Pros and cons of vaccinations (vaccinations). Which drug to choose: imported or domestic? Are vaccines interchangeable?

Pros and cons of vaccinations (vaccinations)

The existing procedure for vaccination threatens the life and health of children - such a shocking conclusion was made by the Prosecutor General's Office of Ukraine (but this statement can without any doubt be applied to most CIS countries) after conducting investigations into the deaths of children after vaccinations. Law enforcement officers believe that doctors are negligent in examining children before vaccination, and parents do not receive complete information. So, what should parents know before allowing their baby to be vaccinated?

Conclusion

Vaccination is absolutely necessary, otherwise, it would not be approved by the medical community, but at the same time it is best to prepare in the most serious way, with useful materials on

Dec 25

How is a vaccination different from a vaccine?

Obviously, each of us wants to maintain our health. To do this, it would be nice to understand how a vaccination differs from a vaccine. Vaccination (also called manipulation, injection, inoculation and some other terms) is the process of introducing a special composition into the human body designed to produce immunity to a specific disease or class of diseases. A vaccine is the composition that is used to vaccinate, which is why vaccination is also called vaccination.

The emergence of vaccines

As a rule, a vaccine contains killed or weakened pathogens (or their proteins), which immune cells can easily cope with, “remembering” them for the future and forming a specific type of reaction - immunity. The first vaccines were made many millennia ago in ancient India and China in an attempt to stop deadly smallpox epidemics that were killing millions of people. However, given the lack of a clear classification of diseases and the uncertainty of diagnosis, some patients did not tolerate vaccination and died.

Vaccinations were first scientifically studied only at the end of the 18th century; the English physician Edward Jenner became a pioneer in this field. Despite the fact that his experiments drew sharp criticism (in one study, Jenner rubbed liquid from a pockmark on a peasant woman’s hand into a scratch on the hand of a healthy boy), they were crowned with unprecedented success, helping to overcome a wide variety of diseases. The resonance of the research was so great that the Russian Empress Catherine II invited London smallpox vaccinators to vaccinate all important people at court. From that moment on, the widespread distribution of vaccinations throughout the Russian Empire began.

Further development of vaccination

However, the vaccine in a more or less “modern” form appeared only 80 years later, thanks to the efforts of the notorious Frenchman Louis Pasteur. He also explained how an inoculation differs from a vaccine and introduced both of these terms into medical use. According to Pasteur, a vaccine is a drug that promotes the targeted formation of immunity, and vaccination (inoculation) is the direct process of its administration. The origin of the terms relates to the Latin word “vacca”, meaning “cow”. As we remember, the first vaccine was obtained precisely from the causative agents of cowpox.

Anti-vaccination

Speaking about vaccinations, it is impossible not to mention the movement called “anti-vaccination”. As the name implies, his followers claim the danger of vaccination, pointing out the toxicity of vaccine components, their effect on mental development children, improper storage and transportation of drugs. However, none of these accusations have been officially confirmed. All health workers categorically advise getting vaccinated. In addition, in post-Soviet countries, most mandatory vaccinations are free.

However, some vaccines may have side effects in the form of a temporary increase in temperature, pain at the injection site, allergic reaction and swelling, small rash. This reaction is explained by intensive work immune cells on the destruction of introduced pathogenic microbes(in special cases – individual intolerance to vaccine components).

The vaccine is biological drug which helps the immune system resist various infectious diseases. Medical centers immunologists of the Russian Federation advise vaccinating children with early age. The very first vaccination (against hepatitis) is carried out in the first 12 hours of a child’s life, and then vaccination occurs according to the schedule of the vaccination certificate that each person has.

The following types of vaccines are distinguished:

• alive;
• inactivated;
• toxoids;
• biosynthetic.

Live vaccines

The composition of such drugs includes weakened microorganisms. This group includes vaccines against polio, mumps, tuberculosis, measles and rubella. The disadvantages are the high chance of an allergic reaction, which can lead to severe complications and consequences.

Inactivated vaccines

They are divided into two subspecies. The first are those that contain killed microorganisms, such as vaccines against whooping cough, hepatitis A or rabies. The disadvantage is that their effect lasts no more than a year. The reason for this may be technological denaturation of antigens.

The second type are drugs that contain the component cell wall or other stimulating parts of the body. These include vaccines against whooping cough or meningitis.

Anatoxins

This type of preparation contains a poison (inactivated toxin) produced by special bacteria. Diphtheria or tetanus vaccines belong to this category. These vaccines can last up to five years.

Biosynthetic

These drugs are obtained using methods genetic engineering. For example, this category includes hepatitis B vaccines.

It is worth noting that the production of vaccines is a rather complex and labor-intensive process that requires a lot of effort and accurate calculations.

Vaccine differences

Types of vaccines are distinguished by the number of antigens that are in their composition. There are mono-vaccines and poly-vaccines.

There are also differences in species composition: bacterial, viral and rickettsial vaccines.

IN Lately New vaccines are being created that are gaining mass popularity. In addition, a lot of effort from scientific researchers and developers goes into creating synthetic, anti-idiotypic or recombinant drugs.

Phages

Phages are viruses that enter a bacterial cell and reproduce there. As a result, the patient with fever decreases body temperature and lysis occurs.

Based on such phages, scientists have developed bacteriophages that are used for phage prevention or phage therapy. The advantage of phage therapy is the possibility of selective lysis large number microbes

Bacteriophages have wide range acts and cures the following diseases:

• dysbacteriosis;
• pancreatitis;
• purulent infections.

Importance of vaccination

Vaccination is the process of introducing a certain dose of antigenic materials into the human body. Sometimes people are given several vaccines at once that are compatible with each other. As a result, drugs have been developed that combine a mixture of several vaccines. A striking example would be DTP vaccination, which is produced for children in the first months of life. It is capable of creating immunity to whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus at the same time.

There are also vaccines that are effective immediately; others must be repeated. This process is called revaccination (reintroduction of a certain dose of antigenic materials into the human body).

Vaccination calendars

For preventive vaccination There are special vaccination calendars that are included in vaccination certificates. All vaccinations performed and the names of vaccines are recorded here. However, the certificate does not include vaccinations that are performed before traveling to exotic countries or when planning pregnancy.

Operating principle

The principle of vaccination is that after the vaccine is administered in the body, its components are recognized, studied, memorized, and then substances begin to be produced that destroy all detected antigenic materials.

The purpose of vaccination is training immune system and its preparation to combat a full-fledged infection in the midst of an epidemic.

The final stage of the vaccine’s effect is that after real viruses enter the body, the immune system independently fights the possible disease and prevents it from developing.

Method of administration

May vary significantly. The most common and common method of vaccination is intramuscular injection. Vaccinations are also given subcutaneously and cutaneously. Some vaccines are given through the mouth or nose.

Contraindications

Each vaccine has contraindications. The most common of them are:

• an allergic reaction when administered a previous vaccine;
• allergy to one of the components of the vaccine;
• high patient temperature;
• hypertension;
• tachycardia;
• rheumatic diseases.

Vaccine "Nobivak"

As a rule, vaccinations are given not only to people, but also to animals. For dogs and cats, the drug "Nobivak" is used. Such a vaccine is the prevention of plague, parainfluenza, parvovirus enteritis, panleukopenia, bordetellosis and other diseases.

The Nobivak vaccine has a number of features that must be taken into account.

1. The animal must be at least three months old and healthy.
2. The pet must not have fleas, worms, or ear mites.
3. The dosage of the drug does not depend on weight: one dose is designed for one animal.
4. This vaccination is required if you plan to travel by air or rail. Otherwise, the cat or dog will not be allowed on board the plane or train.
5. Sometimes side effects from vaccination may occur. In this case, you need to prepare in advance for unexpected developments (for example, anaphylactic shock) and purchase Suprastin tablets. Also, after vaccination, the first 40 minutes should be spent in a veterinary hospital.

The need for vaccination

As already mentioned, a vaccine is biological active drug, which helps the immune system resist a number of serious illnesses. However, vaccination is not a mandatory procedure, and every person has the right to choose. Many parents are anti-vaccine and do not vaccinate their children. In this case, an official medical withdrawal is issued indicating the reason for the refusal.

Most people don't get vaccinated because they're afraid. serious consequences that may arise. If you refuse vaccination, the risk of disease increases many times. In this case, the course of the disease will have a number of complications, which in rare cases even lead to death. For example, the DPT vaccine protects children from diphtheria. The latter, in turn, leads to fatal outcome in a matter of minutes.

Today, doctors only have proven vaccines that are considered reliable and safe. However, each organism has its own individual characteristics which can lead to vaccine rejection. Therefore it is necessary to carry out preparatory procedures a few days before vaccination. They will significantly reduce the risk of rejection and side effects.

In addition, there are situations when vaccination is contraindicated. This usually concerns severe human illnesses and severely weakened immunity.

Vaccines for children

For children the most in a safe way vaccination is inactivated vaccination.

In the first years of a baby’s life, it is very important to record all vaccinations performed in a special calendar, since vaccination data may be needed in different situations(visit kindergarten, swimming pool).

The very first vaccination in a child’s life is vaccination against hepatitis B. Next, doctors select a further vaccination regimen:

1. If the risk of hepatitis B was determined during pregnancy, then subsequent vaccinations for the child will be given at 1 month, at 2 months, at 12 months, and the scheme will look like 0-1-2-12, respectively.
2. If the child is not at risk and there were no abnormalities during pregnancy, then the vaccination will be given at 1 and 6 months (scheme: 0-1-6).

On the third day of life, vaccination against tuberculosis is performed (most often in the maternity hospital). Revaccination occurs at 7 and 14 years of age (depending on the wishes of the parents and obvious needs). She is better known as BCG vaccination, which should be negative. The vaccine is given in the upper third of the shoulder. Evidence of successful completion of vaccination will be a small scar measuring 0.3 to 0.5 cm. Before it appears, there will be redness and an abscess, which will then turn into a crust and fall off.

Next is the polio vaccine. It is done 3 times: at the age of 3, 4.5 and 6 months. Repeated administration of the drug should be carried out at the age of 12.5 years, and also at 14 years. Most often, the vaccine is given in top part thighs or buttocks. However, for young children, polio vaccine is available as drops, which is taken orally 1 hour before meals, 4 drops. When administering this method, it is strictly forbidden to take the drug with water.

This is followed by vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, common name which - DPT. Since its purpose is to combat three serious diseases at once, it contains a mixture of whooping cough vaccine, concentrated diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. This is done further at 4.5 months and at the age of six months. The next vaccinations are given at 2.5 years, 6 years, 7 and 14 years. After this, the frequency of vaccination is once every 10 years, but then the vaccine no longer contains the whooping cough component. After the vaccine is administered, there may be a three-day reaction in the form of fever.

All the above vaccinations must be given to the child at mandatory. However, if the baby has suffered acute diseases, then a medical diversion is prescribed.

It is important to understand that a vaccine is a drug that can protect a person from a disease and contribute to the stability of the immune system. Therefore, if a child or adult does not have a bright expressed problems health, then you should get vaccinated and protect yourself and your loved ones from possible diseases with dire consequences.

Immunoprophylaxis is one of the methods of protecting the population from particularly dangerous infections, as a result of which artificial immunity is created in a person. This process is carried out with the help of vaccines. The method could be like individual means immunoprophylaxis, and mass, and therefore the population has a completely reasonable question: “What is the difference between vaccination and revaccination?”

Vaccination is one of the most effective and cost-effective means of protection against infections that is currently available in medicine. The principle of vaccination is that the patient is given a killed or weakened pathogenic agent so that the body itself begins to produce antibodies to fight the pathogen.
Revaccination is a method aimed at maintaining post-vaccination immunity. It is assumed that it has already been developed through previous vaccinations. There is such a pattern that the higher the immunity of several people on a team, the less chance the rest (even unvaccinated people) have of contracting an infectious disease.

What is the difference between vaccination and revaccination?

Currently, vaccination and revaccination are the most effective method protection of a person from infections, their principle is as follows: an infectious agent is introduced into the patient’s body and stimulates the formation of antibodies to infectious agents. This step allows the body to develop lasting immunity to a specific infection.
Vaccination is carried out both once and several times with a certain frequency. Vaccinations against measles, mumps, and tuberculosis are given once. The diphtheria and tetanus vaccine is given several times throughout life. In essence, revaccination is a procedure that is responsible for maintaining immunity. As a rule, revaccination is carried out after a strictly defined time interval after the first vaccination.
All vaccines are divided into several categories. All of them are needed to vaccinate the population, but not every vaccination requires revaccination.
Live vaccines (measles, mumps, rubella, polio, tuberculosis) have a weakened viral agent. Once entering the body, viruses begin to multiply, thereby causing a response from the immune system in the form of the production of antibodies.
Inactivated or killed vaccines (whooping cough, hepatitis A).
Chemical vaccines (hemophilus and meningococcal infection, whooping cough) contain only parts of live infections.
Toxoids contain an inactivated toxin that is produced by certain types of bacteria. With the help of special processing they acquire immunogenic properties.

TheDifference.ru determined that the difference between vaccination and revaccination is as follows:

Vaccination is the primary introduction into the body of a killed or weakened infectious agent, revaccination is repeated introduction.
Vaccination stimulates the body to produce antibodies. Revaccination is responsible for maintaining immunity to infection.
Vaccination is a mandatory component of any vaccination; revaccination is not required for every vaccination.