What is atherosclerosis of the main arteries of the brain. Non-stenotic atherosclerosis of the main arteries of the head. Making an accurate diagnosis

Very often, this complication occurs in diabetics, because as a result of the disease, blockage of blood vessels occurs very quickly. Divided:

1. Acute complications of stenosing atherosclerosis include, first of all, circulatory disorders of the heart and brain. A heart attack or stroke can occur suddenly even against the background of asymptomatic atherosclerosis, which does not cause any concern to a person. The life-threatening consequences of stenosing atherosclerosis also include:

• aortic aneurysm;
• gangrene;
• peritonitis;
• ischemia of the heart muscle.

Prevention of atherosclerosis is an important and difficult task in modern practical medicine. It needs to start in childhood. It includes:

• hygienic regime;
• moderate exercise;
• alternation of rest and work.

Sports and proper nutrition will protect you from atherosclerosis. These conditions are important to comply with at any age. We must not forget about proper nutrition, in which plant foods predominate.

It is necessary to give up such bad habits as smoking and alcohol abuse, or rather, it is better not to even start smoking and drinking. All these measures must be observed both during treatment and before it, in order to prevent the development of any form of atherosclerosis.

If you suspect that something is wrong with the vessels, you should immediately go to the doctor and undergo full examination. This will help you avoid serious problems now and in the future.

Vascular diseases develop slowly in the human body, but have serious consequences for almost every organ system. Stenosing atherosclerosis occurs as the pathology progresses, when the latent course of the disease is replaced by symptoms of ischemic tissue damage.

Characteristics of non-stenotic atherosclerosis of brachiocephalic vessels

Atherosclerosis mainly affects large vessels muscular-elastic type. Among these arteries one can distinguish the BCS (brachiocephalic vessels), arteries of the upper and lower extremities, neck and head. Each vessel is responsible for supplying blood to a specific area of ​​the body, and the symptoms that appear during stenosis will occur according to the location.

Non-stenotic atherosclerosis of the brachiocephalic arteries (BCA) has few clinical manifestations and may be asymptomatic or not give specific signs of the disease. This course is associated with the growth of plaques in the longitudinal direction of the vessel, and in the presence of stenosing atherosclerosis of the brachiocephalic vessels, a cholesterol plaque forms across the course of the artery, thereby closing its lumen along the entire circumference. Non-stenotic atherosclerosis of extracranial parts leads to only minor hemodynamic disturbances, maintaining blood flow to the organs.

Stenosing atherosclerosis of the brachiocephalic trunk and its branches

Stenosing atherosclerosis of the brachiocephalic arteries occurs when the lumen of the brachiocephalic trunk is blocked by a plaque. To understand the principle of symptom development, you need to know the topographic location of the arteries. The brachiocephalic artery is the first to emerge from the aortic arch, is about 4 cm long, goes to the right and passes behind the sternoclavicular joint, where it divides into its terminal branches:

• Right common carotid artery.
• Right subclavian artery.
• The right vertebral artery, which is a branch of the subclavian artery.

Circulatory disorder of the upper limb

Atherosclerosis of the brachiocephalic vessels is accompanied by circulatory disorders in the right upper limb. The blood supply to the arm is designed in such a way that it is not deprived of collateral (bypass) circulation. The right subclavian artery is the main blood supply to the arm, but due to compensation with blood from other branches of the trunk, the process of ischemia develops slowly.

Initially, due to atherosclerosis of the brachiocephalic arteries, the arm becomes pale, sensitivity is impaired, paresthesia appears, then the pulse disappears on the right radial artery, hair disappears, the muscles of the forearm weaken, but the symptoms are transient and more often occur during physical activity.

Further, stenosing atherosclerosis of the extracranial region is accompanied by the formation of trophic ulcers on the hands, necrosis of the fingers and the entire limb. When the right subclavian artery is damaged, fainting and dizziness, decreased vision, and headaches occur due to the symptom of cerebral steal, which occurs in response to ischemia of the upper limb.

Circulatory disorder in the vessels of the neck and head

Atherosclerosis main arteries neck occurs when the common carotid artery and its internal and external branches are damaged. Considering that with such localization cholesterol plaques the blood supply to the face and brain is disrupted, the symptoms will be corresponding. The sensitivity of the right half of the face disappears, and sensations of “crawling goosebumps” appear.

Atherosclerosis of the extracranial segments of the main arteries of the head and neck does not lead to severe cerebral complications; only transient ischemic attacks occur, accompanied by headache and dizziness. Due to the fact that blood circulation in the above segments is replenished by the left common carotid artery, which does not depend on stenotic atherosclerosis of the brachiocephalic vessels, acute brain failure does not occur.

The left sections, through the circle of Willis, partially compensate for hemodynamic disorders from the right half. A dangerous symptom is a progressive decrease in vision, which leads to blindness; this indicates a violation of circulatory compensation in the carotid artery system.

Circulatory disorders in the vertebral arteries

Atherosclerosis of the extracranial parts of the brachiocephalic arteries with stenosis also applies to vertebral vessels. This segment supplies blood to the posterior sections of the head and neck, while there is an intracranial section of these arteries, which has its own collateral path (Zakharchenko’s circle), which does not communicate with the system of the Circle of Willis.

Atherosclerosis of the main arteries of the brain from the vertebral segments is accompanied by coordination disorders, movements become uncoordinated ( cerebellar ataxia), walking becomes uncertain, the patient may fall out of the blue. When both vertebral vessels are completely closed, the patient begins to experience severe dysfunction of the cerebellum and occipital cortex; the patient will not be able to sit and may completely lose vision. The outcome of the disease will be an ischemic stroke of the occipital zone of the brain.

Cerebrovascular accident

Atherosclerosis of the main vessels of the brain from the internal carotid artery system is the most dangerous segment affected by cholesterol plaques. If the affected segment is located further than the circle of Willis, then when the vessel is obliterated by more than 70%, there is a high probability of ischemic stroke of the blood supply zone.

• If blood circulation in the frontal lobe is impaired, which corresponds to the anterior cerebral artery, the patient loses the ability to conscious movements, speech and emotional functions, cognitive (cognitive) abilities completely disappear, pathological reflexes appear.
• If the blood circulation in the parietal lobe, which corresponds to the middle cerebral artery, is impaired, the patient does not perceive the projection of his body, confuses the right and left sides, is unable to recognize and describe objects, and completely loses deep and superficial sensitivity.
• If the blood circulation of the temporal lobe from the middle cerebral artery is disrupted, the patient loses the ability to hear and distinguish sounds.

Clinical manifestations of non-stenotic cerebral atherosclerosis

Non-stenotic atherosclerosis of the main arteries of the head proceeds more mildly, leading to steal symptoms and transient ischemic attacks, which quickly pass due to compensation of blood flow by collaterals and morphological features longitudinally located plaque.

Atherosclerotic lesion of heart vessels

Stenosing atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries is accompanied by attacks of angina pectoris, and there is a high risk of myocardial infarction. Localization of atherosclerotic plaques in the own arteries of the heart is dangerous, since the diameter of their lumen is small and complete occlusion of the vessel develops quickly.

Vascular stenosis of the lower extremities

Stenosing atherosclerosis of the arteries of the lower extremities has symptoms similar to those in upper limbs. In the first stages, a disorder of sensitivity and temperature of the extremities occurs. Then a pathognomic symptom appears for plaques localized on the vessels of the lower extremities, is intermittent claudication, which manifests itself aching pain in the legs, appearing while walking and disappearing when stopping and resting.

At running forms The disease causes fascial swelling of the muscles, which turns into trophic disorders of the limbs, which threatens amputation.

Ultrasound diagnosis of non-stenotic and stenotic atherosclerosis

Ultrasound diagnostics is used to diagnose the disease. Sonographic signs of non-stenotic atherosclerosis are best seen with triplex scanning. There is a longitudinal location of the cholesterol plaque, the blood flow speed is slightly reduced, collateral circulation is developed and provides good hemodynamics in the tissues.

Sonographic signs of stenosing atherosclerosis are more bright manifestations. The transverse location of the plaque blocks the lumen of the vessel by more than 70%, the speed of blood flow is critically significantly reduced, blood circulation in the segment is provided by collateral arteries better than by the main one.

Principles of prevention and treatment

To prevent the formation of new plaques and reduce existing ones, use diet and medications, but for highly effective treatment of stenotic atherosclerosis of the arteries, surgical treatment is required. Critical stenoses are corrected using endovascular stenting or bypass surgery, regardless of location pathological process.

Atherosclerosis is a common disease that develops from a young age. With age, the disease begins to progress and can develop into serious problems with health. It begins with the accumulation of cholesterol and other lipoproteins on the arterial walls. Microscopic changes occur first, but later such deposits form plaques. Such formations can increase in size when blood clots join them. Neoplasms make blood circulation in the vessels difficult and, accordingly, internal organs do not receive sufficient nutrition necessary substances and oxygen. If the plaque closes the passage of the vessel more than 50%, this is called stenotic atherosclerosis.

Stenosing atherosclerosis magus is a dangerous and severe type of disease. In many situations it manifests itself as a full-blown stroke. Clinical manifestations Stroke often reduces the patient's quality of life and even leads to disability. In the brain of one hemisphere, the motor and sensory functions of the limbs and muscle facial expressions on the opposite side are disrupted. Patients also develop severe speech impairments. In such patients, atherosclerotic changes most often occur in the carotid arteries.

The main sections of the brain differ from the arteries of other locations in that the carotid and vertebral vessels, in the flesh down to their smallest branches, are thinner in structure and do not have a muscle-elastic layer. Their defeat leads to the most severe consequences.

The manifestation of atherosclerosis depends, first of all, on a person’s lifestyle. This disease is chronic and manifests itself years later, after the accumulation of formations in the vessels. Most patients seek medical care already at the stage when treatment becomes quite difficult. This problem occurs with greater frequency in men 50-60 years of age and in women after 60 years of age. Treatment of stenosing atherosclerosis usually takes a long time and is difficult. It is important to maintain a healthy lifestyle throughout the entire period of your life and periodically undergo vascular health checks.

Causes of the disease:

• immobility;
• high blood pressure;
• smoking;
• diabetes;
• overweight;
• psychological stress;
• eating fatty foods containing cholesterol;
• excessive alcohol consumption.

Include:

• frequent muscle activity corresponding to the age and physical abilities of the person; the number and intensity of exercises during targeted training of the affected organ is indicated exclusively by the doctor;
• a balanced diet with an equal amount of animal and vegetable fats, with the necessary content of vitamins, which will eliminate weight gain;
• constant stool control; use rare saline laxatives to evacuate cholesterol;
• parallel therapy of concomitant diseases.

Prevention of atherosclerosis involves normalizing the level of cholesterol in the blood and its components, taking certain drugs, preventing the formation of blood clots - antiplatelet agents. These include acetylsalicylic acid or clopidogrel.

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» Atherosclerosis of extracranial segments of the main arteries of the head

The leading doctor stated this...

Just 15 years ago, atherosclerosis was considered a disease of older people. Now the pathology affects younger diabetics. The most dangerous type of disease is atherosclerosis of the main arteries of the brain.

The development of the disease is associated with the deposition of a fat-like substance on the walls of blood vessels. At the first stages, cholesterol accumulations are insignificant and do not cause much harm. In the absence of adequate therapy, an increase in the size of plaques, narrowing of the vascular lumen, and deterioration of blood circulation are observed.

As the pathology worsens, the blood vessels of the head and neck become blocked, and blood circulation in the brain is impaired. Severe forms the disease is accompanied by destruction vascular walls, development of an aneurysm. Thromboembolism can significantly aggravate the situation. When an aneurysm ruptures, serious consequences can occur, including death.

Signs of the disease

For successful treatment atherosclerosis of the main vessels of the brain, first you need to establish the cause of the disorder. The most common predisposing factors are high rate blood pressure, endocrine disorders, excessive blood cholesterol levels.

Causes may include drinking alcohol, smoking, problems with glucose absorption, sedentary lifestyle life, frequent stressful situations, excess weight. The disease usually affects men under the age of 45 and women after menopause. It is these patients who need to be especially careful about their health.

Atherosclerosis of the great vessels of the brain gives clear symptoms; it largely depends on the location of cholesterol plaques. When the blood vessels of the brain are damaged, a diabetic develops tinnitus, severe headaches, dizziness, problems with concentration and memory.

A person’s speech is impaired, coordination of movements is lost, neurological abnormalities occur, and sleep is lost. Also noted:

• mental change;
• increased irritability;
• fast fatiguability;
• suspicion;
• tearfulness.

For example, when the vessels of the lower extremities are damaged, pulsation in them decreases, and pain quickly appears while walking. The extremities become cold, the nail plates become thinner, and small ulcers appear on the skin of the hands and feet. The patient's hair is actively falling out and lameness appears. Incorrect treatment or its absence provokes the development of gangrene.

Atherosclerosis of the extracranial segments of the main arteries of the head is characterized by varying degrees of severity.

At the very beginning, no specific symptoms are observed; the problem can only be detected through a medical examination of the body.

Diagnostic methods

The doctor will need to establish the localization of the pathology, the size of the formed plaque, and the presence of connective tissue in it. To do this, it is necessary to apply a number of diagnostic techniques.

To begin with, the patient donates blood from a vein for general and biochemical analysis. Then ultrasound diagnostics are performed to examine the state of the vascular system responsible for the blood supply to the brain. Additionally, the vertebral and carotid arteries are examined, their condition, changes in lumen, and diameter.

To determine the structure of the arteries, magnetic resonance imaging is indicated. Thanks to modern equipment, we guarantee high-quality images from different angles. This technique has become the most informative today.

Another diagnostic method is angiography. It involves the introduction of a special contrast agent, then radiographic examination. A specific research method is selected based on clinical picture diseases, the patient's condition and the presence of concomitant diseases.

The choice of diagnostic method also depends on the equipment available to the medical institution.

Treatment options

If a diabetic is diagnosed with non-stenotic atherosclerosis, at the very beginning of the pathological process it is perfectly treatable. If you strictly follow the doctor's instructions and integrated approach to the problem, the progression of the disease can be contained.

Treatment involves the use of non-drug, drug and surgical methods. Surgical intervention is indicated exclusively in severe cases when other methods cannot get rid of the disease.

Non-stenotic atherosclerosis is not advisable to treat surgically; it is necessary to start with lifestyle changes. Quitting bad habits, primarily smoking, helps slow down the progression of the disease. Important point– dietary nutrition that will help reduce the intake of cholesterol in the body. Minimize the consumption of smoked, fried and fatty foods.

1. move more;
2. exercise;
3. visit the pool or gym.

However, the load must be moderate, otherwise the blood pressure level increases and the disease worsens.

Doctors have developed a whole range of exercises aimed at restoring adequate blood supply to all parts of the brain, upper and lower extremities.

It is necessary to control blood pressure and keep cholesterol levels within acceptable limits.

Medicines and surgery

Pharmacology offers several groups at once medicines, which help get rid of damage to the great vessels of the brain. Antiplatelet agents can prevent blood platelets from sticking together. Medicines cannot be used for liver and kidney failure, peptic ulcer stomach and duodenum, pregnancy, hemorrhagic stroke.

Additionally, you will need to take medications to lower cholesterol levels; they are especially useful for non-stenotic atherosclerosis. You cannot do without drugs to increase collateral circulation, eliminate the symptoms of the inflammatory process and relieve pain.

The duration of medication treatment should not be less than 2-3 months. Exact dosages are selected individually for each diabetic. Patients are prescribed lifelong treatment with acetylsalicylic acid for:

• atherosclerotic brain lesions;
• brachiocephalic extracranial;
• intracranial;
• ranial vein.

Surgical methods are used in severe cases of cerebral atherosclerosis, this technique eliminates stenosis.

There are several main methods of intervention: bypass surgery, stenting, balloon angioplasty. With bypass surgery, the doctor creates an additional path for blood flow around the affected area. This allows you to restore normal blood flow in the body.

Stenting involves the installation of an implant, and balloon angioplasty requires the insertion of a special balloon into the vessel, into which pressure is applied, expanding the affected vessel.

Exercise therapy

The non-stenotic form of the disease begins to be treated with physical exercise, exercises are best done under the supervision of a doctor. Some exercises can be done independently.

It is useful to walk at a slow pace, but do not forget to monitor your blood pressure levels. Then they stand straight, exhale smoothly and bow their head back, trying to bend the cervical spine as much as possible; the neck should be relaxed. They stay in this position for a few seconds, then gradually return to their original position.

The procedure is repeated with the head tilted forward. The patient needs to stand up and straighten his spine well, place his hands on chest. Then they raise their arms up, stretch all the way to the ceiling, and return to their original position once or twice.

To perform the next exercise, sit on a chair with a high back and try to relax. On the count of one, move one leg to the side, then return to the original position. Using this principle, the second leg is worked out.

If you regularly repeat exercises for high cholesterol, you will be able to relieve pain and the course of the disease without any problems, stimulate blood circulation, and increase the tone of the vascular walls.

Traditional methods and diet

In addition to the main therapy program, traditional medicine is also indicated, however, such recipes cannot be the only method of treatment.

Birch buds will be most effective for atherosclerosis of the great vessels. The raw materials are boiled over low heat for 25 minutes and left to infuse for several hours. It is necessary to take half a glass of treatment 3 times a day.

It is useful to consume onion juice; it is mixed in equal proportions with bee honey. You can't add a large number of water to make the mixture liquid. Take a small spoon 3 times a day.

An important point in the treatment of vascular atherosclerosis is adherence to a special diet. First of all, limit the intake of cholesterol, minimize animal fat, and consume foods fortified with iodine.

The lack of protein is compensated by consuming legumes and eating a lot of food that has a diuretic effect. This includes apples, melons, and watermelons. The menu should also have enough:

1. fruit;
2. nuts;
3. vegetables;
4. berries

You are allowed to eat lean meat and fish, but offal and fatty meat are prohibited. Avoid sweets, baked goods, strong tea, coffee, chocolate, canned food.

By carefully following the doctor's instructions and proper nutrition, the development of the disease can be stopped. The right image life enhances the effect of medications taken.

At the first symptoms of atherosclerosis, you should contact the clinic. The earlier treatment is started, the higher the chance of completely getting rid of atherosclerosis of the main arteries of the brain and preventing sad consequences and death.

How cerebral atherosclerosis is treated is described in the video in this article.

According to the latest sad statistics, more and more people are being diagnosed with atherosclerosis. If earlier this disease was considered age-related, now it is rapidly becoming younger. Its most dangerous type is stenosing atherosclerosis of the MAG (main arteries of the head). The problem is associated with the deposition of cholesterol plaques in blood vessels brain, neck and large arteries lower extremities. The disease is chronic and it is impossible to completely get rid of it. But measures can be taken to stop its rapid development. To do this, you need to remember the peculiarities of the course of the disease and the basic therapeutic techniques.

Features of atherosclerosis of the great vessels

The development of atherosclerosis is associated with the deposition of fat cells on the walls of arteries. At the beginning, the accumulations are small and do not cause serious harm. If measures are not taken in time, the plaques grow significantly and block the lumen of blood vessels. As a result, blood circulation deteriorates.

Atherosclerosis of the main arteries of the head represents for humans serious danger. As the disease progresses, the blood vessels in the neck and head, which are responsible for adequate blood supply to the brain, become blocked.

A severe form of the disease may be accompanied by destruction of the vessel wall and the formation of an aneurysm. Thromboembolism can worsen the situation. The rupture of such an aneurysm is fraught with serious health consequences, including death.

Depending on the severity of the disease, there are two main types:

1. Non-stenotic atherosclerosis. This term refers to a condition in which the plaque covers no more than 50% of the lumen of the vessel. This form is considered the least dangerous to human life and health.
2. Stenosing atherosclerosis. With this course of the disease, the vessel is blocked by plaque by more than half. This greatly impairs the blood supply to internal organs.

The earlier the disease is diagnosed, the greater the chance of treatment success. It is almost impossible to completely get rid of the disease, so each person needs to take measures to eliminate the factors that provoke atherosclerosis.

What factors cause the onset of the disease?

In order for the treatment of MAG atherosclerosis to be successful, it is necessary to identify and eliminate the cause of its occurrence. Among them are:

1. Excessive concentration of cholesterol in the blood.
2. Diseases of the endocrine system.
3. Excessive drinking and smoking.
4. Problems with glucose absorption.
5. Lack of physical activity.
6. Adherence to poor nutrition.
7. Age-related changes in the body.
8. Prolonged exposure to stressful situations.
9. Excess body weight.

Most often, the disease affects older men. It is especially important for them to monitor their health and adhere to correct principles proper nutrition and lifestyle.

Every person periodically needs to monitor blood pressure and cholesterol levels. A timely medical examination will help with this.

Symptoms of atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis of extracranial arteries manifests itself with vivid symptoms. It will largely depend on the location of the plaques. If the damage occurs to the vessels of the brain, the following symptoms appear:

1. The appearance of tinnitus.
2. Intense headaches and dizziness.
3. Memory problems.
4. Uncoordination of movements, speech impairment. Other neurological abnormalities may also occur.
5. Sleep problems. A person takes a long time to fall asleep, often wakes up in the middle of the night, and during the day he is tormented by drowsiness.
6. Mental change. There is increased irritability and anxiety of the person, he becomes whiny and suspicious.

Atherosclerotic lesions can also be localized in the arteries of the extremities. In this case, the symptoms will be different. The following signs of the disease appear:

1. Decreased pulsation in the lower extremities.
2. Rapid fatigue during physical activity. This is especially pronounced when walking long distances.
3. Hands become cold. Small ulcers may appear on them.
4. In severe cases, gangrene develops.
5. If the vessels of the lower extremities are affected, the person begins to limp.
6. The nail plates become thinner.
7. Hair loss is observed on the lower extremities.

Symptoms of atherosclerosis MAG may have varying degrees expressiveness. At the initial stage, the problem can only be identified during a medical examination.

If you notice the first signs of the disease, you should immediately consult a doctor. Only with a timely diagnosis will it be possible to stop the progression of the disease.

Making an accurate diagnosis

It is possible to identify damage to the main arteries of the head only during a full-fledged medical examination. Specialists need to determine the location of the problem, the parameters of the formed plaque, as well as the presence of connective tissue proliferation.

The following diagnostic techniques are used:

1. General and biochemical tests blood.
2. Ultrasonography. An examination of the vascular system, which is responsible for the blood supply to the brain, is carried out. The carotid and vertebral arteries are examined. The specialist determines their condition, diameter, and changes in lumen.
3. Magnetic resonance imaging. This is an examination that allows you to study in great detail the structure of the arteries of the brain, neck, and limbs. Modern equipment guarantees obtaining images in all possible projections. This technique is considered the most informative.
4. Angiography. Allows you to study all pathologies of the vascular system. A specialized product is injected into the patient's blood contrast agent. After this, an X-ray examination is carried out.

The specific method of examination is chosen by the doctor individually for each patient. This takes into account the characteristics of the body, as well as the equipment available to the medical institution.

How is therapy carried out?

Non-stenotic atherosclerosis in the early stages is treatable. With an integrated approach and strict adherence to all the specialist’s instructions, it is possible to contain the development of the disease.

Today the most effective are the following techniques:

1. Drug treatment. It involves taking specialized medications.
2. Surgical intervention. This procedure carries a risk to the life and health of the patient. It is used only in severe cases when all other treatment methods are ineffective. It is not advisable to treat non-stenotic atherosclerosis surgically.
3. Lifestyle adjustments. To stop the development of the disease, it is necessary to give up bad habits, especially smoking. You should minimize the consumption of fatty, fried, smoked foods. You need to move more, play sports, join the pool. In this case, the loads should be moderate. It is best to consult a specialist.
4. Diet food. Experts recommend adhering to special dietary rules. This will help reduce the amount of cholesterol entering the body.
5. Exercise therapy. There is a specialized set of exercises that helps restore normal blood supply to all segments of the brain and limbs.
6. Health monitoring. It is necessary to regularly measure blood pressure and monitor the concentration of cholesterol in the blood. All concomitant diseases should be treated in a timely manner.

Successful treatment is only possible if all negative factors are eliminated. The patient should avoid stressful situations, eat right and walk more. fresh air. In this case, strict adherence to all doctor’s recommendations is mandatory.

What medications are used for therapy

Today, several groups of drugs have been developed that give a positive effect in the treatment of atherosclerosis of the great vessels of the brain:

1. Antiplatelet agents. Drugs of this type prevent blood platelets from sticking together, which reduces the risk of developing thrombosis. Such drugs are prohibited for use in cases of renal and liver failure, pregnancy, peptic ulcer disease and hemorrhagic stroke. The most popular drugs in this group are Thrombo-ass, Cardiomagnyl, Plavix, and so on.
2. Drugs that reduce blood viscosity. They help blood pass through narrowed areas better. These include Sulodexide. Phlogenzyme and others.
3. Preparations based on nicotinic acid. They are designed to improve blood circulation.
4. Medicines that reduce the concentration of cholesterol in the blood. With their help, non-stenotic atherosclerosis can be effectively treated. Among them are Crestor, Torvacard and others.
5. Means to enhance collateral circulation. This group includes Solcoseryl, Actovegin and some others.
6. Medicines to relieve symptoms. These may be anti-inflammatory and analgesics.

Drug therapy will take at least two to three months. Specific dosages and duration of therapy are determined by a specialist for each patient.

Patients suffering from atherosclerosis of the cerebral arteries are advised to take acetylsalicylic acid for life. These drugs will help minimize the risk of thrombosis.

Treatment with surgical methods

In severe cases, cerebral atherosclerosis is treated with surgery. This technique is used for stenotic type of disease. There are three main methods of performing the operation:

1. Shunting. During this operation, the surgeon creates an additional blood flow path near the damaged area. Thus, it is possible to restore normal blood flow.
2. Stenting. This operation involves the installation of a special implant, with the help of which it is possible to restore normal blood flow.
3. Balloon angioplasty. The procedure involves inserting a specialized balloon into the vessel. Pressure is applied to it, which expands the affected vessel.

The specific technique is selected by a specialist based on the patient’s health status, as well as in which segment of the vascular system the lesion is localized.

Physiotherapy

Non-stenotic atherosclerosis responds well to treatment if the main therapy program is supplemented with physical therapy. It is best to conduct a lesson with a specialist.

But you can do some exercises yourself:

1. Walk with measured steps around the room. At the same time, make sure that your blood pressure does not rise.
2. Stand up straight. Exhale smoothly and tilt your head back. At the same time, try to bend your cervical spine as much as possible. Stay in this position for a couple of seconds. After this, slowly return to the starting position. Repeat a similar procedure with your head tilted forward.
3. Stand up and straighten your spine as much as possible. Place your hands on your chest. On the count of one, raise your arms up, reaching to the ceiling. On the count of two, return to the starting position. Repeat this exercise 12 times.
4. Stand up straight. Make slow body bends to the left and right side. Make sure that the tilt is done while exhaling, and returning to the starting point while inhaling.
5. Sit on a high-backed chair. Try to relax. On a count of one, move one leg to the side. Return to the original position. Repeat similar steps with the other leg.

By repeating such exercises regularly, you can ease the course of the disease. They allow you to stimulate blood circulation and increase the tone of the vascular wall.

Traditional treatment methods

You can supplement the main therapy program with the help of traditional medicine. They cannot act as the only way therapy.

Among the most effective recipes against atherosclerosis can be distinguished:

1. Dissolve a teaspoon of birch buds in a glass of boiling water. Boil the resulting mixture for 25 minutes. After this, leave the product for a couple of hours to infuse. You need to take the prepared composition three times a day in an amount of 100 ml.
2. Pour a glass of water over a teaspoon of dried hawthorn flowers. This composition must be boiled for about 25 minutes. After this, it can be filtered. Wait until the broth cools down. It is taken half a glass three times a day.
3. Squeeze the juice from one onion. Connect it with natural honey. For one spoon of juice you need one spoon of honey. Add a little water to make the mixture liquid. You need to take this remedy one spoon three times a day.

Such simple remedies will help enhance the effectiveness of traditional treatment. Sometimes they can provoke allergic reactions, so you should consult your doctor before using them.

Dietary diet

During treatment, patients with atherosclerosis are advised to follow a special diet. This is the only way to reduce the amount of cholesterol in the blood. The following recommendations must be followed:

1. It is recommended to consume foods enriched with iodine, such as seaweed.
2. A complete abstinence from animal fats is indicated. The lack of protein can be filled with legumes.
3. Eat more products having a diuretic effect. These include watermelons, apples, melons and others.
4. The diet should include more vegetables, fruits, nuts, and berries.
5. Eating chicken and turkey is allowed. Fatty meats and offal are strictly prohibited.
6. You will have to give up sweets, coffee, strong tea, chocolate, and canned foods.

Following the principles of proper nutrition will help stop the development of the disease and enhance the effect of medications. At the first manifestations of atherosclerosis, you should immediately seek help from a specialist. The sooner the problem is identified, the more likely maintaining health.

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Briefly about stenosing atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is chronic illness, characterized by damage to the arteries with the formation of cholesterol plaques in them. At the moment, doctors believe that its cause is a metabolic disorder, mainly proteins and lipids. Excess cholesterol that remains in the body due to malfunction lipoproteins, settle on the arteries, forming plaques.

These plaques slightly narrow the lumen of the artery and do not make themselves felt at early stage diseases. But if the level of cholesterol in the blood does not decrease, then they grow, grow into the vessel wall and provoke the appearance of connective tissue (this process is called sclerosis). As a result, the inner wall of the artery thickens, an obstacle grows in the path of blood, and the tissues to which the vessel leads do not receive the required amount of oxygen.

At the first stages of the development of atherosclerosis, the plaques are so small that they have almost no effect on blood flow, and the diagnosis is “non-stenotic atherosclerosis.” When the lumen seriously narrows, “stenosis” appears and the prefix “not-” disappears. Stenotic atherosclerosis is conventionally considered to be a narrowing of the effective diameter of the artery by 50%.

It is worth noting an interesting fact: the diagnosis “non-stenosing atherosclerosis” does not exist in the world classification of diseases (ICD-10). This is due to the fact that doctors do not fully agree on the methods of its classification and diagnosis.

Causes of stenosing atherosclerosis

Risk factors for this disease mostly lie in lifestyle. This is why this disease is so widespread throughout the world. If we exclude some rare and narrowly targeted reasons, the main list looks like this:

• Smoking. According to the European Society of Cardiology, nicotine addiction– the main cause of the development of atherosclerosis.
• Diabetes.
• Obesity. This also includes a sedentary lifestyle.
• Increased cholesterol levels, excess lipids.
• Hypertension. If the pressure is higher than 140/90, then there is reason to think about it.
• Stress. This factor has a negative effect on the entire body, primarily on the cardiovascular and nervous systems.
• Poor nutrition. High levels of fat and cholesterol in the diet are considered especially dangerous.
• Heredity.

At least one of the listed points can be found in almost any person. For this reason, stenosing atherosclerosis ranks first as a cause of death in patients with heart disease and accounts for 8 cases per 1000 people.

Symptoms of stenosing atherosclerosis

Since there are many arteries in the human body, there can be plenty of symptoms. If we consider the main affected areas, we can distinguish: heart, kidneys, lower extremities, aorta, carotid arteries, brain.

Coronary arteries

Manifestations of stenosing atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries are associated with ischemic heart disease (coronary heart disease) and heart failure, since the myocardium does not receive the required amount of oxygen. As a result, the central heart muscle, chambers and valves degrade. Patients complain of:

• Dizziness.
• Tachycardia.
• Attacks of angina. At first, pain in the chest appears only during physical exertion; subsequently, half-hour attacks can occur at rest.
• Myocardial infarction.

A heart attack is the last and most dangerous consequence of coronary atherosclerosis. The artery is completely blocked, the myocardium undergoes necrosis. The development of complications is almost guaranteed: aneurysm, shock, rupture and sudden death. If a myocardial infarction occurs, it means that the coronary arteries of the heart are severely damaged by the disease.

Kidneys

Atherosclerosis of the renal arteries reveals itself as the only symptom - a constant, uninterrupted increase in blood pressure. If one kidney is blocked, the disease progresses smoothly; with a symmetrical blockage, a malignant course of the disease is possible.

Legs

Stenosing atherosclerosis of the arteries of the lower extremities causes disability: lameness, constant pain, amputation. The disease begins with minor symptoms, such as tingling in some areas, a feeling of coldness, and numbness. If you do not take measures to improve your health, minor symptoms develop into lameness, muscle weakness, pronounced freezing of the limbs, and severe pain. On last stage convulsions, tissue necrosis and trophic ulcers appear.

Aorta

Most often, atherosclerotic plaques occur in the main artery of the body. From it, broken pieces of a blood clot can get into any part of the body, block the passage and cause a heart attack. In addition, plaque proliferation leads to thickening of the aortic walls, aortic dissection and further rupture, leading to immediate death.

Often the intestines suffer from atherosclerotic changes in the aorta. Patients complain of sudden sharp pain in the stomach, pain of an unclear nature in the intestines. In such cases, urgent hospitalization is required, as tissue rupture inside the peritoneum is possible.

Carotid arteries

Stenosing atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries leads to disturbances in thinking and facial expressions. First, headaches and fatigue occur, followed by memory disturbances. In severe cases, clarity of speech and vision suffer, and the facial muscles stop contracting symmetrically.

Brain

The most noticeable disturbances are in the functioning of the brain (brain and spinal cord) and related parts. Stenotic cerebral atherosclerosis damages different areas the cerebral cortex, which changes a person’s thinking, personality and behavior. When necrotic processes are localized in areas responsible for speech, vision and hearing, the patient receives severe damage to these functions, up to complete failure.

With atherosclerosis of the extracranial parts of the brachiocephalic arteries, strong pain in the neck and nausea, especially when turning the head.

If stenosing atherosclerosis of the BCA has affected the spinal cord, the patient experiences pain in the back and sternum, itching and swelling in the extremities, and nausea. The pressure is low; vision, hearing and speech are impaired.

Consequences of atherosclerosis

With absence adequate treatment The final stage of stenosis of any artery is infarction of the organ to which it leads. This means that oxygen stops flowing into the organ, and it quickly dies with the formation of necrotic (dead) tissue.

For the heart this means myocardial infarction, for the brain - a stroke, for the kidneys - a kidney infarction, and so on. Heart attacks are dangerous not only because the organ stops working, but also because the dead tissue decomposes, releasing toxins into the body. Often these manifestations of pathology lead to death.

To avoid a sad ending, you need to recognize the impending threat in time and consult a doctor for diagnosis and treatment.

Diagnosis of stenosing atherosclerosis

The diagnosis is based on asking the patient about his health, external examination and blood and urine tests. Based on these data, the attending physician may prescribe additional examinations:

• ECG, EchoCG and ultrasound. Often these procedures are enough to clarify the diagnosis.
• MRI. A clear picture of body sections clarifies the picture of what is happening in the body.
• Angiography of blood vessels. Conducting an examination with the introduction of contrast allows you to see exactly where the congestion has appeared.
• Triplex scanning. This diagnostic tool provides a lot of information about the cardiovascular system: the degree of narrowing, deformation, and the list goes on.
• Rheovasography. Study of blood quality characteristics.
• Doppler study. Sonographic signs of stenosing atherosclerosis help to understand the level of plaque development.
• Consultation with specialists from other fields. Depending on the location of atherosclerosis, you may need advice from a neurologist, surgeon, ophthalmologist or other doctors.

The list of studies for vascular stenosis is wide and depends on the individual patient. The doctor must order examinations until the exact cause of the disease is identified.

Treatment methods

In medicine, all types of treatment are divided into traditional (pills) and surgical (surgery). In our case, traditional treatment is also divided into medicinal and health-improving. In turn, with stenosing atherosclerosis, drug treatment is divided into symptomatic and directly therapeutic. In order not to get confused in this hierarchy, let's start from the very bottom.

Symptomatic treatment is aimed at eliminating the symptoms caused by atherosclerosis. This could be aspirin to thin the blood, painkillers to relieve pain, or a wide range of drugs to get the brain in order.

Therapeutic drugs control the disease itself. Some pills can lower cholesterol levels in the blood, some lower blood pressure to reduce the burden on the blood system.

Along with therapeutic and symptomatic medications, the patient is prescribed exercise therapy and health procedures. Since the disease is most often triggered by an unhealthy lifestyle, the patient needs to stop smoking, walk more, exercise, be less nervous, sleep well and eat right. The same list is included in the treatment of atherosclerosis.

Together, the pills and a healthy lifestyle should stop the development of atherosclerosis and slowly repair damaged arteries. But sometimes the disease progresses so far that traditional treatment is no longer enough. In this case, the specialist may prescribe surgical intervention - bypass surgery, angioplasty, stenting or removal surgery. When bypassing, an artificial vessel is installed to bypass the affected artery, angioplasty expands the lumen of the vessel, stenting slows down the development of plaque using a special frame, and when removed, the damaged vessel is completely removed.

In general, surgical assistance is required relatively infrequently. If the patient consults a doctor in time and does not harm himself with self-medication, he can usually be treated with traditional methods.

So, stenosing atherosclerosis is a systemic chronic disease that develops asymptomatically for a long time and makes itself felt after about 40 years. It manifests itself in the form of plaques in the arteries and impairs blood flow until it is completely blocked. If left untreated, it leads to severe disorders in the body, disability and death. If you suspect this disease, you should not self-medicate so as not to waste time - you need to see a doctor as soon as possible and begin an examination.

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Who is at risk of getting atherosclerosis early?

Atherosclerosis is considered by many to be an indispensable disease of old age. However, when older people are tested, not everyone shows obvious signs. It has been established that the “preferred” contingent is:

• people with a family history (family members hypertonic disease, myocardial ischemia, stroke);
• little physical work;
• with limited motor activity;
• prone to overeating and excess weight;
• those who have experienced emotional stress and have a profession with great nervous tension.

What happens to blood vessels during the latent period?

It is wrong to choose one of the reasons and limit yourself, for example, to only the nutritional factor (nutrition). The appearance of a plaque narrowing the artery is preceded by a long period, starting from childhood. Non-stenotic atherosclerosis has to go through certain stages.

In the pre-lipid period, blood vessels undergo frequent spasms. Of primary importance are factors involved in the response to stressful situations, including pituitary-adrenal changes. For the progression of atherosclerosis, increased vessel permeability and changes in the structure of the wall are necessary. This role is played by infectious agents that disrupt innervation.

Lipoidosis occurs when fatty inclusions freely penetrate into the arterial wall from the lumen of the vessel along with blood plasma.

The amount of lipids supplied with food is 10 times less than is synthesized inside the human body. The fatty substances into which cholesterol breaks down during “precipitation” have been established: triglycerides, α-lipoproteins and β-lipoproteins. These are protein-fat complexes that differ in the proportions of protein and fat (α-lipoproteins contain 39.3% lipids and 60% proteins, β-lipoproteins contain 76.7% lipids and 43% protein). Due to fat overload, β-lipoproteins are less stable and easily break down, releasing soluble lipids.

Triglycerides are processed by the enzyme lipase. It breaks down compounds to form β-lipoproteins. Therefore, reduced lipase activity is considered important in the formation of cholesterol deposits in blood vessels.

What symptoms can presumably be associated with the initial period of atherosclerosis?

Early atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels are not accompanied by severe clinical symptoms and are therefore not usually diagnosed. The initial period or non-stenotic form of the course can be assumed on the basis of neurovascular and metabolic disorders:

• tendency to general or regional spasms;
• increased blood cholesterol levels and changes in the composition of lipoproteins;
• identification of vascular pathology during examination.

Most often, non-stenotic atherosclerosis affects the brachiocephalic arteries, the aorta and the vessels of the lower extremities.

There are 2 stages of the disease:

1. preclinical,
2. with clinical signs.

It is known that Clinical signs appear when there is a narrowing of half the diameter of the vessel or more. Then the patient will definitely feel changes in his condition.

Spasmodic contractions of the arteries of the brain cause the following early symptoms:

• increased fatigue;
• weakening of attention;
• dizziness;
• irritability;
• memory loss;
• insomnia.

The doctor should clarify preclinical symptoms with leading questions. General form patient speaks about premature aging:

• dry wrinkled skin;
• thinning and hair loss;
• breaking nails;
• gait in small steps;
• change in character and intelligence.

In the initial stage of atherosclerosis of the brachiocephalic arteries (these include the complex of the right subclavian, carotid and vertebral), when interviewing the patient, one can identify:

• headaches with nausea and dizziness with normal blood pressure;
• tinnitus that gets worse when you move your head;
• the appearance of general weakness;
• numbness of the lower extremities;
• decreased vision, periodic darkening, “spots” and “snow flakes” in the eyes.

With preclinical damage to the aorta, atherosclerosis is possible in any part of it, both thoracic and abdominal. The patient has:

• discomfort in the heart area;
• periodic attacks of abdominal pain not associated with food intake;
• unexpectedly increased systolic (upper) pressure is detected;
• hoarseness and cough without symptoms of a cold.

The onset of atherosclerosis of the arteries of the lower extremities is indicated by:

• limping while walking due to pain in the calf muscles;
• pain disappears on its own after rest;
• leg cramps at night;
• chilly feet even in warm conditions.

Diagnostic signs

Simple diagnostic signs that all doctors know about include:

• increased systolic pressure with normal numbers of the lower level, pronounced noise during auscultation on the aorta with atherosclerosis of the aorta;
• decreased temperature of the affected foot to the touch, inability to determine pulsation on the back of the foot, determination of the ankle-brachial index (measure the pressure on the leg by placing a cuff just above the knee and in the usual way on the arm), the ratio of values ​​should be equal to 1, with a decrease in the coefficient to 0.8 one can conclude that there is sclerosis of the blood vessels in the legs.

Instrumental methods:

• rheoencephalography - allows you to establish a decrease in brain nutrition through the adductor arteries;
• rheovasography is a similar method used to check vessels in other areas;
• angiography - a contrast agent records the appearance and patency of the arteries on radiographs;
• X-ray of the heart in two projections - shows the condition of the aortic arch;
• Ultrasound of the carotid arteries - visualizes narrowing at the level of the bifurcation;
• Doppler scanning of vessels - a technique for studying the size of the vessel, blood flow speed, contours and wall density;
• Isotope scanning is an expensive study and is carried out in specialized centers.

What are considered complications?

The transition of a non-stenotic process to narrowing with the development of subsequent ischemic, thromonecrotic and fibrotic stages can be considered a complicating mechanism.

1. At the stage of ischemia, the patient suffers from classic manifestations of coronary heart disease with typical attacks of angina pectoris, chronic ischemic insufficiency of the brain is formed, and blood flow through the renal arteries, femoral and mesenteric vessels is affected.
2. Thrombonecrotic complications - characterized by symptoms of acute disruption of blood flow: myocardial infarction, stroke, thrombosis and embolism of other vessels.
3. In the fibrous or sclerotic stage, the parenchyma of organs is replaced by scar tissue, their function sharply decreases, symptoms indicate failure of the heart, brain, kidneys and liver. These changes are irreversible.

Treatment methods

Treatment of atherosclerosis in the preclinical stage serves to prevent the spread and manifestation of complications.

The diet should be changed in accordance with dietary table No. 10, which reduces the intake of animal fat and salt.

Only a doctor can select medications. Depending on the initial symptoms, blood tests and local manifestations, the following are recommended:

• statins for support normal level lipoproteins;
• course use of vasodilators;
• medications that thin the blood and prevent blood clots are prescribed prophylactically;
• Vitamin and mineral complexes help support metabolism in the vascular wall and stop aging.

It is worth consulting about the use of immunostimulants in treatment; they prevent susceptibility to infections, therefore, they also protect the walls of blood vessels.

The detection of atherosclerosis in a non-stenotic form should be considered as an incentive to take action to preserve health. At this stage, much is determined by the patient’s attitude towards his loved one.

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Causes of the disease

The first and most important cause of atherosclerosis is age-related changes in blood vessels, which can be triggered by various factors. In the initial stages, the disease may not manifest itself in any way, so most people do not even suspect that they have problems with blood vessels.

The stenosing type of atherosclerosis most often appears in males, while the female half of humanity practically does not suffer from this disease.

Predisposing factors

In addition to the age factor, the appearance of atherosclerosis of the stenosing type is also influenced by:

Among these factors, bad habits are considered the most important. They provoke the development of atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels. The second predisposing factor is an unhealthy diet, which contains large amounts of cholesterol that is harmful to the body. Bad cholesterol does not completely dissolve in the blood plasma, it leaves a sediment, which settles on the walls of blood vessels, forming atherosclerotic plaques.

The vessels of the lower extremities are most susceptible to atherosclerotic changes. Of course, other vascular systems also suffer from stenosing atherosclerosis, but it is the vessels of the lower extremities that are most susceptible to changes. This is explained by the fact that the vessels on the legs are lower than all other vessels, no matter how strange it all sounds.

Intoxication with alcohol and nicotine has the most detrimental effect on blood vessels. Nicotine contained in cigarettes can cause spasms in blood vessels. Alcohol has a bad effect on the human nervous system and causes an increase in cholesterol.

In addition, a person’s lifestyle and working conditions also influence. If a person leads a sedentary lifestyle and works in a warm, cozy office, then after 10 years of such a life, atherosclerosis is guaranteed in almost one hundred percent of cases. In order for the blood vessels to be in good shape, a person must walk at least 10 kilometers every day, and with such a lifestyle this is almost impossible.

Also, local factors can influence atherosclerotic diseases of the lower extremities:

Types of stenosing atherosclerosis. Brachiocephalic atherosclerosis of stenotic type

There are several types of atherosclerosis. The most dangerous type can be called atherosclerosis of the carotid (or, scientifically, brachiocephalic) arteries. These arteries are vital because they transport oxygen-rich blood directly to the brain.

Atherosclerosis can affect the carotid arteries only if other vascular systems of the body are affected.

Signs of stenosing atherosclerosis of the brachiocephalic arteries:

These signs may be signs not only of atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries, but also of other vessels. To find out exactly what type of atherosclerosis you have, consult your doctor.

The main cause of atherosclerotic disease of the carotid arteries is the appearance of plaque. Basically, atherosclerotic plaques appear due to an unhealthy lifestyle (consumption of animal fats in large quantities).

Symptoms of disease development

Symptoms of the disease may vary. It all depends on which vessels were affected. For example, atherosclerosis of the lower extremities can manifest itself in the appearance of snoring at night during sleep. However, this may also be a consequence of another form of atherosclerosis.

Thus, at the first stage, atherosclerosis of the obliterating type can manifest itself as follows:

At the second stage of the disease, pain in the legs and rapid fatigue of one of the limbs may be added to the previous symptoms. Also, toenails may begin to break and become rough, and discomfort will appear in the calves. Symptoms of coronary artery disease will appear. In addition, the pulsation in the vessels in the legs will decrease.

During the third stage, lameness will increase. Every fifty to seventy steps you will have to stop. There will be pain in the fingers even during rest. The lower leg muscles partially atrophy. Hair will begin to fall out, the skin will become thin and unattractive, and cracks will appear on the fingers.

The fourth stage of the disease is the most serious, its processes are almost irreversible. The skin becomes red with a copper tint. The feet will begin to swell and trophic ulcers will appear. At night, mild pain will begin, which will begin to intensify over time. Often your body temperature will be elevated. The worst manifestation of the disease is the appearance of gangrene, in which case there is practically no chance of recovery.

Stenosing atherosclerosis of the main parts of the brain

Stenosing atherosclerosis of the main arteries of the head can cause brain failure. Atherosclerotic plaques, which are located in the carotid and other arteries that transport blood to the brain, are the most dangerous, since in these places they will grow much faster than in other places.

Symptoms of brain failure

IN in this case Three different groups of symptoms can be distinguished. General cerebral symptoms include:

• Poor memory;
• Decreased brain activity and endurance;

Manifestations of an ocular nature include:

• Partial blindness, “attacks” of blindness;

Hemispheric manifestations:

• Speech disorders;
• Facial asymmetry;
• Pain and disturbances during movement in the limbs.

Stenosing atherosclerosis of the BCA is characterized by the following manifestations:

How to diagnose the disease?

To diagnose cerebral vascular diseases, it is necessary to perform an ultrasound examination. This can be done at modern apparatus for ultrasound, which has a vascular sensor.

Only research using duplex ultrasound can diagnose damage to the carotid arteries in humans. The study will help not only diagnose the disease, but also accurately determine its stage. An ultrasound machine can determine how strongly the vessels are narrowed, where the plaque (narrowing) is located, the speed of blood flow, as well as its direction.

Treatment is prescribed exclusively medical worker and depends directly on the stage of the disease and its location. Treatment is usually prescribed in a comprehensive manner. For example, if a patient has high blood pressure, he is prescribed drugs that lower it.

• Compliance with the regime;
• Proper nutrition, in which animal fats are almost completely absent;
• Regular walks for several hours.

In addition, medications are prescribed to lower cholesterol levels. Before this, the necessary tests are taken. In particularly difficult cases, drugs containing a statin are prescribed, which suppresses the production of cholesterol in the liver. Proper nutrition also almost completely eliminates salt and sugar.

As complementary therapy You can use traditional and homeopathic medicine. Before using them, be sure to consult your doctor.

Treatment time depends on individual characteristics body, but usually lasts at least six months. To prevent the development of the disease, follow these recommendations:

1. Move more. Walk at least 10 kilometers regularly;
2. If you work in an office, do a short warm-up every half hour;
3. Eat healthy and balanced, consume less salt and animal fats;
4. Give up bad habits. Doctors recommend doing this gradually, and not abruptly, so as not to provoke a stressful situation in the body;
Obliterating atherosclerosis of the arteries of the lower extremities Cerebral atherosclerosis - what is it?