What are hearing analyzers called? Auditory traces, fusion of auditory sensations. preserving traces of experience
The hearing organs provide the most important connection with the outside world. With their help, a person is able to distinguish sounds and navigate in space.
Hearing health is essential for full life. To preserve it, it is worth learning how the human auditory analyzer works.
What is an ear?
The human ear is made up of three main parts: external ear, middle ear and inner ear.
ENT office
Diseases of the upper respiratory system and hearing organs are dealt with by an otolaryngologist, otherwise an otolaryngologist, or an ENT doctor. Find out when it's time to see a doctor in that unpronounceable specialty.
Outer ear can be seen in the mirror - it includes the auricle and the external auditory canal (1). Its walls contain cells that produce earwax designed to protect against dust and bacteria.
The external auditory canal ends eardrum located at an angle to it (2). It, like a microphone membrane, transmits sound to the middle ear, which is located directly behind it - in the cranial cavity.
Strengthen sound vibrations the smallest bones human body– malleus, incus and stirrup (4).
The middle ear is also located Eustachian tube (3), which connects to the nasopharynx. With its help, the pressure in the middle ear is equalized.
Above the base of the Eustachian tube is inner ear (5). Due to its shape resembling a snail shell, it is called a labyrinth.
This fluid-filled formation provides the perception of sounds. Inside there is a canal, the walls of which are covered with receptors that capture vibrations of sound waves and transmit them to the auditory nerves.
How does hearing work?
Sound is a wave that propagates in any elastic medium: water, air and various materials. The strength of sound vibrations is measured in decibels, and the frequency that a person perceives as the pitch of sound is measured in hertz.
The human ear can perceive a limited range of the sound spectrum - from 20 Hz (very low bass) to 20 kHz. However, most adults can detect very high-pitched sounds around 16 kHz.
When sound waves enter the ear canal, they hit the eardrum. It begins to vibrate, including in the process auditory ossicles, which in turn transmit vibrations to the fluid of the inner ear.
There they are perceived by hair cells, which translate the vibrations into electrical impulses transmitted by the auditory nerve to the brain.
What Causes Hearing Loss?
Partial or complete loss hearing loss can be caused by a variety of reasons.
Congenital hearing loss- one of the most common birth defects in people. It affects approximately one in 1,000 newborns.
Hearing loss also occurs as a result of ear injuries, past infections or the natural aging process.
Besides, hearing loss may result from exposure to too much loud sounds, which damage hair cells in the inner ear. The longer the auditory analyzer is subjected to overload, the more pronounced the disturbances in its operation are subsequently.
For example, ringing in the ears after an hour-long rock concert it will already pass by the morning. However, prolonged exposure to loud sounds leads to permanent hearing damage.
How to protect your hearing?
1. Limit your exposure to loud noises. Experts do not recommend exposing the hearing organs to sound loads higher than 80 dB more than two hours a day. The impact of sound is already 110 dB Doctors consider it dangerous for hearing.
2. Listen to “live” sounds. Try to be in nature more often, listen to soft music through speakers, and give up headphones for a while. This will allow the sensitive villi to recover from the loud sounds of the metropolis and constant wearing of headphones.
Hearing is the body's ability to perceive and distinguish sound vibrations. This ability is carried out by the auditory (sound) analyzer. That. Hearing is the process by which the ear converts sound vibrations in the external environment into nerve impulses that are transmitted to the brain, where they are interpreted as sounds. Sounds are born from various vibrations, for example, if you pluck a guitar string, pulses of vibrational pressure of air molecules will arise, better known as sound waves.
The ear can distinguish various subjective aspects of sound, such as its volume and pitch, by detecting and analyzing various physical characteristics of the waves.
The outer ear directs sound waves from external environment to the eardrum. Auricle, visible part outer ear, collects sound waves into the ear canal. So that the sound is transmitted to the central nervous system, sound energy undergoes three transformations. Firstly, air vibrations are converted into vibrations eardrum and middle ear ossicles. These, in turn, transmit vibrations to the fluid inside the cochlea. Finally, fluid vibrations create traveling waves along the basilar membrane, which stimulate the hair cells of the organ of Corti. These cells convert sound vibrations into nerve impulses in the fibers of the cochlear (auditory) nerve, which transmits them to the brain, from which they are transmitted, after significant processing, to the primary auditory area of the cerebral cortex, the terminal auditory brain center. Only when nerve impulses reach this area does a person hear sound.
When the eardrum absorbs sound waves, its central part vibrates like a rigid cone, curving in and out. The greater the strength of the sound waves, the greater the deflection of the membrane and the stronger the sound. The higher the frequency of the sound, the faster the membrane vibrates and the higher the pitch of the sound.
The range of sounds with an oscillation frequency from 16 to 20,000 Hz is accessible to human hearing. The minimum sound intensity that can cause a barely noticeable sensation of an audible sound is called the hearing threshold. Auditory sensitivity, or hearing acuity, is determined by the threshold value of the auditory sensation: the lower the threshold value, the higher the hearing acuity. As the sound intensity increases, the sensation of sound volume increases, but when the sound intensity reaches a certain value, the increase in volume stops and a feeling of pressure or even pain appears in the ear. The sound strength at which these appear discomfort, called pain threshold, or the threshold of discomfort. Auditory sensitivity is characterized not only by the value of the threshold of auditory sensation, but also by the value of the difference or differential threshold, i.e., the ability to distinguish sounds by strength and height (frequency).
When exposed to sounds, hearing acuity changes. Exposure to strong sounds leads to hearing loss; in quiet conditions, auditory sensitivity quickly (after 10-15 seconds) is restored. This physiological adaptation of the auditory analyzer to the effects of a sound stimulus is called auditory adaptation. One should distinguish from adaptation auditory, which occurs during prolonged exposure to intense sounds and is characterized by a temporary decrease in auditory sensitivity with more long period restoration of normal hearing (several minutes or even hours). Frequent and prolonged irritation auditory organ strong sounds(for example, in noisy industrial conditions) can lead to irreversible hearing loss. To prevent permanent hearing loss, workers in noisy workshops must use special plugs - (see).
The presence of a paired hearing organ in humans and animals provides the ability to determine the location of the source of sound. This ability is called binaural hearing or ototopics. With unilateral hearing loss, ototopy is sharply impaired.
A specific feature of human hearing is the ability to perceive speech sounds not only as physical phenomena, but also as meaningful units - phonemes. This ability is ensured by the presence in humans of an auditory speech center located in the left temporal lobe of the brain. When this center is turned off, the perception of tones and noises that make up speech is preserved, but distinguishing them as speech sounds, i.e., understanding speech, becomes impossible (see Aphasia, Alalia).
Used for hearing testing various methods. The simplest and most accessible is research using speech. An indicator of hearing acuity is the distance at which certain elements of speech are distinguished. In practice, hearing is considered normal if the whisper is heard at a distance of 6-7 m.
To obtain more accurate data on the state of hearing, research is used using tuning forks (see) and an audiometer (see).
The information that a person receives thanks to the ability to hear can hardly be compared with the visual perception of the surrounding reality. Nevertheless, we should not forget that hearing has great value for the development of speech, intelligence, and psyche, especially in childhood.
Perception mechanism
For perception sound signals humans have an interconnected system of mechanical, receptor and nerve structures. The ear operates on the principle of a receiver: the outer ear perceives sound vibrations, the middle ear amplifies them, and the inner ear transmits impulses to the brain. The mechanism of hearing is determined by the activity of the auditory analyzer, which has a very complex structure. The external part of the auditory analyzer - the outer ear (auris exterma) consists of the auricle and the outer ear canal and is a curved canal 2.5-3 cm long. The auricle, formed by elastic cartilage of complex shape, narrows like a funnel, passes into the external auditory canal and ends on the outer surface of the eardrum. The outer ear performs two functions: it catches and conducts sound waves to the location of the eardrum, and also protects the ear canal from dust and dirt thanks to the complex configuration of the auricle itself.
How is a sound source determined?
The binaural effect (from the Latin bini - two and auris - ear) is the ability of a person to determine the source of a sound signal, as well as its distance and size. The closer the ear is to the source of irritation, the less distance the sound travels. Therefore, sound waves arriving at both ears from different distances (approximately 21 cm) differ in the time the signal is received and the strength of the vibrations. And even with loud noise, since all sounds are perceived three-dimensionally, the binaural effect allows you to quite clearly isolate one among the sound sources and determine the angular movement of the sound source in the horizontal plane with an accuracy of 3-4°.
Perceiving the sound vibrations of the air, it transmits them through the sound-conducting system of the middle ear, which is firmly fused with it, called the auditory ossicles - the hammer (3), the incus (4) and the stapes (5), interconnected by miniature joints and muscles.
The lever system of the auditory ossicles reduces the amplitude of sound vibrations, while simultaneously increasing the sound intensity, and it increases the movement of the eardrum by 20 times.
Muscles tympanic cavity also participate in the process of sound transmission through the window of the vestibule of the inner ear into the perilymph, preventing the loss of sound strength during the transition from air environment into liquid.
The inner ear (aurus interma) is hollow bone formation temporal bone, divided into canals and cavities and containing the receptor apparatus of the auditory and vestibular analyzers. Its auditory section is a special cavity in the bone substance, the so-called cochlea, spiraling around its body 2.5 times horizontal axis. Inside it is a membranous labyrinth. The space of the bony labyrinth is filled with perilymph, similar in composition to cerebrospinal fluid, and the cavity of the membranous labyrinth is filled with endolymph. Wave-like vibrations of liquid media activate the peripheral part of the sound-receiving apparatus - the organ of Corti, lined with hair cells with 30-60 short hairs, which are sensitive antennas. During the series chemical transformations A nerve impulse arises in the cytoplasm of the hair cells, which is then transported along the vestibulocochlear nerve ( VIII pair cranial nerves) is transmitted to the temporal lobes of both hemispheres, where the cortical hearing centers are located, which form auditory sensations. The semicircular canals are not part of the sound-receiving system, but are responsible for the balance of the body.
The middle ear (aurus media) is located in the temporal bone and consists of three communicating air regions.
On the wall of the tympanic cavity, resembling a cube with a volume of 0.8-1 cm3, there is an eardrum, the working area of which is about 7 mm2.
Hearing threshold
What a person hears is sound waves resulting from air vibrations. The intensity of these waves is measured in decibels and represents the frequency of the sound that each of us hears individually. The more vibrations, the higher the sound.
A person with good hearing perceives frequencies of 20 hertz; lower frequencies are not audible to them. Maximum low threshold audibility is observed at frequencies of 100-300 Hz. U different people and the same ones, but in different time the hearing threshold may vary depending on age, physiological state and fitness. Hearing threshold measurements are usually made using audiometric methods, which make it possible to know the difference between the weakest pure sound heard by a person and a standard note reproduced by a special device. A person’s ability to determine the absolute height, volume and timbre of sounds is called musical ear. It, in turn, is divided into absolute, relative and internal.
Absolute pitch is the ability to determine the absolute pitch of musical sounds and name them without comparing them with the reference sound of a note. Relative hearing is the ability to determine pitch relationships and musical intervals. Internal is the ability to remember the qualities of musical sounds, melody, harmonic sequences.
"Victims" of noise
The hearing analyzer “conscientiously” processes the noise itself varying intensity. This includes city noise, the noise of various enterprises, airports, discos, not to mention the household noise produced by ordinary vacuum cleaners, hair dryers, TVs and other electrical appliances. And you should know that frequently repeated sound loads over 70 dB cause a person to complete defeat hearing aid. When exposed to high-intensity sounds (approximately 140 dB), pain may occur in the ears.
The statistics of such violations are extremely disappointing. In the world, the number of urban residents suffering from hearing loss or deafness increases annually by 15-25%. Moreover, this disease develops gradually, without initially causing any painful symptoms.
Alarm bell
The first sign of hearing impairment is loss of audibility. high frequencies, these include children's and women's voices, as well as birdsong. On next stage illness, as a rule, there are difficulties in communicating with the interlocutor. Feeling this, a person begins to avoid telephone conversations, visiting, shopping and other public places. While at home, he turns on the TV or radio as loudly as possible, talks to loved ones, turning one ear towards them. If such a problem exists, then it is absolutely necessary to contact an otolaryngologist as soon as possible. A hearing test is an absolutely painless procedure. If more serious research is not required, then the characteristics of the hearing threshold are obtained as follows: the patient repeats after the doctor the words and sounds he uttered on the different levels volume. After appointed rehabilitation treatment or hearing aids. In about 10% of all similar cases hearing loss can be restored medically, the remaining 90% are corrected by hearing aids of various types.
Hearing loss
Hearing loss usually occurs as a complication of otitis media and diseases of the nasopharynx. However, there is also congenital hearing loss. In adults, the appearance of this disease can occur against the background of otosclerosis, circulatory disorders of the inner ear, age-related changes auditory nerve, long stay in areas with increased noise, as well as chronic intoxication of the body under the influence of, for example, alcohol, nicotine, mercury, etc.
Hearing impairment can also be associated with both sound conduction and sound perception systems. Often, disruption of the sound conduction process occurs due to the formation of dense sulfur plugs, hits in the ear foreign object, as well as damage to the eardrum. The situation is much more complicated if the sound perception system is disrupted. In these cases, the inner ear closest to the center of hearing is usually damaged. But it is precisely this center, located in the cerebral cortex, that is directly related to the weakening of the understanding of the meaning of those phrases that are uttered by the interlocutor. Such people are able to clearly perceive only fairly loud speech, and not complicated by any additional noise.
Deafness
Deafness is called or complete absence hearing, or such a high degree of decrease in hearing that speech perception becomes impossible. The causes of so-called acquired deafness are painful processes in the inner ear and auditory nerve, which arise as complications after a number of diseases. Hereditary, or congenital, deafness can manifest itself against the background of a genetic malfunction, which often occurs with serious infectious diseases. Another cause of congenital deafness may be a modification of the genes responsible for the development of hearing in the embryo. Moreover, even parents with normal hearing can have such altered genes, which they, as a rule, are not even aware of. But if in a married couple these recessive genes have both potential parents, then in the developing fetus this phenomenon becomes dominant. Although, as mentioned above, parents who are healthy, in terms of the state of the hearing aid, may have a deaf child. Moreover, such deafness can be inherited from generation to generation.
As molecular genetics develops, when all genes potentially responsible for the development of deafness are thoroughly studied, it will be possible to determine this disease in a 7-8-week embryo.
Deaf pedagogy
Deaf pedagogy (from Latin surdus - deaf and Greek paidagogike - art of education) is a branch of defectology that deals with the upbringing and education of children with various hearing anomalies. Teachers with help special techniques teach hard of hearing and deaf children oral speech. Any of the techniques used involves extensive use of sound amplification equipment. Children who have acquired such skills can later study completely freely together with their normally hearing peers and not even lose these acquired skills.
By the way, deaf music lovers enjoy attending music concerts, and sometimes even become professional musicians.
American professor of radiology Dean Shibata took up the study of this amazing phenomenon. During his research, he noticed that many students in special departments for the deaf during concerts held inflatable balloons in their hands that were in contact with the speakers. It turned out that as a result of touching them, the guys feel a sound vibration. As a result, there is an increase electrical activity brain centers responsible for the perception of vibration, and the main and very surprising thing is that at this time the auditory centers of the cerebral cortex are activated. This means that deaf, but potentially musically gifted people can easily distinguish noise from music, since information coming from the auditory centers enters frontal lobe brain, responsible for thinking, including musical thinking.
Auditory "substitutes"
Hearing aids are sound-amplifying devices used for persistent hearing loss. The first devices designed to increase the hearing threshold were exclusively acoustic and had the form of a horn, narrow part which was inserted into the ear. Today, patients have the opportunity to choose the most suitable hearing aid for them or use binaural hearing aids. Clinical experiences have proven that if two hearing aids are used at once, even if one ear hears absolutely nothing, there is a real opportunity to isolate speech sounds much more effectively. This means that people using two hearing aids at the same time can receive much more sound information.
There are hearing aids
. pocket - very easy to operate, but rather inconvenient due to its bulkiness and disabilities settings;
BTEs are the most widely used type of prosthesis. They are compact and ergonomic, practically invisible in appearance (the main part of the device is located behind the ear), while the visible part is an ear mold made from individual impressions. Most models of behind-the-ear prostheses can be connected to a TV or receiver.
in-ear is Hearing Aids, inserted directly into the ear, and therefore the body of the device must repeat in detail the shape of the auricle, as well as the ear canal and the outer ear.
Different hearing aids also have differences in their control technologies. In traditional settings, adjustment is done manually using special regulators. In programmable ones, which can be either behind-the-ear or in-the-ear types, adjustment occurs using computer programs that make it possible to respond as flexibly as possible to all the features of the patient’s hearing impairment. Many similar models are equipped with two or three programs that allow you to change the sound strength depending on the location of a person with one touch of a button. The latest achievement hearing aids are digital hearing aids that provide maximum audibility in any environment and weaken frequency ranges sounds that do not contain speech information. Multichannel hearing aids are capable of amplifying loudness levels at a wide variety of frequencies, which minimizes differences in the amplitude and frequency structure of speech signals and makes it possible to analyze parameters such as sound strength, frequency and modulation depth.
Ear shape corresponds to certain character traits
If top part the auricle is at eye level, this indicates a living mind and developed intuition, if it is located at the level of the eyebrows, then in front of you is a person who prefers earthly pleasures to everything else;
owners of protruding ears are, as a rule, extremely inconsistent people, and therefore usually act first and analyze later. If, on the contrary, the ears are pressed to the head, it means that the subject has a balanced and reasonable character. Usually such people are very disciplined and are always ready to be responsible for their words and deeds;
big ears are regarded as a sign of wisdom, while small ones indicate a superficial mind and forgetfulness;
if the width of the ears is less than their height, then their owner is most likely an easily vulnerable person who, due to his own gullibility, gets into trouble. The width of the ear, greater than its length, indicates a strong and sometimes domineering character;
a small skin protrusion on the upper tip of the ear reveals a sarcastic person, capable of inflicting offense on others without experiencing any remorse;
a rounded lobe indicates sentimentality, responsiveness, devotion to ideals, but is completely separated from the cheek earlobe indicates a hot-tempered and combative character;
if the central axis of a person’s ear is directed slightly backward, then he most likely has an extremely uncooperative, excitable and unbalanced character.
The human hearing organ is paired organ, designed to perceive sound signals, which, in turn, affects the quality of orientation in the environment.
Sound signals are perceived using a sound analyzer, the main structural unit of which is phonoreceptors. Conducts information in the form of signals auditory nerve, part of the vestibulocochlear nerve. The final point for receiving signals and the place of their processing is the cortical section of the auditory analyzer, located in the cerebral cortex, in its temporal lobe. More detailed information The structure of the hearing organ is presented below.
The human hearing organ is the ear, which has three sections:
- The external ear, represented by the auricle, external ear canal and eardrum. The auricle consists of elastic cartilage covered with skin and has complex shape. In most cases, it is motionless, its functions are minimal (compared to animals). The length of the external auditory canal ranges from 27 to 35 mm, the diameter is about 6-8 mm. Its main task is to conduct sound vibrations to the eardrum. Finally, the eardrum, formed connective tissue, is the outer wall of the tympanic cavity and separates the middle ear from the outer ear;
- The middle ear is located in the tympanic cavity, a depression in the temporal bone. The tympanic cavity contains three auditory ossicles, known as the malleus, incus, and stapes. In addition, in the middle ear there is an Eustachian tube that connects the middle ear cavity with the nasopharynx. By interacting with each other, the auditory ossicles direct sound vibrations to the inner ear;
- The inner ear is a membranous labyrinth located in the temporal bone. The inner ear is divided into the vestibule, three semicircular canals, and the cochlea. Only the cochlea is directly related to the organ of hearing, while the other two elements of the inner ear are part of the organ of balance. The snail looks like a thin cone twisted in the shape of a spiral. Along its entire length, it is divided into three canals using two membranes - scala vestibule (upper), cochlear duct (middle) and scala tympani (lower). In this case, the lower and upper canals are filled with a special fluid - perilymph, and the cochlear duct is filled with endolymph. The main membrane of the cochlea contains the organ of Corti, an apparatus that perceives sounds;
- The organ of Corti is represented by several rows of hair cells that function as receptors. In addition to the receptor cells of Corti, the organ contains a covering membrane that hangs over the hair cells. It is in the organ of Corti that the vibrations of the fluids filling the ear are converted into a nerve impulse. Schematically, this process looks like this: sound vibrations are transmitted from the fluid filling the cochlea to the stapes, due to which the membrane with the hair cells located on it begins to vibrate. During vibrations, they touch the integumentary membrane, which leads them to a state of excitation, and this, in turn, entails the formation nerve impulse. Each hair cell is connected to a sensory neuron, which together form the auditory nerve.
Hearing diseases
Hearing protection and disease prevention should be carried out regularly, since some diseases can cause not only hearing impairment and, as a consequence, spatial orientation, but also affect the sense of balance. In addition, the rather complex structure of the hearing organ and some isolation of some of its parts often complicate the diagnosis of diseases and their treatment.
The most common diseases of the hearing organ can be divided into four categories: inflammatory, non-inflammatory, resulting from injury and caused by fungal invasion:
- Inflammatory diseases of the hearing organ, among which the most common are otitis media, labyrinthitis, otosclerosis, occur after viral or infectious diseases. Manifestations of otitis externa include suppuration, pain and itching in the area of the ear canal. Sometimes the symptom is hearing loss. With absence timely treatment Otitis often becomes chronic or causes complications. Inflammation of the middle ear is accompanied by an increase in temperature, severe hearing loss, and sharp shooting pain in the ear. Appearance purulent discharge serves as a sign purulent otitis. With delayed treatment of this disease of the hearing organ, there is a high probability of damage to the eardrum. Finally, otitis media of the inner ear causes dizziness, a rapid decline in hearing quality, and an inability to focus the gaze. Complications of this disease may include labyrinthitis, meningitis, brain abscess, blood poisoning;
- Non-inflammatory diseases of the hearing organ. These include, in particular, otosclerosis - hereditary lesion bones of the ear capsule, causing hearing loss. Another ear disease, Meniere's disease, causes an increase in the amount of fluid in the inner ear cavity, which puts pressure on the vestibular apparatus. Signs of the disease are vomiting, nausea, tinnitus, and progressive hearing loss. Another type of non-inflammatory disease is neuritis of the vestibulocochlear nerve. It can cause hearing loss. Most often used to treat non-inflammatory ear diseases surgical methods Therefore, timely and thorough protection of the hearing organs is important, which will prevent the worsening of the disease;
- Fungal diseases of the hearing organ are usually caused by opportunistic fungi. The course of such diseases is complicated, often leading to sepsis. In some cases, otomycosis develops in postoperative period, at traumatic injuries skin, etc. With fungal diseases, frequent complaints from patients include discharge from the ear, constant itching and tinnitus. Treatment of diseases is long-term, but the presence of fungus in the ear does not always provoke the development of the disease. Proper prevention and care of the hearing organs will prevent the disease from developing.
Auditory
47. Types of sensations by modality:
Visual, auditory, gustatory;
Determine the type of sensation based on the location of the receptors.
proprioceptive;
49. Exteroceptive types of sensations:
Visual
50. Proprioceptive types of sensations:
Equilibrium
51. Interoceptive types of sensations:
Pain
52. Determine the property of sensations.
intensity;
What is perception?
holistic reflection of the properties of objects and phenomena;
What is the dependence of perception on content called? mental activity person, on the characteristics of his personality?
apperception;
What is in the reflex basis of perception, according to I.P. Pavlov?
conditioned reflexes;
56. Determine the type of perception based on the form of existence of matter.
space;
Determine the type of perception by volitional effort.
arbitrary;
Which illusions are more common?
Visual
What is attention?
this is a mental process that ensures the concentration of consciousness on an object;
What is attention?
Concentration of the subject's activities in this moment time on any object,
61. Attention in human mental activity provides:
clarity and clarity of consciousness;
62. Define the function of attention.
regulation and control;
Which attention is the simplest and most genetically original?
Involuntary
64. Determine the type of attention by volitional effort.
free
65. Determine the type of attention by the degree of contact with the object.
direct;
66. Determine the property of attention.
switchability;
67. Memory is a mental process:
preserving traces of experience;
68. Determine the type of memory by the nature of mental activity.
motor;
69. Determine the type of figurative memory.
visual;
70. Determine the type of memory by volitional effort.
arbitrary;
Determine the type of memory by the time the images were saved
long-term;
What is memory for feelings called?
Emotional
What is memory for words and thoughts called?
Semantic
Determine the type of memory based on the duration of saving images?
Long-term
How long does iconic memory last?
What is the name of a memory whose images are retained for 2-3 seconds after a brief auditory stimulus?
Echoic
Which memory is difficult to manage?
Instant
How long is short-term information retained in memory?
Which memory is close in importance to RAM?
Short term
What memory is determined by the mechanism of heredity?
Genetic
What does episodic memory store?
Fragments of information
What kind of memory is typical for artists?
Reproductive
What is autobiographical memory?
Memory for life events
What kind of memory is typical for engineers?
Reconstructive
What memory is the basis solid knowledge?
Long-term
What kind of memory retains information perceived by the senses without processing?
Instant
What is another name for instant memory?
Sensory
What is explicit memory based on?
Based on the knowledge gained
Which memory is better developed in childhood?
Involuntary
What memory deteriorates with age?
Mechanical
What does lack of emotional memory lead to?
"Emotional stupidity"
Ichoic and ecoic memory are types of what type of memory?
Instant
What does forgetting initially lead to?
To unload memory
What's happened semantic coding?
Semantic
What is the consequence of the law of actual memory needs?
Zeigarnik effect
What does the Zeigarnik effect imply?
remembering unfinished actions;
What are mnemotechnical memorization techniques?
comprehension;
What is thinking?
it is a mental process that provides a generalized and indirect form of reflection of reality;
99. Determine the type of thinking according to the scope of application of the results and the nature of the problems being solved?
theoretical;
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