Inner ear diseases: causes, symptoms and prevention. Internal otitis of the ear: symptoms, treatment

The inflammatory process can affect the structures of the inner ear; this disease is called labyrinthitis, or otherwise the disease is called internal otitis. Due to the peculiarities anatomical location of this section of the sound analyzer, the disease occurs as a result of complications of other processes. More often these are inflammatory phenomena spreading from neighboring organs or head injuries.

Classification of labyrinthitis

Depending on the origin of internal otitis, there is the following classification:

• tympanogenic;
• meningogenic;
• hematogenous;
• traumatic.

Labyrinthitis is classified according to the type of pathogen:

• viral;
• bacterial (specific and nonspecific);
• fungal.

According to pathomorphological signs, inflammatory phenomena are:

• serous;
• purulent;
• necrotic.

The acute course of labyrinthitis lasts about 3 weeks. It may end in recovery or become chronic. The latter usually has protracted course, symptoms increase gradually, or may be completely absent.

A little about the pathogenesis of the disease

The causes of tympanogenic labyrinthitis are acute or chronic otitis media in the acute stage. The process spreads from tympanic cavity through the membranes of the round or oval window bordering the inner ear. With induced inflammation, the process is aseptic in nature, since it is not pathogens that penetrate into the labyrinth, but their metabolic products and toxins.

The inner ear consists of the cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals. The first section contains the organ of Corti, which is responsible for sound perception. The second two perform a vestibular function

Serous inflammation progresses, and a lot of transudate is formed. Due to the folding of plasma proteins sweating through the vessels, the structures of the labyrinth are fulfilled fibrous cords. A large number of peri- and endolymph increases the pressure inside the cavity. This condition often leads to rupture of the window membrane, which opens the gate for the penetration of bacterial flora from the middle to inner ear. This is how purulent labyrinthitis occurs. The outcome of this process is loss of function of this part of the ear, as well as intracranial complications.

Chronic suppurative otitis media can cause involvement in the process various areas the wall of the tympanic cavity bordering the inner ear, the lateral semicircular canal is often affected. In these structures, inflammation of the bone tissue, carious changes and fistulas occur. They open the way for infection to the labyrinth area.

If thrombosis occurs, damage to the auditory artery or compression of its branches, the trophism of the corresponding area is disrupted, and this threatens necrotic tissue changes.

Meningogenic inflammation of the inner ear is less common than tympanogenic inflammation. The process spreads from the membranes of the brain to the labyrinth area through the internal ear canal, along the aqueduct of the vestibule or cochlea. It is observed in meningitis caused by tuberculosis, scarlet fever, measles, and typhus. Characteristic is bilateral damage to the vestibulo-cochlear apparatus. If this pathological condition arose in the early childhood, then this is fraught with the appearance of acquired deaf-muteness.

Pathogens rarely penetrate into the inner ear by hematogenous route. Occurs in case mumps, other viral infections, syphilis.

With injuries to the temporo-parietal part, in the area of ​​the back of the head and the mamillary process, cracks form through which pathogens of inflammation can penetrate into the labyrinth space. The infection enters the inner ear through the middle ear cavity with a sharp, long object.

Depending on distribution inflammatory phenomena the lesion can be localized, then limited labyrinthitis is diagnosed, or it can involve all the structures of the inner ear with a diffuse nature.

How does inflammation of the labyrinth manifest clinically?

Symptoms associated with damage to the sound analyzer and vestibular function occur:

• dizziness;
• coordination disorders;
• presence of nausea, vomiting;
• the appearance of nystagmus;
• hearing impairment;
• ear noises.

Patients are concerned about systemic dizziness, manifested by an illusory sensation of rotation environment or own body in the same plane or direction. Sometimes the feeling of moving becomes unsystematic, patients note instability when walking, seeming to fall or fall through.

The main complaints of patients with inflammation of the labyrinth

The chronic course provokes this kind of vestibular disorders for several seconds or minutes. In the case of an acute process, the attack lasts 5–10 minutes; symptoms can last up to several hours or days.

An important sign is increased dizziness in a certain position or manipulation in the ear. Nausea and vomiting often occur, worsening with head rotation, and sweating increases. Skin pale or reddened, the heart rate accelerates, but there is also bradycardia.

Dizziness is systemic in nature, accompanied by nausea, vomiting and increased sweating

Another sign of vestibular disorders is nystagmus, which appears spontaneously. Involuntary twitching eyeballs is associated with disruption of the synchronous functioning of the labyrinths. The movements are usually small-caliber, in contrast to nystagmus of central origin. The direction is horizontal, sometimes horizontal-rotatory. At the beginning of the disease, the direction of the slow component involuntary movements eyeballs are marked to the side sore ear, this is due to irritation of the labyrinth.

Symptoms of spontaneous deviation are observed upper limbs and torso in the direction opposite to nystagmus. In this case, the directions change depending on the rotation of the head, which distinguishes labyrinthitis from central disorders.

The patient is unstable in the Romberg position, misses the side of the slow component of nystagmus, performing the finger-nose test. With a limited labyrinth with damage to the horizontal semicircular canal, a positive fistula symptom is determined. By condensing the air in the external auditory canal, nystagmus occurs in the direction of the diseased ear, dizziness in the opposite direction.

As the disease progresses, functions are inhibited vestibular analyzer on the affected side, the direction of the nystagmus changes in the other direction. The decline of labyrinth function can be confirmed by the lack of response to both auditory and statokinetic stimuli.

Disturbing high-frequency noise and ringing in the ears

On the part of the hearing organ, symptoms associated with the presence of noise and decreased perception of sound stimuli are noted. Patients complain of the presence of pain, which intensifies when turning the head. More often the noise range is within the high tones.

Hearing loss may recover within a few days; this process is typical serous in nature course of labyrinthitis. Sometimes the purulent process provokes persistent deafness.

Diagnostics

The following studies are being carried out:

1. Vestibulometry (use rotational, pressor, otolith, finger-nasal, index tests; the caloric test, recommended by some authors, is dangerous due to the possibility of generalization of the process and the provocation of intracranial complications).
2. Audiometry (threshold and suprathreshold are used).
3. Electronystagmography (using electrodes, the characteristics of nystagmus, its fast and slow components, speed, frequency, amplitude are studied).
4. CT and MRI (to exclude or detect brain pathology).
5. Videonystagmography is one of the modern methods research.

Labyrinthitis leads to hearing loss

If there are symptoms of the disease, immediate consultation with an otolaryngologist is necessary. Timely diagnosis and competent treatment will help on early stages get rid of the disease, will not allow complications and serious consequences to arise.

Therapy or surgery

Severe forms of labyrinthitis require hospitalization. The choice of therapy depends on the type of disease and its cause. Treatment of labyrinthitis should be comprehensive and include:

1. Based on the etiological moment, it is shown antiviral or antibacterial drugs. More often the process is caused by bacterial flora; for this, second generation cephalosporins are used (Cefuroxime, Ceftin, Kefurox), III generation(Ceftriaxone, Tercef), IV generation (Maxipim). In severe forms of meningitis or meningoencephalitis, fluoroquinolones are prescribed that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (Ciprofloxacin, Tsiprinol, Cifran). Macrolides (Clarithromycin, Azithromycin) are used.
2. Anti-inflammatory, steroid drugs (Diclofenac, Dicloran, Methylprednisolone).
3. Dehydration therapy (Diacarb, Mannitol).
4. Vitamin therapy (K, P, B 6, B 12, C, Rutin).
5. Antihistamines (Suprastin, Tavegil).
6. Antiemetics (Cerucal, Phenegran, Dedalon, Bonin).
7. Sedatives (Lorazepam, Diazepam).
8. To improve blood supply to the inner ear and to reduce vestibular manifestations, Betaserc, Betagistin, Alfaserc are prescribed.

In some clinical situations, the only treatment for labyrinthitis is surgery.

Indications for surgery:

• purulent labyrinthitis with a tendency to progress;
• combination of labyrinthitis with inflammation of the skull bones;
• entry of microorganisms into brain structures;
• necrotic inflammation with sequestration phenomena;
• persistent deafness.

For tympanogenic purulent labyrinthitis, sanitizing surgery on the middle ear, labyrinthotomy or tympanoplasty is prescribed. The presence of complications of inflammatory processes in the inner ear requires mastoidotomy or opening of the pyramid of the temporal bone. If the complications are intracranial, then a labyrinthectomy is performed. In the presence of persistent deafness after labyrinthitis, hearing aids and hearing restoration surgery (cochlear implantation) are performed.

Forecast and consequences

Timely diagnosis and treatment of acute serous labyrinthitis ensures recovery with complete restoration of vestibulocochlear functions. In favorable cases, the structures of the inner ear become overgrown with granulations, which are then replaced by fibrous and, finally, bone tissue.

If the course is unfavorable, labyrinthitis may become more complicated:

• inflammation facial nerve;
• mastoiditis;
• petrositoma;
• the occurrence of meningitis;
• formation of intracranial abscesses;
• encephalitis.

Inflammation of the facial nerve is one of the complications of labyrinthitis

After suffering purulent inflammation in the inner ear, persistent hearing and balance disorders may remain. Over time, adaptation processes partially occur due to the second labyrinth, the central nervous system and the organ of vision. However, complete restoration of the structures of the inner ear, functions of the cochlea, semicircular canals and vestibule is not possible.

Since the main cause of labyrinthitis is the presence of a focus of infection in the anatomical formations in contact with the inner ear, then preventive actions should be aimed at:

• timely diagnosis and treatment of otitis media, meningitis and infectious diseases;
• sanitation of the nasal cavity, sinuses, mouth, pharynx;
• avoiding injury to the ear and skull bones;
• strengthening the immune system.

At the first signs or suspicion of labyrinthitis, you must immediately contact an ENT specialist for diagnosis and proper treatment. On initial stages development of the disease is completely curable. IN advanced stage, at untimely therapy irreversible changes occur in the inner ear and possible severe consequences with intracranial complications. On the part of the sound perception system, complete hearing loss may occur with labyrinthitis.

Otitis is an ENT disease, which is an inflammatory process in the ear. Manifested by pain in the ear (pulsating, shooting, aching), elevated temperature body, hearing impairment, tinnitus, mucopurulent discharge from the external auditory canal. The severity of the pathological process depends entirely on the virulence of microorganisms, and the condition also plays an important role immune defense person.

What it is, what are the first signs and symptoms of otitis media, as well as how to treat it in adults without consequences for the ear, we will consider further in the article.

What is otitis media?

Otitis is an inflammatory lesion of the inner, middle or outer part of the human ear, occurring in a chronic or acute form. The disease is characterized by damage to the structures of the outer, middle or inner ear, and patients present specific complaints. Symptoms in adults depend on the area of ​​inflammation, the addition of local or systemic complications.

The pathology can develop at any time of the year, but the peak of visits to the hospital occurs in autumn and winter, when people have not yet had time to switch from heat to cold.

Causes

The causes and symptoms of otitis depend on the type of disease, the state of the immune system and environmental factors. The fundamental elements in the formation of the disease are the influence of air temperature, the purity of the water used for hygiene, and the time of year.

The causes of otitis are considered:

• Penetration of infection from other ENT organs - as a complication of a concomitant infectious viral disease;
• Various diseases of the nose, sinuses and nasopharynx. This includes all types of rhinitis, deviated nasal septum, (adenoid vegetations);
• Injuries auricle;
• Hypothermia and weakened immunity.

Conditions that significantly increase the risk of developing the disease include:

• allergies;
• inflammation of the ENT organs;
• immunodeficiency states;
• carrying out surgical operations in the area of ​​the nasopharynx or nasal cavity;
• infancy, childhood.

Types of otitis

The structure of the human ear is divided into three interconnected parts, which have the following names:

• outer ear;
• average;
• inner ear.

Depending on which specific part of the organ the inflammatory process occurs, in medicine it is customary to distinguish three types of otitis:

Otitis externa

External otitis may be limited or diffuse, in in some cases spreads on eardrum, more common in older patients. Occurs as a result of mechanical or chemical trauma to the ear. A patient with otitis externa complains of throbbing pain in the ear, which radiates to the neck, teeth and eyes, and intensifies when talking and chewing.

Development is promoted by two factors:

• Introduction of infection sharp object(hairpin, toothpick);
• Entry and accumulation of moisture in the external auditory canal.

It often occurs when the ear is constantly in contact with water, such as when swimming, which is why it is called “swimmer’s ear.”

Otitis media ear

With otitis media, the inflammatory process occurs in the tympanic cavity. There are many forms and variants of the course of this disease. It can be catarrhal and purulent, perforated and non-perforated, acute and chronic. With otitis media, complications can develop.

Internal otitis

This type is also called labyrinthitis; its symptoms can vary in severity (from mild to pronounced).

Symptoms of otitis media are similar in all forms of the disease, but their intensity and some features depend on the type.

According to the nature of the disease, the following forms are distinguished:

• Spicy. It occurs suddenly and has severe symptoms.
• Chronic. The inflammatory process continues long time, has periods of exacerbation.

According to the ways in which otitis manifests itself, the following forms are distinguished:

• Purulent. There is an accumulation of pus behind the eardrum.
• Catarrhal. There is swelling and redness of the tissues, there is no liquid or purulent discharge.
• Exudative. Fluid (blood or lymph) accumulates in the middle ear, which is an excellent breeding ground for microorganisms.

The otolaryngologist determines how and how to treat otitis media by establishing the type and degree of the disease.

Symptoms of otitis media in adults

The clinical picture of otitis directly depends on the location of the pathological process.

Symptoms:

• earache . This symptom is constantly disturbing and is the main one that brings the greatest discomfort. Sometimes the pain shoots into the teeth, temple, lower jaw. The reason for the development of this condition in otitis media is considered to be high blood pressure in the ear cavity;
• redness of the ear canal, change in the color of the auricle;
• gradual deterioration of hearing, caused by the opening of abscesses and filling of the ear canal with purulent masses;
• temperature increase- most often there is an increase in body temperature, however, this is also an optional sign;
• ear discharge with external otitis they almost always occur. After all, nothing prevents the inflammatory fluid from being released.

Symptoms of otitis media are often accompanied by a runny nose, which leads to swelling of the nasal mucosa and congestion of the auditory tube.

If you have symptoms of otitis, you need to urgently consult a doctor, who will correctly diagnose and tell you how to treat the inflammation.

Complications

Don’t think that otitis media is harmless. colds. In addition to the fact that it unsettles a person for a long time, reducing his ability to work for at least 10 days, it is possible to develop irreversible changes with persistent deterioration or total loss hearing

When the disease is allowed to take its course, the following complications may occur:

• rupture of the eardrum (as a rule, it takes 2 weeks for the hole to heal);
• choleostomy (tissue growth behind the eardrum, hearing impairment);
• destruction of the auditory ossicles of the middle ear (incus, malleus, stapes);
• mastoiditis (inflammatory lesion of the mastoid process of the temporal bone).

Diagnostics

A competent doctor diagnoses acute otitis media without special equipment and innovative technologies. A simple examination of the auricle and ear canal using a head reflector (a mirror with a hole in the center) or an otoscope is sufficient to diagnose otitis media.

As methods to confirm and clarify the diagnosis, may be prescribed general analysis blood, which reveals signs of inflammation ( increase in ESR, increase in the number of leukocytes and others).

From instrumental methods X-rays and computed tomography of the temporal regions are used.

How to treat otitis media in adults?

Antibacterial drugs (antibiotics, sulfonamides, etc.) play a special role in the treatment of otitis media. Their use has a number of features - the medicine should not only act on the bacteria that cause otitis media, but also penetrate well into the tympanic cavity.

Treatment of inflammatory changes in the auricle begins with compliance bed rest. Antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, antipyretic drugs are prescribed simultaneously. A combination of drugs can effectively treat pathology.

Comprehensive treatment of otitis ear

Ear drops

It's no secret how acute otitis in adults is treated - drops in the ears. This is the most common medicine for otitis media. Depending on the type of disease they use different drugs. Ear drops may only contain antibacterial drug or be combined - contain an antibiotic and an anti-inflammatory substance.

The following types of drops are distinguished:

• glucocorticosteroids (Garazon, Sofradex, Deksona, Anauran);
• containing anti-inflammatory non-steroidal drugs(Otinum, Otipax);
• antibacterial (Otofa, Tsipromed, Normax, Fugentin).

The course of treatment takes 5-7 days.

Additional tools:

1. In combination with ear drops for otitis, otolaryngologists often prescribe vasoconstrictor drops into the nose (Naphthyzin, Nazol, Galazolin, Otrivin, etc.), thanks to which it is possible to relieve swelling of the mucous membrane of the Eustachian tube and thereby reduce the load on the eardrum.
2. In addition to the drops, the complex may also include antihistamines (anti-allergic) agents that have the same goal - relieving swelling of the mucous membrane. This could be Suprastin, Diazolin, etc.
3. To reduce temperature and reduce ear pain, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs based on paracetamol (Panadol), ibuprofen (Nurofen), nise are prescribed.
4. Antibiotics for otitis in adults are added to the treatment of acute moderate form with the development of purulent inflammation. The use of Augmentin has proven itself well. Rulid, Amoxiclav, Cefazolin are also effective.

In addition to the measures listed, physiotherapy procedures are used:

• UHF for the nose area;
• laser therapy for the area at the mouth of the auditory tube;
• pneumomassage focused on the area of ​​the eardrum.

If all the above actions did not lead to regression of the process, or treatment was started at the stage of perforation of the eardrum, then first of all it is necessary to ensure a good outflow of pus from the middle ear cavity. To do this, regularly cleanse the external auditory canal of secretions.

During the manipulation, local anesthesia is used. A puncture is made in the eardrum using a special needle, through which the pus is removed. The incision heals on its own after the discharge of pus stops.

• You cannot prescribe medications yourself, choose the dosage, or stop taking medications when the symptoms of otitis media disappear.
• Wrong actions taken at your own discretion can cause harm to your health.
• Before contacting a doctor, you can only take a paracetamol tablet to reduce pain. This drug is effective and has few contraindications. At correct use paracetamol rarely causes side effects.

Prevention

The main goal of preventing otitis in adults is to Eustachian tube was not blocked thick mucus. It's not like that simple task. Usually, acute rhinitis accompanied liquid discharge, but during treatment the mucus often becomes much thicker, stagnating in the nasopharynx.

1. Outbreaks chronic infection– increase the risk of otitis media.
2. After swimming, especially in open water, you need to thoroughly dry your ears to prevent water and bacteria from getting inside. We have developed especially for people prone to otitis media. antiseptic drops, which are instilled into the ears after each bath.
3. Regularly clean your ears from dirt and wax and maintain hygiene. But it is better to leave a minimum of sulfur, since it protects the ear canal from pathogenic microbes.

In conclusion, it is worth noting that otitis media is a very unpleasant disease. Do not think that all symptoms will go away on their own. Be sure to consult a doctor when the first signs appear. People often treat otitis unduly frivolously, not realizing that complications from this infection can lead to the most tragic consequences.

Internal otitis (labyrinthitis) is an acute or chronic inflammatory process of the vestibular apparatus of the ear. The disease is rare, affects the deep structures of the hearing organ, and sometimes causes a brain abscess. Dizziness, loss of balance and hearing loss (hearing impairment) are the main symptoms of the disease. Labyrinthitis is often caused by suppurative otitis media, sometimes occurs after injuries and surgical interventions. Associated symptoms and treatment of internal otitis depend on the causes and stage of the pathological process.

Symptoms

Located in the inner ear important structures: labyrinth, cochlea and auditory nerve. They form the vestibular-auditory apparatus, which is responsible for the balance of the body and the transformation of hearing. These organs are located inside the temporal bone, close to the brain, which plays a special role in the spread of inflammation. The signs of acute internal otitis are more pronounced with unilateral lesions than with both sides. Highlight following symptoms diseases:

1. Dizziness. Occurs due to the fact that the brain receives various information about the position of the head from healthy and affected auditory organ. Patients complain of constant “rotation” of objects in front of their eyes and the inability to stay in one body position. Such sensations last from 5-10 minutes to several hours.
2. Nystagmus. This symptom is important for a doctor who can determine the side of the ear lesion and distinguish other brain diseases.
3. Impaired coordination and walking occur when the nerve and cochlea are damaged. The gait becomes shaky and uncertain.
4. Hearing loss or deafness is caused by pathology of the auditory nerve. Bilateral processes lead to deafness, the correction of which requires installation hearing aid. Patients do not hear whispers, constantly listen to the interlocutor, watch TV with maximum volume.
5. Nausea and vomiting begin due to dizziness and damage to the vestibulo-cochlear nerve. These symptoms can be disturbing for 10-20 minutes a day, or they can be present constantly until the disease is cured.
6. Tinnitus is caused by inflammation of the auditory nerve and disruption of the auditory ossicles. Often the symptom appears after suffering from otitis media. Sometimes patients hear a thin ringing, squeaking or buzzing sound.
7. Ear pain. The symptom is characteristic of a purulent process, when the accumulated exudate has no way to exit the cavity of the inner ear. The pain is constant and debilitating.

General symptoms of internal otitis are associated with disruption of the conduction of impulses along the nerves, the outflow of endolymph (fluid) into the ventricles of the brain, and inflammation of the labyrinth cells. Patients with internal otitis experience increased sweating and frequent headaches. Bradycardia (rare pulse) leads to pain in the heart, general weakness, fatigue, which is caused by insufficient blood flow to the head. If the purulent process in the inner ear spreads to the membranes of the brain, then a spasm appears neck muscles, chills, body temperature rises to 40 degrees. Celsius.

Causes and diagnosis

Otolaryngologists highlight various reasons development of internal otitis. In children and adults, the disease appears after the progression of purulent inflammation of the middle ear. In this case, bacteria penetrate the labyrinth and cochlea, damaging the receptor cells. Primary lesion meningitis) is caused by pathogenic bacteria and viruses that can enter the inner ear. But also pathology of the vestibular apparatus can be provoked by herpes viruses, tuberculosis and typhus bacteria.

The anatomy of the inner ear is disrupted after traumatic brain injuries that occur as a result of road accidents, impacts, gunshot wounds. Acoustic damage (action of sound) appears after exposure to sound high strength. This happens to military personnel, heavy industry workers, and musicians. Weakened immunity, chronic systemic diseases only contribute to the development of purulent internal otitis, as well as the emergence of complications.

The diagnosis of the disease is carried out by an otolaryngologist. The first step is to perform an otoscopy to examine the eardrum. Vestibulometry is used to determine movement and coordination disorders. Using audiometry, the stages of hearing loss and the side of the labyrinth affected are measured. SCT and MRI are designed to study anatomical damage to the labyrinth and cochlea, especially after trauma.

Treatment

Treatment of internal otitis is aimed at combating bacteria, and in severe cases– with intracranial complications. If the cause of the disease is inflammation of the middle ear, then ear and nasal drops should be used. The fight against dizziness and nausea is carried out antiemetics and vestibulolytics (eliminate dizziness and gait disturbances). Symptomatic treatment is necessary to eliminate headaches, general weakness, and fever.

Antibiotic therapy plays an important role in the treatment of internal otitis, as well as in the prevention of complications. They use broad-spectrum drugs that do not have an ototoxic (toxic to the ear) effect. General restorative therapy allows you to maintain metabolic processes, improves blood circulation in tissues and strengthens the immune system. Prevention is needed to eliminate the causes inflammatory process.

Treatment with folk remedies

The use of a warm compress in case of purulent internal otitis is contraindicated, due to the possible spread of infection into the brain. However, in the treatment of diseases of the ENT organs, folk remedies play a significant role. Usage herbal infusions, flowers and plant roots have a healing effect on the body. Taking the decoction orally causes systemic action, improves blood flow to the brain and tissues of the inner ear. The following tools are widely used:

• burnet;
• clover;
• parsley;
• rose hip;
• mint, ginger.

Clover is used to combat dizziness and slow pulse. To prepare a tincture from a plant, you need to take fresh flowers and, without pressing, place them in a liter jar. Then fill with vodka to the top and leave for 1 week. You should drink the tincture 3 times a day, 1 teaspoon after meals, for 2 weeks. Children and pregnant women are prohibited from taking this folk remedy due to the presence of alcohol in it.

Burnet has a strong anti-edematous property. In addition, the active ingredients of the plant fight bacteria and viruses. Make a tincture folk remedy You can add 2 tablespoons of crushed roots to 200 ml of boiling water. Leave for 30 minutes, strain and drink 3 teaspoons 3 times a day for 2 weeks.

Parsley and rose hips have a diuretic effect and also have high concentration vitamin C. The decoction is prepared at home, add 10 grams of chopped herbs and 10 rose hips to 500 ml of boiling water and leave for half an hour. Every day, 20 minutes before meals, drink a glass of decoction in the morning and at noon for 2 weeks. There is no need to take the infusion in the evening due to its pronounced diuretic effect.

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Mint and ginger are used by children and adults. These plants have a calming, antiemetic and antinausea effect. Ginger root and mint leaves are added to 200 ml of boiling water and left for 5 minutes. Drink tea three times a day throughout the entire period of illness. Children can take a folk remedy.

Treatment with antibiotics

It is necessary to treat internal otitis in children and adults with antibiotics, especially when purulent inflammation. They have bactericidal properties(destroy microbes). However, among side effects drugs of this series should be free of ototoxicity, nausea and dizziness. Drugs for treatment are selected based on the results of a blood test for sterility and determination of the sensitivity of bacteria. Otolaryngologists use the following groups of antibiotics:

• penicillins;
• macrolides;
• cephalosporins.

Amoxicillin is classified as a penicillin drug that destroys the bacterial wall, inhibits the proliferation of pathogenic flora, and has a wide spectrum of action. Adults are prescribed 500 mg three times a day. For children, use syrup or tablets on average 250 mg three times a day 30 minutes before meals. Acute internal otitis is treated for 7-10 days.

Oxacillin is considered another drug in the same group. The antibiotic acts on the bacterial wall, but mainly destroys staphylococci and streptococci. Adults take 500 mg 4 times a day, for children it is appropriate to take 250 mg three times a day 1 hour before meals. The dosage for a child depends on body weight and the presence of complications. Intravenous antibiotic administration is also possible.

Clarithromycin is a widely used macrolide. The drug acts at the level of protein formation in the bacterial cell. Thus, the antibiotic penetrates the microbe and has a bactericidal effect. Take 500 mg twice a day for 10-14 days. In children under 12 years of age, a single dose should not exceed 7.5 mg/kg per day.

Third and fourth generation cephalosporins inhibit metabolic processes in the bacterial cell, making it impossible for microbes to reproduce. For children and adults, intravenous and intramuscular injection. Prescribe 1 gram twice a day for 7-10 days. The dosage and course of treatment for the child is determined by the doctor. Ceftriaxone, Cefepime, Cefoperazone have a wide spectrum of action.

Treatment with drops

Ear drops are used in the treatment of inflammation of the inner ear if the cause of the disease is acute otitis media. Otolaryngologists consider purulent melting of the walls of the tympanic cavity to be a complication in which the exudate destroys bone tissue. The entry of pathological fluid into the labyrinth and cochlea causes a sharp decline hearing and dizziness. To combat inflammation of the middle ear and prevent internal otitis, the following types of drops are used:

• antibacterial;
• anti-inflammatory;
• combined;
• with dimexide.

The introduction of antibiotics into the external auditory canal can slow down the development of inflammation. The drug Tsipromed, which contains ciprofloxacin, has a bactericidal effect. Adults and children are administered 2 drops into each ear three times a day. The course of treatment lasts 7-10 days. Tsipromed should not be administered if there is a perforation of the eardrum due to possible ototoxic effects.

Anti-inflammatory drugs contain an antiseptic, antihistamines and hormones. An effective medicine otolaryngologists consider Sofradex. Children and adults are administered 3 drops 4 times a day for 1 week. The drug relieves swelling, reduces permeability vascular wall. Contraindications to therapy include perforation of the eardrum and fungal otitis media.

Combination medications for the treatment of otitis media combine antibiotics and hormonal agents. Polydex solution is used in the initial stages of inflammation, when there is no purulent effusion. Inject 2 drops into each ear three times a day, leaving the head in one position for 10-15 minutes. The product relieves tissue swelling and improves nutrition of the eardrum. In children under three years of age, the use of the drug is prohibited due to possible systemic effects.

Drops with dimexide have a warming effect and carry medications well deep into the tissues. The drug is used only in the stage catarrh middle ear, when there is no purulent content yet. To prepare the solution, dimexide is diluted in boiled water in a ratio of one to ten. Adults administer 2 drops into each ear three times a day to prevent the development of internal otitis. The use of the product is contraindicated for children and pregnant women.

Symptomatic treatment

A special role in the treatment of acute internal otitis is played by eliminating the symptoms of the disease. These signs include dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and gait disturbances. To combat each of the symptoms, use specific drugs. Otolaryngologists provide the following remedies:

• histamines;
• antiemetics.

Dizziness brings great discomfort to patients. Patients are unable to do normal activities or work. To eliminate dizziness and gait disturbances, Betahistine or Alfaserc are used. Take 8-16 mg orally three times a day after meals, the course of treatment is 1-2 months. The effect of use occurs after 14 days, and is based on improving blood circulation in the labyrinth and reducing the excitability of the vestibular nuclei in the brain.

Nausea and vomiting bother patients constantly or periodically, in case of sudden turns of the head and torso. The drug Ondasetron has an inhibitory effect on the vomiting center. This remedy is used 4 mg 3-4 times a day for intravenous infusion or in tablets, and the effect lasts 5-6 hours. Metoclopramide has a similar effect, which is administered 2 ml intramuscularly 3 times a day if symptoms of the disease are present.

Surgery

TO surgical treatment need to be contacted if ineffective drug therapy. Surgical interventions in case of acute purulent internal otitis, it is carried out in a hospital and for this it is necessary post-operative care for the sick. The manipulations are carried out by experienced surgeons using specific instruments for working inside the labyrinth and cochlea. Doctors identify the following indications for surgery:

• hearing loss III degree or deafness;
• purulent internal otitis;
• joint inflammation of the labyrinth and structures of the temporal bone;
• penetration of pus through the meningeal membranes into the brain.

Otolaryngologists consider trepanation (opening of the lumen) of the mastoid process to be the main and generally accepted stage of the operation. This structure is located behind the auricle, has a lattice structure and is closely adjacent to the labyrinth. To ensure that the intervention takes place without feeling pain, general anesthesia With artificial ventilation lungs. Using a chisel, they destroy the cells of the mastoid bone and approach the labyrinth.

The presence of a purulent process, which is clearly depicted in the photo, provokes the surgeon to destroy the lateral canal of the labyrinth. In this case, purulent contents are released under pressure. The cavity of the inner ear is washed with antiseptics using a catheter. The wound is left open for subsequent sanitation (cleansing). Treatment is supported by the prescription of antibiotics, painkillers, infusion therapy. The course lasts 3-5 weeks.

In case of persistent hearing loss, an artificial cochlear implant is used. The operation to install it is carried out at institutes of ENT diseases. During the intervention, the receptor part of the device is introduced into the cochlea, and the processor is placed under the skin behind the auricle. As a result, perceptible sound waves through the eardrum and auditory ossicles reach electronic receptors. Next, the subcutaneous processor processes the information, which it converts into sound.

The human hearing aid has a rather complex structure. And each part of it can suffer from attacks from various pathogenic factors. They can be both infectious and non-infectious in nature and cause various unpleasant symptoms and demand accordingly various treatments. Some of the pretty serious violations It is worth recognizing damage to the inner ear, because they can lead to the development of a number of complications, including complete and other health problems. So, let's talk about what the inner ear is, what diseases of the inner ear are known, symptoms, causes, and how to prevent them.

What is the inner ear?

The inner ear is the last section of the hearing organ (after the outer and middle ear), and it is also considered an organ of balance. This section of the hearing aid is the most complex in structure; due to its intricate shape, it is called a labyrinth.

What is the threat of a diseased inner ear, what disease often affects it?

The most famous ailments of the inner ear include labyrinthitis or internal otitis. This is an inflammatory process that develops due to the penetration of aggressive particles inside the hearing aid and when exposed to other aggressive factors.

Also, diseases of this type include Meniere's disease - damage to the inner ear, which is accompanied by dizziness, balance problems and hearing problems.

Inner ear: causes of labyrinthitis

The inner ear is located quite deep, so it can only become infected when aggressive particles from other inflamed areas are introduced. A fairly common factor causing labyrinthitis is considered.

Pathogenic microorganisms capable of penetrating to the inner ear and from the meninges. In this case, labyrinthitis is provoked by various origins (influenza, tuberculosis, typhoid, etc.), and doctors talk about the meningogenic form of the disease. The infection attacks both ears and can cause deafness, especially in children.

Pathogenic particles can enter the inner ear after the membrane is damaged due to injury. In this case, the traumatic impact itself can be either direct (for example, caused by foreign body, hairpin, etc.), and caused by damage to the temporal or occipital regions due to impact.

The hematogenous variety of labyrinthitis is very rare. In this case, the pathogen penetrates the inner ear with the blood, and the inflammation is in no way associated with infections of the middle ear or meninges. This form diseases can develop as a complication of an epidemic, etc.

Labyrinthitis can spread to the entire inner ear or affect one part of it. This disease is usually provoked by an attack of streptococci, staphylococci, tuberculosis bacteria and Moxarella Catarrhalis.

Inner ear: symptoms of labyrinthitis

With inflammation of the inner ear, patients may complain of a feeling of dizziness, they often experience noise and pain in the ears. In addition, a common symptom this violation There is an imbalance and hearing loss. The severity of such manifestations increases during some procedures in the ear and during sudden head movements.

Causes of Meniere's disease

As for, this pathological condition develops with swelling of the endolymphatic channel in vestibular apparatus. Doctors say that fluid from this area penetrates into other parts of the inner ear, causing damage to its elements and structures responsible for balance.

Symptoms of Meniere's disease

Patients with this problem usually complain of periodic dizziness (sometimes very pronounced). They may be bothered by permanent hearing loss in one or both ears. There is also often a feeling of stuffiness in one ear or both. If pathological processes become chronic, Meniere's disease also causes periods of memory loss (usually temporary and short), constant forgetfulness, feelings of fatigue and drowsiness. Patients also suffer from frequent headaches, depressive states and visual impairment.
Acute attacks may well alternate with phases of imaginary well-being. So it’s better not to let the disease get close to you...

To prevent inner ear pain - prevention of its diseases

The best way to prevent the development of inner ear diseases is to promptly treat all ailments that can cause them. Of course, an important role also plays general health body, achieved in a healthy way life and correct balanced diet. At the first suspicion of the development of such diseases, you should seek help from an otolaryngologist.

Traditional treatment for Meniere's disease

The feasibility of using funds traditional medicine In case of diseases of the inner ear, it is necessary to consult with your doctor.

So healers advise treating Meniere's disease using fireweed, also known as. Combine it with clover inflorescences, maintaining an equal ratio. Grind and mix the prepared ingredients. Brew a tablespoon of the resulting raw material with a glass of boiling water and boil for two to three minutes. Strain ready-made product and take it a tablespoon three times a day.

They can also be used on their own for the treatment of Meniere's disease. Brew a tablespoon of this raw material with three hundred milliliters of boiling water. Infuse this medicine for half an hour, then strain. Take the finished medicine strained in a quarter glass four times a day.

Also, traditional medicine specialists often advise using dill to treat Meniere's disease. Brew a handful of dry herbs with half a liter of just boiled water. Keep this product in a thermos for half an hour, then strain and take half a glass three times a day. It is best to take it immediately before a meal. The duration of such therapy can reach one and a half to two months.

Therapy for Meniere's disease can be carried out using a collection composed of equal parts of chamomile flowers, as well as St. John's wort, strawberry leaves, birch buds and immortelle. Mix all prepared ingredients. Brew a couple of tablespoons of the resulting mixture with half a liter of just boiled water and leave overnight in a thermos to infuse. The strained medicine should be taken two hundred milliliters in the morning shortly after breakfast.

It must be remembered that traditional medicine will not help cure diseases of the inner ear if self-medicated. They can only be used in addition to the main therapy and only after consultation with a doctor.

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Inflammation of the inner ear or labyrinthitis is an inflammatory process caused by an infection or injury that occurs in the structure of the ear. This is a very common disease that can lead to dangerous and severe forms complications such as petrositis, sepsis, petrositis, brain abscess, etc.

The disease affects the labyrinth, which is located deep in the inner ear. It contains three semicircular canals, which are responsible for controlling balance. The inflammatory process can be caused by both viruses and bacteria of various natures.

Possible causes of inflammation of the inner ear

This disease is caused by viruses, toxins, bacteria of different nature, and may also be caused recently past trauma heads. Sources of infection begin inflammatory processes in the immediate vicinity of the labyrinth. With purulent labyrinthitis, the infection reaches the labyrinth itself.

The dominant majority of pathogens are bacteria: streptococci, mycobacterium tuberculosis, staphylococci. Less commonly, pneumococci can act as activators of the disease, Treponema pallidum, mumps and influenza viruses.

How does inflammation of the inner ear manifest? Symptoms

The hallmark symptom of labyrinthitis is dizziness. It is worth noting that this symptom accompanies other diseases, but in this case it is distinctive character. With this disease, sudden dizziness occurs after suffering any bacterial or viral infection, 1-2 weeks after recovery. Attacks can be so severe that they are accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Then the attacks of dizziness gradually pass, but sudden movements heads can provoke them again.

Another sign is a slight decrease in hearing, as well as short-term tinnitus. There are cases when hearing loss becomes permanent if the cause of inflammation is bacterial infection.

Diagnosis of inflammation of the inner ear

Diagnosis of labyrinthitis is carried out on the basis of a person’s complaints and special examinations. In order to identify real reasons For sudden dizziness, special tests are carried out. To determine the exact causes of dizziness, the following studies are used:

1. Electronystagmography. This study is based on recording the types of movements of the eyeballs, which are recorded using special electrodes. For dizziness caused by inflammation of the inner ear, the corresponding trajectories of movement of the eyeball are characteristic, and for other diseases - others.

2. CT scan. This method allows you to make visible various pathologies brain, such as tumors, strokes, etc.

3. Hearing studies. They are carried out for the timely detection of hearing abnormalities or impairments.

4. Audiometry. This test can subjectively determine a person's hearing capabilities.

5. Test response of the auditory brainstem. This research method can identify any abnormalities in the functioning of the nerve running from the ear to the brain.

Inner ear inflammation - treatment:

Often, the symptoms of the inflammatory process go away on their own over time. In cases where the cause of the disease is a bacterial infection, antibiotics are prescribed. Viral infection They are not treated with antibiotics. Assign symptomatic treatment, aimed only at reducing the manifestations of the disease.

Treatment of inflammation of the inner ear is carried out with drugs such as:

1. Antiemetics. For example, phenegran, cerucal and compazine.

2. Antihistamines, which also reduce vomiting and nausea, and also relieve dizziness. For example, diphenhydramine, diazolin, suprastin.

3. Steroid drugs which help reduce inflammation. For example, methylprednesalone.

4. Anticholinergic drugs. For inflammation, special scopolamine patches are used, which are glued to the skin behind the ear. They help reduce the intensity of nausea and vomiting.

5. Sedatives, which relieve anxiety and restlessness in the patient. For example, diazepam and lorazepam.

6. Anti-inflammatory drugs that fight inflammation and normalize metabolic processes in the labyrinth.

7. Vestibulolytics are prescribed only if it is necessary to improve blood supply in the inner ear due to labyrinthine attack.

There are also cases of treatment of this disease, which involves opening the labyrinth surgically and removal of affected areas.

After drug therapy Symptoms of the disease may still bother a person, although the infection has already been eliminated. Only over time does a person’s well-being completely stabilize. However, it is worth noting that only timely diagnosis And correct treatment will allow you to avoid complications and endure this disease without unpleasant consequences.