubricated with petroleum jelly. If sulfuric acid was used as a cauterizing poison, it is prohibited to rinse with water. This may lead to chemical burn thermal will be added!

Even if there is an admixture of blood in the rinsing waters, rinsing should still be continued. In the first hours of poisoning with acetic acid, there is usually no damage large vessels stomach.

This can lead to mechanical damage to the stomach as a result of excessive gas formation.

The optimal solution for neutralizing acetic acid in the stomach is Almagel.

If possible, before washing, the patient should be given an intramuscular or intravenous solution of an anesthetic drug.

In the absence of medications and/or in the absence of skills in inserting a probe or, even worse, in the absence of the probe itself, before the ambulance team arrives, the victim should be given ice cubes with smooth edges to swallow and a few sips of sunflower oil or, better yet, Almagel.

Burnt magnesia should be given internally (1 tablespoon per glass of water), whipped egg white, activated carbon, water, milk, mucous decoctions of rice and flaxseed, lime water, decoctions of flaxseed, rice, barley. Ice compresses on the neck and stomach. Drink cold water. Hospitalization of the patient is mandatory.

Poisoning with organophosphorus compounds: insecticides

Organophosphorus compounds are widely used in agriculture as insecticides and herbicides for the treatment of grain and leguminous crops, vineyards and orchards.

These include drugs such as thiophos, karbofos, chlorophos, etc. Poisoning occurs when these substances come into contact with the skin, respiratory tract and stomach.

There are three stages in organophosphorus poisoning.

IN first stage the patient is excited, complains of chest tightness, dizziness, nausea, and decreased vision. Mental disorders appear - the patient becomes aggressive, often refuses treatment, and is haunted by a feeling of fear.

As the toxic substance is absorbed into the blood, the patient experiences sweating, salivation, vomiting, increased blood pressure, and increased heart rate. Appear cutting pains in the stomach area.

On second stage poisoning, convulsions appear, the patient is lethargic, the pupils are constricted, salivation and sweating increase, often the patient falls into a coma, convulsive twitching of individual muscle groups appears, and the arterial pressure, diarrhea increases, urination increases.

Third stage- stage of paralysis. The patient is in a coma. The activity of the heart, respiratory center, and nervous system is sharply disrupted.

First aid

The main thing in treatment is the removal of the toxic substance from the body;

1. In case of poisoning through the mouth, the stomach should be rinsed as soon as possible. The stomach is washed 3-4 times with 5-6 liters of water;
2. Vaseline oil 100–200 ml, a decoction of flaxseed or hemp seed, a decoction of starch, almond milk are given orally;
3. saline laxative (magnesium sulfate – 50 g);
4. instead of the usual emetic, the patient is given 5–7 grains of copper sulfate in a decoction of flaxseed;
5. as an antidote, give 1 tablespoon of burnt magnesia with water several times (in the absence of magnesia, you can give purified turpentine 5-10 drops with equal amount Hoffmann drops;
6. in case of phosphorus poisoning, the patient should be given as much egg white mixed with water as possible;
7. cleansing enema of warm water with the addition of a small amount of glycerin;
8. in case of respiratory and cardiac arrest - indirect cardiac massage and artificial respiration.
9. If organophosphorus substances come into contact with the skin, wash the affected areas with soap and water, a 2% soda solution, and treat with chloramine or ammonia.
10. remove clothing contaminated with poison.
11. If FOS gets into your eyes, wash them with a 1% soda solution or clean water.

Medical assistance

1. Lavage of the stomach through a tube with a solution of potassium permanganate (1:5000), after lavage - injection into the stomach Vaseline oil(100 ml twice).
2. Symptomatic therapy.
3. Hemodialysis.
4. Surgical – excision of necrotic bone mass, removal of sequesters.

In case of contact with eyes, rinse.

Chlorine, phosgene and fluorine poisoning

When exposed to humans low concentrations chlorine redness of the conjunctiva occurs, soft palate and pharynx, shortness of breath, hoarseness, and a feeling of tightness in the chest appear.

IN high concentration of chlorine causes difficulty breathing, painful shortness of breath, drooling, pain in the eyes, dry cough, lacrimation. Sometimes nausea and vomiting occur. The patient is agitated or very depressed. Soon - usually 15-20 minutes after contact with the poison - all symptoms disappear. A period of imaginary well-being begins, which lasts from half an hour to 36 hours. The duration of the latent period is important for diagnosing the severity of poisoning - the shorter the latent period, the stronger the poisoning. During the latent period, the general condition of the victim improves. Then, as this period ends, signs of toxic pulmonary edema come to the fore, the first precursors of which are: dry cough, shortness of breath, tightness and pain in the chest, general weakness, weakness, dizziness and headache. Gradually, the cough becomes stronger and more painful, chest pain intensifies, and breathing becomes more difficult. The skin and mucous membranes become blue, and breathing becomes shallow. Chills begin and the cough gets worse. A large amount of sputum begins to be released (up to 1.5 liters per day). The victim is excited and rushing about. He is tormented by fear and hopelessness. The face is bluish-red. Blood pressure drops more and more, collapse develops and the patient dies from paralysis of the respiratory center.

The clinical picture of phosgene and fluorine poisoning is similar.

In high concentrations, chlorine, phosgene and fluorine can lead to lightning death in a poisoned person.

After a short breath, the victim begins to choke, thrashes, tries to run, but loses consciousness, falls, his face turns blue, his pulse becomes thread-like. A reflexive cessation of breathing occurs.

First aid

1. remove or remove the victim from the affected area;
2. provide him with a flow of fresh air (unbutton outerwear, open windows, doors);
3. When providing assistance to the victim, try not to poison yourself and use personal protective measures (protective suit, gloves, gas mask, rubber boots);
4. you need to keep in mind that if poisoning occurs in a building, then in case of ammonia poisoning, you need to go down to the first floor or to the basement (ammonia is much lighter than air and its vapors rise upward); in case of poisoning with chlorine, phosgene, sulfur dioxide, fluorine - go upstairs, to the fifth floor and above;
5. provide all victims with complete physical rest;
6. rinse your eyes, mouth and nose with a 2% soda solution or clean water for 10 minutes;
7. if the poison is swallowed, rinse the stomach;
8. all victims must be hospitalized.

It is also necessary to carry out the following activities:

1. instilling Vaseline or olive oil into the eyes, and for pain in the eyes - 2-3 drops of 0.5% Dicaine solution;
2. applying eye ointment to prevent infection (0.5% syntomycin, 10% sulfacil) or 2-3 drops of 30% Albucid, 0.1% zinc sulfate solution and 1% solution boric acid- 2 times a day;
3. administration of Hydrocortisone 125 mg IM, Prednisolone 60 mg IV or IM.

Medical assistance

Regardless of the degree of injury, all victims must be provided with maximum rest and warming, brought to a sitting or semi-sitting position.

Inhalation of bronchodilators (Salbutamol, etc.), warm milk with Borjomi or baking soda, inhalation of a sprayed 1-2% solution of sodium hyposulfite for 1-2 days or 2% solution are indicated baking soda 2-3 times for 10-15 minutes, inhalation of a 10% solution of menthol in chloroform, use of non-narcotic anti-inflammatory drugs (Ibuprofen), intravenous ascorbic acid 5%. Solution, 50 ml (3 g of the drug can be taken orally), expectorants (Bromhexine, etc.). For difficulty breathing - Teofedrine, Eufillin, inhalations of Solutan 2-3 times a day or Salbutamol, warm soda or water inhalations. For spasm of the glottis, apply heat to the neck area and administer 0.1–1.0% Atropine subcutaneously. For cough - codeine 0.015 g, 1 tablet 3 times a day.

For bronchospasm - administration of a 10% solution of calcium chloride, 5 - 10 ml intravenously, oxygen therapy. Antibiotics are used to prevent secondary infection wide range actions (Ampicillin, Gentamicin, etc.). For persistent bronchospasm, no effect from previous treatment - Atropine 0.1–1.0% intramuscularly, Prednisolone 30–60 mg intravenously, Orciprenaline 0.5% intramuscularly, tracheostomy.

If the clinical manifestations of chlorine poisoning suggest moderate or even more severe damage, then medical observation is carried out throughout the day in order to timely detect signs of incipient pulmonary edema. During this period, fluid intake is limited, food intake is prohibited, and strict bed rest is indicated. X-ray examinations of the lungs are performed every 2–3 hours.

In the latent period, all measures are aimed at preventing pulmonary edema and stopping early signs of development respiratory failure. Among these measures, the greatest importance is given to oxygen therapy, IVA, hydration of the trachea and bronchi, correction of obstructive processes (bronchodilators, mucolytics, expectorants, toilet bronchial tree, aspiration of edematous fluid, massage). Correction of cardiovascular activity, anti-inflammatory therapy and prevention of infectious complications continue.

Oxygen therapy begins when the first signs of hypoxemia appear in order to reduce hyperfunction of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. It allows you to normalize or reduce respiratory rate, tachycardia, lower blood pressure, and reduce pathological symptoms of the central nervous system. However, traditional oxygen therapy is effective only in the initial period.

ADRENALINE IS CONTRAINDICATED, WHICH IN LARGE DOSES CAN CAUSE PULMONARY EDEMA.

To prevent intravascular thrombus formation, anticoagulants (anticoagulants) are used, and measures are also taken to normalize blood viscosity (administration of hypertensive or isotonic solutions glucose).

For the treatment and prevention of pneumonia, bacteriostatic drugs (antibiotics, sulfonamides), expectorants are used, cups and mustard plasters are prescribed.

Those recovering should do breathing exercises.

Alkali poisoning

The main strong alkalis are: caustic soda (caustic soda) and caustic potassium (potassium oxide hydrate). Poisoning with alkalis leads to deeper local tissue damage than with acids.

When alkali gets into the gastrointestinal tract, severe pain is observed in the mouth, esophagus and stomach. Painful vomiting almost always occurs, often mixed with blood. A burn to the oral mucosa causes profuse salivation, and sharp pain makes it impossible to swallow. Therefore, just as with acid poisoning, saliva should, if possible, be removed using a gauze swab wrapped around a finger.

In case of poisoning with concentrated alkalis, it is necessary to urgently rinse the stomach with a large amount of warm water (up to 1 l) or a 1% solution of acetic or citric acid. It is advisable to do rinsing in the first hours after poisoning. To neutralize the alkali, the patient is given lemon juice, a solution of citric acid, enveloping agents. Give the patient something to drink every 5–10 minutes (1 tablespoon).

If alkali gets on the skin or mucous membranes, it must be immediately wiped off with a piece of cloth, and then washed off with plenty of water with vinegar or lemon juice. For rinsing, you can use a 1% solution of any acid that is on hand.

If a person accidentally falls into a bathtub or pit with lime, he must be pulled out of there as quickly as possible, doused with water from a hose and placed in a bathtub with warm water. Water should be replaced as it becomes dirty. In the future - treatment, as for chemical burns.

Symptoms of poisoning with strong alkalis similar to symptoms of poisoning with strong acids. The mechanism of action is similar - cauterization (necrosis, protein coagulation, scab formation). The cauterizing effect of alkalis is more pronounced than that of acids, and is characterized by the formation of a loose, spreading deep scab and significant ulcerations, and subsequently more severe cicatricial narrowing of the esophagus and stomach. The resorptive effect of alkalis is less pronounced.

The minimum lethal dose when taken orally is 5 g for sodium and potassium hydroxide, and 3–4 (10) ml for ammonia.

Emergency care is the same, except intravenous administration sodium bicarbonate and the use of diuretics. When washing the stomach, it is recommended to slightly acidify the water with acetic acid. If it is impossible to rinse the stomach, a 1% solution of citric, tartaric or acetic acid is prescribed orally (each

5 - 10 minutes for an hour per tablespoon). Swallow pieces of fine ice.

Ethylene glycol poisoning: methynol

Ethylene glycol is a compound with an alcohol-fusel odor, which is part of antifreeze, antifreeze, brake fluid and some antistatic agents.

Upon entering the body, it is quickly absorbed in the stomach and small intestine. It is excreted by the kidneys unchanged or in the form of oxalates. When oxidized in the liver, ethylene glycol forms toxic products that cause poisoning of the body. The toxicogenic stage lasts up to 5 days. Lethal dose 100–150 ml.

Symptoms

A person who has taken ethylene glycol develops signs of mild intoxication when feeling good. Sometimes there is vomiting and diarrhea. After 10–12 hours of the latent period, headache, dizziness, thirst, nausea, vomiting, severe pain in the abdomen, lower back (like renal colic) and muscles appear. The skin becomes dry, hyperemic, the mucous membranes are bluish-pale. Vision deteriorates. The pupils are dilated. Shortness of breath occurs, breathing is noisy and rare. The number of heartbeats increases sharply, blood pressure drops. Clonic convulsions appear.

Death can occur in the first day after poisoning from paralysis of the respiratory center.

First aid

1. Gastric lavage and drinking plenty of fluids. The following mixture should be added to the washing water as an adsorbent: tannin - 1 part, activated carbon - 2 parts, burnt magnesia - 1 part. If all components are missing, you can use each of them separately. You can use a 2% solution of sodium bicarbonate (soda), followed by ingestion of 30 g of magnesium sulfate in 100 ml of water. Orally – 200 ml of a 30% solution of ethyl alcohol or vodka (with anamnestic established fact taking poison), 3–5 g of sodium bicarbonate in 100 ml of water;
2. give the victim 2-3 egg whites, kefir, milk or jelly 2-3 glasses;
3. give the victim a laxative;
4. after first aid - hospitalization.

Medical emergency care in a medical facility

If consciousness is preserved - gastric lavage through a thick tube with a 2% solution of sodium bicarbonate, followed by the introduction of 30 g of magnesium sulfate in 200 ml of water (if not previously administered) and 3-5 g of sodium bicarbonate in 100 ml of water, siphon enema.

Orally or intravenously ethyl alcohol according to the intravenous scheme: 10–20 ml of a 10% solution of calcium chloride (gluconate).

Intravenous 400 ml of 5% glucose solution with 5-10 ml of 5% ascorbic acid solution and 8 units of insulin, glucose-novocaine mixture (400 ml of 5% glucose solution with 25 ml of 2% novocaine solution), 400 ml of polyglucin, 400 ml of hemodez, 10 ml of 2.4% solution of aminophylline, 80-120 mg of furosemide (Lasix), 50-100 mg of prednisolone or 100-200 mg of hydrocortisone.

Intramuscularly, 2–4 ml of a 6% solution of thiamine bromide and a 5% solution of pyridoxine hydrochloride (do not administer in the same syringe).

If cerebral edema or coma develops, place an ice pack on the head, intravenously 40 ml of a 40% glucose solution with 4–6 ml of a 5% ascorbic acid solution and 8 units of insulin, 50 ml of a 30% sodium thiosulfate solution, 10 ml of 2.4% solution of aminophylline, up to 300–500 mg of furosemide (Lasix) taking into account the previously administered dose, 50–100 mg of prednisolone or 100–200 mg of hydrocortisone, 2–4 ml of 6% solution of thiamine bromide and 2–4 ml of a 5% solution of pyridoxine hydrochloride, if not administered (do not administer in one syringe!), oxygen inhalation. Relief of psychomotor agitation intramuscular injection 10 ml of 25% magnesium sulfate solution. Craniocerebral hypothermia, spinal tap and extraction of 10–15 ml of cerebrospinal fluid, dehydration therapy, aminophylline, plasma, albumin, piracetam, steroid hormones, cytochrome C, sodium hydroxybutyrate, tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation, oxygen inhalation.

Repeated (2-3 times a day) gastric lavage and intestinal lavage (preferably through a permanent two-way tube). Antidote therapy with ethyl alcohol (at the rate of 1.5–2 g/kg body weight per day) and calcium gluconate (chloride) during the first 2–3 days. Forcing diuresis with simultaneous administration of a 4% solution of sodium bicarbonate in volume.

In case of increasing hepatic-renal failure - infusion therapy (including from 1 to 3 ml/day transumbilical), plasma alkalization, intravenous glucose-novocaine mixture, aminophylline, osmotic diuretics (mannitol at the rate of 1-1.5 g/kg body weight body) in combination with furosemide (Lasix), lipoic and glutamic acids, complex of vitamins B and C, cytochrome C, hemosorption in combination with program hemodialysis.

Evacuation to a medical institution (hospital) with the ability to perform hemodialysis, by ambulance, in a lying position on a stretcher (in case of coma - in the main lateral position with a breathing tube inserted), accompanied by a doctor. Continue on your way infusion therapy, if necessary - introduction ethyl alcohol, calcium gluconate (chloride), furosemide (Lasix), anticonvulsants (magnesium sulfate, phenazepam), oxygen inhalation.