Cleansing lymph and the reasons for slowing its circulation. The structure and functions of the human lymphatic system - diseases, composition and cleansing of lymph with folk remedies

And at the end is the recipe itself on how to clean it using licorice syrup and enterosgel paste.

Usually all the lymph in our body is in a thick state. It moves from bottom to top, in one direction. Moves due to muscle contractions. And the entire path of lymph from the tips of the toes to the head takes about 3 months. Only if a person constantly drinks water, then the lymph is more or less clean, and if there is not enough water, instead of water, drink teas, juice, compotes, soda, coffee, etc.
., then the lymph turns into a stagnant swamp, which turns sour and in which anything can develop.

The lymphatic system is the only system, besides the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract, that has a discharge through the mucous membranes to the outside!

Attention! Only if the lymph is broken will we spit through the skin... the release of poisons can only be through the mucous membranes, because they do not have a hard dead protective barrier of the epidermis.
So, the first bridgehead of lymphatic evacuation is the first place where bacterial corpses land outside? Remember that lymph flow comes from bottom to top!

Therefore, the first place is the vagina (in women) and the urethra (in men!
As soon as something gets into the body, this “Something” is immediately discovered here: an uncomfortable state immediately begins below, pain, stinging, something else….

And so you insert one super tablet into the vagina and there is no discharge, but where will it go from one tablet? Kilometers of fungal colonies that live in all tissues, in the liver, in the kidneys, in the intestines - well, where will they disappear if you insert an antifungal tablet into the vagina! But the tablet can be so strong that when it is absorbed, it shivers so much that the liver falls off!
As a rule, it turns out quite well: there is no discharge for three days - and then it starts again (thrush, for example. What is thrush, what is discharge during thrush? - These are the corpses of the fungus that were destroyed by our body with the help of leukocytes!
Therefore, it is not necessary to fight with corpses - they have already been killed!
We must fight living fungi!

And there is only one way to fight - by raising your immunity!
Because nothing will work with other methods: you can’t kill everything living in the body!
The second landing site is the intestines, through which the great amount poisons! Someone says: “I have dysentery, and in my stool there is nothing but mucus! And what is mucus? - Yes, the same pus - the corpses of viruses, bacteria, fungi, dysentery bacilli, salmonella and other things...
There are thousands of lymph nodes open into the intestines - so they secrete it all!
The third springboard - we go up one floor - is the sweat glands, especially in the armpits. A person simply has to sweat - the body removes all poisons (hormones, toxic poisons - medium molecules, not pus) through the skin.

What do we do to ensure that they are never displayed? - That's right, the advertised 24-hour deodorant! And all the problems with sweat are solved: even if you scare you, even if you go on a roller coaster ride, there will be no more sweating!
Where will the poisons go? - To the nearest place - to the mammary gland!
And hence mastopathy, pollution of the lymphatic pool: the lymph drove everything out - and you sprinkled it (anointed it).
Terrible mistake!

Never use 24-hour deodorant! Only for 6 hours, and then give the body a chance to sweat - and wash everything off!
Unfortunately, chemical substances, sprinkled on the skin, constrict blood vessels according to a given program - for 12-24-48 hours, and now super deodorants have appeared - 7-day ones.
And then your work mechanism will simply be blocked sweat glands- and generally the end...

This is all - the lymphatic system: all over the skin, all over the joints.
Everything is very simple: here is the knee joint - two bones with a smooth supporting surface, and around them there is an articular capsule (capsule. Some people have swelling in their joints... it would seem, why should there be swelling here?
But it turns out that behind this joint there is a huge lymph node, and if it is thrombosed (by bacteria, for example Beta-hemolytic streptococcus), which lives in the blood, then this is where you will get arthritis (rheumatoid, infectious-allergic, polyarthritis - if there are many joints).

What does this have to do with joints anyway? Two bones, not suspecting anything, exist for themselves - and suddenly there is a temperature, what is it for? - Yes, to fight bacteria or swelling appears - why? - And the lymph node does not allow fluid to pass through.
What do we usually do: warm it up, apply ointments - mud, hormones, rubs - and do you think it will help?
Never! - Because first of all, the lymph must be cleansed!
But first you need to see who lives there, how many there are, and then start taking medications.
But until we find out who lives there, you won’t be able to cure your joints, skin, or kidneys!
To get rid of different “Inhabitants” we need different medicines: let’s say a fungus lives there - and we are prescribed a course of antibiotics, but they absolutely do not work against the fungus, and they even feed it! And a powerful fungal arthritis occurs, which is very difficult to cure!

And after it, ankylosing spondylitis begins (when a person’s joints begin to twist at one moment) - and whatever you want...
The fourth bridgehead is the nose, through which the main amount is excreted airborne infection. The adenoids were cut off - they killed their defensive line!
The fifth springboard is the tonsils. They constantly swelled, got in the way - cut off - and buried another defensive line!
The sixth springboard - the larynx - is laryngitis.
The seventh springboard is the trachea - the development of tracheitis.
The eighth springboard is the bronchi - the development of bronchitis.
The ninth springboard is the lungs - the development of pneumonia.
That’s it, there are no more protective barriers - and in orderly rows “to another world”….

The muscle contracts - the lymph is pushed through, but the valves in the lymph vessels do not allow it back. But if the muscle around the vessel does not work, where will the lymph flow come from!
If you feel tired, it means your lymph is stagnant! An accountant sits at work for 8 hours, and can no longer understand where her “White cash” is and where her “Black” cash is - drink water, move around, do hidden gymnastics - it will become clearer.

And to avoid hemorrhoids, “jump” 30-50 times on the gluteal muscles - this is a massage of the lymphatic collectors of the small pelvis.
If there is no such massage, there will be prostatitis, adenoma....
The lymphatic system cannot be heated; forget about quartz for the rest of your life!
No compresses should be applied to the lymphatic system; during a massage, avoid the lymph nodes: leukocytes live there, and if you press them, pass against the flow, you will simply destroy them...
If you damage the lymph node under the knee, it will swell for the rest of your life!

There is such a disease as elephantiasis - lymph flows from the inside, all external procedures will not help! Lymph can be cleansed from the inside, but only active movements, muscle contractions - gymnastics - can make it move.
There are no lymphatic vessels in the head - there are lymphatic lakes, from where the lymph simply flows down.
After cleaning the lymph nodes and going through 10 stages of “Customs,” pure lymph (this is the same water, or ichor, this is the same part of the red blood that does not contain red blood cells) flows into the venous bed and mixes with venous blood, simultaneously cleansing it.
And if the lymph nodes are clogged, nothing flows in, nothing mixes, it begins to ooze, because the body cannot pass purulent lymph through the lymph node - it throws it out onto the skin! And there will be eczema, neurodermatitis, psoriasis, dermatitis, diathesis....
These manifestations depend only on who lives there, in the lymph nodes.
Most often fungi are found there (they live in the lymph and affect the skin), in second place are worms, in third place are bacteria, in fourth place are viruses (they are so small that they do not live in the lymph - they immediately go into the cell.

Please note: all anti-psoriasis ointments contain antifungal drugs, but the skin is already very distant from the fungus, because the process of its development occurs inside, in the tissues.
Licorice is the best lymph stimulant, a plant created to cleanse and renew the lymphatic system!
And here is the recipe itself: dilute a tablespoon of licorice syrup in a glass of not very hot water and drink on an empty stomach. All lymph begins to liquefy. And don’t be surprised if your nose starts running, for example. In an hour, all the toxins collected and liquefied by licorice will accumulate in your intestines. The largest number of lymph nodes are located in the intestines - there are tens of thousands of them! And if at this time a sorbent enters the intestines - enterosgel paste, then it will collect all the dirt and remove it from the body. A tablespoon of enterosgel should be washed down with a glass of water. And only after 1.5-2 hours you can eat. Enterosgel paste is the best enterosorbent, it removes only all the dirt from the body and leaves all the vitamins and minerals in the body. The cleansing course should be carried out for 2 weeks. As a result, your lymph will go from bottom to top not for 3 months, but will go away in 2 weeks.
Thanks to this recipe, your skin will clear and your health will improve, allergies will go away, your blood pressure will normalize and much more! At first there may be an exacerbation, as the body begins to cleanse itself strongly, but in a few days everything will pass.

I recommended this cleansing to many friends and all my relatives. I passed it myself chronic cough, which lasted for years for some unknown reason. I was examined many times, but the doctors could not detect anything, and the cough remained. Now I don't cough at all. Dad’s cough also decreased, but did not go away completely, because he has been smoking in large quantities for 30 years. Dad’s maxillary sinuses also cleared up; he had suffered with them all his life, but at that time we didn’t know that the cause was contaminated lymph; it collected there from the whole body, especially since he doesn’t eat right. And his lifelong headaches, also caused by pollution, disappeared. His blood pressure became like that of a 20-year-old and remains constant. Mom's allergies went away.

The lymphatic system is also cleansed by bathing and eating raw vegetables, fruits and berries.
Health and beauty to you!
Propolis is a unique natural product!

This excellent remedy to solve problems arising as a result of diseases. After reading the article, you will learn how you can use this magnificent natural product!

Propolis ointment is used in medicine to treat frostbite and burns. 10% propolis ointment: bring one hundred grams of Vaseline to a boil in a bowl, cool to 50-60 degrees. 10 grams of crushed propolis are added, after which the mixture is heated to 80 degrees, stirring for 10 minutes. Next, the mixture is filtered.

10-15% Propolis ointment, made with butter, is used internally for colds, as well as for tuberculosis.

Alcoholic propolis extract 5-10% is used in the treatment of duodenum and gastric ulcers.

A thin layer of heated propolis is applied to the callus heated in warm water and bandaged for 5 days. Course - 3 times.

Tincture: five percent alcohol solution used in the treatment of non-healing ulcers of the lower extremities.

For cracked breast nipples, it gives good healing effect propolis ointment.

Honey, royal jelly, propolis - this combination is an excellent remedy for the prevention of influenza.

In gynecology, it is used in the treatment of inflammation of the cervix and vagina (3% alcohol solution or 10-30% ointment.
Treatment with propolis and its use.

In dermatology for hyperkeratosis, chronic eczema, athlete's foot, neurodermatitis, lupus, boils, psoriasis, alopecia (3% alcohol solution or 10-30% ointment.

For hyperkeratosis, you can use propolis ointment (50%), or natural product, dissolved in alcohol to the consistency of an ointment.

For furunculosis, a thin cake of heated propolis is placed on the boil and after a while the pus comes out. Sometimes the procedure needs to be repeated.

For toothache, add 40 g of propolis to 100 g of 70% alcohol. Infuse for 7-10 days. Afterwards, the infusion is filtered and used for treatment. The mixture works better than novocaine.

Together with food, has a positive effect on the prostate, kidney treatment, urinary tract, pelvis, bladder.

At gastrointestinal diseases good remedy as an addition to food. Quantity: 2 - 8 servings of 20 g each, taken after eating. In mild cases, a serving of 10 g is consumed for three days.

A 2-4% alcohol solution is used to treat ulcers, erosions, and fungal infections of the oral cavity.

For a runny nose, grind 20 g with butter and sunflower oil until you get 100 g. Moisten a tampon with the prepared mixture and stick it into your nose 2 times a day.

For radiculitis, prepare a mixture of one tablespoon of honey, sunflower oil, wine alcohol infused with propolis. This mass is applied to the fabric and pressed to the sore spot, attaching it with a bandage.

At bronchial asthma take 20 g of propolis, pour 80 g of alcohol and infuse for 1 week. Then filter and settle. Take orally with milk within 30 minutes. Before meals, 20 drops 3 times a day for 2 months.

Bronchitis, rhinitis, and pulmonary tuberculosis are treated by inhaling propolis substances. Place 40 g of wax, 60 g of propolis in a 400 ml container and place on water bath(a wider bowl with boiling water. The patient inhales vapors of molten propolis and wax 2 times a day for 15 minutes for 2 months.

For pneumonia, sore throat, tuberculosis, use propolis ointment internally: heated to 60 degrees 100 g butter, add crushed propolis - 10 g. The mixture is heated to 70 degrees for 10 minutes with stirring, then filtered. Cool with continuous stirring. Accepted from warm milk 1 teaspoon 3 times a day 1.5 hours before meals for 2 months.

Used as a biostimulant, increases performance, relieves fatigue.

Mixed with vegetable oil, applied to wounds and bruises. For wounds that do not heal for a long time old recipe traditional medicine an extract is prepared, which includes sorrel root, birch sap (dry distillation) and propolis. To stop bleeding, use stinging nettle, oak juice (dry distillation) and propolis. However, it must be borne in mind that in large doses it acts on wounds not only as a disinfectant, but also as an irritant. Therefore, when preparing medications, it is necessary to take into account these features and not overestimate the dose, as this can cause allergies or skin irritation. Chemical composition.

What is lymph stagnation?

Stagnation of lymph, or lymphostasis, is a condition caused by impaired lymph drainage and accumulation of intercellular fluid in the tissues. Lymphostasis leads to increased permeability and rupture lymphatic capillaries, but at the same time leads to the formation of protein coagulants in the vessels - blood clots.

This is lymph. We know blood, arteries, veins, but we weren’t taught about lymph and its meaning.

Lymph, lymphatic system, lymph nodes, lymph cleansing - some have heard this, some know something, others have a vague idea.

Meanwhile, for every person, this knowledge refers to the minimum knowledge that is necessary not only to maintain health. But also to understand your body as such.

Everyone knows this “crowbar” argument in discussions and disputes: Are you an expert in this field, why are you even going to talk about this!?

Indeed, it happens that people begin to talk about something without having any serious knowledge. And therefore they operate only with their own conjectures and pictures of the imagination. This, of course, is both stupid and unproductive.

But there is a basic minimum of knowledge of a modern person, not to know and not to understand which, excuse me, is to lower oneself and one’s life to the level of a “low-grade student.”

Lymph and the lymphatic system - this, in our time, has become the knowledge that everyone needs to have. Moreover, it is necessary, as everyone knows about the venous and arterial system, and in general, about the human circulatory system.

The majority were even responsible for this knowledge during aptitude tests at work, and schoolchildren take the Unified State Exam.

But they don’t write about lymph and the importance of the lymphatic system in human life in school textbooks.

And they don’t think that any person who is responsible for their health needs to know this. Or it may turn out that for the health of another person.

Do doctors and physicians know about lymph and the lymphatic system?

I’ll tell you a “big secret”: most doctors, including pediatricians and surgeons, have a vague idea of ​​the importance of lymph and the lymphatic system.

Because they were not taught this or were taught poorly, not enough. But they themselves have no time and it seems irrelevant for the profession to educate themselves.

Such “golden hands” will cut off the lymph vessels during surgery and don’t even think about sewing them together: they say, it will heal anyway – not a big loss. Or they will treat you “for your kidneys,” while your lymphatic system is clogged, and so on.

Meanwhile, the importance of lymph and the lymphatic system for the body is an order of magnitude more important than the importance and condition of even the circulatory system.

For, if the circulatory system is the “rivers” of the body, then the lymphatic system is the sanitary zone of the sources and the cleaning and protection of the beds of these rivers.

Lymph, what is it? What is lymphatic fluid (lymph) and its composition

Lymphatic fluid is clear, colorless, has a sweetish odor and a slightly salty taste.

The amount of it in the body of an adult is about one and a half to two liters, however, with the acceleration of metabolism, various pathologies and increased pressure in the blood vessels, its quantity increases.

The composition of lymph is somewhat similar to blood. The basis of lymph is water and shaped elements(mainly lymphocytes). Red blood cells and platelets are normally absent in the lymph, but in case of tumors, shocks of various etiologies or during inflammation, they may appear in it.

Like blood, lymphatic fluid has the ability to clot, but this process occurs much more slowly. The chemical composition of lymph is close to blood plasma, but its protein content is lower (about three percent). There is slightly more albumin than in plasma (having a smaller molecule, they penetrate the lymphatic capillaries faster).

Lymph located in thoracic duct, enriched with fibrinogen and prothrombin; as mentioned above, it coagulates more slowly than blood, resulting in the formation of a loose white clot, which contains white blood cells and fibrin threads.

The minerals that make up lymph are similar to those in blood plasma:

• the first place is occupied by sodium chloride (67% of the solid residue), which gives the lymph a salty taste;
• 25% is sodium carbonate;
• in small quantities it contains magnesium, calcium and iron ions.

The main cations of lymph are sodium, magnesium, potassium and calcium, and the anions are phosphorus, chlorine and protein, which alkaline environments lymph manifests itself as an anion. Many microelements are found in peripheral lymph, which are of great importance during physiological and pathological processes in the body. Having figured out what the composition of lymph is, what lymphoid fluid is, you can move on to its functions and find out how it moves.

Video What is lymph and why is it needed. Helpful information

Lymph nodes. What are lymph nodes?

Lymph nodes ( The lymph nodes) are organs of the lymphatic system. They act as a filter for lymph coming from different organs and body parts.

Lymph nodes are round or oval formations from 0.5 to 50 mm in diameter. They are located near the lymphatic and blood vessels. The location of the lymph nodes helps the body create a barrier to various lymph nodes. There are cervical, supraclavicular, intrathoracic, axillary, ulnar, femoral, inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes. There are also lymph nodes located in the region (bronchopulmonary), in the abdominal cavity (mesenteric and para-aortic), and slightly above the inguinal (iliac).

Lymph cleansing. Ways to cleanse lymph at home

1. In the morning on an empty stomach, dissolve a licorice root tablet in 100 ml warm water and have a drink. You can also drink ready-made syrup, then you should follow the instructions for its use. Daily norm tablets – 3 pieces, divided into 3 doses;
2. Then you need to drink 200 ml of coral water (you can just take a licorice tablet with this water);
3. After 3 hours you need to drink effective remedy from the group of sorbents. These can be preparations of brown algae, Enterosgel and Activated carbon. Sorbents will prevent the return of toxic substances to the lymphatic system; they should be taken only in the morning and evening, washed down with the same coral water;
4. At the same time, you need to take cleansing products 3 times a day bile ducts, for example, preparations on artichokes with nanoclusters;
5. The cleansing complex also includes Activin - biological additive to quickly remove toxic elements (it should be taken according to the instructions).
6. To replenish lost vitamins, you need to take Ultimate.
7. Recovery normal microflora gastrointestinal tract will require taking probiotics.

Lymph is clear liquid, circulating throughout the body. Its main function is to cleanse the body of toxins and infectious agents by supplying intercellular fluid to the lymph nodes, as well as transporting beneficial substances from the lymph nodes to the human circulatory system. The lymphatic system, through which lymph moves, is a complex structure similar to the circulatory system. There are a number of diseases of the lymphatic system that are very dangerous and therefore must be identified in a timely manner.

The performance of the entire body depends on the health of the lymphatic system.

The lymphatic system serves to cleanse the body. It ensures the maintenance of metabolism and tissue trophism, and also removes toxins, infections and pathogenic agents from tissues and organs.

The lymphatic system is a complex structure, the structure of which is similar to the structure of the circulatory system. However, unlike the circulatory system, the lymphatic system is not closed, so lymph does not circulate in a circle, but moves strictly from bottom to top.

Passing through the lymph nodes, the lymph is cleansed and moves on. Approximately at the level of the collarbones, it enters the circulatory system, thus supplying necessary substances into the blood.

The anatomy and structure of the lymphatic system are quite complex; the movement of lymph is carried out thanks to the smooth muscle structures of the lymphatic vessels, since there is no “pump” like the heart in this system.

The movement of lymph occurs throughout the body. The main function of the lymphatic system is the production of immune cells - lymphocytes. Passing through the lymph nodes, the lymph is saturated with these cells and removes them into the circulatory system, ensuring the normal functioning of the immune system.

Any disturbances in the functioning of the body immediately affect the functioning of the lymphatic system. Thus, diseases accompanied by decreased immunity and systemic infections can lead to enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes.

The lymphatic system can malfunction when autoimmune diseases, infections, acute respiratory viral infections and influenza, etc.

The health of the lymphatic system determines the performance of the entire body, since local disturbances in the movement of lymph lead to its decrease and also cause a number of severe symptoms. In order to promptly recognize a malfunction of the lymphatic system, you should know how it works, its functions and the symptoms of various disorders.

Lymphatic capillaries

The lymphatic system begins with lymphatic capillaries, which permeate the entire human body. They are quite large formations compared to blood capillaries.

Features of lymphatic capillaries:

• large diameter – up to 0.2 mm;
• the contours are uneven, protrusions of the capillary walls are observed;
• the walls are thin, permeable to intercellular fluid.

Lymphatic capillaries “collect” intercellular fluid, transport it to the vessels, and from there to the lymph nodes. The liquid literally passes through the walls of the capillaries, due to the peculiarities of their structure.

Capillaries can form lymphocapillary networks. Such networks are located near large organs and help collect intercellular fluid.

The main function of the capillaries of the lymphatic system is to collect tissue fluid and deliver it to the lymphatic vessels. The tissue fluid that enters the lymphatic system is called lymph.

Lymphatic vessels go around the joints, bifurcating in front of them

The fusion of lymphatic capillaries forms a lymphatic vessel. The main difference between a vessel and a capillary is thicker walls and a larger diameter. If the capillary wall is formed by one layer of endothelial cells, the vascular walls consist of three layers:

• connective tissue shell (outer layer);
• smooth muscle tissue forming the middle layer;
• endothelial cells that form inner layer vessel walls.

It is the smooth muscle cells that ensure the movement of lymph through the lymphatic vessels. The vessels have valves that allow the movement of lymph from the periphery to the center.

The arrangement of the vessels of the lymphatic system largely repeats the structure of blood vessels. Deep lymphatic vessels are located in muscles and near internal organs, most of them running parallel to blood vessels. Superficial lymph vessels run parallel to all major saphenous veins. Lymphatic vessels go around the joints, bifurcating in front of them, and gathering into a large vessel after the joint - this ensures the continuity of the lymphatic system.

Interesting! Large lymph vessels have nerve endings in the walls.

The vessels of the lymphatic system, like lymphocapillaries, can connect to form networks.

The lymph nodes

Lymph node – most important organ lymphatic system. It is this organ that performs main function– cleansing and saturation of lymph with immune cells. It is a round, oval or bean-shaped formation with a complex structure.

Lymph nodes are located in all parts of the body except the back, and also near important internal organs. In general, there may be between 400 and 800 lymph nodes in the human body. Their sizes range from a few millimeters to two centimeters in diameter.

Large lymph nodes are located superficially. These are the so-called sentinel lymph nodes, which are located in the neck, groin and armpits. With any immunity disorders, they can noticeably increase in size.

The largest number of lymph nodes are located in the abdominal cavity and along the intestines. Different people may have from 100 to 400 lymph nodes in this area. Various toxins and digestive by-products are absorbed from the intestines into the lymph in large quantities, so in this area a large number of lymph nodes simultaneously “work” to provide normal work digestive system and the whole organism as a whole.

Lymph nodes are the most vulnerable part of the lymph system. Immune cells (lymphocytes) mature in them and accumulate antibodies produced by the body to fight various infections. When lymph enters a node, it goes through several stages of purification, and all “contaminants” remain in the lymph nodes. If there are too many of them, they can accumulate in these organs, causing inflammation of the lymph nodes (lymphadenitis).

In addition, sentinel lymph nodes are a kind of marker of the health of the entire body. They increase against the background of heavy infectious processes, inflammation, autoimmune reactions, oncopathologies.

Lymphatic trunks and ducts

The thoracic duct is the largest in the body

Lymph nodes connect and form the main pathways of lymph movement in the body - lymphatic trunks and ducts.

In total, there are 6 such trunks and ducts in the human body, three each for the left and right venous node. The thoracic duct is the largest. It receives lymph from the lower extremities, abdominal cavity, and mediastinum. Lymph then enters the circulatory system through the thoracic duct.

To avoid the reverse movement of lymph, the ducts and trunks are equipped with valves that allow fluid to flow in only one direction, so that the lymph moves only from bottom to top.

Lymph movement pattern

The movement of lymph is from the lower extremities to the head. The flow of lymph in the body is ensured by the coordinated work of the entire lymphatic system. Lymph penetrates into the vessels and lymph circulation occurs according to the following scheme:

• lymphocapillaries collect intercellular fluid from surrounding organs and tissues;
• capillaries form vessels through which lymph moves to the lymph node;
• in the lymph nodes the lymph is cleansed, after which it is saturated with immune cells;
• from the lymph node, lymph flows into large vessels, called trunks;
• Lymph moves along the trunks into the ducts, penetrating the circulatory system.

The lymphatic system does not have a pump to ensure the movement of lymph. Lymph circulation is supported by the vessels themselves, which push out fluid thanks to the smooth muscle cells of the walls.

A diagram will best help you understand how the human lymphatic system works, since the movement of lymph can only be explained in general terms. In general, lymph in the human body moves from bottom to top, from the periphery to the center, and then enters the circulatory system.

What is lymph?

Lymph serves to transport nutrients into the blood

Having understood how the lymphatic system works, we should take a closer look at what lymph is and why it is needed. Lymph is a clear liquid that passes through the entire body. The colloquial name for lymph is ichor.

Despite the fact that few people know how the lymphatic system works, people encounter lymph very often. For example, a clear liquid protruding from a wound after bleeding has stopped is lymph.

Lymph and lymph circulation are very important concepts that need to be understood. Thanks to this liquid, the regulation of immunity is ensured. In other words, if it were not for lymph, the human body would be worse able to cope with various infections and harmful compounds that enter the air through the respiratory tract.

The main properties of lymph are cleansing the body and ensuring the transport of immune cells into the circulatory system.

At the same time, lymph cells can represent serious danger for the whole body, in case of special serious illnesses. The lymphatic system serves to transport useful substances into the blood, but can also serve as a kind of highway for infections and cancer cells in case of severe weakening of the body. So, if the immune system is significantly weakened, the lymphatic system cannot cope with the load, so the intercellular fluid is not completely cleared, and infectious agents settle in the lymph nodes. Through the movement of lymph, they can spread throughout the body.

Where does lymph come from?

Lymph formation occurs directly when interstitial fluid penetrates the lymphatic system. This liquid is by-product blood, which penetrates into the intercellular space through blood capillaries. Thus, blood and lymph are indeed strongly connected and complement each other.

This liquid washes every cell of the body. It collects all harmful substances, including infections and toxins, and then literally seeps through the lymphatic capillaries into the lymphatic system. At this stage, the tissue fluid becomes lymph, and its further transformation occurs due to the lymph nodes. Blood and lymph are connected as follows. Tissue fluid is formed when blood pressure, as a result of which some of the liquid penetrates into the intercellular space. This fluid then enters the lymphatic system and, after some transformations, becomes lymph. The functions of lymph include the transport of useful substances into the circulatory system, therefore, after a short period of time, lymph enters the blood, again becoming part of it.

Compound

Lymph consists primarily of water and immune cells. The composition of lymph is approximately 96-97% water or intercellular fluid. There are no red blood cells in the ichor, but it contains a large number of lymphocytes, the maturation of which is carried out in the lymphatic system. In addition to lymphocytes, lymph contains a small amount of other leukocytes - monocytes and granulocytes.

Important! The main cells of lymph are represented by lymphocytes or immune cells, through which humoral immunity is supported.

However, when asked what lymph is, one cannot simply answer that it is water. In small quantities, lymph contains:

• proteins;
• glucose;
• lipids;
• minerals.

The chemical composition of lymph contains three types of protein - albumin, fibrinogen, globulin.

Functions

The functions of lymph include the transport of nutrients into the circulatory system

Having understood what lymph consists of and what it is, we should dwell in more detail on the functions of lymph in the body. Along with tissue fluid, not only harmful compounds enter the lymphatic system, but also proteins, minerals, and electrolytes necessary for the body. The body needs these substances, so they must return to the blood - this is precisely the function that lymph performs.

In addition, lymph itself is needed in order to transport immune cells and antibodies into the blood from the lymph nodes. After the lymph passes through the lymph nodes, it is cleared of harmful substances, and everything useful that is contained in the lymph must return back to the circulatory system. Thus, we can distinguish following functions this liquid:

• transport of electrolytes, proteins and water into the blood from the intercellular space;
• transport of enzymes into the blood;
• protecting the body from infection of injuries and wounds.

For any damage skin First blood comes out of the wound, and then lymph. This liquid collects in damaged tissues red blood cells and bacteria, thereby protecting against the development of inflammation.

Some enzymes can enter the blood only through lymph - these are histaminase and lipase. This is how the metabolic function of lymph and the lymphatic system as a whole manifests itself. In addition, lymph maintains a constant connection between tissues and organs, as well as between the lymphatic and circulatory systems.

The exact speed of lymph movement is unknown, but on average, the human body produces from two to four liters of this fluid per day. The process of secreting lymph from tissues is continuous, so the loss of this fluid is quickly replenished.

Knowing everything about lymph and the peculiarities of the lymphatic system, each person will be able to better understand how his own body works.

What are the differences between blood and lymph?

The difference between the lymphatic and circulatory systems is that the second has a “pump” (heart)

On the one hand, blood and lymph are different fluids necessary for the human body. On the other hand, they are closely related. Without loss of water in the blood when pressure increases, lymph will not be formed, since it is this process, natural for every organism, that leads to the appearance of intercellular fluid. Having figured out how lymph is formed (from water penetrating into the intercellular space from the blood) and where it is located, it becomes clear that without blood it cannot function. Lymph is obtained from the blood and then becomes part of the blood. However, the composition of these two liquids is different. Lymph consists predominantly of water, blood is plasma and a suspension of cellular components (erythrocytes, leukocytes). Blood plasma contains quite a lot of proteins, so it is more viscous and dense than lymph.

Like blood, lymph clots. However, this process occurs much more slowly. You can notice this at the site of small wounds - after some time, the ichor becomes denser, instead of freely flowing liquid, a small transparent and yellowish clot appears.

The main difference between the lymphatic and circulatory systems is the presence of a “pump” in the second, the function of which is performed by the heart. Thanks to this, the blood circulates in a circle, but the lymph always moves only in one direction.

The main function of blood is the transport of oxygen to tissues and organs, while lymph serves to supply useful substances to the blood, thereby supplementing it. The main differences between lymph and blood can be presented briefly:

1. Blood supplies oxygen and useful material, lymph serves for body cleansing or drainage.
2. Blood moves much faster than lymph. Moreover, the blood speed changes with fluctuations blood pressure, while the speed of lymph movement is a constant value.
3. The difference between lymph and blood is in composition, functions, and speed of movement, but both fluids are closely interrelated.
4. The kidneys and liver cleanse the blood, and the lymph nodes cleanse the blood.
5. The volume of circulating blood is 4-5 liters, the amount of lymph in the human body is on average 2-3 liters.

In addition, for clarity, you can compare the tables of the composition of lymph and blood in order to clearly see the differences between these liquids.

The importance of lymph in the human body is difficult to overestimate. Having figured out what lymph and blood consist of, it becomes clear that they are inextricably linked and complement each other’s functions.

Lymph movement after surgery

As already mentioned, the location of lymph is the entire body. Lymph is located in lymphatic capillaries and vessels, through which it moves to the lymph nodes for cleansing. Despite the fact that this fluid serves to remove excess from the body, disturbances in the speed of its movement have Negative consequences for good health.

Normally, the lymph flow is constant. It can worsen if lymphatic vessels, ducts and nodes are damaged. Thus, the speed of lymph movement after surgery may decrease. This disease of the lymph is called lymphostasis; the main symptoms are severe swelling and pain at the site of vascular damage.

In the vast majority of cases, deterioration of lymph outflow occurs after breast surgery - radical mastectomy. Such surgical interventions are the main method of treatment for breast cancer, and the deterioration of lymph flow is due to the removal of lymph nodes located around the breast and in armpit. Removal of the lymph node in this case is carried out due to the spread of metastases from the mammary glands, or to prevent this process in case of further progression of the cancer.

Analysis of lymph composition

For a general assessment of the state of the lymphatic system, there is no need to take lymph - a blood test is enough

The composition of the lymph is determined by puncturing the lymph node (biopsy) and taking small quantity liquids for analysis. Indications for such an analysis are inflammation of the lymph nodes, long term increase lymph nodes, suspicion of cancer.

A healthy person does not need to undergo a preventive lymphatic test; the health of the lymphatic system can be assessed using a biochemical blood test.

Lymph node biopsy is a rather traumatic procedure, which is prescribed only if there is strict testimony. In other cases, the functioning of the lymphatic system is assessed using a general and biochemical blood test. Based on the nature of changes in the number of lymphocytes, a diagnosis can be made if pathologies of the lymphatic system are suspected. Moreover, a biochemical blood test can detect lymphoma at an early stage.

Diseases of the lymphatic system

Knowing what lymph looks like, where it comes from and how it flows in the body, it becomes clear that the lymphatic system is subjected to enormous stress every day, providing cleansing of the body and support of the immune system. Accordingly, there are a number of pathologies of this system in which the movement of lymph is disrupted. There are three main groups of diseases:

• pathologies of the lymph nodes;
• lymphomas;
• lymphostasis.

Pathologies of the lymph nodes are associated with pathogenic bacteria and infections absorbed into the lymph from affected surrounding tissues and organs. In addition, antibodies and immune cells formed in the lymph nodes cannot always cope with the disease, so the lymph nodes become infected and inflamed, and the lymph can spread the infection throughout the body.

Lymphadenitis and lymphadenopathy

Causes of lymphadenitis - any infectious diseases organs (ARVI, influenza) located near the affected lymph node

The most common two pathologies of the lymph nodes are lymphadenopathy and lymphadenitis. Lymphadenopathy is an enlargement of the lymph nodes. Is not independent disease, but rather a symptom meaning that something is going wrong in the body. Most often, the lymphatic system reacts with enlarged lymph nodes to episodes of weakening immune system. Causes of lymphadenopathy:

• infections;
• inflammatory diseases of the ENT organs;
• pathologies of the digestive system;
• diseases of the mediastinal organs;
• tuberculosis;
• sexually transmitted diseases;
• allergic reactions;
• post-vaccination reactions;
• autoimmune processes.

As a rule, lymphadenopathy is observed in those groups of lymph nodes that are closest to the diseased organ. So, with tonsillitis they increase cervical lymph nodes, for mastopathy – breast and axillary, for diseases genitourinary system– inguinal. The lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity enlarge due to gastrointestinal diseases, including during exacerbation of chronic diseases. The only specific symptom of lymphadenopathy is enlarged lymph nodes.

Lymphadenitis is inflammation of a lymph node. If lymphadenopathy is not a disease and therefore does not require treatment, lymphadenitis is very dangerous. During the inflammatory process, the lymph node noticeably enlarges, the skin around it turns red, and pain appears on palpation and at rest. The causes of lymphadenitis are any infectious diseases of organs located near the affected lymph node. The infection penetrates the lymph nodes with the lymph flow when they are unable to cope with the cleansing of lymph due to the large amount pathogenic bacteria and toxic compounds.

The causes of lymphadenitis are predominantly bacterial; the disease can cause:

• staphylococcus;
• streptococcus;
• Pneumococcus;
• treponema pallidum;
• Koch's wand.

All these bacteria cause inflammatory diseases. Treponema pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis, Koch's bacillus is Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Treatment of lymph in this case consists of taking antibacterial agents. The doctor selects the drugs after conducting a series of appropriate tests to accurately identify the causative agent of the disease.

It should be remembered that in case of pathologies of the lymph nodes, it is important not only to eliminate the symptoms, but also the disease that caused inflammation or enlargement of the organs of the lymphatic system.

Lymphomas

Lymphomas are groups of diseases of lymphatic tissue. They are divided into two types - Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Hodgkin's lymphoma (lymphogranulomatosis) is a malignant pathology of the lymphatic system with rapid progression and complex treatment. The disease is asymptomatic for a long time. A sign of pathology may be enlarged sentinel lymph nodes without any other ailments or signs. This disease is treated with radiation and chemotherapy. In advanced cases, the disease can only be cured by bone marrow transplantation. Due to lack specific symptoms at an early stage, the pathology is characterized high probability lethal outcome.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are also called lymphosarcoma. Essentially this is benign tumor lymphoid tissue, which spreads from one pathological focus throughout the lymphatic system. The first symptom of the disease is an increase in one or more superficial lymph nodes and general malaise. As a rule, non-Hodgkin lymphomas are treated quite successfully, but timely diagnosis and therapy are important. Any benign lymphoma has some risk of malignancy.

Lymphomas are diagnosed using biochemical analysis blood. Since no one is immune from this disease, it is recommended to have a blood test every year.

Lymphostasis

On initial stage lymphostasis, lymphatic drainage massage is highly effective

The definition of lymphostasis is the accumulation of fluid with high content protein in the lower or upper limbs. The pathology develops as a result of impaired lymph outflow due to damage to lymphatic vessels, removal of lymph nodes or oncological pathologies.

The disease usually affects lower limbs. The development of lymphostasis of the arms is associated mainly with mastectomy.

Typical symptoms of the disease:

• severe swelling of the affected limb;
• a noticeable increase in volume of the affected leg or arm;
• pain on exertion;
• tissue trophic disorders.

The disease greatly impairs the patient's quality of life and is difficult to treat. Initial forms of lymphostasis are treated with lymphatic drainage massage and wearing special compression stockings to prevent overstretching of the lymphatic vessels. Severe forms pathologies cannot be treated. In these cases, lymphostasis leads to elephantiasis and disability.

Thus, the lymphatic system is an important part of the body, and lymph is its main tool. Pathologies of the lymphatic system are very dangerous and therefore require timely treatment. You can check your lymph using a blood test, which doctors recommend taking annually, even in the absence of any symptoms.

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Lymph is formed in body tissues from interstitial (tissue) fluid. Moving along the lymphatic vessels, it passes through the lymph nodes, where its composition changes significantly, mainly due to the entry of formed elements into the lymph - lymphocytes.

Therefore, it is customary to distinguish

peripheral lymph, has not passed through any lymph node,
intermediate limugh, passing through one or two lymph nodes in the periphery, and
centoral lymph before it enters the blood, for example, in the thoracic lymphatic duct.

See also >>> Lymph nodes (Research)

Basic functions of lymph

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Lymph performs or participates in the implementation of the following functions:

1) maintaining a constant composition and volume of interstitial fluid and cell microenvironment;
2) return of protein from the tissue environment to the blood;
3) participation in the redistribution of fluid in the body;
4) ensuring humoral communication between tissues and organs, the lymphoid system and blood;
5) absorption and transport of food hydrolysis products, especially lipids, from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood;
6) providing immunity mechanisms by transporting antigens and antibodies, transferring plasma cells, immune lymphocytes and macrophages from lymphoid organs.

In addition, lymph is involved in the regulation of metabolism by transporting proteins and enzymes, minerals, water and metabolites, as well as in the humoral integration of the body and regulation of functions, since lymph transports information macromolecules, biologically active substances and hormones.

Quantity, composition and properties of lymph

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Volume of circulating lymph difficult to determine, however, experimental studies show that on average a person circulates 1.5-2 liters of lymph.

Lymph consists from

lymphoplasma And
uniformelements,

Moreover, in the peripheral lymph there are very few cells, in the central lymph there are significantly more.

Same with blood:

The ratio of the volume of formed elements to the total volume is called lymphocrit(for blood - hematocrit), and lymphocrit even in the central lymph is less than 1%. Consequently, there are relatively few cellular elements in the central lymph.

Specific gravity of lymph also lower than that of blood and ranges from 1.010 to 1.023. The actual reaction is alkaline, the pH is in the range of 8.4-9.2.

Lymph osmotic pressure close to blood plasma, and the oncotic value is significantly lower due to the lower concentration of proteins in it. Accordingly, the viscosity of the lymph is lower.

Composition of peripheral lymph in different lymphatic vessels varies significantly depending on the organs or tissues - sources. Thus, lymph flowing from the intestines is rich in fats (up to 40 g/l), from the liver it contains more proteins (up to 60 g/l) and carbohydrates (up to 1.3 g/l).

Changes in the composition of lymph are determined by two main reasons: changes in the composition of blood plasma and the characteristics of metabolism in tissues.

Electrolyte composition of lymph close to blood plasma, but due to the lower content of protein anions in the lymph, the concentration is higher due to the reasons for the more silky reaction of the lymph. The electrolyte composition of central and peripheral lymph is also different. In table 2.3. the limits of fluctuations in the concentration of basic electrolytes in the central lymph of the thoracic duct are given

Table 2.3. Electrolyte composition of central lymph in humans (mmol/l)

Most significant differences lymph and blood are detected in the protein composition. The albumin/globulin coefficient of lymph approaches 3. The main protein fractions of central lymph are given in table. 2.4. Changes protein composition lymph occurs under the influence of neurotransmitters, catecholamines, glucocorticoids. For example, cortisol sharply increases the content of gamma globulins in the lymph, which has adaptive significance.

Cellular composition of lymph represented primarily by lymphocytes, the content of which varies widely during the day (from 1 to 22 10 9 / l), and monocytes. There are few granulocytes in the lymph, and red blood cells healthy person absent in lymph. If permeability blood capillaries increases under the influence of damaging factors, red blood cells begin to exit into the interstitial environment and from there enter the lymph, giving it a bloody (hemorrhagic) appearance. Thus, the appearance of red blood cells in the lymph is a diagnostic sign of increased capillary permeability.

The percentage of individual types of leukocytes in the lymph is called leukocyte formula lymph. It looks like this:

lymphocytes - 90%;
monocytes - 5%;
segmented nuclear neutrophils - 1%;
eosinophils - 2%;
other cells - 2%.

Due to the presence of platelets (5-35 10 9 / l), fibrinogen and other protein factors in the lymph, the lymph is able to coagulate, forming a clot. The clotting time of lymph is longer than that of blood, and in a glass test tube lymph clots within 10-15 minutes.

At malignant tumors the movement of lymph contributes to the spread of the process, since malignant tissue cells easily enter the lymph and are carried by it to other tissues and organs (primarily lymph nodes), which is the main mechanism of tumor metastasis.

Mechanism of lymph formation

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As already noted, as a result of filtration of plasma in the blood capillaries, the liquid enters the interstitial space, where water and electrolytes are partially bound by colloidal and fibrous structures, and partially form the aqueous phase. This forms tissue fluid, part of which is resorbed back into the blood, and part of which enters the lymphatic capillaries, forming lymph. Thus lymph is a space internal environment body, formed from interstitial fluid.

Formation and drainage of lymph from the intercellular spaces are subject to the forces of hydrostatic and oncotic pressure and occur rhythmically.

The movement of blood in micro-areas of tissue does not occur through all capillary networks - some of them are “open”, i.e. functions, others are in a “closed” state (see Chapter 7). In the arterial part of the functioning capillaries, fluid is filtered from the plasma into the interstitial space. The accumulation of fluid in the interstitium, and most importantly, the swelling of the structures of the intercellular space, increases the “bursting” pressure in it and, accordingly, the external pressure on the blood capillaries; they are compressed and temporarily turned off from the circulation. Nearby capillary fields begin to function. High blood pressure in the interstitial space, it promotes fluid into the lymphatic capillaries, the free aqueous phase of the interstitium decreases, colloids and collagen release water and the “expanding” pressure drops, accordingly, in this area of ​​​​the tissue, compression of the capillaries is eliminated and they “open” to blood flow. The number of “open” and “closed” blood capillaries in the tissue also depends on the activity of the precapillary sphincters, which regulate the flow of blood into the capillary network.

Local regulation carried out by tissue metabolites and biologically active substances secreted by cells, including the endothelium of blood vessels. For mechanisms of fluid exchange between the interstitial space and blood capillaries, see Chapter 7.

In addition to hydrodynamic forces, lymph formation is also provided by oncotic pressure forces. Although the low permeability of the walls of blood capillaries for proteins has already been noted above, nevertheless, per day from 100 to 200 g of protein enters the tissue fluid from the blood. These proteins, as well as other protein molecules of the interstitial space and microenvironment of cells, by diffusion along a concentration gradient, quickly and easily penetrate into the crevices and lymphatic capillaries, which have high permeability. Incoming protein molecules increase oncotic pressure in the lymph. As a result, it actively absorbs water from the interstitium. This promotes lymphatic drainage, i.e. formation of the lymph expulsion phase.

All proteins entering the interstitial space from the blood return to the blood only through the lymphatic system. This phenomenon is called « basic law of lymphology«. Thus, along the blood-lymph-blood path, from 50 to 100% of the protein is recycled per day.

Lymphatic drainage is promoted and mechanisms for the movement of lymph through lymphatic vessels - contractile activity of the walls of lymphatic vessels, the presence valve apparatus in them, the movement of blood in nearby venous vessels, the work skeletal muscles, negative pressure in chest(see chapter 7).

If we talk about the work of the body and in particular about the fluids that flow in the body, then not many people immediately name lymph.

However, lymph has great value for the body and has very significant functions that allow the body to function normally.

What is the lymphatic system?

Many people know about the body's need for blood circulation and the functioning of other systems, but not many know about the high importance of the lymphatic system. If lymph does not circulate throughout the body for just a couple of hours, then such an organism can no longer function.

So everyone human body experiences continuous need in the functioning of the lymphatic system.

It is easiest to compare the lymphatic system with the circulatory system and distinguish the following differences:

1. Openness, unlike the circulatory system, the lymphatic system is open, that is, there is no circulation as such.
2. Unidirectionality, if the circulatory system provides movement in two directions, then the lymph moves in the direction only from the peripheral to the central parts of the system, that is, the liquid first collects in the smallest capillaries and then moves into larger vessels, and the movement occurs only in this direction.
3. There is no central pump. In order to ensure the movement of fluid in the desired direction, only a valve system is used.
4. More slow motion fluids compared to the circulatory system.
5. The presence of special anatomical elements– lymph nodes that perform significant function and are a kind of warehouse for lymphocytes.

The lymphatic vascular system is of greatest importance for metabolism and providing immunity. It is in the lymph nodes that the bulk of foreign elements that enter the body are processed.

If there is any virus in the body, then it is in the lymph nodes that work begins to study and displace this virus from the body.

You yourself can notice this activity when you have signs that indicate the body's fight against the virus. In addition, lymph regularly cleanses the body and removes unnecessary elements from the body.

Learn more about the lymphatic system from the video:

Functions

If we talk in more detail about the functions, we should note the connection between the lymphatic system and the cardiovascular system. It is thanks to lymph that the delivery of various items, which cannot immediately end up in the cardiovascular system:

• proteins;
• fluid from tissue and intertissue space;
• fats that come mainly from the small intestine.

These elements are transported to the venous bed and thus end up in the circulatory system. These components can then be removed from the body.

At the same time, many inclusions unnecessary for the body are processed at the lymph stage, in particular we're talking about about viruses and infections that are neutralized by lymphocytes and destroyed in the lymph nodes.

It should be noted special function lymphatic capillaries, which are larger in size compared to the capillaries of the circulatory system and have thinner walls. Thanks to this, from the interstitial space into the lymph proteins and other components may be supplied.

Additionally, the lymphatic system can be used to cleanse the body, since the intensity of lymph flow largely depends on the compression of blood vessels and muscle tension.

Thus, massage and physical activity allow you to make the movement of lymph more efficient. Thanks to this, additional cleansing and healing of the body becomes possible.

Peculiarities

Actually, the word “lymph” comes from the Latin “lympha”, which translates as moisture or clean water. Just from this name it is possible to understand a lot about the structure of lymph, which washes and cleanses the entire body.

Many could observe lymph, since this liquid secreted on the surface when there are wounds on the skin. Unlike blood, the liquid is almost completely transparent.

According to the anatomical structure, lymph belongs to connective tissue and contains a large number of lymphocytes with complete absence erythrocytes and platelets.

In addition, lymph usually contains various products vital activity of the body. In particular, the previously noted large protein molecules that cannot be absorbed into the venous vessels.

Such molecules are often may be viruses Therefore, the lymphatic system is used to absorb such proteins.

Lymph may contain various hormones that are produced endocrine glands. Fats and some other nutrients come here from the intestines, and protein from the liver.

Direction of lymph movement

The figure below shows a diagram of the movement of lymph in the human lymphatic system. It does not display every lymphatic vessel and the entire lymph nodes, which about five hundred in the human body.

Pay attention to the direction of movement. Lymph moves from the periphery to the center and from bottom to top. The liquid flows from small capillaries, which further connect into larger vessels.

The movement occurs through the lymph nodes, which contain a huge number of lymphocytes and cleanse the lymph.

Typically to the lymph nodes more vessels come in than leave, that is, lymph enters through many channels and leaves through one or two. Thus, the movement continues to the so-called lymphatic trunks, which are the largest lymphatic vessels.

The largest is the thoracic duct, which is located near the aorta and passes through itself lymph from:

• all organs that are located below the ribs;
• the left side of the chest and the left side of the head;
• left hand.

This duct connects to left subclavian vein, which you can see marked in blue in the picture on the left side. This is where lymph flows from the thoracic duct.

It should also be noted right duct, which collects fluid from the right upper side of the body, in particular from the chest and head, arms.

From here the lymph enters right subclavian vein, which is located symmetrically to the left in the figure. Additionally, it should be noted such large vessels that belong to the lymphatic system as:

1. right and left jugular trunks;
2. left and right subclavian trunks.

It should be said about the frequent location of lymphatic vessels along blood vessels, in particular venous vessels. If you pay attention to the picture, you will see some similar arrangement of vessels of the circulatory and lymphatic systems.

The lymphatic system has great importance for the human body.

Many doctors consider a lymph analysis to be no less relevant than a blood test, since lymph can indicate some factors that are not detected in other tests.

In general, lymph makes up, in combination with blood and intercellular fluid internal fluid environment in the human body.

The lymphatic system is one of the most important in the body. It carries out excretory, immune and cleansing functions. An important part of this system is lymph, a fluid that returns salts, proteins, water, and metabolites from tissues to the blood.

What is lymphatic fluid (lymph) and its composition

Lymphatic fluid is clear, colorless, has a sweetish odor and a slightly salty taste.

The amount of it in the body of an adult is about one and a half to two liters, however, with the acceleration of metabolism, various pathologies and increased pressure in the blood vessels, its amount increases.

The composition of lymph is somewhat similar to blood. The basis of lymph is water and formed elements (mainly lymphocytes). Red blood cells and platelets are normally absent from the lymph, but with tumors, shocks of various etiologies or inflammation, they may appear in it.

Like blood, lymphatic fluid has the ability to clot, but this process occurs much more slowly. The chemical composition of lymph is close to blood plasma, but its protein content is lower (about three percent). There is slightly more albumin than in plasma (having a smaller molecule, they penetrate the lymphatic capillaries faster).

The lymph located in the thoracic duct is enriched with fibrinogen and prothrombin; as mentioned above, it coagulates more slowly than blood, resulting in the formation of a loose white clot containing white blood cells and fibrin strands.

The minerals that make up lymph are similar to those in blood plasma:

• the first place is occupied by sodium chloride (67% of the solid residue), which gives the lymph a salty taste;
• 25% is sodium carbonate;
• in small quantities it contains magnesium, calcium and iron ions.

The main cations of lymph are sodium, magnesium, potassium and calcium, and the anions are phosphorus, chlorine and protein, which manifests itself as an anion in alkaline environments of lymph. Many microelements are found in peripheral lymph, which are of great importance during physiological and pathological processes in the body. Having figured out what the composition of lymph is, what lymphoid fluid is, you can move on to its functions and find out how it moves.

How does lymph move?

The movement of lymph occurs from bottom to top through the lymphatic vessels, due to the contraction of the lymph nodes during the transmission of impulses nerve cells, as well as due to the movements of the muscles that are located next to the lymphatic ducts.

The smallest of them - capillaries - are located in the tissues of internal organs and their membranes, around the ducts of the glands and blood vessels. The exceptions are the placenta, brain and spleen. There are no lymphatic capillaries in cartilage, the lens of the eye, or bones.

The capillaries flow into small lymphatic vessels, which, gradually increasing in diameter, form lymphatic ducts, and, in turn, flow into the innominate veins of the neck, where venous blood and lymph mix, and then enter the general bloodstream.

Functions of lymph

Lymph performs certain functions:

• Provides a constant volume of tissue fluid.
• Transports nutrients from the digestive organs to tissues (particularly fats).
• Performs a protective function by removing bacteria, toxins (for inflammation) and red blood cells (for injuries) from tissues.
• It is a connecting link between tissues and organs, as well as the blood and lymphatic system.
• Returns proteins, water and electrolytes from the interstitium to the blood.

• Performs a metabolic function, transferring certain enzymes (histaminases or lipases) into the blood.
• Maintains an unchanged composition of the cell microenvironment.

Lymph: what is lymph cleansing

Based on the basic functions of lymph, it follows that the lymphatic fluid and lymph nodes, clogged with fats and dead microbes, do a worse job of protecting the body. And this can lead to various diseases. This is why lymph needs periodic cleansing.

• chronic fatigue;
• persistent feeling of weakness, drowsiness;
• thrombophlebitis;
• diseases of cardio-vascular system and lungs;
• eye and ear diseases;
• arthritis and arthrosis;
• pathologies of the genitourinary area;
• inflammation of the lymph nodes;
• inflammatory processes in the paranasal sinuses;
• obesity.

Methods for cleansing lymph

To cleanse the lymphatic fluid, both folk remedies and medications. Most often used:

• citrus juices;
• vegetable juices;
• a mixture of apple and beet juice;
• syrup/tablets from licorice root in combination with Enterosgel or other sorbents.

Cleaning with vegetable juices looks like this:

1. Preparation of the mixture. This will require 200 g beet juice, 1,200 g of carrot and 600 g of cucumber juice (that is, in the end, we get two liters of the mixture).
2. Reception. Take a glass of the juice mixture every 60 minutes.

When using this method, as a rule, there is no discomfort, only a slight feeling of hunger is possible. It is recommended to carry out such cleaning once every four months, and for preventive purposes once every six months/year.

Another common way to cleanse the lymph is to drink freshly squeezed juices from grapefruit, orange and lemon. These fruits contain a large amount of acids and vitamins that effectively cleanse the lymph flow and remove toxins from it.

The regimen is as follows:

1. Prepare 1 liter of fresh citrus juice and dilute it with a liter of water (not carbonated).
2. Begin the procedure in the morning, taking a glass of the juice mixture every hour until it ends.
3. The duration of the cleaning is three days.

Entire systems have been developed according to which the lymph is cleansed. Any hematologist will tell you what the Butakova system is, for example, and its main advantages in this process.

Lymphomas

Having figured out what functions lymph performs, what is lymphoma? , it will be much easier to understand.

Lymphomas - malignant lesion lymphoid tissue. Their occurrence is associated with the uncontrolled division of T- and B-lymphocytes. Cells of this tumor are rarely found in the blood; their main localization is the organs of the lymphatic system (spleen, lymph nodes) and internal organs, manifesting itself in the form of painless enlarged nodes/glands.

There are:

• Lymphogranulomatosis (so-called Hodgkin's lymphoma).
• Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are tumors of the lymphatic system that do not belong to lymphogranulomatosis. They can develop in the stomach, liver and nervous system.

Lymph: what is lymphogranulomatosis

Lymphogranulomatosis is a malignant lesion of lymphoid tissue that occurs with increased division of mutating B-lymphocytes.

Hodgkin's lymphoma can appear in any organ (most often found in the lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lungs or bone marrow). This disease affects both children and adults.

The presence of pathology is diagnosed taking into account:

• complaints;
• anamnesis;
• external inspection data;
• blood test data;
• ultrasound/x-ray picture;
• biopsy results (the main research method);

Main signs of lymphoma

Symptoms of lymphomas look like this:

• Itching of the skin without a specific localization.
• Unreasonable increase in temperature (above 38 degrees).
• Major weight loss (more than 10% in six months).
• Night sweats.
• Weakness, lack of appetite, painful condition.
• Shortness of breath and persistent cough (with the development of the process in the pleura, lungs or intrathoracic lymph nodes).
• Pale skin (due to anemia).
• Enlarged, painless lymph nodes located in the groin, in axillary area, on the back of the head, on the neck and above the collarbones.

• Pain in joints and bones (if they are damaged).
• Painful sensations in the abdomen, back (in case of damage to the intra-abdominal lymph nodes or spleen, liver).