Symptoms after DPT vaccination in an adult. How to deal with negative reactions of the body to the DPT vaccine. What to do if negative reactions occur

Hearing the phrase “DPT vaccination,” many young mothers fall into real horror, because this vaccination is considered the most dangerous and difficult to tolerate for the baby. Such opinions are also supported by gossip and rumors from the World Wide Web, thanks to which many women completely refuse DPT vaccinations. So, what is the DTP vaccine actually?

Whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus

DTP ( international name DTP) is a vaccine that produces immunity to three diseases at once - whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus.

Whooping cough is a dangerous disease caused by a bacterium called Bordatella pertussis. Its main symptom is attacks of severe spasmodic cough. Whooping cough is especially dangerous for one-year-old children, as it is fraught with respiratory arrest and complications in the form of pneumonia. The disease is transmitted from an infected person or carrier of the infection airborne way.

Learn more about whooping cough disease.

Diphtheria is even more difficult in young patients, the causative agent of which is a special bacterium (diphtheria bacillus), which, among other things, is capable of secreting a toxin that destroys heart muscle cells, nervous system and epithelium. Diphtheria in childhood is very severe, with high fever, enlarged lymph nodes and characteristic films in the nasopharynx. It should be noted that diphtheria poses a direct threat to the life of a child, moreover younger child, the more dangerous the situation becomes. It is transmitted through the air (by coughing, sneezing, etc.), or through household contact with an infected person.

Learn more about diphtheria disease.

Finally, tetanus is a very dangerous disease for both children and adults; In addition, immunity is not formed in people who have had tetanus, so there is a possibility reinfection. The causative agent of the disease is the tetanus bacillus, which can exist for a very long time in environment, and is very resistant to antiseptics and disinfectants. It enters the body through wounds, cuts and other injuries. skin, while producing toxins dangerous to the body.

More information about tetanus

A way to protect yourself from the above diseases is the DTP vaccination, after which a person develops stable long-term immunity.

DTP vaccination

What is DTP vaccine?

The DTP vaccine against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus (DPT infections) consists of toxoids (weakened pathogenic bacteria diseases) sorbed on a special basis, which is aluminum hydroxide, as well as merthiolate (preservative). 1 ml of this vaccine contains approximately:

20 billion pertussis microbial cells;
30 LF (flocculating units) of diphtheria toxoid;
10 EU ( antitoxin-binding units) of tetanus toxoid.

In addition, there are so-called acellular DTP vaccines, which contain particles of microorganisms that are sufficient to develop the necessary immunity.

Mechanism of action of the vaccine

Once in the body, the drug releases weakened microorganisms that stimulate infection and cause an appropriate protective reaction in the body. Thanks to this, antibodies are formed and, as a result, immunity to the disease.

What vaccine is given as part of vaccination?

Most often for DTP vaccination as part of state program domestically produced adsorbed tetanus vaccine is used, as well as imported DTP vaccines.

Where is it injected?

Any DPT vaccine is administered intramuscularly, but if earlier injections into the buttock were practiced, now the drug is recommended to be injected into the thigh. DTP vaccination in the buttock has high risk suppuration, and there is also a danger that the vaccine will get into the fatty layer and its effectiveness will be reduced to zero. For older children, the injection is given at top part shoulder, and some vaccines (for example, ADS-m and ADS) are administered under the shoulder blade using a special needle.

Vaccination schedules

All DTP vaccines have one feature - after a certain time after routine vaccination, immunity gradually weakens, so a person needs DPT revaccination, that is, repeated injection. In the absence of contraindications, the DTP vaccination schedule is as follows:

I vaccination - 3 months;
II vaccination - 4-5 months;
III vaccination - 6 months.

Mandatory condition: the first three doses of the drug must be administered at intervals of at least 30-45 days. When administering subsequent doses, the minimum interval between them should be 4 weeks.

IV vaccination - 18 months;
V vaccination - 6-7 years;
VI vaccination - 14 years.

Further vaccination is carried out approximately once every ten years. If the schedule is violated, doses of DPT vaccine are administered in compliance with the rule described above: that is, three vaccinations are administered after 45 days each, and the next one no less than a year later.

DTP vaccines

In the CIS there are several registered DTP vaccines from both domestic and imported manufacturers. Some of them may contain weakened pathogenic microorganisms other diseases: for example, polio.

Adsorbed tetanus liquid vaccine(Manufacturer - Russia). Whole cell DTP vaccine, which consists of dead pertussis pathogens and diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. The drug can only be administered to children who have not yet reached the age of four. Adults and children over 4 years of age, as well as those who have had whooping cough, are vaccinated with ADS or ADS-m preparations that do not contain whooping cough microorganisms.
Vaccine Infarix(Manufacturer - Belgium, England). Refers to acellular vaccines that produce minimal side effects. There are several types of Infarix vaccine: a vaccine whose components are similar to the DTP vaccine, Infarix IPV (DTP infections + polio), Infarix Hexa vaccine (DTP infections + polio, hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae infection). The drug should be prescribed with caution to people who have problems with blood clotting.
Vaccine Pentaxim(Manufacturer - France). An acellular vaccine that protects the body against DPT infections, Haemophilus influenzae and polio. Thanks to minimum quantity side effects, Pentaxim vaccination is considered an excellent alternative to domestic whole-cell vaccines.
Tetracok vaccine(Manufacturer - France). Whole cell inactivated vaccine for the prevention of DPT infections and polio. It is considered one of the safest whole-cell vaccines, which is highly purified and forms immunity in 95% of vaccinated patients.
Vaccine Bubo-Kok . Combination drug, consisting of the hepatitis B pathogen antigen obtained recombinantly (using genetic engineering), as well as killed germs of whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria toxoids. The vaccine is not recommended for use in children born to mothers who are carriers of the hepatitis B virus.

In our country, DTP vaccination and polio are usually carried out together, except in cases where the child is vaccinated according to an individual schedule. Read more about DTP + polio testing

Vaccine safety

Like any others medical supplies and vaccines, DTP may cause adverse reactions. It should be noted that acellular vaccines, which contain microbial particles, are considered safer and more easily tolerated than whole-cell vaccines, which contain whole microorganisms. That is why the main task of parents is to choose the type of vaccine that will be as safe as possible for the baby.

Immune response

The body's immune response to the DTP vaccine is quite strong, so it is considered the most serious vaccination in the calendar. As a result of vaccination, approximately 92-96% of vaccinated patients develop antibodies to the corresponding infectious diseases. In particular, a month after three vaccinations, the level of antibodies to diphtheria and tetanus toxins in 99% of vaccinated children is more than 0.1 IU/ml.

How long does post-vaccination immunity last?

Post-vaccination immunity to infectious diseases largely depends on the type and characteristics of the DTP vaccine. Typically, immunity after scheduled vaccinations lasts for approximately 5 years, after which the child requires DPT revaccination. Subsequently, immunization is sufficient to be carried out approximately once every 10 years. Generally speaking, almost every child after vaccination with DTP is considered well protected from whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria viruses.

Preparing for vaccination

Since the DTP vaccine represents a serious burden on the body, it is very important before administering DTP for a child properly prepare the baby for immunization in order to reduce the risk of complications in the child after DTP vaccination.

Before routine immunization it is necessary visit children's specialists, in particular, a neurologist, since most often complications after this vaccination occur in children with disorders of the nervous system.
Necessary get tested blood and urine to make sure there are no diseases that could complicate the child’s condition after the injection.
If the baby has suffered any infection (for example, ARVI), then At least two weeks must pass from the moment of absolute recovery to the moment of drug administration.
Children who are prone to allergic reactions should start giving DPT about three days before vaccination. antihistamines in a maintenance dosage.
Immediately before vaccination, the child must be examined by a pediatrician, and adequately assess his condition.

Read more about preparing for vaccination.

Body reactions and side effects

An adverse reaction to DTP vaccination is observed in approximately a third of patients, and the peak of such reactions occurs on the third dose of the vaccine - it is during this period that intensive formation of immunity occurs.

The reaction to the DPT vaccine appears within three days after the vaccine is administered. It should be noted that any symptoms that appear after this period are in no way related to vaccination. Normal reactions to the injection, which resolve within two to three days after taking antipyretics and antihistamines, include the following:

Temperature increase. The temperature after DPT vaccination can rise to 38 o, so about two to three hours after the injection, doctors recommend giving the child a small dose of an antipyretic. If the temperature rises again in the evening, it is necessary to repeat taking the antipyretic (the interval between doses of the drugs should be at least 8 hours).
Changes in behavior. A child after DTP may be restless, whine and even scream shrilly for several hours: this reaction is usually associated with pain syndrome after the injection. In other cases, the baby, on the contrary, may look lethargic and slightly inhibited.
Redness and swelling at the injection site. A normal reaction is swelling of less than 5 cm and redness of less than 8 cm. In this case, the child may feel pain at the injection site, and as if protecting the leg from other people’s touches.

Severe adverse reactions include a significant increase in temperature (up to 40 o) and above, short-term febrile seizures, significant local swelling and redness (more than 8 cm), diarrhea, vomiting. In this case, the child should be shown to a doctor as soon as possible.

Finally, in in rare cases complex allergic reactions: rash, urticaria, angioedema, and sometimes anaphylactic shock. They usually appear in the first 20-30 minutes. after the injection, therefore, during this time it is recommended to stay near the medical facility in order to be able to immediately provide the child with the necessary assistance.

Read about actions after vaccination.

Contraindications to DTP

There are general and temporary contraindications to DTP vaccination. TO general contraindications, in the case of which a medical exemption for vaccination is given, include:

Progressive disorders of the nervous system;
Severe reactions to previous vaccinations;
A history of afebrile seizures (that is, those that were not caused by high fever), as well as febrile seizures associated with previous vaccine administrations;
Immunodeficiency;
Hypersensitivity or intolerance to any vaccine components.

If you have one of the above violations, you should definitely consult with specialists, since if some of them are present, children can receive a dose of DTP vaccine that does not contain pertussis toxoids, which are the main source of severe side effects.

In some cases, encephalopathy, prematurity, low weight or diathesis are considered contraindications to vaccination. In this case, vaccinations are recommended to be carried out during periods of stabilization of the child’s condition, using highly purified acellular vaccines.

Temporary contraindications to DTP vaccination are any infectious diseases, fever and exacerbation chronic diseases. In such a situation, vaccination should be done no less than two weeks after the child has completely recovered.

Video - “DTP vaccination. Doctor Komarovsky"

Have you and your child had any positive or negative experience DPT vaccination? Share in the comments below.

Preventive vaccination AFSC (adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccination) is a whole-cell vaccine containing inactivated cells of the pathogens of whooping cough (4 IU), tetanus (40 or 60 IU), diphtheria (30 IU). All three of these diseases are very dangerous for humans and cause a high percentage of deaths, developmental disorders and disability even when using modern and highly effective antibacterial drugs. DTP vaccination for children is one of the key ones in the entire vaccination plan.

Parents can choose one of several vaccines - the most popular are the domestic drug AXD or the imported Infantix. If there are contraindications to the pertussis component or if there is no need to use it, the following options are used:

ADS - tetanus + diphtheria (domestic ADS and imported D.T.Vax);
ADS-m - tetanus + diphtheria for children over 6 years old and adults (ADS-m and Imovax D.T.Adult);
AS - tetanus only;
BP-m - only diphtheria.

Vaccine preparations can be combined with other vaccinations - against polio, Haemophilus influenzae, hepatitis B.

When and how to get vaccinated?

In total, a child requires 4 stages of vaccination:

at 3 months;
4-4.5 months;
at 6 months;
at 1.5 years.

All these stages are necessary for the formation of immunity, then revaccinations should be carried out - at 6 and 14 years. Since the last childhood revaccination, new ones are carried out every 10 years - at 24, 34, etc. If the time has come to get vaccinated and the child is sick, it can be postponed for quite a long time, but it must be done as soon as the opportunity arises. The first three are done with an interval of 30-45 days, the last one a year after the penultimate one. For example, if the second stage was postponed, then it is performed at the first opportunity, the third - 30-45 days after it, the fourth - a year after the last. Next 7 and 14 years according to schedule.

If for some reason AFSD was not performed at 3 months, you can start the procedure at any age up to 4 years. For children over 4 years of age who have not received this vaccine, only ADS drugs are used.

It is recommended to vaccinate with the same drug (DPT, Infantix and others), however, if this is not possible, you can choose another drug - all vaccines are interchangeable. If there are strong post-vaccination reactions, you can also change the drug.

Where is the injection given?

The drug must be administered intramuscularly - it is with this method of administration that it is released at the required speed. For an infant, injection into the thigh is recommended, since the muscles there are well developed (recommended by WHO based on international research), for an adult - into the shoulder.

Injection into the buttock is not performed as it may cause damage sciatic nerve or blood vessel, and due to the large layer subcutaneous tissue the needle may not reach the muscle.

How does the vaccine work?

All three diseases - whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria are very dangerous and cause serious complications. Whooping cough can lead to pneumonia and encephalopathy, and the convulsive cough it causes can lead to respiratory arrest. The human immune system responds to the introduction of the vaccine by producing memory cells. When the pertussis bacillus subsequently enters the body, the immune system actively activates protective reactions thanks to these cells and defeats the virus.

In the case of diphtheria and tetanus, the body reacts negatively not to the viruses themselves, but to their toxins, therefore, to exclude the disease, it is necessary to develop immunity to toxins, and not to viruses in general (antitoxic immunity).

Reactions to vaccination

Almost 30% of children experience side effects (not to be confused with complications), especially after the third and fourth sessions. They do not lead to any health problems and are not comparable to the problems that may arise when a child becomes ill.

For convenience, we will divide all reactions into two groups - normal and abnormal, for which it is necessary to consult a doctor.

Normal reactions (you just need to wait them out)

Local manifestations (redness and thickening around the injection site) with a normal reaction can reach a diameter of up to 8 cm. The loose, watery tissues of a child react this way to needle penetration, compression by liquid from a syringe and activation of lymphocytes that encounter foreign bodies. Redness is accompanied by pain. The redness can persist for about 1 week, and the lump (bump) can take up to 2 weeks to resolve.

Elevated temperature (up to 40 degrees) lasts no more than 3 days, with high temperature it must be monitored carefully and regularly. Due to fever and pain, the child may be capricious, and also, on the contrary, lethargic and drowsy, with a weak appetite.

Two more normal signs- runny nose and cough, which are a reaction to the whooping cough component. When they appear, appropriate medications can be administered to prevent the disease against the background of reduced immunity.

At temperatures above 38.5 degrees, it is recommended to give antipyretic drugs. Swellings do not require attention; you should not apply creams to them to avoid the development of infections. You should not walk outside for at least 1 day, introduce new foods or invite guests. It is not recommended to bathe a child when there is a fever.

Abnormal reactions (take action and consult a doctor)

In rare cases, the following reactions may occur:

convulsions due to high temperature and disorders of the nervous system (the doctor must make sure there are no diseases of the nervous system);
a sharp significant deterioration in the child’s condition - may be caused by a disease that began to develop against the background reduced immunity;
persistent crying for more than 3 hours;
allergies - diarrhea, rash, vomiting and other manifestations may be noticed if you are allergic to the components of the drug.

Be sure to consult a doctor if these symptoms occur.

Complications

DPT vaccinations for children cause complications in the child in 1-3 cases out of 100,000:

severe allergies (urticaria, angioedema, anaphylactic shock);
convulsions during normal temperature;
encephalitis;
encephalopathy;

The connection between encephalopathy and other neurological disorders with DTP has not been proven, including in experiments performed on animals. Most likely, the reason for such phenomena lies in the manifestation of hitherto hidden disorders against the background of elevated temperature.

Preparation for vaccination and rules after it

Rules to follow before vaccination:

make sure that the child is completely healthy;
do not feed before the procedure;
wear clothes that are not very hot.

Training schedule by day:

1-2 days in advance: give antihistamines in the presence of diathesis or allergies;
on the day of the procedure - after coming from the clinic, use an antipyretic in suppositories, use it before bed, regardless of the presence of temperature, monitor it both day and night, knock it down when it appears, give an antiallergic drug;
2nd day after vaccination - give antiallergic and antipyretic (at high temperatures);
3rd day after vaccination - stop taking antiallergic medications, make sure that the fever has passed.

Parents are anxious about vaccinating their children. One of the most important vaccinations that a newborn child receives is DPT. This vaccine is the most discussed among young mothers because most children react to it with an increase in body temperature and other unpleasant symptoms. It is necessary to familiarize yourself with information on how to prepare your baby for the procedure and how to help him if side effects occur.

Vaccination appointment

The vaccine is administered to protect the child from three bacterial infections, which provoke serious complications: whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria.

Whooping cough poses a great threat to children. As the infection spreads, it affects the respiratory system, leading to pneumonia, convulsions and asthma attacks. At the beginning of the 20th century, this disease was the leading cause of death in newborns.
Diphtheria also affects the upper respiratory tract. A film forms on the walls of the trachea and larynx, which interferes with breathing. In some cases, death from lack of oxygen is possible.
Tetanus occurs when bacteria enter through wounds on the surface of the dermis. The pathology is manifested by muscle dysfunction.

All components of the vaccine are ideally combined with each other. This combination used in Russia since 1940.

Vaccine composition

The vaccine contains:

killed pertussis bacteria;
tetanus antigen;
diphtheria toxoid;
preservatives.

Pertussis bacteria are the cause of side symptoms, since the preparation contains whole bacterial cells. To protect against tetanus and diphtheria, the human body must have protection not from the pathogens themselves, but from the toxins that they secrete. Therefore, only toxoids are included in the vaccine, and not the infection cells themselves.

Analogs

Scheduled vaccination is carried out domestic drug DPT. But parents can give their child similar drugs on a paid basis:

"Infactrix" is available in two forms - (for the prevention of 6 infectious pathogens - whooping cough, tetanus, diphtheria, Haemophilus influenzae infection, hepatitis B and polio) and "Infantrix IPV", which contains tetanus and pertussis toxoid, 3 types of whooping cough and polio antigens . The Infantrix vaccine does not contain a whole whooping cough cell, but only a separate component of it. It is considered more purified and safe compared to DTP.
(manufactured in France) protects a person from the same ailments as DPT, but additionally includes components against polio and Hib infection. This is one of the first imported vaccines that began to be used in Russia. The pertussis component in the drug is acellular, which reduces the number of complications after it compared to DTP.
"Tetrakok" protects against four infectious pathogens: whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus and polio. Tetrakok creates more reliable protection from diseases compared to DPT. That is, a child vaccinated with a domestic drug has a higher risk of contracting the disease than after an imported vaccine. But Tetrakok is more reactive than DTP and complications after its administration are observed more often.

Contraindications

There are several main contraindications:

ARVI in the acute period;
allergy to the components of the drug;
immune deficiency;
negative reactions for previous vaccination;
runny nose, accompanied by cough and watery eyes.

If a child has snot and no other symptoms of the disease are observed, then vaccination should not be postponed. Teething in babies is not prohibited from the procedure, as long as the temperature does not rise.

Grafting scheme

If there are no contraindications, the procedure for children is performed according to the following scheme:

1 entry – 3 months;
2nd entry – 4.5 months;
3 input – 6 months;
4th injection (re-vaccination) – 18 months.

First vaccination

It is carried out when the newborn reaches 3 months. It is from this age that the number of antibodies to infectious agents received from the mother. Sometimes, for certain reasons, children cannot be vaccinated on time. In this situation, the first administration of the drug to a child is carried out before 4 years of age.

A patient who has not received the DPT vaccine before the age of 4 is vaccinated with the DPT drug - against tetanus and diphtheria.

Second vaccination

Vaccinate your child a second time the better the same drug as the first time. But, if this is not possible, then they are vaccinated with another drug, since all vaccines are considered interchangeable.

If the child has serious complications after the first procedure, then it is preferable to perform the second with another drug, for example, Infantrix or ADS.

Third vaccination

It is performed for children 1 – 1.5 months after the second procedure. Typically, after the third vaccination, more pronounced side effects occur than after the first two procedures. This is due to the fact that after each DTP vaccination, everything is formed in the child’s body. large quantity antibodies to pathogens.

Revaccination

DPT revaccination is performed one year after the third injection, regardless of when it occurred - according to the schedule or with a deviation from it.

Subsequent revaccinations for children and adults are given with ADS at the age of: 7 years, 14 years, 24 years, 34 years, etc. up to 74 years. Repeated vaccinations help maintain a sufficient level of antibodies to diphtheria and tetanus in the human body.

For adults, ADS vaccination is replaced with DPT if they have not been vaccinated previously. The course consists of three injections with a time interval of 45 days.

Technique

DPT injections are performed intramuscularly. This method allows to the human body release the vaccine components in time and form stable immunity to diseases. For children under 1 year of age, injections are given at outer part thighs, since the baby’s muscles are best developed in this area. For adults and older children, injections are performed into the deltoid muscle of the shoulder.

The vaccine cannot be given in the buttock, since it is difficult to find muscle in this area. Once injected intradermally, the serum is absorbed into the blood too slowly or does not penetrate into it at all. As a result, vaccination becomes useless. In addition, after intradermal needle insertion, an abscess may form, which will require surgical opening.

Preparing a child for vaccination

Since DTP vaccination often leads to undesirable post-vaccination symptoms, it is important to prepare the child for this event:

Before the injection, the baby is shown to the pediatrician so that he can confirm the possibility of the procedure.
It is advisable to take blood and urine tests before vaccination. Test results should not have any deviations from the norm.
It is necessary to consult with an allergist if the baby is prone to diathesis. Such children are usually vaccinated while taking anti-allergy medications.

Before DTP, the child is not given antihistamines without a prescription from a specialist.

You can learn more about the rules for preparing for vaccination and caring for your child after it by watching the video:

Rules of behavior after vaccination

Parents do not always know how to organize proper child care during the post-vaccination period. There is a list of recommendations that must be followed:

Body temperature is monitored for 3 days after the procedure. If it exceeds 38 degrees, then it is better to give the child an antipyretic.
The child is not limited in walking fresh air. You just need to avoid crowded places.
Spend several days at home if the baby is naughty and has a fever.
No bathing on the day of vaccination. The injection site can be wetted, but there is no need to rub it with a washcloth or soap it.
A child undergoing massage during the vaccination period should be exempted from it for several days.

Possible complications

Adverse reactions can be divided into 2 categories: normal manifestations And severe conditions. Normal reactions to vaccine administration include:

temperature increase;
the appearance of a lump at the injection site;
redness and pain in the injection area;
cough.

The lump or lump usually resolves within 2 weeks. This condition does not require treatment. You can apply ointments with an anti-inflammatory effect, for example, Troxevasin, to the site of the seal.

Redness and painful sensations at the injection site - symptoms also do not require medical intervention. This normal reaction body on inflammatory process. You can offer the child Analgin and apply ice to the reddened area.

If the baby has chronic pathologies respiratory tract, then in the first days after DPT he may experience a cough. This is the body's reaction to the whooping cough antigen. The side effect does not require medication and most often goes away on its own within a few days.

Severe conditions after vaccination include:

allergies, manifested by urticaria, angioedema and inflammation of the respiratory tract;
convulsions without fever;
neurological disorders;
encephalitis.

Data frequency adverse reactions very low – up to 3 cases per 100 thousand vaccinated patients.

DTP is one of the first vaccines included in the compulsory calendar national vaccinations. The drug in this combination has been used in Russia since 1940 and has proven its effectiveness against serious infectious diseases. DPT after administration often causes side effects, so you need to pay attention Special attention preparation for vaccination.

If patients experience severe conditions after vaccination, then the next vaccination is recommended to be carried out with imported analogue drugs, for example, Infantrix or Pentaxim.

The DTP vaccine should not be underestimated, much less avoided: before its invention in the 40s of the last century, infections with tetanus, diphtheria and whooping cough were the main causes of child death! With the improvement of living conditions, advances in medicine, and the introduction of compulsory vaccination, the danger from these diseases is no longer so serious. However, the risk always remains and refusing vaccinations is extremely unwise and dangerous. Although DTP vaccinations are fraught side effects and reactions - this is a small price to pay before the danger of contracting tetanus or diphtheria. The national vaccination schedule in the Russian Federation establishes four main periods of DTP vaccination: the first vaccination in infancy (3–6 months), revaccination at the age of one and a half years, revaccination of diphtheria and tetanus at 6 years and vaccinations in adulthood (at 14 years and once every 19 years subsequently, only diphtheria with tetanus). The timing of DTP vaccination is clearly shown in the table below.

First vaccination

Without a doubt, the most important stage formation immune defense children are the first months after birth. Children are much more susceptible to infection early in life dangerous viruses and microorganisms, and the body itself is not able to withstand severe infectious attacks. Therefore, the first DTP vaccination, as one of the primary ones, takes place already in the 3rd month of life. This stage consists of three vaccinations, one every 45 days - at 3, 4.5 and 6 months. It is very advisable to follow the schedule as accurately as possible, but if necessary (illness of children, temporary contraindications, etc.), the dates of vaccinations can be postponed for a short period of time, the success of developing immunity does not suffer from this.

Three days before the very first vaccination, doctors recommend giving the baby antihistamines for children - this will reduce the risk of allergies and reduce the reaction in general. In addition, it is necessary to stock up on antipyretic drugs.

The first injection is given at the age of 3 months, because the immunity transferred to children with mother's antibodies begins to disappear by this time. This process may take place differently in different children, but the ideal time for the first vaccination is different countries They consider the age to be from 2 to 4 months. As in subsequent times, the drug is introduced into the body by intramuscular injection. The best place for administration - the inner surface of the thigh, where the muscles are well developed even in newborn children. At the time of vaccination, the child must be healthy and fully examined for contraindications. The first stage of DPT is important because it can reveal a hidden allergic reaction and give an idea of how the child’s body reacts to the components of the vaccine. It is important for parents to be especially vigilant in order to promptly notice any abnormal changes in the child’s condition.

The second vaccination of the DPT vaccine is given 45 days after the first. The procedure is no different from the previous injection, but children often tolerate the vaccination much worse. In children, the temperature rises greatly, convulsions, drowsiness, or, conversely, prolonged high-pitched crying may occur. This happens because after the first vaccination the child has time to develop antibodies to the vaccine toxoids and during the second vaccination the baby’s body tries to protect itself from the practically harmless components of the vaccine. That is, the child’s condition during this period is a consequence of the internal struggle of the immune system against toxoids. Despite the fact that the process is normal, it cannot be left to chance - the baby needs to be given an antipyretic and his condition carefully monitored. An increase in temperature above 39.5 °C, severe convulsions that continue for more than a day, prolonged redness of the body and other strange phenomena are a reason to immediately consult a doctor. Doctors do not recommend changing the drug during vaccination; however, if after the first vaccination the child experienced a severe reaction (temperature 38.5 °C or higher, severe cramps), it makes sense to make the second and subsequent injections with a more expensive and safer imported drug.

Some DPT vaccinations coincide in timing with other vaccinations - in this case, you can use combined imported vaccines, this will reduce the number of painful injections.

The last of the three DPT vaccinations serves to fully strengthen immunity and is given to children at 6 months. If you vaccinate in required deadline It was impossible, the scheme allows for the vaccination to be postponed up to two months in advance. It is also done intramuscularly and is relatively painless for children. If there were no negative reactions after the first two vaccinations, it is advisable to inject the same drug. IN otherwise, it is permissible to change the vaccine to imported Infanrix or another.

Revaccination first

A single vaccine shot at one and a half years of age (18 months). Most frequently asked question which parents ask before re-vaccination: why is it needed? The DPT vaccine provides children with immunity from whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria for more than 5 years, as many parents know. However, far fewer parents go into the intricacies of immunology, not suspecting that the first acquired immunity from whooping cough and tetanus disappears in 15–20% of cases within a year after vaccination. The body ceases to consider the infection a real threat in the future and gradually stops producing antibodies. To prevent this, children should receive another additional vaccination, which will give a 100% immune response for the required period. Many parents, without knowing this, refuse such a quick re-vaccination with DTP, especially if the baby had serious reactions the first time. Important: if the child ends up in the 20% of children who have lost immunity after the first DPT injections, he will be defenseless against the three most dangerous infectious diseases up to 6 years old. Establish this accurately without serious immunological research impossible, so it’s easier to just do an extra vaccination.

In accordance with the national vaccination calendar, the anti-pertussis component is not administered to children over four years of age.

Second and subsequent revaccinations

Further vaccinations are separated by significantly longer time intervals and have an important difference - the pertussis component is excluded from vaccination. For children over 4 years of age, domestic medicine completely excludes whole-cell whooping cough vaccinations (immunity is not developed; the vaccine will simply infect the child with whooping cough). Russia does not produce acellular pertussis vaccinations, so vaccination against it ends in the Russian Federation after 4 years. This is also justified by the fact that older children are much less susceptible to the disease, tolerate it more easily, and the mortality rate with proper care is zero. The drug DPT (adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus) is not used in further vaccination because it contains a pertussis component. Up to 6 years of age, the drug ADS (adsorbed diphtheria-tetanus vaccine) is used to instill immunity against tetanus and diphtheria in children, and after that - ADS-M (an identical drug with a much lower content of active substances).

The second revaccination (this time only against tetanus and diphtheria) takes place at 6 years of age. The child is given only one vaccination intramuscularly, the reaction from which should be minimal compared to all previous ones. If you still want to protect your child from whooping cough, it is permissible to use imported drug(Pentaxim, Tetraxim, Infanrix and others). There is little need - the disease from the age of 6 years is more easily tolerated than influenza, and after one case of the disease, the child will receive natural lifelong immunity.

The last revaccination for children is done at the age of 14 with the drug ADS-M, with a low content of active toxoids. The drug has been changed so as not to put unnecessary stress on the body; to maintain immunity in adulthood, several times smaller doses of the active components are sufficient. ADS-M does not generate immunity in the body, but is only a “reminder” for the body to maintain it.

Revaccination for adults is done every 10 years, starting from the age of 24, with the drug ADS-M. Most people neglect it, since the risk of infection and the danger for an adult is much less than for children. But nevertheless, the risk remains quite high; infection with these infections can seriously undermine one’s health and even make a person disabled. Prevention of tetanus with diphtheria is especially recommended for people at risk: working with children, animals, and medical personnel.

Brief reminder

Vaccination of whooping cough, tetanus, diphtheria takes place in two stages: two vaccinations in the period of 2-6 months, at 1.5 years and 6 years;
Tetanus-diphtheria vaccinations are given separately at 6 and 14 years of age, as well as every subsequent 10 years of life;
The vaccination schedule may be changed as necessary, with the approval of the doctor. The number of vaccinations does not change;
All drugs certified in Russia, including imported ones, are interchangeable;
The person being vaccinated must be healthy and have no contraindications to vaccination;
An open, especially contaminated wound is a reason for urgent vaccination if it has not been done for more than 5 years;
It is recommended to give children antihistamine at any stage, be sure to reduce the fever after vaccination;
All vaccinations, including extraordinary ones, must be reflected in the vaccination card.

The DTP vaccination scheme is much more transparent after careful examination than many parents think. Carefully follow the doctor’s instructions and vaccination rules so that DTP does not leave behind anything but peace of mind for the health of your children!

How many days does the temperature last after DPT and polio vaccination? Which reaction to DPT vaccination is normal and which is a complication?

All people, both adults and children, should be up to date with vaccinations. Vaccinations for children are the most important medical procedure. Many parents are interested in: “What is DTP? And what kind of DTP vaccine are they given to children?” This vaccine is aimed at combating whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus, which determines the corresponding interpretation of the DPT vaccine. These diseases are among the top the most dangerous diseases. Often, complications contribute to the onset of developmental disorders, resulting in disability.

DPT decoding and vaccines used

DTP is the most common type of vaccination around the world. Explanation of DPT: Adsorbed Pertussis Diphtheria Tetanus Vaccine. In the international nomenclature it is designated DTP. Having learned the meaning of the abbreviation, some parents still ask: “DTP drugs for what?” The answer is simple: vaccination has a combined effect on diseases of the same name.

The domestic vaccine is represented by the drug Infanrix.

What else can vaccinations with a DPT component be for? There may be drugs that additionally act on other diseases, for example:

+ Polio: Tetracoc.
+ Poliomyelitis and hemophilus influenzae infection: Pentaxim.
+ Hepatitis B: Tritanrix.

This vaccination is the basis for immunoprophylaxis. But with all the positive things, sometimes the component that is responsible for whooping cough causes significant bad influence. Therefore, only tetanus and diphtheria are often vaccinated together. This ADS vaccination has a decoding similar to the DTP vaccination, excluding the Pertussis component.

The following vaccines are available in Russia:

Domestic ADS or foreign D.T. Wax: for children under 6 years old.
ADS-m and foreign D.T. Adulthood: for children aged 6 years and over.

Vaccines for individual species diseases:

AS: for tetanus.
AD: anti-diphtheria.

Place to get vaccinated

The DTP vaccine is administered intramuscularly. Using this technique, the optimal rate of distribution of the components of the drug for the formation of immunity is achieved.

A child is most often given DTP in the hip area, where the muscle. For an adult, the location is changed to the shoulder. This can be done only if the muscles there are sufficiently developed.

Injection under the skin is unacceptable; the vaccine will be considered useless. Introduction to gluteal region. This is due to the presence of a large fat layer, as well as the risk of getting into the blood vessels or the sciatic nerve.

Contraindications

You should carefully consider the factors that make this vaccination impossible.

General contraindications:

all diseases in the acute period;
signs of immunodeficiency;
allergic reactions to components in the drug.

In this case, the vaccination is postponed until complete cure, or is not installed at all.

Temporary non-admission is received by:

children with leukemia;
pregnant women;
children during exacerbation of diathesis.

For convulsions and neuralgia associated with elevated temperature it is possible to introduce ADS instead of DPT.

IN mandatory Those who have false contraindications should receive admission:

allergies in relatives;
early birth;
convulsive conditions in relatives;
perinatal encephalopathy;
observation of severe exacerbations in relatives with the introduction of DTP.

People with such symptoms, having been cleared by their attending physician, may well be vaccinated.

Should children be given DTP?

Nowadays, many parents take a sharply negative position towards vaccination. Of course, one can understand their point of view. Having read articles on Wikipedia, Google and other resources, they, not understanding the correct meaning of the terms, believe that in this way even more harm is caused than the benefit of vaccination.

I would like to dispel this myth. It has been scientifically confirmed that when administering DTP it is possible to avoid serious complications from illnesses, and even fatal outcome. That is why the DTP vaccine is given to many children all over the world.

The human body, even a very small one, is able to cope with the components of drugs that are this moment are well-developed in composition. Thanks to many years of experience, a formula has been developed that allows the prevention of diseases to be carried out with the least risk to health.

Number of DTP vaccinations and affixation scheme

In young children, the DPT vaccine is administered in four stages:

At 3 months.
At 4-5 months, after 30-45 days.
At 6 months.
At 1.5 years old.

During this period, they are vaccinated with DPT for the best development of immunity and the acquisition of antibodies to the diseases of the same name. At subsequent ages, vaccines are given at 6-7 years of age, and later, at adolescence 14 years old. This is aimed only at maintaining the number of indicators already acquired. This procedure is called DPT revaccination.

Setting interval

The interval between vaccines is strictly established medical institutions. So the first 3 stages are carried out at intervals of 30-45 days. Further medications administered no less than 4 weeks later.

It is possible to postpone vaccination: due to illness or other reasons for refusal. If you are eligible for vaccination, you should get it immediately.

If vaccination is delayed, re-vaccination should not be started. The chain of stages continues. That is, if you have the first vaccination, the next two should be with an interval of 30-45 days between them, the next one comes after a year. Next goes according to schedule.

How many times is DTP given for adults?

Final stage childhood ends at age 14. Subsequently, adults should undergo booster vaccination every subsequent 10 years. Therefore, at older ages, vaccination DPT for adults placed at 24, 34, 44 years old, etc.

In most cases, adults are prescribed ADS, since this type eliminates the component of whooping cough, which is low-risk for older people.

If you do not undergo revaccination, the number of antibodies capable of fighting the disease decreases, and there is a risk of infection. But the disease will be in its mildest form.

First DTP

The initial DTP should occur when the child is 3 months old. Maternal antibodies last only 60 days after the baby is born. To restore antibodies, doctors have appointed exactly this period for the first administration of the medicine.

If the first DTP was postponed for medical reasons, then it is allowed to be done until the age of 4 years. Sometimes this seems impossible, then vaccination should take place after 4 years and only with drugs against ADS.

To avoid complications after DTP vaccination, the baby is brought to the procedure healthy. When observing an increase thymus gland DTP insertion is not recommended, as there is a high risk of severe reactions in the baby.

DPT vaccination is carried out with any of the drugs existing for these purposes. Infanrix is the easiest to tolerate, and under the influence of the others, post-vaccination reactions can be observed. They are not complications, and the baby’s body is able to cope with them.

Second DPT

Under favorable conditions for vaccination, the second stage is carried out 30-45 days after the first stage DPT vaccination, therefore, at 4.5 years.

It is recommended to vaccinate the little one with the same medicine, as the original DPT. But in the absence of such a medicine, you should not despair, because according to the WHO, all types of DTP vaccinations and vaccines can be replaced with each other.

Many parents are sometimes frightened by the reaction to a second vaccination. Yes, it may be stronger than with the first DTP. This phenomenon occurs due to the fact that during primary vaccination a certain amount of antibodies are introduced, which, when faced with microbial components for the second time, begin their resistance and the body’s defense reaction. The effect of a negative reaction to the second stage of vaccination is considered the most pronounced and severe of all subsequent ones.

When administering the first vaccine, a significant negative reaction is possible, so a different drug is selected for the second procedure. Usually, ADS is used instead of DTP, since active ingredient responsible for whooping cough and causes such reactions.

Third DPT

Vaccination number three occurs 30-45 days after vaccination DPT second stage. If, when the vaccination was postponed, DTP was later given, then it is still considered the third.

Even at the third stage of vaccination it is possible strong reaction from the body, which should not frighten caring parents. In the absence of the same drug as in the previous stages, the planned procedure should not be postponed. Another medicine, no less good in quality, is selected.

Preparation before vaccination

DPT vaccination is recognized as the most reactogenic procedure. To alleviate and eliminate adverse reactions, you should carefully prepare for the event.

General rules:

A person must be completely healthy.
The procedure is carried out on an empty stomach. Make sure your child wants to eat before the procedure.
If the procedure is performed on a baby, he needs to poop before DTP.
The child dresses so that his temperature does not rise.

The drug should be administered while taking painkillers, antipyretics and antiallergic drugs. This is especially true for vaccinating children.

When observing severe pain the child is prescribed analgesics. To minimize adverse reactions, you should keep all these types of medications nearby so that you can take the medications at the first symptoms.

Scheme of drug preparation for DTP:

For a couple of days for allergic reactions, take antihistamines.
On the day of the procedure, after the procedure, antipyretic suppositories are administered for children or tablets are prescribed for adults. Monitor the temperature level. Take anti-allergy pills.
Second day: antihistamines are taken, antipyretics for high temperatures.
On the third day, improvement is usually observed and any medications are stopped.

The best option is to select medications for the baby with a pediatrician before the DTP procedure.

Actions immediately after

To ensure good condition, the child should spend the first half hour close to medical institution. You can either stay in the hospital itself or walk around it. This is done taking into account the fact that very severe allergies, requiring specialized medical intervention and further observation within the hospital.

If there are no allergic reactions, you can go home. If your baby is very active, you should take a walk in nature, avoiding crowds of children.

Upon arrival at home, the child should be given an antipyretic, without relying on the temperature at the moment. Strict temperature control must be maintained throughout the day. In order to take measures to normalize it when it increases.

Antipyretic suppositories are used before bedtime. Excessive feeding is excluded. Only ordinary products are allowed, not causing allergies. Liquids should be given in large volumes, mainly water. Follow temperature conditions in the room. The temperature should be within 22°C. If the baby’s health is favorable, then pay attention to walks, but exclude communication with others.

Adverse reactions to DTP

As with many vaccination procedures, after vaccination with DTP, both local and general side effects often appear.

Local symptoms:

pink spot, swelling, pain at the insertion site;
impaired movement of the vaccinated leg due to pain.

General symptoms:

elevated temperature;
nervousness, whims, restlessness of the baby;
long sleep;
loss of appetite;
vomiting and diarrhea.

When appearing from vaccination DPT side effects phenomena on the first day is not something to worry about. The reason for visiting the clinic should be the appearance of symptoms on the third or more days.

Complications requiring medical attention

DTP drugs, when the procedure is done, can cause serious consequences. These effects include:

Heavy allergic forms(Quincke's edema, anaphylactic shock, etc.).
Convulsive phenomena at normal temperatures.
Encephalopathy.

If these symptoms occur, you must urgently call an ambulance or take the baby to the hospital.

When prescribing DPT vaccination for a child, his parents should not panic. Answer the question: “DTP, what is it?” A pediatrician will help you fully. He will professionally explain how DTP is deciphered. He will also consider the baby for admission to this procedure and prescribe medications after vaccination.