Solid neoplasm of the bladder. Neoplasms in the bladder in men and women. Symptoms of formation in the bladder

Tumors in the bladder are one of the most dangerous pathological changes epidermis of the mucous membrane of this organ. In this case, not only the number of cells changes, but their qualitative composition also changes. Most often, a benign tumor is limited only to local changes on its surface. Such patients are often diagnosed with polyps and cysts Bladder. The formation of a malignant type becomes a pathological condition. This occurs due to changes in the cells of the upper layer of the epidermis, when they acquire the ability to develop into the submucosal layer.

The specific reasons for the appearance of this and why a formation in the bladder occurs has not yet been fully elucidated. Significant research is aimed at determining the level of exposure of the organ to various industrial hazards. Thus, this largely concerns aromatic amines (in the form of benzidine, naphthylamine, etc.). The reason for this is that a large number of people working in the paint, rubber, and chemical industries have a high percentage of such tumors.

Prolonged stagnation of urine (also called stasis) can also provoke the development of a neoplasm. This is a serious influencing factor. The fact is that the orthoaminophenols it contains cause proliferation (growth) of the epithelium. Therefore, the longer the urine itself remains inside the bladder, the greater the concentration of this element. Due to this, when its level increases, its tumorigenic effects are more clearly manifested. This is the reason why various tumors form in the bladder more often than in other organs (ureters and kidneys).

In men

• Cystitis;
• Frequent consumption of chlorinated water;
• Smoking;
• Strong exposure to radiation;
• Frequent contact with various aromatic amines.

Therefore, eliminating the root cause is the prevention of the appearance of a tumor in the male body.

Among women

The appearance of a bladder tumor in women is often malignant neoplasms that appear due to rebirth epithelial cells located in the mucous membrane. The main reason This is due to frequent exposure of the body to various industrial carcinogens, as well as smoking. These factors are fundamental to oncogenesis in 90% of cases. Due to the structure female body Bladder tumors appear in them more often than in men. The reason for this is frequent inflammatory diseases of this organ, which are a consequence of the small length of the urethra.

Types of formations

Among bladder formations, classification according to morphological criteria divides them into the following:

• Malignant;
• Benign.

In this case, they can be of the following origin:

• Epithelial;
• Non-epithelial.

Most neoplasms of this type are epithelial (95%). Moreover, 90% of this number is cancer. Those types of tumors that are benign are cysts, polyps, and papillomas. However, such epithelial neoplasms can be called benign very conditionally. The reason for this is that tumors of this type have a large number of transitional forms, and therefore often become malignant (degenerate). The most common types are infiltrating and papillary cancer.

Cysts in the bladder are benign formations filled with glandular contents.

Polyps in this organ are papillary formations located on a thin (sometimes wide) fibrovascular base (neck), which are covered with unchanged urothelium.

Papillomas that form in the bladder are mature tumors, which have exophytic growth. Moreover, they develop from the upper layer of the epithelium. Such formations have a papillary surface and a soft consistency. Sometimes it can be detected multiple papillomas, more rarely – diffuse papillomatosis.

Worth knowing! Benign formations of the non-epithelial type include myomas, fibromas, and neuromas. If we talk about malignant tumors of the bladder, then these are sarcomas. They have very fast growth, as well as earlier formation of metastases. Myofibroblastic tumor is also found, but very rarely and it is represented by spindle-shaped myofibroblasts.

Symptoms of the disease

Most often, such formations develop unnoticed without any specific symptoms indicating this. The most characteristic clinical sign diseases are urination disorders (dysuric), as well as hematuria - the presence of blood in the urine. However, it is possible to accurately detect that there is blood in the urine using the laboratory procedure of microhematuria. It can be determined independently only if the color of the urine changes. If this symptom occurs, you must immediately contact the appropriate doctors, regardless of whether it was a one-time, periodic or long-term one. Health care providers will have to immediately send the person for a biopsy.

As for dysuric phenomena, they appear when, in addition to the symptoms described above, cystitis is added, which causes frequent urination, development of difficulty urinating and inability to urinate. When tumors develop, pain is most often felt in the area above the pubis. They are felt most strongly at the end of urination.

It is important to know! Tumors, large cysts or polyps with a long stalk, if located near the ureter, greatly interfere with emptying the bladder. This, in turn, is a contributing factor to development various diseases urinary system.

Also, polyps and papillomas sometimes twist, which is accompanied by poor circulation and even tumor infarction. And if it comes off, hematuria increases. The chance of papillomas degenerating into malignant ones is very high among smokers. Moreover, such formations are susceptible to recurrence and each subsequent relapse has an even stronger malignancy than the previously removed one. If you find yourself with at least one of the signs described in the article, contact your doctor for advice.

Diagnostic methods

In order to detect the presence of neoplasms, ultrasound, endoscopic biopsy, cystography, and CT are performed. Thus, ultrasound is a non-invasive method for diagnosing tumors, allowing one to find out their presence, location and size. To clarify the process parameters, it is necessary to obtain computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging data.

Cystoscopy is a procedure necessary to look inside the bladder and urethra to check for abnormal areas. The cystoscope is inserted through the urethra into the bladder. A cystoscope is a thin, lamp-based instrument with lighting and special lenses for viewing. It also has an instrument for taking tissue samples, which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer.

The most important imaging test to detect a tumor is cystoscopy, which is an endoscopic examination of the inside of the bladder. This makes it possible to identify the location of the tumor, its size and level of spread. In addition, a transurethral biopsy is performed simultaneously. If it is not possible to take a biopsy sample, a cytological examination of urine is performed. The biggest diagnostic value emergency urography is used to study the tumor. It also allows you to understand the condition of the upper urinary tract.

Treatment of bladder formations

After diagnosis, treatment should be prescribed only if an epithelial neoplasm is detected. First of all, the treatment consists of various forms surgical intervention, radial, and drug therapy. At the same time, doctors try to choose the most best option which best promotes the patient's recovery. The reason is that in the case of growth of the tumor into the muscle layer, treatment is carried out fundamentally differently than in the case of its absence.

If there are no metastases, then classic version Treatment is considered to be transurethral resection, followed immediately by chemotherapy, as well as immunotherapy. The need for subsequent procedures is explained by the fact that in about 70% of cases, a relapse occurs within 5 years after the operation. It usually occurs not only after radiation therapy, but even after surgical intervention.

Worth knowing! A tumor of the non-epithelial type does not require any treatment, nor is it required to be removed. All patients with corresponding symptoms should also undergo regular examinations by a urologist.

When cancer spreads, chemotherapy is the main treatment option. In this case, everything will depend on the stage at which treatment was started, as well as its nature. After radial surgery, the survival rate after 5 years is only 50%. The best indicators in this regard are if treatment was carried out combined methods(resection, together with radiation therapy).

Removal of tumors

The stage of the disease influences the operation to remove the tumor. So, in early period Operations of this type are performed quite rarely, since there are enough drug therapy. Of course, in these cases, only a urologist can say exactly how treatment should be carried out. Therefore, if surgery cannot be avoided, then it is performed. In this case, incomplete removal is possible if the disease is at an early stage.

Transurethral electroresection. Increase.

Most often on early stages the period of tumor development, transurethral electroresection is performed.

In this case, the loop cuts off the tumor stalk, thereby not causing any damage to the organ. After this, the cells are taken for examination and a catheter is installed in the patient for several days until the functions of the organ are completely restored.

Important! If the bladder has been completely removed, then the ureter is completely sutured, and the bladder is recreated, but from tissue small intestine. And to avoid relapses, radiation and chemotherapy are prescribed after surgery.

Due to the fact that tumors in the bladder have no specific obvious symptoms, it is recommended to undergo examinations in a timely manner. This will allow you to identify formations at an early stage, and then eliminate them without great harm for organs. If this is not carried out, then late stages There will be less chance of treating such a disease, and therefore less chance of survival.

is a group of epithelial and non-epithelial neoplasms emanating from various layers of the bladder wall and growing inside its cavity. Neoplasia may present with hematuria varying intensity, frequent urination and false urges, soreness. Diagnosis requires ultrasound, cystoscopy with biopsy, and descending cystography. Treatment for benign tumors surgical - transurethral removal of tumors, resection of the bladder.

General information

The group of benign bladder tumors includes epithelial (polyps, papillomas) and non-epithelial (fibromas, leiomyomas, rhabdomyomas, hemangiomas, neuromas, fibromyxomas) neoplasms. Bladder neoplasms account for about 4-6% of all tumor lesions and 10% among other diseases, the diagnosis and treatment of which are carried out by specialists in the field of clinical urology. Tumor processes in the bladder are diagnosed mainly in people over 50 years of age. Men develop bladder tumors 4 times more often than women.

Causes

The causes of the development of bladder tumors have not been reliably elucidated. Great importance in matters of etiology is given to the effects of industrial hazards, in particular, aromatic amines (benzidine, naphthylamine, etc.), since a high percentage of neoplasms are diagnosed in workers employed in the paint, paper, rubber, and chemical industries.

Prolonged stasis of urine can provoke the formation of tumors. Orthoaminophenols contained in urine (products of the final metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan) cause proliferation of the epithelium (urothelium) lining the urinary tract. The longer urine is retained in the bladder and the higher its concentration, the more pronounced the tumorigenic effect of the substances contained in it. chemical compounds to the urothelium. Therefore, in the bladder, where urine remains for a relatively long time, more often than in the kidneys or ureters, they develop various kinds tumors.

Pathanatomy

Bladder polyps are papillary formations on a thin or wide fibrovascular base, covered with unchanged urothelium and facing the lumen of the organ. Bladder papillomas are mature tumors with exophytic growth, developing from the surface epithelium. Macroscopically, the papilloma has a papillary velvety surface, soft consistency, and pinkish-whitish color. Sometimes multiple papillomas are detected in the bladder, less often - diffuse papillomatosis.

Classification

According to morphological criteria, all benign bladder tumors are divided into epithelial and non-epithelial. The overwhelming majority of neoplasms (95%) are epithelial. Benign epithelial neoplasias include papillomas and polyps. These types of tumors have many transitional forms and quite often become malignant. In addition, the group of benign non-epithelial neoplasms of the bladder is represented by fibromas, myomas, fibromyxomas, hemangiomas, neurinomas, which are relatively rare in urological practice.

Symptoms

Bladder tumors often develop unnoticed. The most characteristic clinical manifestations Hematuria and dysuric disorders serve. The presence of blood in the urine can be detected laboratory (microhematuria) or be visible to the eye(macrohematuria). Hematuria can be one-time, periodic or long-term, but it should always be a reason for immediate contact with a urologist.

Dysuric phenomena usually occur with the addition of cystitis and are expressed in an increase in the urge to urinate, tenesmus, the development of strangury (difficulty urinating), ischuria (acute urinary retention). Pain due to bladder tumors is usually felt above the pubis and in the perineum and intensifies at the end of urination.

Complications

Large bladder tumors or polyps with long, mobile stalks located close to the ureter or urethra can block their lumen and cause voiding problems urinary tract. Over time, this can lead to the development of pyelonephritis, hydronephrosis, chronic renal failure, urosepsis, and uremia. Polyps and papillomas can twist, accompanied by acute disorder blood circulation and tumor infarction. When the tumor is detached, increased hematuria is noted.

Neoplasms are a factor supporting recurrent inflammation of the urinary tract - cystitis, ascending uretero-pyelonephritis. The likelihood of malignancy of papillomas is especially high in smokers. Bladder papillomas are prone to recurrence through different periods time, while relapses are more malignant than previously removed epithelial neoplasia.

Diagnostics

To identify and verify bladder tumors, ultrasound, cystoscopy, endoscopic biopsy with morphological examination of the biopsy specimen, cystography, and CT are performed. Ultrasound of the bladder is a non-invasive screening method for diagnosing neoplasms, determining their location and size. To clarify the nature of the process, it is advisable to supplement echographic data with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging.

The main role among imaging studies of the bladder is given to cystoscopy - endoscopic examination bubble cavity. Cystoscopy allows you to examine the walls of the bladder from the inside, identify the location of the tumor, size and extent, and perform a transurethral biopsy of the identified tumor. If it is impossible to take a biopsy sample, they resort to cytological examination urine for atypical cells. catheterization of the bladder for 1-5 days, depending on the extent of the surgical injury, prescription of antibiotics, analgesics, antispasmodics.

Less commonly (with ulcers, borderline tumors), there is a need for transvesical (on an open bladder) electroexcision of the tumor, partial cystectomy (open resection of the bladder wall) or transurethral resection (TUR) of the bladder.

Prognosis and prevention

After resection of bladder tumors, cystoscopic control is performed every 3-4 months for a year, and once a year for the next 3 years. Detection of bladder papilloma is a contraindication to work in hazardous industries. Standard preventative measures include adherence to drinking regime drinking at least 1.5 - 2 liters of liquid per day; timely emptying of the bladder when there is an urge to urinate, quitting smoking.

Bladder neoplasms are considered a fairly common occurrence. They account for about 6% of all diseases of a tumor nature. However, not all tumor formations are malignant. There is a group that is not related to oncological processes, however, these tumor conditions still require immediate contact with a specialist in the field of urology, since the lack of timely therapy can lead to malingization. Let's consider what can be called a benign tumor and what to do if such a neoplasm is diagnosed.

Types of benign bladder tumors

In order to determine a therapeutic strategy, it is first necessary to establish the type and nature of the tumor. In urology, all neoplasms are usually divided into two broad groups: epithelial and non-epithelial. Moreover, the vast majority (about 95%) of formations belong to the first group. The undisputed leader in incidence among all epithelial tumors of the bladder is cancer of this organ. However, if a patient hears from a specialist about the presence of an epithelial tumor, this does not mean that the tumor is malignant. The following formations are considered benign:

• Bladder polyps. These growths face the lumen of the bladder and in the structure of the covering tissue do not differ from the surrounding healthy urothelium. Distinctive feature papillary formations of this type is the presence of a fibrovascular base, which can be either thin or quite massive.
• Bladder papillomas. This group includes exophytic neoplasms. Most often, the development of papilloma occurs as a result of proliferation cover tissue. In this case, the tumor has a light pink tint and a velvety surface, and its consistency is soft. Multiple papillomas are often found.

The most dangerous non-epithelial tumor is sarcoma, which can metastasize even at early stages development. It should be remembered that the establishment of a non-epithelial formation in the bladder cavity does not always indicate the presence of sarcoma. Sometimes tumors are represented by the following types:

• fibroids;
• fibroids;
• hemangiomas;
• neuromas, etc.

Moreover, some of the above conditions are so harmless that they do not require complementary therapy. However, only the nature of the tumor process and the need for treatment can be established. What causes the appearance of benign bladder tumors?

Reasons for the formation of tumor formations

Scientists have not yet identified an unambiguous etiotropic factor that provokes the appearance of a neoplasm. However, the most important role is played by stasis (stagnation) of urine in the bladder, which can be a consequence of many pathological conditions such as strictures and diverticula urinary tract, prostate adenoma, as well as prostatitis and prostate cancer. Since most of the above conditions are exclusive, neoplasms are much more often diagnosed in representatives of the stronger sex. At the same time, the risk of establishing a tumor process increases with age and reaches a critical value at about 50 years.

Urine is retained in the bladder much longer than in any other organ of the urinary system, which explains the prevalence of this tumor localization. As a result of the accumulation of breakdown products of amino acids such as tryptophan, proliferation of the epithelium lining the organ cavity (urothelium) can develop. In the future, this process is compensated by the formation of growths, which experts call neoplasms. In the development of this pathological mechanism The chemical factor also plays an important role. For example, statistics show that both benign and oncological formations are diagnosed much more often in individuals who have frequent and prolonged contact with aromatic amines, such as gasoline and benzene.

Sometimes the etiology of benign tumors is associated with a lack of rational and timely treatment cystitis, as well as with the presence of trophic and ulcerative lesions organ shells.

Signs of a benign bladder tumor

Quite often, the formation of a tumor is asymptomatic, which, in the absence of specialist supervision, can lead to the development of an oncological process. Characteristic symptoms The following nonspecific factors are considered to be the presence of bladder tumors:

• Hematuria. The presence of blood in the urine is always a consequence of pathology and requires immediate contact with a urologist. However, this symptom may be invisible and can only be diagnosed microscopically (microhematuria).
• Dysuria. Initially, patients note increased frequency of urination, which may be accompanied by difficulty and pain in emptying the bladder. In addition, quite often patients seek medical care already at the stage of acute urinary retention.
• Pain syndrome. The pain is usually not intense and is moderate in nature. The pain is localized in the suprapubic zone and in the perineal area. Intensification pain syndrome occurs at the end of urination.

Patients with single or multiple bladder tumors are prone to the development of urosepsis and. This may be due to either tumor torsion or rupture. The danger of such inclusions as papillomas lies in the likelihood of their transformation into malignant form, which is especially common in smokers.

Diagnosis and treatment

In the diagnosis of neoplasms key role The following instrumental techniques are played:

• – the method allows you to determine the size, shape and location of the tumor, but is not very informative regarding the nature and nature of the formation. This method It is advisable to supplement with computed tomography.
• Cystoscopy– most effective technique determination of bladder tumors, since it allows the specialist to visually examine the organ cavity. In addition, during the manipulation process, material can be taken for tissue biopsy.
• Urography and cystography– allow you to evaluate general state urinary system of the body.

Bladder cancer in men is pathological in nature of the mucous membrane, the epithelial cells of which change in their quantitative and quality composition. Today you will learn the causes of cancer, symptoms, treatment and prevention.

The tumor is often detected in the stronger sex. Men over 50 years of age need to be examined every six months.

In one type, epithelial cells grow and reach large sizes, and metastases spread to various organs. In another case, they are within the urinary range.

Types of cancer

Tumors are divided into benign and malignant. Non-cancerous ones are:

• Polyps and papillomas are epithelial formations.
• Fibroma, rhabdomyoma, hemangioma, neuroma, leiomyoma.

The disease is diagnosed in men after 50 years of age. Urologists and surgeons deal with this problem.
Causes of benign tumors:

1. Polluted ecology.
2. Hazardous place of work (chemical industry, foundry and paint production).
3. Stagnation of urine.
4. Anatomical structure of the bladder and urethra.
5. Chronic cystitis.

Benign tumors often develop unnoticed and asymptomatically. With the exception of some signs:

1. Frequent urge, similar to cystitis.
2. Hematuria (blood in urine), on early stages this may not be noticed by a man and will appear once or twice.
3. Nagging pain in the lower abdomen, perineum and above the pubis;
4. Blocking the lumen of the urethra, which serves incomplete emptying urinary

Such symptoms are a reason to visit a urologist; they can cause malignant tumor. Polyps provoke permanent inflammatory processes in the ureter, and accordingly the occurrence of diseases such as pyelonephritis, renal failure, uremia.

Stages of cancer

There are 4 stages of malignant tumor.

1 – the formation grows into connective tissue.
2 - will spread to the deep transverse muscle.
3 - macro and microscopic enlargement of the tumor near the urinary tract, on nearby organs.
4 - spread of metastases, entry into The lymph nodes. Survival is rare and virtually incurable.

Reasons for development:

1. Impact harmful substances, radiation, irradiation.
2. Nicotine addiction.
3. Chronic cystitis.
4. Congenital anomalies of the bladder wall.

Symptoms of the disease:

• Resi in the area pubic bone and perineum.
• Blood in the urine (hematuria).
• Problems with complete emptying.
• Frequent urge to eat small things.

If you notice one of the signs listed above, immediately go to a doctor for a consultation.

Diagnostics

A bladder tumor is diagnosed after a series of tests and research methods.

• Personal examination of the patient using rectal palpation, history taking.
• Cystoscopy.
• Urography, x-ray of the pelvic organs.
• Urine and blood tests.
• Ultrasound, MRI and CT.
• CT Angiography.

With the help of these studies, the doctor will determine the stage of the tumor and its size.

Treatment

Therapy is carried out by a qualified oncologist. Malignant formations The ureter is removed in different ways.

1. Transurethral surgery. Resection of cancer in the area of ​​healthy tissue and examination of the edge and bottom of the wound.
2. BCG - weak mycobacterium tuberculosis is injected into the bladder, thereby preventing relapse of cancer. BCG is started 2.5 weeks after transurethral resection.
3. Intravesical BCG. Used when the prognosis is unfavorable and there is a risk of transition from a benign tumor to a malignant one.
4. Chemotherapy. Used to prevent and prevent the re-growth of urinary cancer at an inoperable stage, as well as in parallel with radiation. Chemotherapy drugs – Doxorubicin, Mitomycin.
5. Surgery. This includes: transurethral resection, strip surgery, extreme method- radical cystectomy, when the bladder, prostate gland, and seminal vesicles are completely removed;
6. Radiation therapy.

Tumor prevention

Prevention of the disease can be primary and secondary.

• Rejection of bad habits.
• Increased physical activity, more movements.
• Proper nutrition, where vegetables and fruits predominate.
• Do not overheat in the sun, use protective equipment, hide under an umbrella, no sun exposure (the tumor may grow).
• Contact your doctor promptly.
• Get tested.

Men who are over 50 years old need to undergo full examination to identify chronic diseases, pathological processes in genitourinary area to avoid malignant tumors.

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Pathological neoplasms of the bladder are diagnosed in 20% of patients with problems with this organ. Of this number, 25% are malignant.

Among women this pathology diagnosed 3 times less than in men. This statistics is explained by the fact that larger number men smoke and work in hazardous industries.

Two types of tumors can develop in the bladder: benign and malignant. Benign formations occur in most cases. They are characterized by slow growth and rare degeneration into a malignant tumor.

Epithelial

This type of tumor includes benign formations localized only within the tissues of the bladder. These include:

1. Polyps. They are papillary-type formations with fibrovascular wide base. The polyp has an elongated stalk covered with urothelium. The formation is surrounded by modified villi, whose width is greater than their length.

Papillomas. In their structure, papillomas are similar to polyps. They also have a wide base and stem. Only, unlike polyps, they tend to branch.

The papilloma stalk consists of fibrous tissue in the middle, which is located blood vessels. The formation is covered with several epithelial layers. They have a high degree of insemination and recurrence.

Nonepithelial

Non-epithelial types include formations that affect all tissues of the bladder. There are several types of nonepithelial tumors:

1. Fibroids. Localized in connective tissue organ cavity, and is an oval or round tumor on a stalk, with clearly defined boundaries. As a rule, fibroids do not grow more than 3 cm in diameter. This type tumors tend to grow slowly, affecting the bladder wall.
2. Leiomyomas. This is a hormone-dependent formation that occurs in the connective and muscle tissue bladder cavity. By appearance resembles a rounded node, ranging in size from a few mm to 3 cm in diameter.
3. Rhabdomyomas. It is formed only in the deep layers of the striated muscle. It is a dense formation with a homogeneous structure. This type is characterized by growth throughout the affected muscle, without covering adjacent tissues.
4. Hemangiomas. They are localized in the vascular tissue of the organ and consist of independently developing endothelial-type cells. As a rule, it is diagnosed in children. The tumor has a limited growth period, which is about 12 months, after which the hemangioma stops growing or regresses on its own.
5. Neuromas. Formed on the shell nerve fibers organ, as a result of the proliferation of its cells. It is characterized by rapid growth and severe pain symptoms. The tumor has the shape of a flat oval or cobweb.
6. Fibromyxomas. They belong to embryonic fibromas with multicentric growth, localized in the area of ​​connective tissue. It is distinguished by multiple formation of nodes. As a rule, there is one large central node and several small nodes located nearby.

Types

Bladder tumors are divided into types according to the area of ​​​​damage and the degree of involvement of adjacent tissues in pathological process. Based on these characteristics, two types are distinguished: invasive and superficial.

Invasive

The invasive type is a tumor affecting all layers of the bladder and adjacent tissues, regardless of primary localization. Such tumors are characterized by rapid growth and severe symptoms. As it develops, it affects nearby organs, leading to their dysfunction.

Surface

With superficial tumors, only the epithelial layer of the organ cavity is involved in the pathological process. The formation is located both in the epithelium and on its surface in the form of a polyp or papilloma.

There is no penetration into other structures of the bladder. These pathologies have smoothed symptoms, which manifest themselves as the formation grows. They pose a particular danger when they grow extensively, as they can provoke closure of the lumens of the cavity.

Stages

Malignant tumors affecting the bladder go through several stages of development:

• Stage 1. Is the beginning of a disease in which organ tissues form small tumor with limited edges, localized in the epithelium. At this stage, the formation may increase in diameter without growing into muscle tissue.
• Stage 2. Characterized by damage to the muscle tissue of the organ.
• Stage 3. It is characterized by extensive growth of the tumor, which covers most of the organ. In this case, it grows beyond the bladder, which leads to adhesion to adjacent tissues and organs. At this stage, the beginning of the metastasis process is noted. Secondary tumors are found in regional lymph nodes.
• Stage 4. On last stage development, cancer affects the entire organ, including the ureters, which leads to their narrowing and blocking. The presence of distant and adjacent metastases is noted.

Symptoms

This pathology is characterized by certain symptoms:

1. Blood in urine. This sign one of the first to signal the onset of disease development. As a rule, blood appears slightly in the form of scarlet droplets or streaks. The appearance of blood may be rare or sporadic. But as education grows, the frequency of manifestations increases.
2. Urinary incontinence. This symptom typical only for women. Basically, it manifests itself during physical activity.
3. Frequent urge to urinate. They arise as a result of irritation and overstretching of the epithelium.
4. Soreness in the area lower section belly, radiating to the frontal region. At first, the pain is strictly localized and occurs quite rarely. Then, it becomes more intense and spreads to the lumbar region.
5. Difficulty urinating. In most cases, it is late symptom diseases. It is provoked by a narrowing of the lumen of the ureter.

Causes

The reasons that provoke the development of pathological formations in the bladder are the following:

• professional activity, associated with hazardous production that uses aromatic amines and derivatives of heavy metals;
• smoking;
• chronic pathologies of the bladder, in the absence of treatment;
• presence in the body human papillomavirus;
• radiation or chemotherapy.

Diagnostics

A number of standard methods are used to diagnose tumors:

• Ultrasound. Allows you to examine the structure of the organ, the shape of the tumor and determine the degree of its growth;
• cystoscopy. It is an examination of the organ cavity by inserting a cystoscope into it through the urethra;
• endoscopic biopsy with morphological examination of the biopsy specimen. Performed simultaneously with cystoscopy, it allows you to determine the presence of malignant cells;
• cystography. Represents X-ray examination, in which an image of the bladder is obtained by filling it with a substance of a radiopaque type. Makes it possible to identify additional education, even with their small sizes;
• CT. Allows you to examine the affected and healthy tissue layer by layer at the cellular level.

Treatment

Treatment is prescribed depending on the quality pathological formation. As a rule, for small benign tumors, a wait-and-see approach is followed, since when eliminating irritating factors, they can regress on their own.

No treatment is applied to them, growth is monitored. Therapy is started only when severe negative symptoms, or the growth of formations. The main type of treatment is removal of the tumor. Several methods are used for this:

Cystoscopy with transurethral electroresection, electrocoagulation. With this method, removal is carried out using a resectoscope, which is inserted through the urethra and ureter.

This device cuts off the tumor and simultaneously cauterizes the operated tissue, which ensures no blood loss and fast recovery vessels and epithelium.

1. Transvesical electroexcision. Used for extensive or numerous growths. It is the removal of a formation through opening the bladder by dissecting tissue.
2. Partial cystectomy. It is the most traumatic method of treatment, which involves partial removal affected organ. Used when most of the bladder is affected. As a rule, in women, adjacent tissues involved in the malignant process are also removed.
3. Transurethral resection. For this type of operation, it is used special apparatus, which is administered through the ureter. Using a loop, the tumor is removed from the organ, and then a catheter is installed into the canal to remove urine.

Rehabilitation

The rehabilitation period will depend on the method used for treatment. With gentle techniques, recovery time takes from 5 to 7 days. After traumatic treatment, this period increases to 2 weeks or more.

In the first days, the woman will be uncomfortable with the catheter, which removed 2–5 days after surgery. Until the tissues are completely healed, it is necessary to adhere to a certain diet, in which all foods that irritate the mucous membrane are excluded.

An appointment is scheduled throughout the entire rehabilitation period antibacterial drugs and interferon. Within a month after surgery, it is prohibited physical exercise, which will cause tissue damage, which will be reflected by the appearance of blood in the urine.

Forecasts

In the presence of benign formations in the bladder, constant examination by a doctor is required, as there is a possible risk of their degeneration. According to statistics, this happens in 30% of cases. The most common cause is weakened immunity and permanent action irritating factor.

Despite the fact that removal is the most preferred method, it still does not provide a 100% guarantee of a positive result and relapses occur in 25% of cases. Therefore, it is recommended to combine it with chemotherapy.

After minimally invasive treatment of all patients more than 95% survive. U radical method less positive results. In this case, only half of the patients who undergo treatment survive.

In this video, a specialist talks about the disease and the prognosis for treatment: