Bacteriostatic effect. Spectrum of action of antituberculosis drugs. What is bactericidal action

Bactericidal action - D. of any factor external environment, causing the death of bacterial cells.

Dictionary in soil science. - M.: Science. Edited by A.A. Rode. 1975 .

See what “bactericidal action” is in other dictionaries:

Bactericidal agent- a disinfectant (preparation) that ensures the death of bacteria in vegetative form... Source: Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated 06/09/2003 N 131 On the implementation of sanitary and epidemiological rules of the SP... ... Official terminology

Bactericidal (antimicrobial) effect of ultraviolet radiation- 3.6. Bactericidal (antimicrobial) effect ultraviolet radiation death of microorganisms under the influence of ultraviolet radiation... Source: R 3.5.1904 04. 3.5. Disinfectology. The use of ultraviolet germicidal radiation... Official terminology

BIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF RADIATION- constant impact on the Earth's biosphere of electromagnetic and corpuscular radiation of extraterrestrial and terrestrial origin, leading to biochemical, physiological, genetic. and other changes that occur in living cells and organisms. The most powerful... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary

Antibiotics- Test for the sensitivity of bacteria to different antibiotics. On the surface of the Petri dish on which bacteria grow, place ... Wikipedia

Retarpen 1.2- Active ingredient ›› Benzathine benzylpenicillin* (Benzathine benzylpenicillin*) Latin name Retarpen 1,2 ATX: ›› J01CE08 Benzathine benzylpenicillin Pharmacological group: Penicillins Nosological classification (ICD 10) ›› A38… …

Retarpen 2.4- Active ingredient ›› Benzathine benzylpenicillin* (Benzathine benzylpenicillin*) Latin name Retarpen 2,4 ATX: ›› J01CE08 Benzathine benzylpenicillin Pharmacological group: Penicillins Nosological classification (ICD 10) ›› A38… … Dictionary of medicines

Eplan- (Aplun) Active ingredient glycolan (lanthanum compound) Classification Pharm. group Dermatotropic agents, Antiseptics and disinfectants, Regenerants and reparants ... Wikipedia

Penicillins- antibacterial group. systemic action natural and semi-synthetic antibiotics. Produced various options Penicillium sp. The core of the P. molecule is a 6-aminopenicillin compound, consisting of thiazoline and p-lactam rings. By... ... Dictionary of microbiology

HELIOTHERAPY- (from the Greek helios sun and therapeia treatment), treatment sun rays. The beginning of the use of G. dates back to the period many centuries before the Christian era. e. This method was especially popular among the ancient Greeks and Romans, for whom it was a necessary part of therm... ...

ULTRA-VIOLET RAYS- ULTRAVIOLET RAYS, invisible radiation occupying the wavelength region from 4,000 to approximately 500 A (angstrom = 0.0001 (l). Since devices with glass optics do not transmit rays shorter than 3,500 A, ultraviolet rays were discovered relatively late: Ritter... Great Medical Encyclopedia

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclines are divided into biosynthetic and semi-synthetic.

Biosynthetic tetracyclines are a waste product of radiant fungi. Their structure is based on a condensed four-cyclic tetracycline system.

Tetracyclines act bacteriostatically: they inhibit the biosynthesis of microbial cell proteins in ribosomes. Most active against reproducing bacteria. They have a wide spectrum of action, which extends to gram-positive and gram-negative cocci and rods. Tetracyclines are effective against staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci and actinomycetes, as well as against spirochetes, rickettsia, chlamydia and protozoa. They have no effect on Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, mycobacteria, viruses and fungi.

Tetracyclines are the drugs of choice for severe infections: brucellosis, cholera, plague, typhus and typhoid fever. Effective for pneumonia caused by mycoplasmas, chlamydial infections, gonorrhea, syphilis, leptospirosis, amoebic dysentery, rickettsiosis, etc.

Tetracyclines penetrate well through many tissue barriers, including the placental barrier. Certain amounts pass through the blood-brain barrier. Tetracyclines are excreted in urine and bile, some of them are reabsorbed from the intestine.

Tetracyclines form poorly soluble, non-absorbable complexes with metal ions, which reduces their antimicrobial activity. Therefore, you should not take tetracyclines orally with dairy products at the same time. antacids, medicinal iron and other metals.

Tetracyclines often cause unwanted side effects and complications:

Irritant effect when taking drugs orally, it is one of the main causes of dyspeptic symptoms (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), glossitis, stomatitis and other disorders in the mucous membrane alimentary canal;

Render toxic effect on the liver, kidneys, blood system;

Can cause photosensitivity and associated dermatitis;

They are deposited in tissues rich in calcium (bone, tooth enamel, bind with calcium ions, and the structure of the skeleton is disrupted, staining occurs (in yellow) and damage to teeth;

Oppress intestinal microflora and contribute to the development of candidomycosis, superinfection (staphylococcal enteritis). To prevent and treat candidomycosis, tetracyclines are combined with antifungal antibiotic nystatin.

The use of tetracyclines is contraindicated for pregnant and lactating women and children under 12 years of age. Prescribed with caution for liver and kidney dysfunction, leukopenia, and gastrointestinal diseases.

Biosynthetic tetracyclines.Tetracycline hydrochloride is an antibiotic short acting– 6-8 hours. It is prescribed orally in film-coated tablets. Tetracycline ophthalmic ointment is used to treat local processes - trachoma, blepharitis, bacterial conjunctivitis.

Semi-synthetic tetracyclines. Doxycycline hydrochloride (medomycin, tardox) well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, slowly eliminated from the body, therefore prescribed in less daily dose, 1-2 times a day.

Drugs are produced Unidox Solutab in the form of instant tablets. The drug contains doxycycline in the form of monohydrate, so it is less likely to cause unwanted effects, especially from the gastrointestinal tract, and can be used from 8 years of age.

Chloramphenicols

There are four stereoisomers of natural chloramphenicol, of which only levorotatory, called chloramphenicol, is active against microorganisms.

Mechanism antimicrobial action chloramphenicol is associated with impaired protein synthesis of microorganisms (bacteriostatic effect).

Chloramphenicol (chloramphenicol) has a wide spectrum of action. It covers gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and cocci, rickettsia, spirochetes, chlamydia. Not active against anaerobes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, protozoa, mycobacteria, fungi and viruses. Resistance of microorganisms to it develops relatively slowly. Levomycetin is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Penetrates into all tissues, including passing through the blood-brain barrier and placenta. Exposed in the liver chemical transformations and is excreted by the kidneys in the form of metabolites.

The main indications for its use are typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, intestinal infections, rickettsiosis, brucellosis and other infections.

The following are known undesirable side effects:

Severe inhibition of hematopoiesis up to aplastic anemia with a fatal outcome; therefore, the use of chloramphenicol requires regular monitoring of the blood picture;

Irritation of mucous membranes digestive tract(nausea, vomiting);

Inhibition of normal intestinal flora, dysbacteriosis, candidomycosis;

Allergic reactions in the form skin rashes, dermatitis, fever, etc.

Contraindications: inhibition of hematopoiesis, liver disease, pregnancy, childhood.

Chloramphenicol should not be prescribed for more than 2 weeks, simultaneously with drugs that inhibit hematopoiesis (sulfonamides, pyrozolones, etc.)

Levomycetin (chloramphenicol) is obtained from culture liquid and synthetically. It has a very bitter taste, which makes it difficult to take internally in tablets.

Topically used Sintomycin– synthetic racemate of chloramphenicol in the form of liniments and suppositories. Levomycetin is produced in eye drops and is part of combined ointments “ Iruksol", "Levomekol", "Mekol borimed" for the treatment of wounds, burns, vaginal suppositories « Levometrin", ear drops « Otidep."

Aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides in their structure they contain amino sugars associated with an aglycone, i.e. have a glycosidic structure. They have a bacteriostatic and bactericidal type of action depending on the dose; their mechanism of antimicrobial action is to disrupt the synthesis of proteins in the ribosomes of the microbial cell.

Are antibiotics wide range actions: effective against a number of gram-positive (staphylococci, pneumococci, etc.) and gram-negative ( coli, Proteus, Salmonella, etc.) microorganisms. Highly active against acid-fast bacteria, incl. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, protozoa. Does not affect fungi, viruses, rickettsia, anaerobes. Resistance of pathogens develops slowly, but cross-resistance to all drugs in this group is possible.

Aminoglycosides for oral administration are not absorbed from the intestine, so they are administered by injection. Can be prescribed topically for diseases of the skin and eyes. They penetrate cells poorly and are effective only when the pathogens are extracellular. They are excreted by the kidneys, creating high concentrations in the urine.

Aminoglycosides are toxic antibiotics. The main specific undesirable effects are damage to the auditory nerves (ototoxic effect up to deafness) and kidney damage (nephrotoxic effect). The severity of these undesirable effects depends on the dose. Aminoglycosides may interfere with neuromuscular conduction, which may cause respiratory depression. When treating with aminoglycosides, it is necessary to conduct urine testing and audiometry at least once a week. Also noted are allergic reactions.

Aminoglycosides are contraindicated in case of kidney disease, liver dysfunction and auditory nerve. They should not be prescribed together with diuretics.

Depending on the time of discovery, spectrum of action and other characteristics, three generations of aminoglycosides are distinguished.

1st generation aminoglycosides are more effective against mycobacterium tuberculosis, causative agents of intestinal infections.

Streptomycin sulfate- a product of the vital activity of radiant fungi. Has a wide range antimicrobial action. Used mainly in the treatment of tuberculosis, rarely - plague, tularemia, infections urinary tract, respiratory organs. Enter medicine most often into the muscle 1-2 times a day, as well as into the body cavity.

Kanamycin sulfate Its properties are similar to streptomycin, but it is more toxic. Prescribed 2 times a day into the muscle.

Neomycin sulfate unlike streptomycin and kanamycin, it is inactive against mycobacterium tuberculosis. More toxic. Not used parenterally. It is used topically as an ointment to treat infected wounds and burns. Included in combination ointment "Neodex", "Baneotsin", "Neoderm" vaginal tablets « Terzhinan", "Sikozhinaks" and etc.

Aminoglycosides of the 2nd generation have the greatest activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus, Escherichia coli and some staphylococci.

Gentamicin sulfate has a bactericidal effect on gram-negative microorganisms. Used for urinary tract infections, sepsis, wound infections, burns, etc. Prescribed 2 times a day. Used in injections, eye drops, hydrogel plates. Part of the combination eye drops « Gentadex».

Tobramycin sulfate highly active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Indications for use are similar to gentamicin. Issued eye drops Tobrex, Tobrom, included in combination eye drops " Tobradex", "Dexatobrom"with glucocorticoids.

3rd generation aminoglycosides have a wider spectrum of antimicrobial action, including aerobic gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus, Escherichia coli, etc.), and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Most gram-positive anaerobic bacteria are not affected.

Amikacin sulfate is a semi-synthetic derivative of kanamycin. It is a highly active drug. Prescribed for bacterial infections severe course: peritonitis, sepsis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, lung abscess, tuberculosis, purulent infections skin and soft tissues, etc. The frequency of injections is 2 times a day.

Framycetin (framinazine, isofra) has a bactericidal effect. Active against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, causing infections upper respiratory tract. Available in the form of a nasal spray.

Macrolides and azalides

This group includes antibiotics whose structure includes a macrocyclic lactone ring. Biosynthetic macrolides are a product of the vital activity of radiant fungi, in Lately Semi-synthetic drugs have also been obtained. The mechanism of the antimicrobial action of macrolides is associated with inhibition of the synthesis of microbial cell proteins.

In terms of their spectrum of antimicrobial action, macrolides resemble benzylpenicillins: they are active mainly against gram-positive microorganisms. Unlike penicillins, macrolides are active against rickettsia, chlamydia, anaerobes, etc. Those microorganisms that have developed resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins, and tetracyclines are sensitive to macrolides. They are used as reserve antibiotics for penicillin intolerance, especially for infections caused by streptococci, pneumococci and clostridia.

Sufficiently absorbed when administered orally, it penetrates well into all tissues. They do not pass through the blood-brain barrier and the placenta. Excreted in bile, partly in urine.

Used to treat pneumonia, tonsillitis, tonsillitis, scarlet fever, diphtheria, whooping cough, erysipelas, trophic ulcers, urinary and biliary tract infections, etc. Children's dosage forms are available.

Macrolides are fairly safe antimicrobial agents. Unwanted side effects observed relatively rarely: diarrhea, allergic reactions, liver damage with long-term use. Contraindicated in case of increased individual sensitivity, liver diseases.

Biosynthetic macrolides. Erythromycin is an active antibiotic. It is prescribed orally and topically for the treatment of burns, bedsores in ointments and solutions. IN acidic environment stomach, erythromycin is partially destroyed, so it should be used in capsules or tablets coated with a coating that ensures the release of the drug only in small intestine. The reception interval is 6 hours. Included in the suspension for treatment acne « Zenerite».

Midecamycin (macropen, pharmacopen) is a second generation natural macrolide. Has a wide spectrum of action. Prescribed 3 times a day.

Spiramycin (doramycin, rovamycin) used for infectious and inflammatory diseases of the ENT organs, respiratory tract, gynecological diseases 2-3 times a day.

Josamycin (vilprafen) used for pneumonia, tonsillitis, skin and soft tissue infections 2 times a day.

Semi-synthetic macrolides. They have a wider spectrum of action. Effective in the treatment of sexually transmitted infections, staphylococcal infections of the skin and soft tissues, infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract caused by atypical bacteria - chlamydia, legionella, mycoplasma. They exhibit an anti-inflammatory effect.

Roxithromycin (Rulid, Rulox, Rulicin), are effective semi-synthetic macrolides. They are quickly absorbed when taken orally and accumulate in the tissues of the respiratory tract, kidneys, and liver. Prescribed for infections of the respiratory tract, skin, soft tissues, infections genitourinary system 2 times a day.

Clarithromycin (clacid, clarbact, fromilid, clarilid) 2-4 times more active than erythromycin against staphylococci and streptococci. Effective against Helicobacter pylori. Well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, excreted by the kidneys. Prescribed 2 times a day for infections of the respiratory tract, skin, soft tissues, peptic ulcer stomach, etc.

Azithromycin (sumamed, sumalek, azicar, azilide, ziromin, sumamox)– broad-spectrum antibiotic. Is the first representative new group macrolide antibiotics – azalides. IN high concentrations has a bactericidal effect at the site of inflammation. Used for infections of the respiratory tract, ENT organs, skin, soft tissues, gonorrhea, etc. Prescribed once a day. Undesirable effects appear extremely rarely.

The drug is released Zetamax in the form of a slow-release suspension, which after a single dose is effective for up to 7 days.

Lincosamides

Lincosamides are divided into biosynthetic and semi-synthetic.

Biosynthetic lincosamides.Lincomycin hydrochloride (lincocin) in therapeutic doses, it acts bacteriostatically on the microbial cell; at higher concentrations, a bactericidal effect can be observed. Suppresses protein synthesis in microbial cells.

Active against gram-positive microorganisms: aerobic cocci (staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci), anaerobic bacteria. Resistance of microorganisms to lincomycin develops slowly. Refers to reserve antibiotics prescribed for infections caused by gram-positive microorganisms resistant to penicillin and other antibiotics.

Well absorbed when administered orally, penetrates into all tissues, accumulates in bone tissue. Excreted by the kidneys and bile.

Used for sepsis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, lung abscess, purulent and wound infections, locally - for purulent-inflammatory diseases in the form of ointments, absorbable films ( Linkocel, Ferantsel).

Undesirable side effects: dyspeptic symptoms, stomatitis, pseudomembranous colitis, hematopoietic disorders; with fast intravenous administration– decreased blood pressure, dizziness, weakness.

Contraindications: impaired renal and liver function, pregnancy.

Semi-synthetic lincosamides.Clindamycin (climycin, dalacin, vagycin)– a semi-synthetic derivative of lincomycin, similar to it in the spectrum of antimicrobial action, but more active – 2-10 times. Better absorbed from the intestines. Prescribed orally, parenterally and locally (creams, gels, vaginal suppositories).

Oxazolidinones

Linezolid (Zyvox) disrupts protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes in the microbial cell. Spectrum of action: gram-positive microorganisms (staphylococci, enterococci), gram-negative microorganisms: hemophilus influenzae, legionella, gonococcus, anaerobes. It is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and creates high concentrations in many organs and tissues. Penetrates through the BBB. Excreted through the kidneys. It is used by injection for pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections.

Undesirable effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, change in taste, anemia, headache.

Rifamycins

Rifampicin– semisynthetic derivative of rifamycin. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic. It has a bacteriostatic and, in large doses, a bactericidal effect. Highly active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it is a first-line anti-tuberculosis drug. Active regarding large number gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (cocci, rods anthrax, Clostridia, Brucella, Salmonella, Proteus, etc.) Resistance to drugs develops quickly.

The main indications for the use of drugs are tuberculosis of the lungs and other organs. Can be used for infections of the respiratory tract, urinary and biliary tract, osteomyelitis, gonorrhea, meningitis.

Undesirable side effects: liver dysfunction, allergic reactions, dyspeptic symptoms, kidney problems, leukopenia.

Contraindications: hepatitis, renal dysfunction, pregnancy, lactation, infants.

Rifamycin (otofa) active against most microorganisms that cause inflammatory diseases ear. Used for otitis media in the form of drops.

Rifaximin (alpha normix)– an antibiotic with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, including most gram-positive and gram-negative, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria that cause gastrointestinal infections. Used for gastrointestinal infections.

Antibiotics different groups

Fusidine sodium is a derivative of fusidic acid. An antibiotic with a narrow spectrum of action, mainly affects gram-positive bacteria: staphylococci, meningococci, gonococci, less active against pneumococci and streptococci. Does not affect gram-negative bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Acts bacteriostatically. Well absorbed when taken enterally. Penetrates into all tissues, accumulates in bone tissue. Used when staphylococcal infections, especially with osteomyelitis.

Undesirable side effects: dyspeptic symptoms, skin rashes, jaundice.

Fusafungin (bioparox) antibiotic for local application. Has a wide range antibacterial action. Has an anti-inflammatory effect. Prescribed by inhalation for diseases of the upper respiratory tract (sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, tracheitis).

Fosfomycin (monural)– a derivative of phosphonic acid. Has a wide spectrum of action and a bactericidal type of action (suppresses the synthesis cell wall bacteria). Reduces the adhesion of a number of bacteria to the epithelium of the urinary tract. Used for infections urinary tract: cystitis, urethritis. Available in granules for oral administration.

Antibacterial agents are divided into bacteriostatic (suppressing the growth of bacteria) and bactericidal (causing their death).

Bactericidal drugs

1. Beta-lactam antibiotics

Penams (benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, nafcillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin)
Penems (not yet released)
Carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem)
Cephems (cephalosporins, cephamycins)
Carbapenems (loracarbef)
Monobactams (aztreonam)

2. Aminoglycosides: gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, netilmicin, streptomycin

3. Fluoroquinolones: ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin, enoxacin, lomefloxacin, levofloxacin, sparfloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin

4. Glycopeptides: vancomycin, teicoplanin

5. Others: trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, metronidazole, rifampicin

Bacteriostatic drugs

1. Macrolides: erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, dirithromycin

2. Clindamycin

3. Streptogramins (quinupristin/dalfopristin)

4. Chloramphenicol

5. Tetracyclines: tetracycline, minocycline, doxycycline

To treat most infections, a bacteriostatic effect is sufficient, but in cases of immune disorders (for example, neutropenia) or weak protective mechanisms at the site of infection (meningitis, endocarditis), bactericidal drugs are needed. In such conditions, bacteriostatic drugs have only a temporary effect, since after their withdrawal the microorganisms begin to multiply again.

Bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects can be selective. Thus, macrolides, clindamycin, streptogramins, chloramphenicol and tetracyclines have a bacteriostatic effect, but in some conditions or against certain microorganisms they are bactericidal. Conversely, penicillins - bactericidal antibiotics - have a bacteriostatic effect on enterococci.

In addition, the activity of antibacterial drugs may depend on the concentration: in low concentrations at the site of infection the drug has a bacteriostatic effect, in high concentrations it has a bactericidal effect. So, speed and expressiveness bactericidal action aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones and metronidazole are directly dependent on the concentration of the drug.

A high concentration in the lesion allows endolymphatic (lymphotropic) administration of drugs.

On the other hand, the bactericidal effect of β-lactam antibiotics and vancomycin manifests itself slowly and hardly increases with increasing antibiotic concentration. Beta-lactam antibiotics are bactericidal only against rapidly dividing bacteria, and fluoroquinolones are also bactericidal against dormant ones. The proliferation of microorganisms is typical for fresh culture and early stage infections, and chronic infection Most pathogens do not divide.

Many microorganisms surround humans. There are beneficial ones that live on the skin, mucous membranes and in the intestines. They help digest food, participate in the synthesis of vitamins and protect the body from pathogenic microorganisms. And there are a lot of them too. Many diseases are caused by the activity of bacteria in the human body. AND the only way To cope with them are antibiotics. Most of them have a bactericidal effect. This property of such drugs helps prevent the active proliferation of bacteria and leads to their death. Various means with this effect are widely used for indoor and outdoor use.

What is bactericidal action

This property of drugs is used to destroy various microorganisms. Various physical and chemical agents have this quality. Bactericidal action is their ability to destroy bacteria and thereby cause their death. The rate of this process depends on the concentration active substance and the number of microorganisms. Only when using penicillins, the bactericidal effect does not increase with increasing amount of the drug. The following have a bactericidal effect:

Where are such funds required?

A bactericidal effect is a property of some substances that is constantly required by a person in economic and household activities. Most often, such preparations are used to disinfect premises in children's and medical institutions, and establishments Catering. They are used to treat hands, dishes, and equipment. Bactericidal preparations are especially needed in medical institutions, where they are used constantly. Many housewives use such substances at home to treat their hands, plumbing fixtures and floors.

Medicine is also an area where bactericidal drugs are used very often. In addition to hand treatment, external antiseptics are used to cleanse wounds and fight infections of the skin and mucous membranes. Chemotherapy drugs are so far the only means of treating various infectious diseases caused by bacteria. The peculiarity of such drugs is that they destroy the cell walls of bacteria without affecting human cells.

Bactericidal antibiotics

Such drugs are most often used to fight infection. Antibiotics are divided into two groups: bactericidal and bacteriostatic, that is, those that do not kill bacteria, but simply prevent them from multiplying. The first group is used more often, since the effect of such drugs occurs faster. They are used for acute infectious processes when intensive bacterial cell division occurs. In such antibiotics, the bactericidal effect is expressed in disrupting protein synthesis and preventing the construction of the cell wall. As a result, the bacteria die. These antibiotics include:

Plants with bactericidal action

Some plants also have the ability to destroy bacteria. They are less effective than antibiotics, they act much more slowly, but in quality auxiliary treatment are used often. The following plants have a bactericidal effect:

Local disinfectants

Such preparations, which have a bactericidal effect, are used to treat hands, equipment, medical instruments, floors and plumbing. Some of them are safe for the skin and are even used to treat infected wounds. They can be divided into several groups:

Rules for the use of such drugs

All germicides are potent and can cause serious side effects. When using external antiseptics, be sure to follow the instructions and avoid overdose. Some disinfectants are very toxic, for example, chlorine or phenol, so when working with them you need to protect your hands and respiratory organs and strictly follow the dosage.

Chemotherapy drugs taken by mouth can also be dangerous. After all, along with pathogenic bacteria, they also destroy beneficial microorganisms. Because of this, the patient's work is impaired. gastrointestinal tract, there is a lack of vitamins and minerals, immunity decreases and allergic reactions appear. Therefore, when using bactericidal drugs, you need to follow some rules:

they must be taken only as prescribed by a doctor;
The dosage and regimen of administration are very important: they act only if there is a certain concentration of the active substance in the body;
treatment must not be interrupted ahead of schedule, even if the condition has improved, otherwise the bacteria may develop resistance;
It is recommended to drink antibiotics only with water, as they work better this way.

Bactericidal drugs affect only bacteria, destroying them. They are ineffective against viruses and fungi, but destroy beneficial microorganisms. Therefore, self-medication with such drugs is unacceptable.

For millennia, bacteria have caused great amount diseases against which medicine was powerless. However, in 1928, British bacteriologist Alexander Fleming made an accidental, but truly epoch-making discovery. He was studying various properties staphylococci, which were grown in laboratory dishes. One day after long absence Fleming noticed that mold had formed on one of the cups, which killed all the staphylococci. The first antibiotic, penicillin, was isolated from such molds.

The era of antibiotics allowed medicine to take huge steps forward. Thanks to them, doctors were able to effectively treat numerous infectious diseases, which previously led to fatal outcome. Surgeons were able to perform difficult and lengthy operations, since antibiotics greatly reduced the incidence of postoperative infectious complications.

Over time, pharmacologists found more and more new substances that had a detrimental effect on bacteria. Today, doctors have a wide range of antibacterial drugs in their arsenal.

Based on their effect on bacteria, they are divided into:

Bacteriostatic antibiotics– do not kill bacteria, but block their ability to reproduce. Of this group of drugs, excellent therapeutic effect has the Italian antibiotic Zithromax, which contains 500 mg of azithromycin. In high concentrations the drug has a bactericidal effect.
Bactericidal antibiotics– destroy bacteria, which are then eliminated from the body. Fluoroquinolone drugs, such as ciprofloxacin, have proven themselves to be excellent. It is part of the highly effective Italian antibiotic Ciproxin 250 mg and Ciproxin 500 mg.

By chemical structure highlight:

Penicillins– bactericidal antibiotics that are produced by fungi of the genus Penicillium. Drugs: Benzylpenicillin, Oxacillin, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, etc.
Cephalosporins– bactericidal antibiotics. Used to destroy a wide range of bacteria, including penicillin-resistant ones. Drugs: I generation – Cefazolin, Cephalexin, II generation – Cefuroxime, Cefaclor, III generation – Ceftriaxone (in powder form + water for injection: Fidato 1g/3.5 ml, Rocephin 1g/3.5 ml), Cefixime (Supraceph 400 mg, Cefixoral 400 mg, Suprax 400 mg), Cefodizim (Timesef 1g/4 ml powder + water for injection), IV generation - Cefepime.
Carbopinema– reserve antibiotics with bactericidal action. They are used only for very severe infections, including hospital-acquired ones. Drugs: Imipenem, Meropenem.
Macrolides– have a bacteriostatic effect. They are among the least toxic antibiotics. In high concentrations they exhibit a bactericidal effect. Drugs: Erythromycin, Azithromycin (Zithromax 500 mg), Midecamycin, Clarithromycin (Klacid 500 mg - has a wide spectrum of action. Klacid 500 mg also exists in the form of modified-release tablets).
Quinolones and fluoroquinolones– very effective broad-spectrum bactericidal agents. If any other drug does not work therapeutic effect, then they resort to antibiotics of this particular group. Drugs: Nalidixic acid, Ciprofloxacin (Ciproxin 250 mg and Ciproxin 500 mg), Norfloxacin, etc.
Tetracyclines– bacteriostatic antibiotics that are used to treat diseases respiratory system, urinary tract and severe infections such as anthrax, tularemia and brucellosis. Medicines: Tetracycline, Doxycycline.
Aminoglycosides– bactericidal antibiotics with high toxicity. Used to treat severe infections such as peritonitis or blood poisoning. Drugs: Streptomycin, Gentamicin, Amikacin.
Levomycetins– bactericidal antibiotics, have increased danger serious complications when taken orally. The use of the tablet form is limited - only for serious infections bone marrow. Preparations: Chloramphenicol, Iruksol ointment for external use, Syntomycin.
Glycopeptides– have a bactericidal effect. Bacteriostatically act against enterococci, some types of staphylococci and streptococci. Drugs: Vancomycin, Teicoplanin.
Polymyxins– bactericidal antibiotics with a fairly narrow spectrum of action: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella, Salmonella, E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter. Drugs: Polymyxin B, Polymyxin M.
Sulfonamides– are used quite rarely today, since many bacteria have developed resistance to them. Drugs: Sulfadimidine, Sulfalene, Sulfadiazine.
Nitrofurans– have a bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect depending on the concentration. Rarely used for uncomplicated infections with light current. Drugs: Furazolidone, Nifuratel, Furazidin.
Lincosamides– bacteriostatic antibiotics. In high concentrations they exhibit a bactericidal effect. Drugs: Lincomycin, Clindomycin.
Anti-tuberculosis antibiotics– specialized antibiotics for the destruction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Drugs: Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide, Prothionamide, etc.
Other antibiotics - Gramicidin, Heliomycin, Diucifon, and others, including those with an antifungal effect - Nystatin and Amphotericin B.

Each antibiotic has its own mechanism of bactericidal or bacteriostatic action. Therefore, drugs from each group can only act on certain types microorganisms. For this reason, when deciding the question “Which antibiotic is best?” You must first accurately identify the causative agent of the infection, and then take exactly the antibiotic that is effective against this bacterium.

There is also another method of treatment, which is very popular among modern doctors and patients. They prescribe antibacterial drugs with a very broad spectrum of action. This allows you to avoid identifying the type of bacteria and begin treatment immediately. If the selected drug does not create the required therapeutic effect, then it is changed to another broad-spectrum antibiotic.

This approach allows the patient to save significant money. Judge for yourself: good complex tests to identify genitourinary infection will cost the patient more than 30,000 rubles. And the packaging the newest antibiotic Zithromax costs only 4,500 rubles. The antibiotic Zithromax is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, it covers a significant part of the spectrum of all common infections and the likelihood of a cure without identifying the pathogen is very high. And if the choice still turns out to be inaccurate, then an antibiotic is prescribed that covers a different spectrum possible infections, which already brings the effectiveness of treatment closer to 100%. At the same time, the drugs also destroy a number of other pathogenic bacteria, which have not yet managed to cause noticeable damage to the body general diagnostics harm. So treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics has become widespread and is quite justifiable and will probably remain popular for a very long time, until the cost and reliability of tests improve by at least an order of magnitude.

We looked at 15 types of antibiotics. It would seem that there is a problem with such a huge range of diverse antibiotics bacterial infections must be resolved forever. However, under the influence of drugs, bacteria began to develop various protective mechanisms. Gradually, some of them completely lost sensitivity to certain antibiotics. Fleming also noted that if bacteria are exposed to small doses of penicillin or its effect is short-term, then the bacteria do not die. Moreover, they became resistant to regular doses of penicillin.

Today, antibacterial drugs are freely available. Many patients are often the slightest sign colds They immediately start taking antibiotics. At the same time, they forget that such colds often caused by viruses. Antibiotics have absolutely no effect on viruses. Taking an antibiotic in this case will only increase the toxic load on the body and contribute to the progression of the disease.

Therefore, it is extremely important to comply with certain rules antibacterial therapy :

Antibiotics should only be taken when bacterial infections!
Strictly observe the dosage of the drug, frequency of administration and duration of treatment! Usually the drugs are taken for 7 days, unless otherwise stated in the attached instructions.
It is highly desirable to determine the type of bacteria of the pathogen and its sensitivity to different types antibacterial drugs. Then you can take a narrow-spectrum antibiotic (specifically against this pathogen). Inadequate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics leads to the emergence of resistant bacteria.
To increase the effectiveness of treatment for severe infections, you can take antibiotics with a different spectrum of action or with in different ways administration (injections, tablets, ointments, suppositories, etc.).
It is recommended to supplement antibiotic therapy with the use of prebiotics and probiotics, which help preserve normal intestinal microflora (Bifidumbacterin, Bifinorm, Lactobacterin, Lactulose, Linex, Hilak-forte).

Thus, it is necessary to clearly understand when, how and which antibacterial drugs should be taken. Reception antibacterial drug must be carried out strictly according to the instructions. Follow the rules of antibacterial therapy - this will help the antibiotic act effectively and quickly. With all the development of medical science, there is no antibiotic for all bacteria. Identify the specific pathogen and target it with a targeted antibiotic. Antibiotics will help you a lot if you help antibiotics, and choosing a targeted antibiotic is the best course of action.

Competent use of antibiotics is not only a guarantee Get well soon. Correct treatment helps maintain the effectiveness of the antibacterial drug for you for long years. After all, after this effective treatment no pathogenic bacteria remain in the body at all. In this case, there can be no question of the formation of bacteria resistant to this drug.